Mục lục

UNIT 1 - GROWING UP 4
UNIT 2 - MENTAL AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 19
UNIT 3 - KEEPING FIT 37
UNIT 4 - LIFESTYLE 52
UNIT 5 - STUDENT LIFE 71
UNIT 6 - EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 91
UNIT 7 - ON THE MOVE 114
UNIT 8 - THROUGH THE AGES 133
UNIT 9 - THE NATURAL WORLD 154
UNIT 10 - REACHING FOR THE SKIES 177
UNIT 11 - DESIGN AND INNOVATION 201
UNIT 12 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 224
Unit 13 - THE MODERN WORLD 248
Unit 14 - URBANIZATION 272
UNIT 15 - THE GREEN REVOLUTION 297
Unit 16 - ENERGY CRISIS 325
UNIT 17 - TALKING BUSINESS 349
UNIT 18 - THE LAW 377
UNIT 19 - THE MEDIA 402
UNIT 20 - THE ARTS 435

1
 Giới thiệu
Thân gửi các bạn học viên của học viện đào tạo IELTS Izone,

Như chúng ta đã biết, IELTS (International English Language Testing System)

là một kỳ thi quốc tế do Đại học Cambridge tổ chức và điều hành. Bởi vậy,
việc sử dụng các tài liệu do Cambridge và các trường Đại học hàng đầu
khác với độ chuẩn hóa cao là cần thiết cho việc giảng dạy. Việc làm này
giúp học viên có sự chuẩn bị tốt nhất và cái nhìn xác thực về bài thi.

Mục tiêu khóa học và phương pháp sử dụng những tài liệu này tại các trình
độ lớp học khác nhau của Izone có sự điều chỉnh phù hợp và không giống
nhau. Lấy ví dụ, với phần Grammar (ngữ pháp) là một phần kiến thức các
bạn học viên ở trình độ 3-4 và 4-5 đều được học, nhưng mục tiêu ở mỗi khóa
là khác nhau (ở 3-4, học viên chú trọng vào việc tiếp cận và nắm được các
quy tắc, trong khi ở 4-5 là sử dụng đúng các quy tắc Ngữ Pháp này trong nói
và viết). Với mục tiêu này, trong nhiều trường hợp, Izone chỉ tham khảo/sử
dụng một phần nội dung của tài liệu gốc và thiết kế cách tiếp cận riêng (lý
thuyết và bài tập) để phù hợp với mục tiêu khóa học. Mục tiêu này cần xét
đến các yếu tố như trình độ của học viên, các vấn đề học viên thường gặp
phải ở trình độ đó, phương pháp tối ưu hóa thời gian nhất cho học viên và
các yếu tố khác.

Bộ giáo trình lớp IELTS (5-6) các bạn đang cầm trên tay, có tham khảo các
nguồn tài liệu sau:

1. Marks, J. and Langenscheidt Bei Klett (2017). IELTS advantage - Speaking &
listening skills. Stuttgart] Ernst Klett Sprachen Gmbh Surrey Delta
Publishing.
2. Cullen, P., French, A. and Jakeman, V. (2014). The official Cambridge guide
to IELTS : for academic & general training. Student’s book with answers.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Mccarter, S. and Whitby, N. (2007). Improve your IELTS writing skills.
London: Macmillan.
4. Simon (2019). ielts-simon.com. [online] ielts-simon.com. Available at:
https://ielts-simon.com/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].
5. Hopkins, D. and Cullen, P. (2007). Cambridge grammar for IELTS with
answers : self-study grammar reference and practice. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
6. Cullen, P. (2013). Cambridge Vocabulary for IELTS advanced with answers :
self-study vocabulary practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2
7. IELTS simulation tests. (2013). Tp. Hcm.: Tổng Hợp Tp. Hồ Chí Minh.
8. Cambridge IELTS. 1-15, Examination Papers from University of Cambridge
ESOL Examinations: English for Speakers of Other Languages. (2009).
Singapore: Cambridge University Press.
9. Mccarter, S. (2014). IMPROVE YOUR SKILLS : reading for IELTS 4.5-6.0

student’s book with key & mpo pack.

3
 UNIT 1 - GROWING UP - VOCABULARY
Topic: Relationship, families and early learning

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Relationships
1.1. Look at the following topics and decide whether you would discuss
them with.

A. your family B. your friends C. a teacher

1. a study problem

2. your favourite music

3. buying something expensive

4. the last film you saw

1.2. (Audio 1a) Listen to four people talking about the topics above.
Write the number of the topic (1-4) from the list above and the
person/people the speakers say they would talk to about this. Write the
words that helped you decide.

Vocabulary note:

Group together words that are similar in meaning or form, e.g. adulthood,
brotherhood,

fatherhood. NB hood is used to form a noun and shows something belongs

to a particulargroup or has reached a particular stage ( adulthood = the
stage of being an adult).

4
 Speaker Topic Words that helped you Person/people they would

(1-4) talk to

A 4 movies, latest releases classmate

1.3. (Audio 1a) Listen again and decide which of the speakers (A-D) the
sentences apply to.

1. The relationship between my brother and me is very close. _C__

2. I have a lot more in common with my friends than with my family. ____

3. I have established a close connection with an older member of my family.

____

4. The relationship between my parents and me has broken down. ____

1.4. COLLOCATION: Use words and phrases from the recording and the
statements in

1.3 to complete the sentences.

1. My sister and I have totally different tastes. In Fact we don't have much
_________ _______ at all

2. There is a very close _______________ between a mother and a newborn

baby.

3. It is important to ________________ a good working relationship

______________ your

work colleagues.

5
4. A relationship can easily __________________ if you don’t work at it.

5. I really admire the relationship _______________ my mother and my

grandmother.

6. There can be a lot of _________________ between teenagers and their

parents.

Families and early learning

2.1. Scan the text below and underline these words:

rewarding sibling relate accommodating

adolescence interaction nurture

Study links early friendships with high-quality sibling relationships

Children who experience a rewarding friendship before the birth of a

sibling are likely to have a better relationship with that brother or sister that
endures throughout their childhood, said Laurie Kramer in a University of
Illinois study published in December’s Journal of Family Psychology. ‘When
early friendships are successful, young children get the chance to master
sophisticated social and emotional skills, even more than they do with a
parent. When parents relate to a child, they do a lot of the work, figuring
out what the child needs and then accommodating those needs,’ says
Kramer. However, this is not usually the case when two children are
interacting. The research showed that the benefits of early friends are
long-lasting. Children who had a positive relationship with a best friend
before the birth of a sibling ultimately had a good relationship with their
sibling that lasted throughout adolescence, Kramer said. And children who
as preschoolers were able to coordinate play with a friend, manage
conflicts, and keep an interaction positive in tone were most likely as
teenagers to avoid the negative sibling interaction that can sometimes
launch children on a path of anti-social behavior, she added. ‘From birth,
parents can nurture and help develop these social competencies (or skills)
by making eye contact with their babies, offering toys and playing with
them,’ she said.

6
2.2 Read the text and match the words you have underlined to the
following definitions.

Vocabulary note:

Look for familiar words in longer words to work out their meaning, e.g.
correlation (one thing is linked with another); interrelated (the
relationship between two or more things). NB: The prefix co-, (correlation
or cooperate) often means with or together. The prefix inter- (interact or
intercity ) often means between.

1. help someone/something develop and grow

_______________

2. agreeing to a demand
_______________

3. brother or sister
_______________

4. respond to somebody
_______________

5. the stage between childhood and adulthood

_______________

6. giving a lot of pleasure

_______________

7. communication
_______________

2.3 Read the text again and say whether these sentences are true (T) or
false (F). Underline the part of the text that gave you your answer.

1. If young children have good friends then they will have a good
relationship with their brother or sister. _____

2. Parents help their children develop more social and emotional skills than
friends do. _____

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3. Friends will give you what you want more often than your parents do.
_____

4. Teenagers who fight with their brothers or sisters may behave in a way
that is socially

unacceptable. _____

5. If parents play with their children more then they will learn how to be
more sociable. _____

2.4. A lot of words connected with families and relationships can also
be used in a different context. Complete the sentences with a word
from the box.

Error warning

Note the following common errors: I am writing in relation to/with your

job advertisement.

NOT in relation of ... My relationship with my parents is very strong. NOT

My relation with my parents ...

Vocabulary note

Note these collocations with the word “relationship”.

Verbs: build a relationship , develop a relationship, establish a

relationship, form a

relationship, have a relationship

Adjectives: a close relationship, a long-standing relationship, a working

relationship, a

successful relationship

Prepositions: a relationship with someone, a relationship between two

things or people (NOT relationship to people)

8
1. The wolf is a member of the dog ____________.

2. The company decided to ______________ a new approach to staff

recruitment.

3. The study found a strong _______________ between a lack of friends and

sibling rivalry.

4. Whether you think the price of goods is high is ____________ to the

amount of money you earn.

5. Studies have shown that stress in adulthood can be ____________ to an

unhappy childhood.

6. Good teachers identify the talents of their students and ____________

them.

7. This evidence seems to ______________ with the findings from previous

studies.

8. I am writing in _____________ to the job advertisement in yesterday’s

paper.

3.1. COMPOUND NOUNS: Match the words in box A with the words in
box B to make 10 compound nouns. You will need to use some words
more than once.

A active family maternal sibling

stable

extended immediate physical striking

B family gatherings instinct resemblance

rivalry upbringing role

_________________ _________________

_________________ _________________

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 _________________ _________________

_________________ _________________

_________________ _________________

3.2. (Audio 1b) Think about your answers to these questions. Then listen
to a student’s answers and tick the phrases you hear in 3.1.

1. Tell me about your family.

2. Who are you most similar to in your family?

3. What do you think it takes to be a good parent?

3.3. (Audio 1b) Listen again and find the words that match these
definitions.

1. caring and supportive

__________________

2. the emotional connection between people or places

__________________

3. similar

__________________

4. your nature or character

__________________

5. determined to an unreasonable degree

__________________

6. handed down through a family

__________________

3.4. Now practise answering the questions fully. Record your answers, if
possible.

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 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related:

Phrases / clauses (Vie) Words / Phrases / Pronunciation

phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Có một mối quan hệ UK /ˈsɪb.lɪŋ/

tốt với anh chị em US /ˈsɪb.lɪŋ/
ruột

2 Có một đại gia đình UK

lớn /ɪkˌsten.dɪd
ˈfæm.əl.i/

US
/ɪkˌsten.dɪd
ˈfæm.əl.i/

3 Một gia đình trực UK /ɪˈmiː.di.ət/

tiếp khá nhỏ US /ɪˈmiː.di.ət/

4 Buổi tụ họp gia đình UK

thường diễn ra cuối /ˈɡæð.ər.ɪŋ/ US
tuần. /ˈɡæð.ɚ.ɪŋ/

5 UK /taɪ/
mối quan hệ/gắn kết
gia đình chặt chẽ US /taɪ/

6 Tôi cũng thừa kế từ bố UK /ɪnˈher.ɪt/

mình trí não toán học. US /ɪnˈher.ɪt/

11
 2. General Vocabulary:

Words/phrases (Vie) Words/ Phrases/ Pronunciation

phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Tôi có nhiều điểm UK /ˈkɒm.ən/

chung với bạn của US /ˈkɑː.mən/
tôi.

2 Tôi thường tụ tập với UK /ɡet/

bạn cùng lớp vào
US /ɡet/
thứ 7.

3 Khi tôi còn nhỏ, tôi UK /ˈlɪt.əl/

rất thân với anh chị
US /ˈlɪt̬ .əl/
em họ.

4 Tôi thân thiết, có UK /tɜːm/

quan hệ tốt với các
US /tɝːm/
đồng nghiệp của
mình.

5 Cần rất nhiều sự kiên UK /teɪk/

nhẫn và tình yêu để
US /teɪk/
là một người cha/mẹ
tốt.

12
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary:

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases (Vie)

1 Children who experience UK /rɪˈwɔː.dɪŋ/

________________ are likely to have US
Trải nghiệm một a better relationship with their /rɪˈwɔːr.dɪŋ/
tình bạn quý giá siblings.

2 I have a very strong /məˈtɜː.nəl/

________________ because I love /ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/
Bản năng làm mẹ taking care of small children.

3 UK /əˈdɒpt/
Nhận nuôi một đứa Some couples choose
trẻ ________________. US /əˈdɑːpt/

4 Một gia đình thân UK /ˌkləʊsˈnɪt/

thiết, gắn bó. We live in a ________________. US /ˌkloʊsˈnɪt/

5 UK /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/
Giải quyết mâu My mother always knows how to
thuẫn. (manage and) ________________. US /ˈkɑːn.flɪkt/

6 Giống nhau đến My grandmother and I have a UK

kinh ngạc ________________. /rɪˈzem.bləns/
US
/rɪˈzem.bləns/

13
2. General Vocabulary:

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) - in bold

1 Kéo dài xuyên suốt The bond between me and UK /ɪnˈdʒʊər/

my brother ________________ US /ɪnˈdʊr/
my childhood.

2 When I surf the Internet, I can UK /rɪˈliːs/ US

Những thứ mới ra mắt see all the /rɪˈliːs/
(phim, nhạc) ____________________________.

3 My grandfather is UK /tʌtʃ/
Lạc hậu, không theo kịp ________________ the modern
US /tʌtʃ/
cái gì đó world.

4 I'm hoping to get a car in the UK /əˈlɒŋ/ US

next few months, but I’ll /əˈlɑːŋ/
________________ my brother
Đưa ai đi cùng ________________ to help.

5 Our family gathering is UK /keɪˈɒt.ɪk/

Hỗn loạn ________________ but fun. US /keɪˈɑː.t̬ɪk/

14
 IV. Questions
Task 1:
1. What do you usually do when you're with friends?

2. Did you have many friends when you were small?

3. What is your definition of a good friend?

4. Do you think friendships change as people get older?

5. Can you tell me about your family?

6. Do you get along well with your parents?

7. Who are you most similar to in your family?

8. What do you think it takes to be a good parent?

Questions Ideas

1. What do you ● Get together with classmates after

usually do when school to…
you're with friends?
● Our favorite activity; check out the
latest releases…

● Always have a great time / have many

things in common (Have a great time -
rất vui & có khoảng thời gian vui vẻ.)

2. Did you have many ● get on well with because…

friends when you
● take me long to …
were small?
● feel lucky that I get to experience such
a rewarding friendship.

3. What makes a ● Take a lot to be a good friend

good friend/ What
● A good friend - someone who …
is your definition of
● We can argue, but not afraid to resolve
a good friend?

15
 conflicts.

● should be a good listener / positive and

supportive…

4. Do you think ● not easy -experience a friendship -

friendships change endure throughout life.
as people get
● tend to have fewer friends when older
older? because…

● In many cases, stop being friends when

out of touch -

● Friendships- last for a long time - as

strong as family ties.

5. Can you tell me ● 4 members including…

about your family?
● a very close-knit family because…

● But that - immediately family, if you’re

asking about - extended family, then ….

● love coming to family gatherings every

weekend,(sometimes a little chaotic
but fun).

6. Do you get along Yes

well with your
● get along pretty well with parents
parents? since…

● family ties in our home - strong and …

● maintain such a great relationship, have

to resolve conflicts and differences…

No

● Sometimes think - adopted - because

not like parents at all

● Not inherit my father’s …., or my

16
 mother’s ….(qualities)

● argue a lot/all the time

7. Who are you most ● I am the closest to …

similar to in your
● have a (striking) resemblance,
family? especially when it comes to…

● Some of my traits such as … inherited

from …

8. What do you think ● to be good mother or father, have to …

it takes to be a
● To be honest, not everyone - have right
good parent? instinct.

● For example, good mother - maternal

instinct …, take care of baby

● if lack instinct, take a lot of learning -

good parent

Task 2:

Describe a family member whom you’re closest to

You should say:

Who he / she is

What kind of person he / she is

What you usually do together

And explain why you’re closest to that family member.

You will have to talk about the topic for 1-2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

17
Ideas Answer

→ get along well with everyone in

immediate family

, but to pick one I’m closest to,

choose …

have a very close-knit relationship

with him/her

Care a great deal about me, and

very accomodating to my needs

→ In terms of
appearance/personalities, have a
striking resemblance, especially …

→ I definitely inherited …

→ We also share a lot of things in

common like …

→ When I was little, … often took

me along to …

→ Sometimes get into a fight

because ….

… but we are always quick to

resolve our conflicts

The bond with - endure throughout

life

18
 UNIT 2 - MENTAL AND PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Topic: The body, the mind

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

The body
1.1. How old were you when you first learned to

A. crawl ___ D. ride a bike ___

B. walk ___ E. read ___

C. talk ___ F. tie a shoelace? ___

1.2. (Audio 2a) You will hear a talk about early development in children.
Listen and complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS for each answer.

Stage Social and Physical Cognitive and

emotional milestones communicative
milestones milestones

Infant ● likes to mimic ● can sit ● can use basic

and words and
● tries to see how
parents react to stand (2)___________

their (1) without

● uses objects for
___________ help their intended
purpose

19
(3) ________ ● is more (4) is able to ● greater
_________ understanding of
● run
language
● takes turns ● (5)
_________ ● uses (6)

things ___________ in play

● ride a
tricycle

Middle ● the (7) ● growth ● good reading and

childhood _____________ is not as writing (12)
__________ has a (9) _____________
greater impact on _________
development __ as in
earlier
● some children
appear grown up, stages

others are (8) ● (10)_____

______________ ____and
(11)______
____ are
the
same
size as in
adultho
od

1.3. (Audio 2a) Listen to the talk again and find words that mean the
same as the following.

1. learned (a skill) ____________________

2. copying people ____________________

3. without help ____________________

4. in a natural, unforced way ____________________

5. developed a skill to a high level ____________________

20
6. phase (2 words) ____________________

1.4. WORD BUILDING Complete the table.

Verb Noun Adjective

develop

grow fully-

mature

2.1. Read this text about development in adolescence. Then complete

the following sentences with words from the text.

The final stage before adulthood is adolescence. This is a period of

transition for teenagers and there are many crucial milestones. Socially and
emotionally, teens worry that they may not be developing at the same rate
as their peers. They become extremely self-conscious and may be overly
sensitive about their appearance. Teens may rebel against their parents but
are also more able to accept the consequences of their actions.

This is also a period of enormous physical change and adolescents

experience changes in their physical development at a rate unparalleled
since infancy. These changes include significant gains in height and
weight. Within a year, boys and girls can gain an average of 4.1 inches and
3.5 inches in height respectively This growth spurt typically occurs two
years earlier for girls than for boys and can tend to make both sexes go
through a clumsy phase. In terms of their cognitive development,
adolescents have greater reasoning skills and have developed the ability to
think logically and hypothetically. They are also able to discuss more
abstract concepts. They should also have developed strategies to help
them study.

21
1. First-year students often struggle with the transition from high school to
university.

2. The ____________ at which a change occurs can cause problems for both
the very young and the elderly.

3. It can be less stressful to make a presentation to your _____________ rather

than to your teachers.

4. The increase in violence among young people may be a _____________ of

watching too much violence on TV and in video games.

5. Petrol prices are increasing at a speed that is _____________ since the oil
crisis of the 70s.

6. Teenagers ______________ rebel against their parents between the ages of

14 and 16.

7. In part three of the speaking test you are expected to be able to talk
about more ______________ topics.

8. Infinity is a very difficult ______________ for children to grasp.

2.2. What stage would you associate the following words and phrases
with? Write the words in the correct column below.

crawling immature irresponsible

overindulgent nurturing rebellious

patient overprotective tolerant

throw a tantrum unsteady

Childhood Parenthood

clumsy mature

22
Vocabulary note

The prefix im- is often in front of adjectives beginning with b, m or p to

form the opposite or to show that something is lacking: immature,
impossible. Similarly, ir- often comes in front of words beginning with r ,
il- often comes in front of words beginning with / and in- in front of other
words: irresponsible, illegal, insensitive. However, there are exceptions:
unbelievable, displeased, unlikely, unpopular etc. The prefix over- can also
be negative, meaning too much: overdeveloped, overdue, overcrowded,
oversensitive.

Error warning

Grow can be used with plants: We could grow flowers and trees here. Or
with things: The business is growing rapidly. But grow up can only be
used with people or cities: The city grew up from a small group of houses
near the river. Grow up is intransitive, which means you can't use it with
an object. NOT The government grew up the city.

2.3. Many words used to talk about human growth can also be used to
talk about data and statistics. Complete the sentences with a suitable
word from the text in 2.1. You may need to change the form of the
words.

1. The p____________ of greatest stability occurred between 1985 and 1990.

2. The greatest period of g___________________ was in 2004

3. The figures g________________ from 2,500 to 6,000 in 2007.

4. The company g_______________ an extra 2,000 employees in 2002.

5. Sales increased at a significant r_________________ between 2001and 2005.

6. The number of migrants rose s_________________ from 1980 to 2000.

23
The mind
3. Match the phrases in A with the definitions in B.

A B

1. keep an open mind A. increase your knowledge

2. bear in mind B. I forgot

3. have something in mind C. I couldn’t remember a thing

4. have something on your mind D. remember

5. my mind went blank E. try not to judge before you know the facts

6. it slipped my mind F. be worried about something

7. put your mind at ease G. have an idea

8. broaden the mind H. stop you from worrying

4.1. Think about your answers to these questions.

1. What do you remember about your early childhood?

2. Do you think you have a good memory or a poor memory?

Error warning

Remember = to have a memory in your mind.

I remember my first day at school.

Remind = someone or something helps you to remember something.

Remind is not

usually used with the subject I. It reminds me of when I lived in Egypt.

NOT I remind of when. You remind me of my sister. NOT I remind me of.

24
4.2. (Audio 2b) Now listen to a student answering the questions in 4.1
and make a note of all of the words and phrases connected with
memory.

remember, memories,
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________

4.3. Correct the vocabulary mistakes in these sentences.

1. I will always memory how beautiful the sunset was on that day.
remember

2. I have very fond reminders of my school days ______________

3. Could you remember me to buy some bread on the way home?

______________

4. At school we always had to memory long lists of vocabulary

______________

5. l remind how happy our childhood was ______________

25
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/phrases Phrases/clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Một số bố mẹ UK
có thể quá /ˌəʊ.vər.ɪnˈdʌl.d
nuông chiều ʒənt/ US
con cái /ˌoʊ.vɚ.ɪnˈdʌl.d
ʒənt/

2 Trẻ đạt được UK

nhiều cột mốc /ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/
quan trọng US
trong những /ˈmaɪl.stoʊn/
năm đầu đời

3 trải nghiệm đó UK /ˈbrɔː.dən/

thực sự mở US /ˈbrɑː.dən/
mang đầu óc
tôi

26
4 Xét về/về mặt UK /ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/
giao tiếp, em bé US /ˈɪm.ə.teɪt/
sẽ cố bắt chước
từ vựng

5 Trẻ em ở giai UK /ˈmɑː.stər/

đoạn /mức tuổi US /ˈmæs.tɚ/
này có thể nắm
được các kỹ
năng thiết yếu

6 Trẻ em nên học UK /əˈkwaɪər/

các kỹ năng US /əˈkwaɪɚ/
nghe đọc hiệu
quả

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/clauses Words/phrases Phrases/clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Nhiều trẻ em lớn UK

lên có thể thành /ˌɪr.ɪˈspɒn.sə.bəl
những người lớn /

27
 vô trách nhiệm US
/ˌɪr.əˈspɑːn.sə.bə
l/

2 rất khó để ghi UK

nhớ lượng thông /ˈmem.ə.raɪz/
tin dù là nhỏ US
/ˈmem.ə.raɪz/

3 Họ có thể quá UK /ˈsen.sɪ.tɪv/

nhạy cảm với US /ˈsen.sə.t̬ɪv/
ngoại hình của
họ

4 Nghĩ đến một UK

chiến thuật /ˈvɪʒ.u.əl.aɪz/
chẳng hạn như US
hình /ˈvɪʒ.u.əl.aɪz/
dung/mường
tượng đến từ
vựng

5 một thứ gì đó Đi UK
kèm với/gắn liền /əˈsəʊ.si.eɪtɪd/
với từ vựng đó US
/əˈsoʊ.ʃi.eɪtɪd/

28
6 Suy nghĩ/việc trở UK /krɒs/
thành bố mẹ US /krɑːs/
chưa bao giờ
xuất hiện trong
đầu tôi

7 Về mặt cột mốc UK /kənˈsɜːnd/

về thể chất thì US /kənˈsɝːnd/

29
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) in bold

1 Nổi loạn/chống lại (cha Teens may _______ UK /rɪˈbel/

mẹ) their parents but are US /rɪˈbel/
also more

able to accept the

consequences
Lưu ý danh từ
rebel có trọng âm
khác

UK /ˈreb.əl/

US /ˈreb.əl/

2 Sự phát triển về mặt When it comes UK /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv/

nhận thức to________, it is
US /ˈkɑːɡ.nə.t̬ɪv/
important for children
to learn to be creative

3 Tự dưng chẳng nhớ gì I was talking about my UK /blæŋk/

cả childhood when _____ US /blæŋk/
(đầu óc trở nên trống
rỗng)

4 Khiến ai nhớ đến cái gì You ______me of my UK /rɪˈmaɪnd/

30
 sister. US /rɪˈmaɪnd/

5 Lắc đầu & gật đầu the baby learnt how to UK /nɒd/
______ US /nɑːd/

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) in bold

1 Giữ cho đầu óc cởi mở Growing up I have UK /ˈəʊ.pən/

/ learnt to ________ US /ˈoʊ.pən/
Thoáng lên/đừng vội
phán xét

2 Nhớ vào đầu I try to _______ all that I UK /beər/

(một điều quan trọng) was taught US /ber/

3 Khiến ai yên tâm/thư Knowing the baby is UK /iːz/

thái safe ______her______ US /iːz/

4 Ở các mức độ khác Children develop at UK /ˈveə.ri.əs/

nhau _________ US /ˈver.i.əs/

5 Chơi/làm gì đó theo Children can _____ in UK /tɜːn/

lượt games US /tɝːn/

31
6 Các khái niệm trừu At that stage they are UK /ˈæb.strækt/
tượng able to discuss US /ˈæb.strækt/
more_______

7 Có điều bận tâm She ______her_______ UK /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/

when she was at the US /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/
party.

32
 IV. Questions
1. Task 1,3:
1. Do you have any memories of your childhood ?

2. What were you like when you were a teenager?

3. Do you think you have a good memory or a poor memory?

4. Are you still in touch with your childhood friends?

5. What skills did you acquire as a child

6. Is it important for children to have fun?

7. What physical and mental development do children go through in their

middle childhood?

Questions Idea

1. Do you have ● Yes

any memories
● A lot of great memories associated with childhood
of your
● When little, I ….
childhood ?
● I think I; good kid overall,

○ but sometimes rebel against parents …

● A good imagination; often visualize things ….

2. What ● Teenage years, a period of transition (giai đoạn biến

changes did đổi) that….
you go
● many physical and mental changes….
through as a
○ Physically, going through puberty (dậy thì)….
teenager?
○ Mentally, overly sensitive about my appearance….

● Try, keep an open mind, things happen around me

3. Do you think ● Good memory

you have a

33
good memory ○ Able to memorize a lot of information without
or a poor any trouble
memory?
■ Even abstract concepts that I not fully
understand

■ except for abstract concepts that I not fully

understand - my mind go blank

● Bad memory

○ → Find … hard to remember information

○ Example, an important point teacher tell; bear in

mind; forget the next day

○ Thinking of a strategy to improve memory (write

notes/ use the calendar/…)

4. Are you still #1 Gợi kỷ niệm cũ

in touch with
● When go past my old neighborhood/school,
your childhood
○ it remind me of….
friends?
● a lot in common

● used to play many turn-taking games (trò chơi

theo lượt) together

● Some of them =still my good friends….

#2 Họp lớp cũ (Class reunion)

● Yes, I am

● Meet up with classmates from secondary/high

school (Trường cấp 2/cấp 3)

● Gather with friends on class reunion

● Talk about fond memories, like how irresponsible

and mischievous (tinh nghịch) we - as kids

● Remain good friends;

● Have something on my mind, talk to them, put my

mind at ease

34
5. What skills ● There are many crucial milestones….
do children ● When - come to, physical development:
typically
○ move around faster, run, climb stairs….
acquire?
● In terms of, cognitive development

○ Acquire language skills - Understand most

sentences; produce four-five word sentences

○ Learn language by, imitate adults

● Older children - More independent & begin to

master social skills

6. Is it ● vital for mental development (because…)

important for
● Thay bằng “Life without fun - highly stressful (gây
children to stress)
have fun?
● But parents should not, overindulgent because….

● Overindulged children - throw a tantrum (nổi giận &

ăn vạ)

7. What mental ● Well, that has never crossed my mind…”

and physical
● Children develop various rates
development
○ some are very mature in terms of social skills
did children go
through in ○ others very immature
their middle ● As far as physical milestones are concerned,
childhood?
○ there are major changes….

2. Task 2
Describe a memorable period or event from your childhood
You should say:

- When the event or period was

- What happened during this event or time

35
 - Why it was memorable and what you learned from this experience

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

Idea Answers

● Back - in
primary/secondary high
school… /Looking back,it
was when….

● Try - keep open mind -

when listen story -
because ….

● On holiday playing some

turn-taking games
when….

● As far as … is concerned, ....

● many great memories of

my childhood; but that -
special because…..

● Quite a milestone ….

● Reminisce about that

moment…..

● experience broaden my
mind …..

● remind me of ….

36
 UNIT 3 - KEEPING FIT
Topic: Diet, health and exercise

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION
Diet
1.1. Answer these questions.

1. How healthy are you?

A. very healthy

B. moderately healthy

C. unhealthy?

2. Tick the appropriate column below to show how often you eat the
different foods.

I eat … at least a few times once a rarely/

once a day a week week never

cakes or
chocolate

fried fast food

fish

fruit

meat

37
vegetables

1.2. Complete the gaps in the text below using words from the box.

factors ingredients maintain nutrients

overeating overweight servings variety

How to improve your diet

● Make sure that you eat a (1) ________________ of foods. It is important

to eat from all five food groups.

● Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables. These contain vital (2)

________________ and leading dietitians recommend eating at least
two (3) _______________ of fruit and three of vegetables every day.

● Try to (A)_______________ a healthy weight. Being too thin can cause

as many health problems as being (5) _______________ Remember, the
correct weight for you depends on many different (6)________________
including your age, height and sex.

● Eat moderate portions and don’t be tempted to order a larger size

when eating out. Skipping meals can lead to (7) ______________ as you
will be much hungrier later, so be sure to eat regularly if you want to
curb your appetite.

● You don’t need to eliminate all of your favourite foods but do check
the (8) _______________ on food labels and make sure that you reduce
your intake of foods that are high in fats, sugar and salt.

● If you have a food allergy, make sure you avoid any of the ingredients
that can trigger an attack.

1.3. Match these words and phrases with words from the advice in 1.2

1. very important _____________ 6. limit _____________

38
 2. food scientists _____________ 7. desire to eat _____________

3. neither small nor large_____________ 8. totally remove _____________

4. servings _____________ 9. a condition that causes

illness if you eat certain foods
_____________

5. missing out on _____________ 10. activate _____________

Health and exercise

2.1. (Audio 3a) You will hear part of a health talk. Listen and complete
the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.

Vocabulary note

The following words are often used with the word health.

Nouns: health benefits, health risks, health problems, health care, health
education, health system

Adjectives: in good health, in poor health, in excellent health

We can use healthy to describe things other than your body: a healthy
appetite, a healthy diet, a healthy economy, a healthy disrespect for
authority

The heart is a (1) ____________ A diet high in (2) ____________ can slow down
the (3) _____________ and lead to heart problems. A heart attack is caused
when an artery that (4) _____________ to the heart becomes (5) _____________
. Patients must be given (6) _____________ immediately. A stroke is caused
when there is a blockage in an artery that leads to the (7) _____________ . A
stroke can have a major effect on your body and as yet there is no (8)
_____________. A healthy diet will keep your arteries (9) _____________ and can
lower the (10) _____________ of a stroke or heart attack.

2.2. (Audio 3b) Now listen to part 2 of the talk and answer the questions.

39
 Error warning

Note that health is a noun and healthy is the adjective. We write or talk
about education and health or mental health. NOT education and healthy
or mental healthy. We say someone is strong and healthy NOT strong and
health

Vocabulary note

-tion at the end of a word usually indicates that the word is a noun: action,
repetition.

-tious indicates an adjective: repetitious

l. Write down three types of aerobic exercise that are mentioned:

_________________

2. Listen again and find words that mean the same as the following:

A. in a fixed pattern _____regular_____

B. quickly ____________

C. little by little _____________

D. a strong suggestion _____________

E. speed ___________

F. doing something to excess ____________

G. get better ___________

H. every second one ____________

3. WORD BUILDING: Complete the table below. You do not need to write
anything in the shaded areas. Write the opposites where indicated
(opp.).

Noun Verb Adjective

40
 allergy

benefit

harm opp. =

health opp. =

infection opp. =

Noun Verb Adjective

nutrition

obese

prevent

recommended

variety

4.1. PRONUNCIATION (Audio 3c): Put the words into the correct box
according to their sound, then practise saying the words. Listen and
check your answers.

bath, bathe, birth, breath, breathe, death, growth, health, mouth (v), mouth
(n), teeth, teethe, writhe

θ ð

(an unvoiced sound as in think) (a voiced sound os in this)

bath bathe

41
4.2. (Audio 3c): Complete the sentences with words from 4.1. Then listen
to the recording to check your answers. Practice saying the sentences.

1. I took a deep __________________ before diving into the water.

2. The baby is crying because he’s ________________. He got two new

______________ only yesterday.

3. Old people should take care of their ___________________.

4. He’s been so happy since the ___________________ of his son.

5. The pain was so bad she was ___________________ in agony.

6. He can't ___________________ . You need to get him to hospital.

5. Improve this essay by replacing the words in italics with ONE OR

TWO words from this unit.

In the future, we won’t have to worry about what we eat. We'll

just take a tablet to give us all that our body needs and cooking will
become a thing of the past.

In our modern world, we often look for quick solutions to our

problems. We expect to be able to achieve a great deal with little effort But
I don't believe we can apply this notion to our diet and still remain healthy.
Preparing a healthy meal can take a lot of time. First you need to have fresh
ingredients. Pre-packaged foods can contain a lot of unhealthy additives
and so they are not as 1 good for your body as fresh food. You also need to
make sure to include a 2 lot of different foods to make sure that you receive
all of the vitamins and minerals that are 3 very, very important to a healthy
diet. It is not surprising then that some people want to find a simple
solution to this in the form of a pill. Fast foods are very high in fat, sugar and
salt and so we should eat them in small amounts. For some people,
however, these foods have become their staple diet and as a result they are
4
fat. If we want to 5 stop this from becoming an even bigger problem in the
future then we need to address this situation now. While vitamin tablets
may be of some benefit, they are unlikely to be effective in the fight against
6
people getting too fat. Health authorities need to increase public
awareness of these issues, but we also need to be realistic. Fast food is

42
popular not only because it is convenient but also because it is tasty.
7
Perhaps we should strongly advise that people who eat fast food every
8
day should at least swap fast food with fresh food on every second day.
Finally, we eat for pleasure as well as nutrition and for this reason I believe
that pills will never replace well-cooked food.

1. _____________ 3._____________ 5._____________ 7._____________

2. _____________ 4._____________ 6._____________ 8._____________

6. Answer the questions. Write one or two sentences,

l. Do you think young people are more or less fit than 50 years ago?
(Why?/Why not?)

_____________________________________________________________________

2. In what way is your diet different from when you were a young child?

_____________________________________________________________________

3. What changes do you think will occur in our diet in the future?

_____________________________________________________________________

43
 II. VOCAB IN FOCUS

1. Topic related

Phrases / clauses (Vie) Words / Phrases / Pronunciation

phrases clauses
(Eng) (Eng)

1 Kiểm tra nguyên liệu UK

trước khi mua sản phẩm /ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/
là rất quan trọng. US
/ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/

2 Béo phì là một vấn đề UK

sức khỏe phổ biến. /ˌəʊ.vəˈweɪt/ US
/ˌoʊ.vɚˈweɪt/

3 Bạn nên ăn những phần UK /ˈpɔː.ʃən/

ăn vừa phải, thậm chí cả US /ˈpɔːr.ʃən/
khi ăn ngoài.

4 Thực phẩm giàu dinh UK /njuːˈtrɪʃ.əs/

dưỡng thường đắt hơn. US /nuːˈtrɪʃ.əs/

5 UK /əˈlɜː.dʒɪk/
US /əˈlɝː.dʒɪk/

Tôi bị dị ứng với hải sản.

6 Theo một chế độ ăn UK /ˈdaɪ.ət/ US

lành mạnh là một công /ˈdaɪ.ət/
việc vất vả.

44
 2. General

Words/ Phrases/
Words/phrases (Vie) phrases clauses Pronunciation
(Eng) (Eng)

Ăn một lượng thực phẩm

UK /vəˈraɪ.ə.ti/
đa dạng là rất cần thiết
US /vəˈraɪ.ə.t̬i/
để duy trì sức khỏe.

UK /kənˈsɪd.əd/
Trái tim được coi như
US
một khối cơ
/kənˈsɪd.ɚd/

3 Các chế độ ăn đúng sẽ

giúp bạn giảm nguy cơ UK /rɪsk/
bệnh về tim mạch và đột US /rɪsk/
quỵ

4 Nếu bạn không quen với

việc tập thể dục, bạn nên US /ˈjus·tu, -tə/
bắt đầu từ từ.

5 UK /əˈten.ʃən/
Để ý kỹ đến cơ thể
US /əˈten.ʃən/

45
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCAB
1. Topic related

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) in bold

1 Bỏ bữa có thể dẫn đến ăn ________________________ UK /mɪəl/ US

quá đà. can lead to overeating. /mɪəl/

2 Hãy chắc chắn rằng bạn Be sure to eat regularly if UK /ˈæp.ə.taɪt/

ăn thường xuyên nếu bạn you want to US /ˈæp.ə.taɪt/
muốn chặn cơn thèm ăn. ________________.

3 Suy nghĩ tích cực được UK /ˈpɒz.ə.tɪv/

chứng minh là tốt cho ________________________ is US /ˈpɑː.zə.t̬ɪv/
sức khỏe của bạn. proven to be good for
your health.

4 I always try to be UK /muːd/ US

Tôi luôn cố gắng có tâm _________________. /muːd/
trạng tốt.

5 I’m feeling a bit UK /ʌnˈwel/ US

Tôi cảm thấy hơi mệt / __________________________ /ʌnˈwel/

không khỏe, nên tôi sẽ ở ______, so I’ll stay at home.

nhà.

2. General

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) in bold

1 Một chế độ ăn nhiều chất A diet high in fat can UK /sləʊ/ US

béo có thể làm chậm lưu _________________________

46
 thông máu. the blood flow. /sloʊ/

2 Rất tốt để có những ngày It's best to UK /ˈɒl.tə.neɪt/

tập luyện luân phiên với ________________ exercise US /ˈɑːl.tɚ.neɪt/
ngày nghỉ. days ________ rest days.

3 Cân nặng phù hợp dựa Correct weight UK /dɪˈpend/

trên ba yếu tố: tuổi tác, _______________ 3 factors: US /dɪˈpend/
chiều cao và giới tính. age, height and sex.

4 Aerobic exercise can UK /reɪz/ US

_______________ your heart /reɪz/
Các bài thể dục nhịp điệu rate.

làm tăng nhịp tim.

5 Tập thể dục là cách tốt Exercise is UK /fɑːr/ US

nhất và hơn hẳn các cách ________________ the best /fɑːr/
khác để đốt calo. way to burn calories.

6 ________________________ UK /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
Các nghiên cứu gần đây have shown that there is a /ˈriː.sɜːtʃ/ US

đã cho thấy có một mối link between exercise and /ˈriː.sɝːtʃ/

liên kết giữa tập thể dục life expectancy. /rɪˈsɝːtʃ/

và tuổi thọ.

47
 IV. QUESTIONS
Part 1
1. How healthy are you?

2. How do you stay fit and healthy?

3. In what way is your diet different from when you were a young child?

4. Do you think there is a relationship between your weight and your

health?

5. What are the common exercises in your country?

6. Do you think it’s good to take up exercises regularly?

Questions Idea

1. How healthy ● Very healthy:

are you?
○ (Almost) never get sick/ill

○ Always in good mood, positive thinking -good

for health

○ Exercise (three to four) times a week

○ Follow healthy and nutritious diet

● Moderately healthy (Tương đối khoẻ)

○ To be unwell/under the weather from time to

time (thi thoảng)

○ Exercise when free

○ Avoid deep-fried foods (đồ chiên - VD gà FKC) or

foods - high in cholesterol (nhiều cholesterol)

● Not very healthy (Unhealthy)

○ Tired and unwell (almost) all the time

○ Never go to the gym

○ Eat whatever available/whatever I can get my

48
 hands on

2. How do you ● Eat a variety of foods

stay fit and
● Eat plenty; fruit and vegetable (contain vital
healthy? nutrient (chất dinh dưỡng) – at least 2 serving
(portion) every day

● If have food allergy, avoid food- trigger/activate

attack (gây ra cơn dị ứng)

3. In what way ● A kid; not pay attention to/check ingredients;

is your diet just eat whatever; satisfying
○
different from
● However,now adult: needs of the body -considered;
when you were
a young child? ○ try curb appetite;

○ stay away - sugary or fatty foods/foods high in

cholesterol & deep-fried foods

○ A lot more responsible ;maintain a healthy

lifestyle

4. Do you think ● recent research; show that …weight affects health

there is a greatly
relationship
● Unhealthy habits - (example: skipping meal); lead
between your to weight problems
weight and
● obese / overweight; the cause of numerous serious
your health?
diseases …+ examples

● As health-conscious (quan tâm tới sức khoẻ) person,

maintain healthy weight

5. What are the ● Aerobic/cardio exercises; popular

common
● These exercises- many variations/forms (dạng)
exercises in (walking, cycling, swimming…)
your country?
● …; alternate with each other _> avoid feeling bored
or unmotivated.

49
 ● If - not used to exercising, find it hard/challenging

○ Take it easy at first/begin with a slow pace

● But, once/when people - get used to; a particular

exercise; easy to raise the intensity (cường độ);
achieve better results.

6. Do you think ● Exercising; considered; by far -most beneficial way;

it’s good to achieve great physical health
take up
● prove; a number of studies; doing exercise regularly;
exercises slow down aging (lão hoá) and reduce risk of
regularly? serious diseases

● Example: parents/uncles/aunts are now (age), but

still stay healthy (exercises)

Part 2
Describe an activity that you do to stay healthy (Can be eating a
healthy diet/exercising)

You should say:

● What the activity is

● How often you do it

● What effects it has on your health

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish

Idea Answers

1. One thing; keen on doing to

maintain good health is… (jogging,
swimming, going to the gym, going
on a special diet,…)

50
2. In the past; used to lead a/an
inactive/sedentary lifestyle (lối sống
lười vận động);

● often feel under the weather;

considered slightly
overweight/underweight
(gầy/thiếu câu)

3. come across several studies; aware

- great health rest on exercising

(1) Take up (a sport)

● … At first; hard to keep up habit;

● Now: I am used to the

exercises; do it 3 to 4 times a
week

(2) Follow a healthier diet;

● paying attention to
eating portions;

● curb the appetite by

alternating snacks with
more nutritious foods

Health: change drastically;

● feel less under the

weather;

● have more energy

during the day; slow
down aging; always in a
good mood

→ (3) Aside from eating well / being

active; also practice positive
thinking; pay attention to mental
health

51
 UNIT 4 - LIFESTYLE
Topic: Life, leisure

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION
Life

1.1. Think about how you would answer the following questions.

1. Do you think people work too much nowadays? (*)

Actually, there has been a misconception that people work too hard
these days, as often portrayed in the media. But if you examine the facts,
you’d see that people used to have to work all around the week with no day
off in the past. This situation has radically changed, meaning that
employees these days are entitled to have Saturday and Sunday off. So, my
answer to this question is an obvious no.

2. What do you like to do to relax? (*)

I’m a workaholic really. That is to say, I work up to 12 hours a day and

this often leads to unbearable stress. One way to cope with the
overwhelming stress I’d have to deal with is working out. I hit the gym
every now and then to do a few exercises. I’ve got to say that it really works
for me as it tends to release all the stress. So anyway, exercises are by far my
favorite means of relaxation.

3. What is your idea of a perfect day? (*)

Having said that I’m a workaholic, I’ve got to say that a day off work
once in a while would be ideal for me. This is when I can stay in bed in the
morning as long as I want to without a worry in the world. I’d get up in the

52
late morning to cook myself a simple but tasty breakfast. I can't say that I’m
a good cook but I kind of enjoy what I cook still.

4. How would you describe your attitude to life? (*)

To be honest with you, I’m naturally inclined to be pessimistic and

cynical. This is, to a large extent, due to the bad experiences I had during
adolescence, which has led me to believe that everyone has an underlying
self-interest motive. But I’ve come to realize that it’s not necessarily true in
many circumstances. So, I’m trying to change myself - to shift my outlook
to the brighter side and believe in the people I interact with. It’s incredibly
hard to change the mindset that has been hardwired to you though.

1.2. (Audio 4a) Now listen to four people answering these questions and
decide which of the words in the box best describes each speaker.

pessimist realist optimist risk-taker

Speaker 1 ___________ Speaker 3 ___________

Speaker 2 ___________ Speaker 4 ___________

1.3. (Audio 4a) Listen to the speakers again and complete the following
phrases.

Speaker work hard for a living; achieve something in life; life has its ups
1 and downs

Speaker live life on the edge; feel alive; your quality of life depends
2 substantially on your attitude

Speaker have a negative attitude; life is full of disappointment

3

Speaker have a positive outlook on life; live life to the full; positive

53
 4 approach to everything lead to a happy life.

1.4. Make a note of any of these words and phrases that apply to you
and then answer the questions in 1.1 again.

have a positive outlook on life, accept every ups ands downs, live life
to the full,

2. COLLOCATION:

Vocabulary note

Note the difference between life and living. Life is used to refer to the
period between birth and death, living is used to refer to being alive,
make a living refers to earning money

1. Going to Egypt and seeing the pyramids was a once in a

__________________ time opportunity for me.

2. The standard of __________________ in my country is very good; there are

not many poor people there.

3. In my job as a nurse I get to meet people from all walks of

_________________.

4. For me, being a vegetarian is not just about diet, it has become a way of
______________ .

5. Many people only think about bills they need to pay and forget to allow
for everyday _________________ expenses when they calculate a budget.

6. It was a _________________ long ambition of mine to travel to the Arctic

Circle and see the northern lights.

7. A rise in petrol prices inevitably leads to a rise in the cost of

_________________ .

8. The happiest people are those who have found a way to make a
________________ from their hobby.

Leisure

54
3.1. Read the text and decide whether the sentences below are true or
false. Match the words in bold in the sentences with one of the
underlined words or phrases in the text.

Leisure activity isn’t just for fun, says a University of Florida

psychologist who has developed a scale that classifies hobbies based on
needs they satisfy in people. The scale can help people find more personal
fulfillment by giving them insight into what they really like. ‘The surprising
thing is that activities you might think are very different have similar effects
on people,’ said Howard E.A. Tinsley, a UF psychology professor who
developed the measurement. ‘Probably no one would consider acting to
have the same characteristics as roller-skating or playing baseball, but men
and women who act as a hobby report feeling an intense sense of
belonging to a group, much the same way others do in playing sports.’

And activities providing the strongest sense of competition are not

sports, but card, arcade and computer games, he found. Participating in
soccer satisfies our desire for a sense of ‘belonging’ and coin collecting and
baking fulfill their need for ‘creativity.’ ‘With so many people in jobs they
don’t care for, leisure is a prized aspect of people's lives,’ Tinsley said. ‘Yet it's
not something psychologists really study.

Economists tell us how much money people spend skiing, but

nobody explains why skiing really appeals to people.’ Or how one activity
relates to another, perhaps in unexpected ways, Tinsley said. Fishing,
generally considered more of an outdoor recreational activity, for example,
is a form of self-expression like quilting or stamp collecting, because it
gives people the opportunity to express some aspect of their personality by
doing something completely different from their daily routine, he said.

1. Both acting and roller-skating give people a strong feeling of being

part of a team.

True - intense sense

2. Taking part in sports gives you the strongest desire to win

________________

3. Collecting things satisfies people’s desire for making things

55
 ________________

4. Researchers already know why a hobby attracts a person

________________

5. Fishing allows you to show the type of person you are

________________

3.2. Now look at the remaining words and phrases that have been
underlined in the text and match them to these definitions.

1. a feeling of doing what you have always wanted to do

_______________________

2. a deep understanding _______________________

3. a feature of ______________________

4. something that is done for enjoyment in your free time. (x3)

__________________

5. things you do every day _______________________

4.1. COLLOCATION: Match the verbs with nouns from the box. You may
use the words more than once.

a need a goal

a balance a living

a choice a role

a change an opportunity

a chance pressure (on)

a decision

56
 achieve play make

_________ _______________ _______________

_________ _______________

meet _______________
put
_______________
_________ ____________
miss
take set
_______________
___________ _________ _______________
___________

4.2. Correct the 14 vocabulary mistakes in the text.

Although we have a better standard of living nowadays, in many

ways our quality of life is not as good as in the past because we are
always too busy to enjoy what we have.

Everyday life today is much more complicated than in the past. Even
in our leisure time we have to take so many choices about what to do or
even what to watch on TV. We are often spoilt for choice and this can leave
us feeling confused and dissatisfied. We all know that it is important to get
a balance between work and play, but many of us do not succeed. Instead,
we make extra pressure for ourselves by trying to be as successful in our
work life as in our personal life.

Life in the past was much simpler as many people worked to get
their basic needs met. Today, for many of us, our job is not just a way of
making a life. For many, work is an important role in our everyday life and
gives us a strong sense of personal fulfilment. What is more, we have
become much more materialistic. Many people get themselves goals such
as buying a new house or car and so we measure our success by the
material things we own. Desiring these luxuries is what motivates us to
work much harder than in the past, so in many ways we choose this way of
life.

57
 We have worked hard to improve our standard of living, but it may
have come at a very high price. We need to make some changes in our
priorities so that family occasions are as important as business meetings.
We should also make every possible opportunity to relax and enjoy our
leisure time. Once you have made the decision to do this, you should find
that your quality of life also improves. My ultimate aim is to have a happy
family life. If I get this goal then I know I will not regret any chances I have
lost to stay longer at the office.

1. ___________________ 6. ___________________ 11. __________________

2. ___________________ 7. ___________________ 12. __________________

3. ___________________ 8. ___________________ 13. __________________

4. ___________________ 9. ___________________ 14. __________________

5. ___________________ 10. __________________

1. Do you think people work too much nowadays? (*)

Actually, there has been a misconception that people work too hard these
days, as often portrayed in the multimedia. But if you examine the facts,
you’d notice that in the past, people used to have to work all around the
week with no day off. This situation has radically changed, meaning that
employees these days are entitled to have Saturday and Sunday off. So,
my answer to this question is an obvious no.

● There has been a misconception that…

● portrayed in the multimedia

● Examine the facts:

● Used to have to

● work all around the week

● Now: radically changed

58
 ● To be entitled to( have Saturday and Sunday off )

2. What do you like to do to relax? (*)

I’m a workaholic really. That is to say, I work up to 18 hours a day and this
often leads to stress that it’s hard for me to bear. One way to cope with the
overwhelming stress I’d have to deal with is working out. I hit the gym
every now and then to do a few exercises. I’ve got to say that it really works
for me as it tends to release all the stress. So anyway, exercises are by far
my favorite means of relaxation.

● Workaholic

● That is to say

● Work up to 18 hours a day

● Stress that is hard for me to bear

● Cope with the overwhelming stress ➜ Work out

● Works for me

● Release all the stress

● By far my favorite means of relaxation.

3. What is your idea of a perfect day? (*)

Having said that I’m a workaholic, I’ve got to concede that once in a
while, a day off work would be ideal for me. This is when I can stay in bed
in the morning as long as I want to without having to worry about what’s
my working agenda today. Hmmm, and then, I’d get up and prepare a
simple but tasty breakfast with my secret recipe, though it’s a fact that
I’m not a good cook really, but I kind of enjoy what I cook anyway.

● Having said that….

● Workaholic

● To concede/to admit/to acknowledge

● Once in a while

● A day of from work stay in bed as long as I want to

59
 ● Prepare a tasty breakfast & secret recipe

● Not a good cook

4. How would you describe your attitude to life? (*)

To be honest with you, I’m naturally inclined to be pessimistic and

cynical. This is due to a large extent to the bad experiences I had during
adolescence, which has led me to believe that everyone has an underlying
self-interest motive. But I’ve come to realize that it’s not necessarily true
in many circumstances. So, I’m trying to change myself, I mean, to shift my
outlook to the brighter side and believe in people I interact with. Yet it’s
incredibly hard to change the mindset which has been hardwired to you
really.

● To be honest with you

● Naturally inclined to be

● pessimistic and cynical

● Due (to a large extent) to

● Experiences I had during adolescence

● Believe that everyone has an underlying self-interest motive

● Come to realize that

● Not necessarily true

● Shift my outlook to the bright side

● Believe in people I interact with

● Incredibly hard to change the mindset hardwired to you

60
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS
1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/phrases Phrases/clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Cô ấy đã luôn UK /ˈlɪv.ɪŋ/
phải làm việc US /ˈlɪv.ɪŋ/
vất vả để kiếm
sống

2 Sống một cuộc UK /liːd/

sống hạnh phúc US /liːd/
là rất quan trọng

3 Chúng ta có UK /ˈstæn.dəd/
mức sống tốt US
hơn thời nay /ˈstæn.dɚd/

4 Cân nhắc đến UK /ɪkˈspens/

chi phí sinh US /ɪkˈspens/
hoạt khi tính
toán ngân sách

5 Anh ấy đang UK /ˈbeɪ.sɪk/

làm 2 công việc US /ˈbeɪ.sɪk/
chỉ để đáp ứng
nhu cầu cơ bản

6 khá khó để có UK /ˈbæl.əns/

thể có được cân US /ˈbæl.əns/
bằng cuộc sống
và công việc

61
7 cô ấy thực sự là UK
người nghiện /ˌɪn.təˈrækt/
công việc US /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈækt/

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/ clauses Words/ phrases Phrases /clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Công việc đóng UK /rəʊl/

vai trò quan US /roʊl/
trọng trong cuộc
sống hằng ngày
của chúng ta

2 Đặt một mục UK /ˈtɑː.ɡɪt/

tiêu mà bạn có US /ˈtɑːr.ɡɪt/
thể đạt được

3 nắm bắt cơ hội UK

với công việc /ˌɒp.əˈtʃuː.nə.ti/
mới US
/ˌɑː.pɚˈtuː.nə.t̬i/

4 Bố mẹ cô ấy đặt UK /ˈpreʃ.ər/
(nhiều) áp lực US /ˈpreʃ.ɚ/
cho về việc cô ấy
vào phải một
trường đại học
top đầu.

62
5 Thi thoảng UK /waɪl/
(idiom) thì một US /waɪl/
ngày nghỉ làm
cũng là lý tưởng
với tôi

6 Tôi nhận ra rằng UK

nó không nhất /ˈnes.ə.ser.ɪl.i/
thiết là đúng US
trong vài trường /ˈnes.ə.ser.ɪl.i/
hợp

63
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Thăng trầm trong Life has its _______, and I think UK /ˌʌps ən
cuộc sống the best thing to do is to accept ˈdaʊnz/
that and get on with it. US /ˌʌps ən
ˈdaʊnz/

2 Từ mọi ngả đời I get to meet people from _____ UK /wɔːk/

(Mọi xuất at the carnival. US /wɑːk/

thân/tầng lớp XH)

3 Một lối sống/cách Being a vegetarian has UK /weɪ/

sống become______ US /weɪ/

4 Chả có ngày nào As a pessimist, he believes that UK /lʌntʃ/

là ngày hoàn hảo ________ US /lʌntʃ/
cả

5 Làm việc suốt She is so busy nowadays that UK /əˈraʊnd/

tuần (không được she has to________ US /əˈraʊnd/
nghỉ)

64
6 Hiệu quả với tôi It really ______ as it tends to UK /wɜːk/
(informal) release all the stress. US /wɝːk/

7 Xả stress We like to go on vacation UK /rɪˈliːs/

to________ US /rɪˈliːs/

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Cả đời chỉ có một It is a_________opportunity to UK

lần fly to space /ˌwʌn.sɪnəˈlaɪf.t
aɪm/

US
/ˌwʌn.sɪnəˈlaɪf.t
aɪm/

2 Khát vọng cả đời & My _________is to have a happy UK

giấc mơ cả đời family life. /æmˈbɪʃ.ən/

US /æmˈbɪʃ.ən/

3 Lỡ mất cái gì đó I’ve ______ the chance to go UK /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/

overseas for my US /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/
tertiary/university education

65
4 Máu cạnh tranh Activities providing the UK
(Hint: sense) strongest ______ are not sports, /ˌkɒm.pəˈtɪʃ.ən/
but card, arcade and US
computer games. /ˌkɑːm.pəˈtɪʃ.ən/

5 Có một sự nhầm ______ more money brings UK

tưởng là…. more happiness /ˌmɪs.kənˈsep.ʃə
n/

US
/ˌmɪs.kənˈsep.ʃə
n/

6 Đã từng He _____ work in that company UK /juːst/

but he quit 2 years ago US /juːst/

7 Đã nhận ra rằng I’ve come ________it’s not UK

necessarily true in many cases. /ˈnes.ə.ser.ɪl.i/

US
/ˈnes.ə.ser.ɪl.i/

66
 IV. Questions
1. Task 1,3:
1. What are your favorite leisure activities?

2. What do you like to do after work?

3. Are you a positive or negative person?

4. Are leisure activities important for you?

5. Why are you interested in the sports/leisure activities you

mentioned?

6. How important is work-life balance to you?

7. Do you think people work too much nowadays?

8. How is work life today different from work life in the past?

Questions Idea

1. What are ● work/study put pressure on…

your favorite
● Release stress - play sports/Hit the gym (đi tập gym),
leisure watch movies, listen to music… work for me
activities?
● Once in a while, go to cinema

2. What do you ● As workaholic/hard-working student …

like to do after
● Work/study all around the week
work?
● During week, miss home-cooked meals (bữa ăn gia
đình - tự nấu nướng)

● Weekends, stay in bed, no deadlines,

● Cook & Spend time with family; spend time + hang

out with friends at cafes

3. Do you see ● Optimistic

yourself as a

67
positive ○ Many ups and downs, still try have positive
person? outlook on life (cái nhìn tích cực về cuộc sống)

○ Stressed - find ways release stress

○ Surrounded myself, positive people

○ Attitude has big impact

● Pessimistic

○ Many bad experience growing up

○ No free lunch & people - self-interest motive

○ Come to realize - Not necessarily true

■ => shift outlook to the brighter side (thay đổi

cách nhìn nhận tích cực hơn)

4. Are leisure ● Yes

activities
● Recreational activities (~ leisure activities)
important for
● play important role, lead a happy life
you?
● Help - achieve/attain work life balance

● If, work hard for a living/cover living expenses, no

time to relax -> depression (trầm cảm)

5. Why are you ● Play sports - sense of competition/belonging

interested in
● Good exercise, stay active→ Lead a healthy life
the
● have fun, enjoy outdoors
sports/leisure
activities you ● Express one’s personality
mentioned? ● Set a goal to do … hours of ….. a week

6. How ● Important - Achieve work life balance

important is
● standard of living increase -> not work all the time -
work-life cover living expenses.
balance to
● Life without fun - highly stressful
you?

68
 ● Release the stress, -> increase work productivity
(năng suất)

○ Play a role, lead a healthy life

7. How is work ● misconception…people work too hard

life today
● Past people from all walks of life; used to; work
different from around the week
work life in the
○ meet basic needs
past?
● Now, leisure activities play an important role → work
life balance

8. What is the ● Freedom what you want, without financial worries

opinion of
● Lifelong dream/ambition of many
people in your
● To some (millionaires) - a way of life
country on
financial ● Chance - financial freedom, happen once in a
freedom (tự do lifetime
tài chính)? ● Most people, take the opportunity

2. Task 2
Describe an activity you did that made you happy (can be a day off
work/school, work-life balance....)

You should say:

● What the activity is/What it is

● When you did it

● And why it made you happy

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

69
 Idea Answers

● After working around

the week

● Day off (work/school);

Travel

● Leisure activities (hoạt

động thư giãn, giải trí)
(sports, music,
cooking…)

● Set a goal to do ….

● I’d hate to miss …,

● Have time Weekends,

holidays, Once in a
while

● Have opportunity
release the stress

● recharge/have quality
time friends and
family/ physically
active, healthy

● play important/crucial
role achieve work life
balance

● Help a positive outlook

on life

● It’s a way of life for me

● It’s the key to leading a

happy life

70
 UNIT 5 - STUDENT LIFE
Topic: Study, Education, Research

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Study
1.1. Before you read the text, answer these questions.

1. Do you prefer to study

A. at school or college B. in a library C. at home?

2. Do you study best

A. early in the morning B. during the day C. at night?

3. Do you prefer to work

A. with friends B. with background music C. in silence?

1.2 Now complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in the box.
There may be more than one possible answer so try to use each verb
once only.

concentrate do learn overcome organise

study take teach review revise

Even the most studious among you will probably have difficulty studying at
some stage in your academic career. If or when this happens, the only way
to (1) _____________ this problem is to go back to basics. First, make sure you
have a comfortable environment to (2) _____________ in. Some students
need to have a quiet space to themselves and can't (3) _____________ if there
are too many distractions. Others need some sort of background noise,
such as music or the company of friends. Whatever your personal

71
preference is. you need to (4) _____________ this first of all. Next, make sure
you have all of the equipment or tools that you need. For example, if you
are (5) _____________ a geography course and you have to (6) _____________
about countries and their capital cities then you will need to have your atlas
to hand. If you're (7) _____________ your maths homework then be sure to
find your calculator, ruler, protractor and compass before you start. Perhaps
you're not preparing a homework assignment or project, but are trying to
(8)_____________ for an exam. If so, you need to know exactly what is on your
curriculum. You should also (9)_____________ your notes and make sure that
you have a clear understanding of what your lecturers have (10)
_____________ you. Of course, people with a learning disorder such as
dyslexia may need to work harder than others at their studies as they often
struggle to read even relatively simple texts.

1.3 Now read the text again and find a word or phrase to match these
definitions.

1. describes someone who studies a lot ___________________

2. things that stop you from working ___________________

3. a sound you can hear, but do not actively listen to ___________________

4. two different types of homework or school task _______________ and

______________

5. to study for an exam ___________________

6. another word for syllabus ___________________

7. to check your work ___________________

8. to do something with great difficulty ___________________

1.4. Underline the correct words in each sentence.

Error warning

Know = already have the information: find out = get the information

Study = learn about a subject through books / a course: I'm studying low;
I'm studying for my exams.

72
We don't use any other prepositions after study. NOT I am studying
about low.

Learn = get new knowledge or skills: I'm learning English, I'm learning to
knit. Note that we

say you are taking a course, NOT learning a course.

NB Prepositions after learn: learn about, learn from,

learn to: I learned a lot from this course. NOT I learned a lot with this
course.

1. I would really like to learn about / study about the ancient Egyptians.

2. We need to find out / know where to buy the tickets for the concert.

3. I got into trouble at school because I didn't know/find out my

multiplication tables.

4. I did well in the test because I had known / learned how to spell all of the
words on the list.

5. Excuse me, do you find out / know where the nearest post office is?

6. It was difficult for me to learn / study at home, because we didn't have a

lot of space.

7. I want to learn how / study how to drive a car.

8. I think you can only really learn from / learn with experience.

Education
2.1 (Audio 5a) Replace the words in italics below with ONE word. Then
listen to the recording and check your answers.

Teacher: Can you tell me about your early education?

Student: Well, I went to (1) a school for very young children from the age of
four and I remember that I didn't enjoy it very much at all. My (2) from the
age of 5 to 11 school was a little better, especially because my mum was a
teacher in the school. She taught in the (3) younger part of the school and
she was actually my teacher in first (4) level, but when I went up to the (5)

73
older part of the school I didn't see very much of her. After that I was lucky
enough to receive a (6) chance to go to school without paying fees for a
very good (7) from age 11 to 18 school. My parents couldn't have afforded to
send me to a (8) not free school so it was a really great opportunity for me.
It was a (9) only for one sex school, so there were no boys. I'm glad I didn't
go to a (10) for boys and girls school because I think there are fewer
distractions so everyone can just concentrate on their studies.

1. kindergarten 6. ________________

2. _________________ 7. _________________

3. _________________ 8. _________________

4. _________________ 9. _________________

5. _________________ 10. _________________

Vocabulary note

Words ending -ist are usually used to describe a person who studies a
particular subject or who holds a particular set of beliefs: economist,
scientist, feminist, Marxist.

2.2 WORD BUILDING Complete the table.

Subject Person Adjective

architecture

archaeological

biology

economics

geology

74
 geographer

journalist

languages

lawyer

mathematical

science

2.3 Complete the sentences with suitable words from the table.

1. I've always wanted to go on an __archaeological__ dig to try to find fossils

and ancient artefacts.

2. Have you seen a copy of the a___________________ for the new building?

3. My daughter is a l___________________, she speaks six different languages.

4. The government has a good e___________________ policy. I'm sure the

recession will be over soon.

5. I'm studying j___________________ I've always wanted to be a political

writer.

6. I'm not very familiar with the g___________________ of that part of the
world.

Research
3.1. (Audio 5b) You will hear part of a talk for students. Listen and
complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each
answer.

Continuing your studies after graduation

Writing your dissertation

75
Important considerations:

• Many students struggle to find a research (1)___________________

• Writing a (2)___________________ is easier if you make the right choice

You need to:

• Study the (3)___________________

• Have a wide (4)___________________ of your field of study

• Establish what is (5)___________________ in your field

• Have a clear idea of the (6)___________________of your study

• Consider whether there are any (7)___________________ in existing

research

• Think about your (8)___________________ carefully

• Ask about (9)___________________ from outside sources.

Ask your (10)___________________ to check your results.

3.2. (Audio 5b) Listen to the talk again and write synonyms for the
words in italics in 3.1.

after graduation = postgraduate,

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

76
4. PRONUNCIATION (Audio 5c) Mark the stress on these words. Then
listen and check to see if you were correct. Practise saying the words.

academic assignment consideration

concentrate controversy conduct (v)

distraction dissertation economist

educational educated research (n)

thesis theory theoretical

77
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related vocabulary

Phrases / clauses Words / phrases Phrases / Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Cố gắng ôn tập UK /rɪˈvaɪz/ US

cho một bài /rɪˈvaɪz/
kiểm thi

2 Tôi xem lại ghi UK /rɪˈvjuː/

chú sau mỗi bài US /rɪˈvjuː/
giảng.

3 Kế hoạch của tôi UK /kɔːs/

là học một khóa US /kɔːrs/
học về tài chính
vào năm sau.

4 Thậm chí những UK

người chăm chỉ /ˈstjuː.di.əs/ US
nhất trong số /ˈstuː.di.əs/
các bạn cũng sẽ UK
gặp khó khăn /ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əs/
trong việc hoàn US
thành tất cả bài /ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əs/
tập về nhà trong
UK
khóa 5-6
/ˈdɪl.ɪ.dʒənt/
US
/ˈdɪl.ə.dʒənt/

5 Nhiệm vụ sẽ rõ UK
ràng/dễ hiểu /ˌstreɪtˈfɔː.wəd/
hơn rất nhiều US

78
 nếu thứ mà bạn /ˌstreɪtˈfɔːr.wɚ
chọn phù hợp d/
với bạn.

6 Tôi là kiểu người UK /ˈkær.i/

dễ bị mất tập US /ˈker.i/
trung.

7 Một khi bạn UK /wʌns/

hiểu được nó, US /wʌns/
bạn cũng có thể
làm được.

Hint: hiểu được

cái gì = get the
hang of sth

2. General vocabulary

Phrases / Words / phrases Phrases / Pronunciation

clauses (Vie) (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Những người UK /ˈstrʌɡ.əl/

bị hội chứng US /ˈstrʌɡ.əl/
rối loạn đọc
(dyslexia)
thường rất vất
vả để có thể
đọc được các
đoạn văn bản
khá dễ/khá
đơn giản.

Hint:

79
 relatively
simple text
(adv + adj +
noun): các
đoạn văn bản
khá dễ/khá
đơn giản

2 Nó thực sự nó UK /dɪˈpend/
tùy thuộc vào US /dɪˈpend/
tâm trạng của
tôi.

3 Nói chung tôi UK /ˈdʒen.ə

chỉ có thể tập r.əl.i/
trung trong US /ˈdʒen.ə
một môi r.əl.i/
trường yên
tĩnh.

4 Tôi không chắc UK /ˈen.i.θɪŋ/

liệu điều này US /ˈen.i.θɪŋ/
có liên quan
gì đến khoa
học hay
không, nhưng
tôi thường
thấy hữu ích
khi hình dung
những thứ liên
quan đến
những từ tôi
học trên lớp.

5 Mọi người gọi UK

tôi là một /əˈprəʊ.tʃə.bəl/

80
 người dễ gần. US
/əˈproʊ.tʃə.bəl/

6 Có cơ hội để UK
thảo luận bài /ˈsəʊ.ʃə.bəl/ US
về nhà với bạn /ˈsoʊ.ʃə.bəl/
bè có nghĩa
rằng chúng tôi
có thể hiểu bài
tốt hơn.

81
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related vocabulary

Words/ phrases (Vie) Words/ phrases (Eng) - in Pronunciation

bold

1 Cách tốt nhất để giải The best way to solve this UK /ˈbeɪ.sɪk/
quyết vấn đề này là problem is ________. US /ˈbeɪ.sɪk/
học lại những thứ cơ
bản.

2 Đôi khi tôi cảm thấy I find it ________ at times to UK /ˈtiː.di.əs/

nhàm chán/đơn điệu study in a library. US /ˈtiː.di.əs/
khi học trong thư viện.
UK
/məˈnɒt.ən.əs/
US
/məˈnɑː.t̬ən.əs/

3 Nhà ngôn ngữ học là A ________ is a person who UK /ˈlɪŋ.ɡwɪst/

một người nghiên cứu studies languages. US /ˈlɪŋ.ɡwɪst/
các ngôn ngữ.

4 Bạn nên tận dụng You should __________ the UK /meɪk/

thời gian mà mình có. time you have. US /meɪk/

5 Mọi người gọi tôi là cú People call me a _______ UK /aʊl/

đêm vì tôi thích làm because I like to work at US /aʊl/
việc vào ban đêm. night.

6 Bài hát mới này rất This new song is ________. UK /wɜːθ/
đáng nghe. US /wɝːθ/

82
2. General vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) bold

1 Hiệu suất của tôi đạt My efficiency is ___ its _____ UK /piːk/ US
hiệu quả cao nhất at night. /piːk/
vào ban đêm.

2 Mọi sinh viên đều sẽ Every student will have to UK /steɪdʒ/

phải đối mặt với khó face difficulties _________ in US /steɪdʒ/
khăn ở một thời điểm their study.
trong việc học của họ.

3 Chính phủ đã đưa ra The government has UK

một số chính sách introduced several /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk/
kinh tế để làm chậm __________ _____________ to /ˌek.əˈnɒm.ɪk/
lạm phát. slow down inflation. US
/ˌiː.kəˈnɑː.mɪk/
/ˌek.əˈnɑː.mɪk/

4 Để chọn được đáp án (In order) to choose the UK /ˈnær.əʊ/

đúng, bạn sẽ cần thu right answer, you will have US /ˈner.oʊ/
hẹp các lựa chọn. to ________.

5 Đặt ra những mục It is really vital to set clear

tiêu rõ ràng ngay từ goals ________.
lúc ban đầu là rất
quan trọng.

6 Hơn nữa, chúng ta _____________ , we also need

cũng cần quan tâm to pay attention to mental
tới sức khỏe tinh thần. health.

83
 IV. QUESTIONS
1. TASK 1
1. Where do you prefer to study?

2. When do you study best?

3. Who do you prefer to study/work with?

4. What is your favorite subject?

5. What do you find the most difficult/challenging in your study?

6. What do you do to prepare for an important exam?

Questions Idea

1. Where do you ● Depend on; mood

prefer to study?
● Generally speaking; favor; quiet setting (e.g.
home..)

○ not get carried away by distractions

● When; Studying at home; tedious /

monotonous;

○ go to ( library / study spaces / cafe);

atmosphere; help concentrate

● sometimes, friends, group study session, library,

○ tag/come along

Techniques

Cấu trúc “it depends” vẫn luôn là 1 cấu trúc thường

xuyên được sử dụng trong bài thi Speaking. Với
cấu trúc này ta thường chia thành nhiều tình
huống khác nhau. Cụ thể hơn, trong trường hợp
này, ta có 3 tình huống

84
 Bình thường - thích học ở nơi yên tĩnh (vd
Nhà)

Khi học ở nhà chán/đơn điệu quá, đến quán

cafe/study space …

Thi thoảng bạn bè tổ chức học nhóm ở thư

viện, tham gia cùng.

2. When do you ● Efficiency; at its peak (at night / in the

study best? morning,...)

● call me a (night owl / morning person / early

bird)

● Find; easy ; achieve best productivity because…

○ Energetic (tràn đầy năng lượng) in the

morning

○ Silence at night

-> make the best use of my time

early bird / morning person: người hay dậy sớm

3. Who do you ● A studious / hard-working / diligent student

prefer to myself;
study/work with? go for people; the same quality
○

● What’s more/additionally/furthermore -
Sociable / approachable people;

○ easier to work with ;

○ participate in group discussions

● This means that;

○ afford; better understanding; when it

comes to exam revision

85
4. What is your ● Interested in + subject (biology - sinh học,
favorite subject? mathematics - toán, literature - văn, geography
- địa lý, physics - vật lý, chemistry - hoá học,...)

● Learn with a lot of passion (đam mê)

● Some may think -

daunting/tedious/monotonous; but I find it
quite straightforward and intriguing because…

● but once; get the hang of it, find it

straightforward / interesting because ….

● Always worth listening to interesting lectures

about…

Techniques

Một trong những cách mở rộng câu trả lời là

nói về ý kiến của người khác trước khi xoay về ý
kiến của bản thân mình

E.g. Some people may think that it’s a

daunting/tedious/monotonous subject, but
once you got the hang of it, you’d find it quite
interesting.

Áp dụng cho câu 3 (Who do you prefer to

study/work with?) - unlike many of my friends
who like studying in group, I love the idea of
studying by myself

5. What do you ● Studious/hard-working student;

find the most
○ But/however, face some difficulty; at some
difficult/challeng point/stage
ing in your
● When it comes to writing long essays,
study?

86
 ○ Struggle a lot- daunting / tedious process;

○ have to do with fundamental theories and

principles (lý thuyết và nguyên tắc)

○ Optional - can’t understand/fathom how

linguists write essays that are hundreds of
pages long

● Overcome the problem;

○ go back to basics and narrow down

important tasks;

○ need prioritize

6. What do you do ● Before take an exam;

to prepare for an several preparations; to be at my peak
○
important performance
exam?
● When, take a course

○ Important; pay attention in class, from the

beginning;

● When exam coming

○ Review notes; essential; deeper

understanding

● Success of an exam; have to do with; hard

work

○ Example - take a course on economics last

year,

○ Take this strategy, pass with flying colours

(thi đạt điểm rất cao/thi rất tốt)

7. What do you do ● Before take an exam;

to prepare for an several preparations; to be at my peak
○
important performance
exam?
● When, take a course

87
 ○ Important; pay attention in class, from the
beginning;

● When exam coming

○ Review notes; essential; deeper

understanding

● Success of an exam; have to do with; hard

work

○ Example - take a course on economics last

year,

○ Take this strategy, pass with flying colours

(thi đạt điểm rất cao/thi rất tốt)

2. TASK 2
Describe a phase in your student life that you enjoy the most/that
is most memorable to you
You should say:

When the period was

What happened during this period

And explain why you enjoy it/why it is the most memorable event to you

You about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

Idea Answer

Lead-in

Quite a few memorable

periods.phases

Choose, most memorable

one …

88
when prepare for (1) high school
entrance exam (2) university
entrance exam (chọn 1 trong 2)…
years ago.

Description

→ Remember; a diligent student in

the beginning,

however/but at some point;

struggle to revise for
difficult/tough exam;

studying all the time;

tedious and daunting.

→ Luckily, find more effective

approaches;

everything; become more

straightforward.

→ review my notes carefully;

narrow down; important

points; concentrate/focus.

→ Moreover, go back to basics;

help comprehend and

remember knowledge effectively.

→ In addition,become more
disciplined (kỷ luật)

means that; study no longer;

depend on my mood.

→ A worth-remembering period
because; at my peak; pass exam;
with flying colors

89
Technique lead-in

Phần lead-in là 1 phần bạn có thể sử dụng trong Speaking part 2. Đây là 1
phần thường được sử dụng để dẫn vào 1 bài nói.

Phần Lead-in không nên quá dài, nó chỉ nên chiếm một vài câu đầu. Bạn
không nên kể một back story dài dằng dặc để kể tại sao mình tả thứ
mình định tả.

Lead-in thường dùng (và dễ dùng) nhất là “Có nhiều, nhưng để chọn, ….
thì sẽ chọn”

Describe a phase during your student life that you enjoy the
most/that is most memorable to you

E.g. 1 There are quite a few memorable moments in my student life, but
to choose/to single out the most memorable ones, I’d probably go for…

Ví dụ về 1 lead-in “hơi dài quá”

E.g. 2 Ever since I was a little kid, I’ve been a mischievous student. I guess
it’s fair to say I’ve had my fair share of moments worth remembering
during my schooling. Some of them happened when I was in primary
school, while others were a little down the road. I’m not saying having an
eventful student life is something I’m proud of. No, on the contrary, it’s
quite embarrassing to think back to these moments. But since you put
me on the spot, I guess I’d have to do it regardless. And without further
ado, here goes my story …..

Trong thực tế, bạn có thể có 1 phần lead-in dài hơn Example 1 (có thể nói 1
chút về bối cảnh…) nhưng không nên dài quá (như Example 2).

90
UNIT 6 - EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Topic: Language, linguistics

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Language
1.1. Which of the following aspects of English do you find the most
difficult?

A. vocabulary B. grammar C. reading D. writing

F. speaking G. listening E. pronunciation

1.2. (Audio 6a) Listen to somebody talking about learning a language

and say which THREE things in 1.1 she had difficulty with.

1.3. (Audio 6a) Listen again and find words that match these definitions.

1. change words from one language to ______________________

another ______________________
2. the ability to do something without
making mistakes
______________________
3. something that prevents successful
communication
______________________
4. a person who has spoken the language
from birth

5. the ability to speak without hesitation ______________________

91
 6. work or carry out daily tasks ______________________

2.1. IDIOMS: Use a dictionary to check the meaning of the phrases in the
box. Then complete sentences 1-8 with the correct phrase.

There is something to be said for When all is said and done

You can say that again! Needless to say have a say

to say the least having said that That is to say

1. Bill: Hello, Sam, what a surprise meeting you here!

Sam: ___________________________________!

2. Nuclear power has its problems. However, ________________________, many

people believe it is the energy source of the future.

3. ________________________ switching to solar energy, although it is still too

expensive for many people.

4. Life without a constant supply of water can be difficult,

________________________

5. ________________________, there is little we can do to save the environment

without the full support of industry and the government.

6. The tanker spilled 5,000 megalitres of oil into the ocean,

________________________ this had a devastating effect on marine life in the
area.

7. There is a clear link between humans and environmental problems,

________________________ wherever humans live, they damage the
environment in some way.

8. I think it’s important for everyone to ________________________ in how the

government is elected.

Error warning

Note the following common errors with say, speak, talk, tell.

92
I speak German. NOT I talk German. She's always talking about her dog.
NOT tell about. Can I tell you something? NOT tell something. NB Tell can
be used to refer to a chart /graph: The chart tells us how many students
were enrolled. However, it is better to use language that is more
impersonal: The chart shows how many students were enrolled. NB You
should not use say to talk about charts: From the chart I can say how
many students.

2.2. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1. The chart talks us how many students were studying in the college in
1990 _tells_

2. I can’t understand what he is speaking. He’s almost incoherent.

____________

3. Today I’m going to tell about my last holiday in America. ____________

4. I can talk three languages fluently, but Italian is my mother tongue.

____________

5. I learned English from a textbook, so I don’t really understand it when it is

said. ____________

6. The table says the percentage of people moving into urban areas
between 1960 and 1990. ____________

2.3. The words in column B should be similar in meaning to those in

column A. Cross out the odd word in each group.

A B

communicate contact correspond indicate interact

1. conclude close summarise recap recall

2. explain clarify define express illustrate

3. mean indicate intend signify stutter

93
4. meaning conjecture connotation significance sense

5. say demonstrate express speak verbalise

6. suggest imply intimate propose state

7. tell gesture narrate recount relate

8. understand appreciate comprehend contradict

follow

Linguistics
3.1. Read the text and then answer the questions.

Signs of success

Deaf people are making a profound contribution to the study of

language

Just as biologists rarely see a new species arise, linguists rarely get to
discover an unknown dialect or even better, to see a new language being
born. But the past few decades have seen an exception. Academics have
been able to follow the formation of a new language in Nicaragua. The
catch is that it is not a spoken language but, rather, a sign language which
arose spontaneously in deaf children.

The thing that makes language different from other means of

communication is that it is made of units that can be combined in different
ways to create different meanings. In a spoken language these units are
words; in a sign language these units are gestures. Ann Senghas, of
Columbia University, in New York, is one of the linguists who have been
studying the way these have gradually evolved in Nicaraguan Sign
Language (NSL).

The language emerged in the late 1970s, at a new school for deaf children.
Initially, the children were instructed by teachers who could hear. No one
taught them how to sign; they simply worked it out for themselves. By
conducting experiments on people who attended the school at various

94
points in its history, Dr Senghas has shown how NSL has become more
sophisticated over time. For example, concepts that an older signer uses a
single sign for, such as rolling and falling, have been unpacked into
separate signs by youngsters. Early users, too, did not develop a way of
distinguishing left from right. Dr Senghas showed this by asking signers of
different ages to converse about a set of photographs that each could see.
One signer had to pick a photograph and describe it. The other had to
guess which photograph he was referring to.

When all the photographs contained the same elements, merely arranged
differently, older people, who had learned the early form of the
language,could neither signal which photo they meant, nor understand
the signals of their younger partners. Nor could their younger partners
teach them the signs that indicate left and right. The older people clearly
understood the concept of left and right, they just could not express it.
What intrigues the linguists is that, for a sign language to emerge
spontaneously, deaf children must have some inherent tendency to link
gestures to meaning.

3.2. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Give an
explanation for each answer using words from the text. Then use your
dictionary to check the meaning of any words in bold that you do not
know.

1. Ann Senghas studies languages.

True - she's a linguist.

2. Teachers taught the Nicaraguan deaf children how to use sign language.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The earliest form of the sign language was very basic.

_______________________________________________________________

4. The older signers were able to show the difference between left and
right.

_______________________________________________________________

95
5. Linguists believe that deaf children are born with the ability to link
gestures to meaning.

_______________________________________________________________

4.1. Think about your answers to these questions.

1. What do you need to do to be a good language learner?

Well, learning a new language can be one of the most demanding areas of
cognition. To successfully master a language, its learners must be patient
and must have the will to persevere. As it is the second language, there will
be a staggering number of differences between the learner's mother
tongue and the foreign language, which the learner must comprehend
and get used to. Of course, the learning methods employed also play a vital
role, but I think in the end, when all is said and done, it all comes down to
patience.

2. What do you think makes a good language teacher?

The characteristics of an excellent English teacher vary. But from my

personal experience, a good English teacher must be a subject specialist.
That is to say that he/she must be an expert in the language usage in an
academic manner. On top of that, a good teacher must be able to keep
his/her students motivated. I believe that a mixed combination of positive
and negative reinforcements should be delicately used to boost the
students’ morality.

3. What problems do people experience when they learn your language?

That's an interesting question. Actually, recently, there is a trend in learning

Vietnamese among foreigners, especially Western backpackers, who come
to Vietnam. I know quite a few of them and from what they've told me, I bet
it's the area of phonetic symbols that they find most difficult. You know, in
Vietnamese, the same words with different phonetic symbols may signify
two completely different items or things. And in fact, most foreigners find
this exceptionally confusing.

96
4.2. (Audio 6b) Look at these answers to the questions in 4.1 and
complete them with a suitable word from this unit. Listen to the
recording to check your answers.

1. Well, you need to be able to put down your textbooks from time to time
and forget about (1)________________. That’s the only way to become more
(2) ________________ in a language. You also need to (3) ________________ to
(4) ________________ speakers of the language as much as you can.

2. I think the best language teachers are those who can (5) ________________
another language themselves. They also need to be able to (6)
________________ things clearly and in a way that is easy to (7)
________________.

3. My (8) ________________ language is very difficult to learn because of the

(9)________________. The individual sounds are very strange to other
nationalities and difficult for them to (10) ________________.

➔ What do you need to do to be a good language learner? (*)

Well, learning a new language can be one of the most demanding areas of
cognition. To successfully master a language, its learners must be patient
and must have the will to persevere. As it is the second language, there will
be a staggering number of differences between the learner's mother
tongue and the foreign language, which the learner must comprehend
and get used to. Of course, the learning methods employed also play a vital
role, but I think in the end, when all is said and done, it all comes down to
patience.

● The most demanding areas of cognition

● To (successfully) master a language

● The will to persevere

● Staggering number of differences

● The learner's mother tongue

● Comprehend and get used to

● Play a vital role

● When all is said and done,

97
● it all comes down to patience

➔ What do you think makes a good language teacher? (*)

The characteristics of an excellent English teacher vary. But from my

personal experience, a good English teacher must be a subject specialist.
That is to say that he/she must be an expert in the language usage in an
academic manner. On top of that, a good teacher must be able to keep
his/her students motivated. I believe that a mixed combination of positive
and negative reinforcements should be delicately used to boost the
students’ morality.

● Vary

From my personal experience

● Subject specialist

● That is to say

● Expert in the language

● Academic manner

● Able to keep students motivated

● A mixed combination of positive and negative reinforcements

● Boost students' morality

➔ What problems do people experience when they learn your

language? (*)

That's an interesting question. Actually, recently, there is a trend in learning

Vietnamese among foreigners, especially Western backpackers, who come
to Vietnam. I know quite a few of them and from what they've told me, I bet
it's the area of phonetic symbols that they find most difficult. You know, in
Vietnamese, the same words with different phonetic symbols may signify
two completely different items or things. And in fact, most foreigners find
this exceptionally confusing.

● That's an interesting question

● Actually...

98
● A trend in learning Vietnamese among foreigners

● Western backpackers

● I bet it's the area of phonetic symbols

● Find most difficult

● The same words with different phonetic symbols

● Find this exceptionally confusing

99
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1.Topic-related

Phrases/ clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Sự khác nhau về UK /tʌŋ/

âm giữa tiếng US /tʌŋ/
mẹ đẻ và tiếng
Anh

2 Giải thích mọi UK

thứ một cách rõ /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhend
ràng và dễ hiểu /

US
/ˌkɑːm.prəˈhen
d/

3 Bạn thậm chí UK /ˈspiː.kər/

còn không thể US /ˈspiː.kɚ/
giữ một mạch
trò chuyện với
người bản xứ

4 Những con số UK
này minh hoạ rõ /ˈdem.ən.streɪt
kích thước của /
nó US
/ˈdem.ən.streɪt
/

5 Tiếng anh là UK
một phương /kəˌmjuː.nɪˈkeɪ.
tiện giao tiếp

100
 bao gồm các ʃən/
yếu tố khác US
nhau mà có thể /kəˌmjuː.nəˈkeɪ
được kết hợp .ʃən/
theo các cách
khác nhau

6 Nếu bạn muốn UK /əˈbrɔːd/

đi du học, Tiếng US /əˈbrɑːd/
Anh là một yêu
cầu thiết yếu

7 Luyện các kỹ UK
năng nói bằng /ˌɪn.təˈrækt/
việc tương tác US
với người nước /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈækt/
ngoài

101
8 Điều mà tôi UK
thậm chí còn /ˌkɒn.vəˈseɪ.ʃən
muốn hơn một / US
điểm số IELTS /ˌkɑːn.vɚˈseɪ.ʃə
tốt là khả năng n/
giữ mạch nói
chuyện (*) với
người bản xứ

(*) nói liên tục,

không ngắt/đứt
đoạn

9 Việc có thể làm UK /ˈklær.ɪ.faɪ/

rõ được ý tưởng US /ˈkler.ə.faɪ/
của mình trong
bài thi Speaking
rất quan trọng

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Tiếng Anh ngày UK

nay đã trở thành /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
ngôn ngữ toàn US
cầu fəˈnɑː.mə.nɑːn/

universal
/ˌjuː.nəˈvɝː.səl/

102
2 Giải thích mọi UK
thứ một cách rõ /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhend
ràng và dễ hiểu /

US
/ˌkɑːm.prəˈhen
d/

3 Tôi thấy rằng UK /tʌf/

phần phát âm US /tʌf/
của tiếng Anh là
phần khó nhất

4 Thỉnh thoảng, UK /waɪl/

bạn cần có khả US /waɪl/
năng bỏ sách
qua 1 bên
(ngưng đọc
sách)

5 Cô ấy nói rằng UK /wɜːd/

bộ phim hơi US /wɝːd/
chán. Nói cách
khác thì, cô ấy
không thích nó

103
6 Các phương UK /ˈvaɪ.t̬əl/
pháp học được US /ˈvaɪ.t̬əl/
áp dụng cũng
đóng vai trò
quan trọng

7 Chả có lợi ích gì UK /waɪl/

nếu chỉ biết các US /waɪl/
từ đơn lẻ

8 Sửa các lỗi phát UK

âm sai là một /frʌsˈtreɪ.tɪŋ/
quá trình tốn US
thời gian và gây /ˈfrʌs.treɪ.t̬ɪŋ/
bực mình/khó
chịu

9 Tôi bị lượng từ UK
vựng làm /ˌəʊ.vəˈwelm/
choáng ngợp US
/ˌoʊ.vɚˈwelm/

104
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/ phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Ngôn ngữ ký hiệu It is not a spoken language. but UK

(# body language rather a________ /ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪdʒ/
– ngôn ngữ cử US
chỉ) /ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪdʒ/

2 Một cách dễ I could produce essays and UK

dàng/không gặp translate texts /ˈdɪf.ɪ.kəl.ti/
khó khăn gì ________ US
/ˈdɪf.ə.kəl.t̬i/

3 Rất khó khăn/là To retake the IELTS test ______ UK

cơn ác mộng /ˈnaɪt.meər/

US /ˈnaɪt.mer/

4 Các lỗi phát âm a long process to correct UK

sai my_______. /ˌmɪs.prəˌnʌn.si
ˈeɪ.ʃən/ US
/ˌmɪs.prəˌnʌn.si
ˈeɪ.ʃən/

5 Đòi hỏi nhất Learning a new language can UK

(nhiều yêu cầu be one of _______areas of /dɪˈmɑːn.dɪŋ/
phải đạt được cognition. US
nhất) /dɪˈmæn.dɪŋ/

6 Đó là một câu hỏi Do you think English will be UK

hay/thú vị replaced in the future? /ˈɪn.trə.stɪŋ/

105
 ________. Maybe US
/ˈɪn.trɪ.stɪŋ/

7 Nói tới/Nhắc đến The others have to guess which UK /rɪˈfɜːr/ US

cái gì (cách nói photograph we were ________. /rɪˈfɜːr/
formal)

8 Cái khó tiếp Pronunciation is the ________ UK /ˈsek.ənd/

theo/nhì là difficult after vocabulary for me US /ˈsek.ənd/

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Đương nhiên The tanker spilled oil into the UK /ˈniːd.ləs/

là/không cần nói ocean. ________________________ US /ˈniːd.ləs/
cũng biết là this had a devastating effect

2 Ít ra mà nói thì Life without a constant supply UK /liːst/

of water can be difficult, US /liːst/
_______________

3 Sau tất cả/rốt cuộc ________________________, there UK /sed/

thì/tổng kết lại is little we can do to save the US /sed/
thì…. environment…

4 Làm quen với cái It took me a while to ______ UK /juːst/

gì driving on the left side US /juːst/

5 Dù thế này hay __________you finish your UK /ˈmæt.ər/

thế kia, cũng homework tonight or US /ˈmæt̬.ɚ/
không quan trọng tomorrow

6 Mặc dù vậy (cách Nuclear power has its UK /sed/

106
 nói informal – problems. US /sed/
trong văn nói) ________________________, many
people

believe it’s the energy source of

the future

7 Cho đến khi + _______ I got to university, I UK /taɪm/

mốc thời gian could speak English fluently US /taɪm/

8 Theo tôi thì (cách ________, English is one of the UK /kənˈsɜːnd/

nói informal) (s…..) most difficult language US
/kənˈsɝːnd/

9 Càng nhiều càng You also need to practice with UK /mʌtʃ/

tốt… native speakers of the US /mʌtʃ/
language as _______

10 Các chi tiết của We don't know the full________ UK /ˈdiː.teɪl/

một cái gì the story yet. US /dɪˈteɪl/

US /ˈdiː.teɪl/

107
 IV. Questions
1. Task 1,3:
1. Do you like learning languages?

2. Do you think learning languages is important?

3. Which aspect of English do you find the most difficult?

4. What do you think you need to do to be a good language learner?

5. What do you think makes a good language teacher?

6. What problems do people experience when learning your language?

7. Do you think that all children should learn foreign languages at school?

Questions Idea

1. Do you like ● Yes - Interested in; learn languages

learning
● interact and connect with people from overseas
languages?
● English - universal language

○ no matter whether school or work, essential

requirement

● Good command of language (sử dụng thành thạo

ngôn ngữ) - chance - study overseas/abroad

2. Do you think ● Absolutely

learning
● allow; communicate to others, especially foreigners
languages is
● said before, English global means of
important?
communication

● Open the door to (mở ra cơ hội làm gì) -

travel/study/work overseas

● So, learn English - as much as possible/as much as I

can

108
 ● Hope by the time I (graduate from university/age),
can; fluent (trôi chảy) in English

● In other words, hope, be able to hold conversation,

with native speaker without much difficulty

3. Which ● find pronunciation/ vocabulary/ listening,

aspect of speaking/writing….. very hard (Hoặc “as far as
English do you concerned, …. the most demanding/challenging one
find the most …. English, different from; mother tongue/first
○
difficult? language

○ overwhelmed by (the number of) ….

● The next/second most difficult/challenging one is …

○ so many details - time-consuming and

frustrating to learn

○ difficult fix mispronunciations/misspelled

words (sai chính tả)

● Think, it take…. years, master the language, to say the

least

4. What do you ● hard work (sự chăm chỉ), determination (sự quyết
think you need tâm) play vital role
to do to be a
● no point in; memorize only words; if can’t use;
good language speaking & writing
learner?
○ Alternate writing practice with speaking practice

● find good teacher/partner

○ Pay attention in class/when practice

● if possible, practice native speakers from time to

time

○ by far, best way, improve speaking skills

5. What do you ● Needless to say

think makes a

109
good language ○ deep knowledge/teaching
teacher? skills/patience/understanding/professionalism…

● Deep knowledge

○ Clarify student questions

○ Answer them well

● Teaching skills

○ create good learning environment,

○ attract student attention

○ make knowledge easy to

comprehend/understandable

● When all is said and done, must, truly care, student

6. What ● interesting question

problems do
● It depends
people
● Some find words hard to pronounce
experience
when learning ○ lots of mispronunciations
your ● Others overwhelmed by word order in a sentence
language? (trật tự từ trong câu)

○ take long time get used to

● Having said that, many learn without much

difficulty

○ these, find easy, imitate, native speakers

7. Do you think ● Yes, variety of reasons - should learn from early age
that all (từ khi còn trẻ/nhỏ)
children
● play vital role in development
should learn
○ Children, learn language, early, better cognitive
foreign
development
languages at
school? ● learn better than adults

110
 ○ Acquire language early -> endure throughout
adulthood

● have a chance study overseas

○ interact with foreigners

● important that teacher take their time→ not

overwhelmed by new language

2. Task 2
Describe a language you would like to learn
You should say:

● What the language is

● Why you want to learn it

● Where it is spoken

● And explain how you intend to learn

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish

Idea Answers

Lead In

Importance

● English, become,
global language

○ required, work
and study
overseas

■ Example:
work/study

111
 in U.S., take
the
IELTS/TOEF
L test,
demonstra
te English
level.

■ Play a vital
role, if, get
into, good
university,
Vietnam

■ Many
Vietnames
e,
university,
require,
IELTS
6.0/6.5

● Make, easy,
communicate,
connect, foreigner

○ spoken around
the world

○ first language
(ngôn ngữ chính)
for some
developed
countries

English learning

● learn English since

grade…

112
 ○ It be + time

○ English level, not

as good as I want
it to be.

● Not a nightmare, but

many people, struggle

● Vocabulary - most
difficult part

○ find it hard; refer

to, a word, exist
in English, but
not in mother
tongue

○ Sometimes,
mind, go, blank,
use body
language,
express

● Second/next most
difficult part,
pronunciation

○ Mispronunciatio
ns from time to
time, affect,
listening skill

○ Improve by,
practice, friend,
native speaker

113
 UNIT 7 - ON THE MOVE
Topic: Tourism, travel

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Tourism
1.1. Answer these questions about the place where you live.

1. What would you take a visitor to your hometown to see?

2 . Which of the following best describes the place where you live?

A. coastal B. mountainous C. rural D. urban

1.2. (Audio 7a) Listen to four people describing where they live and
complete the table below. Use the correct adjective from 1.1 for the
'Type of place' column. Write down any words that helped you decide.

Speaker Type of place Words that helped you decide

1.3. (Audio 7a) Listen again and decide which of the speakers'
hometowns can be reached:

A. by air _______ B. by rail ________ C. by road ________ D. by sea ______

114
1.4. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in the
box. You may use the words more than once.

Vocabulary note

When talking about statistics we say that figures reach a peak of or peak
at: The number of visitors reached a peak of 10,000 / peaked at 10,000. The
opposite of a peak is a low. The word trough also has this meaning, but is
usually used together with the word peak: The number of visitors fell to a
low of only 556 in 1978. The tourism industry has its peaks and troughs

at low of peak reach trend travel

trough

1. The chart shows the _____________ in tourism in Harbour City in 1970, 1985
and 2000.

2. Adventure tourism rose from a low _____________ 20 per cent in 1970 to a

peak _____________ 50 per cent in 2000.

3. The occupancy of coastal hotels _____________ at close to 90 per cent in

1985.

115
4. In 2000 the number of passengers _____________ by air _____________ a
peak of 80 per cent.

5. The number of train passengers fell to a _____________ of approximately 25

per cent in 2000.

6. The two greatest _____________ occurred in adventure tourism in 1970 and

rail travel in 2000.

7. The percentage of coastal hotel occupancy experienced the greatest

_____________ and _____________ .

8. City hotel occupancy peaked _____________ almost 80 per cent in 1985.

Travel
2.1. Correct the seven vocabulary mistakes in the text.

Thanks to modern transport people can now journey a lot more easily
than in the past. However, modern-day trip also has its problems: airports
can be very crowded and there are often long queues of people waiting to
collect their luggages. One way to make this job easier is to tie a colourful
ribbon around each of your luggage so they are easier to spot on the
conveyor belt. If you are going away on a short journey of only a few days
then you may be able to limit yourself to hand luggage and save even more
time. For longer travels, make sure you take plenty of snacks and drinks,
especially if you are trip with small children.

1. _______travel_______________ 5. __________________________

2. __________________________ 6. __________________________

3. __________________________ 7. __________________________

4. __________________________

Vocabulary note

Travel = a verb and an uncountable noun used to talk about travelling in a

116
general way: Air travel has become cheaper than rail travel in some
places.

Trip = short holiday or time away: I have to go on a business trip to Japan.

Trip can also be used to refer to a journey. The bus trip was really long.

Journey = getting from A to B: When driving a long way it is best to break

your journey up into two-hour blocks.

Tourism = the industry or business of providing holiday transport,

accommodation and entertainment.

Error warning

Travel/ Travelling = moving from one place to another: I think

travel/travelling helps to educate you about the world. NOT I think
tourism helps to educate you.

NB Travelling = UK spelling, Traveling = US spelling

Luggage is uncountable and refers to all of your bags: Put your

luggage/suitcases here. Not Put your luggages...

2.2. Think of a suitable word or words to complete the sentences. Then

read the following travel advice and check your answers.

1. I gave my parents a copy of my ________________ before I left so that they

would know where I was.

2. It is difficult to get tickets at that time of year so we booked ours well

_____________________________________.

3. My bank has a lot of branches overseas so I could ________________ my

own account easily.

4. Driving a car during ________________ periods can be horrendous.

5. Your passport, tickets and money are the only really ________________
items on any trip.

6. In the duty free shop they asked to see our tickets and some form of
________________

117
7. The exchange rate can ________________ a great deal, so shop around for
the best deal.

8. When we finally reached our ________________ we were very tired.

Travel advice
The price of holidays can fluctuate a great deal throughout the year
so try to be flexible with your travel dates and avoid peak holiday times. It
can also be cheaper if you book well in advance. Before your departure,
make sure you do as much research about your destination as you can.
Find out if you require any special visas or permits to travel there. Think
about currency as well. Will you be able to access your own money easily
enough or will you need to take cash with you? Think about eating larger
lunches and smaller evening meals to help make your spending money go
further, as lunch is generally cheaper. Make sure that you keep sufficient
identification with you at all times. It may also help to email a copy of your
passport details to yourself in case it is lost or stolen. Label your suitcases
clearly so that they can be easily identified as yours. It can be useful to store
a copy of your itinerary in a prominent place in your suitcase so that the
airline will know where to find you if your luggage gets lost. Be sure to pack
any medication or other essential items in your hand luggage. If your flight
is delayed or your luggage is lost these can be difficult to obtain in an
airport or foreign country.

2.3. Complete the essay below with suitable words from the box. Then,
in your notebook, write a conclusion for the essay.

affects effect eco-tourism remote transport

trend tourism tourists

What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism?

Since the aeroplane became a common form of (1) _____________ people

have become more adventurous in their choice of holiday destination and
expect to be able to fly to even the most (2) _____________ parts of the world.
But what (3) _____________ do tourists have on their surrounding
environment?

118
The arrival of a group of (4) _____________ in a small community can mean
the end of peace and quiet as they indulge in one long party. When on
holiday, away from parents, young people can sometimes change their
normal standards of behaviour. Fuelled by alcohol and too much sun they
can do damage to themselves as well as the community around them. This
invasion (5) _____________ the local people in many ways, disrupting their
normal routine and increasing their working hours.

However, (6) _____________ can also be of benefit to a small community,

bringing jobs and a source of income that may not have existed before.
This may mean that younger people are encouraged to stay in the
community rather than seeking work in the city. There is also a growing (7)
_____________ towards different types of holidays. Nowadays we hear a
great deal about the popularity of (8) _____________, which I think indicates
that people are more aware of the environment and wish to protect it
rather than harm it.

3. PRONUNCIATION: (Audio 7b) All of these words contain the letters ou,
but they are not all pronounced in the same way. Put these words into
the correct box according to their pronunciation. Then listen and check.

boundary bought cough course country double doubt

drought enough

journal journey nought rough south southern tourism tourist

trouble trough

ɜː (as in bird) ʊə (as in pure) ʌ (as in cup)

journey

aʊ (as in cow) ɒ (as in not) ɔː (as in ball)

119
II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS
1. Topic-related

Phrases / clauses Words / Phrases / Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Có những hàng UK /ˈlʌɡ.ɪdʒ/

(người ) rất dài chờ US /ˈlʌɡ.ɪdʒ/
để thu thập (lấy)
hành lý của họ.

2 Thời gian nghỉ lễ UK /piːk/

cao điểm thường US /piːk/
vào những ngày
lễ, như 30/04 01/05

3 Hãy chắc chắn bạn UK

luôn giữ chứng /aɪˌden.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃ
minh thư/hộ chiếu ən/ US
bên mình. /aɪˌden.t̬ə.fəˈkeɪ
.ʃən/

4 Nhiều trẻ em vùng UK /rɪˈməʊt/

sâu, vùng xa US /rɪˈmoʊt/
không có cơ hội
được đi học..

5 Tòa nhà này cực kỳ UK /ˈsiː.nɪk/

đẹp vào ban đêm. US /ˈsiː.nɪk/

6 Có một khu chợ rất UK /ˈprɒdʒ.uːs/

lớn, nơi mọi người US/ˈprɑː.duːs/
mua và bán nông
sản địa phương.

120
7 Hệ thống giao UK
thông công cộng /ˈtræn.spɔːt/
thực sự được tổ US
chức tốt. /ˈtræn.spɔːrt/

8 Chúng tôi có một UK

số điểm tham /əˈtræk.ʃən/
quan tuyệt vời US /əˈtræk.ʃən/
(điểm hấp dẫn
khách du lịch) gần
đó cho du khách.

9 Những người thích UK

mạo hiểm đi đến /ədˈven.tʃər.əs/
những địa điểm US
hoàn toàn mới mỗi /ədˈven.tʃɚ.əs/
khi họ đi du lịch.

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases / clauses Words / Phrases / Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Nhờ có phương UK /θæŋks/

tiện giao thông US /θæŋks/
hiện đại, con người
ngày nay có thể di
chuyển dễ dàng
hơn rất nhiều so với
trước đây.

2 Bạn thậm chí có UK /seɪv/

thể tiết kiệm nhiều

121
 thời gian hơn nữa US /seɪv/
nếu mang ít đồ đạc
hơn cho chuyến đi.

3 Bạn nên linh hoạt UK

ngày đi của mình /ˈflek.sə.bəl/
để tránh những US
thời điểm cao điểm /ˈflek.sə.bəl/
nghỉ lễ.

4 Bạn nên đặt chỗ UK /ədˈvɑːns/

trước khá lâu vì US /ədˈvæns/
nhà hàng thường
đông khách vào
cuối tuần.

5 Chúng ta đều được UK

sinh ra với các đặc /ˌkær.ək.təˈrɪs.t
điểm độc nhất. ɪk/ US
/ˌker.ək.təˈrɪs.tɪ
k/

6 Thành phố của tôi UK /ˈfeɪ.məs/

nổi tiếng với US /ˈfeɪ.məs/
những tòa nhà
chọc trời.

7 Hệ thống giao UK
thông ở đây được /ˈɔː.ɡən.aɪzd/
tổ chức khá tốt. US
/ˈɔːr.ɡən.aɪzd/

8 Con số người đến UK /piːk/

thăm đạt mốc cao US /piːk/

122
 nhất là 10,000.

9 Những người trẻ UK /ˈrɑː.ðər/

tuổi được khuyến US /ˈræð.ɚ/
khích theo đuổi học
vấn cao hơn thay vì
đi làm ngay.

123
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases (Vie)

1 Dễ nhận ra Tie a colorful ribbon around your UK /kənˈveɪ.ə

hơn trên luggage so they are _________. ˌbelt/ US
băng chuyền /kənˈveɪ.ɚ ˌbelt/

(ở sân bay)

2 Có thể sử Carry with you a card that helps UK /ˈæk.ses/ US

dụng được you _______ your own money /ˈæk.ses/
easily.

3 Phố Cổ The __________ is a popular tourist UK /ˈkwɔː.tər/ US

attraction in Hanoi. /ˈkwɔːr.t̬ɚ/

4 Những ngôi Tourists can also visit _________

làng lân cận and learn about the local’s lives.

5 Vẽ tranh về It’s very picturesque up here, so UK /ˈlænd.skeɪp/

phong cảnh we get a lot of visitors, especially US /ˈlænd.skeɪp/
artists who want to _________.

6 Đi đâu để A lot of people come to the UK /ɪˈskeɪp/ US

tránh beach to _________ from the city. /ɪˈskeɪp/
nóng/nắng

7 Nếu bạn có If you have//If you’re going away UK /ˈlʌɡ.ɪdʒ/ US

một chuyến on a short journey , then maybe /ˈlʌɡ.ɪdʒ/
đi ngắn, thì you should only bring
có lẽ bạn chỉ ________________.
nên mang
theo hành lý
xách tay.

124
8 Ghi nhãn vali ____________ clearly so that they UK /ˈsuːt.keɪs/
của bạn can be easily identified as yours. /ˈsjuːt.keɪs/ US
/ˈsuːt.keɪs/

9 đa quốc tịch It’s a very exciting and UK

___________ place to live. /ˌkɒz.məˈpɒl.ɪ.tən/
US
A: cosmopolitan
/ˌkɑːz.məˈpɑː.lɪ.t̬ən
/

2. General

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases (Vie)

1 Dao động The price of holidays can ________ UK

mạnh throughout the year. /ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt/ US
/ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt/

2 Ngạc I’m sure any foreigner visiting the UK /əˈbæk/ US

nhiên/sững sờ Old Quarter will ________ its /əˈbæk/
trước cái gì architecture.

3 Xứng đáng The drive from the city is ________ UK /wɜːθ/

công sức bỏ because the surrounding
US /wɝːθ/
ra countryside is very scenic.

UK /ˈef.ət/ US
/ˈef.ɚt/

4 Có ích cho Tourism can also ________ to a UK /ˈef.ət/ US

ai/cái gì small community. /ˈef.ɚt/

125
5 Có nhận thức People should be _________, UK /əˈweər/
về môi especially when they travel. US /əˈwer/
trường hơn

6 Ngay giữa It is situated _________ Hanoi. UK /hɑːt/

lòng US /hɑːrt/
(trung tâm)

7 ở bất kỳ nơi You cannot find Vietnamese UK /ˈen.i.weər/

nào khác delicacies _____________ in the US /ˈen.i.wer/
world.

8 hơn We have ____________ fifty large UK /ˈəʊ.vər/ US

shopping malls. /ˈoʊ.vɚ/

9 có sức hấp The beer at the Old Quarter is UK /əˈpiːl/ US

dẫn lớn __________l to all visitors. /əˈpiːl/

126
 VI. QUESTIONS
TASK 1 & 3
1. Where is your hometown?

2. Tell me about a tourist attraction in your city

3. Where do you usually choose to spend your holiday/vacation? (A

beach)

4. What are the common problems in modern-day travel? What can

you do to avoid them?

5. How is traveling today different from traveling in the past?

6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism?

Question Idea

1. Where is your Option 1 - Province X

hometown?
● To be from …;

○ It; province; located in North/South/Central

part… of Vietnam

● Landscape/buildings - scenic; atmosphere -

peaceful/lively

● Unique; thanks to its (một đặc điểm mà chỉ quê

bạn mới có)…; not exist anywhere else

Option 2 - City Y

To be from Hanoi/HCMC (Ho Chi Minh city)

The capital (Hanoi)/commercial center of

Vietnam (HCMC)

A nice city, with over …. million people

Only downside, public transport (system) -

not well-organized

127
2. Tell me ● A great tourist attraction in my city/It has to be…
about a tourist
○ Situated…;
attraction in
○ feature - unique characteristics; not exist
your city
anywhere else

● Visitors - taken aback by (scenic

landscape/picturesque scenery/, interesting
architecture, rich history and culture,...)

○ … of great appeal to many travelers

○ Number, visitor, could, reach a peak of….

during peak holiday times/seasons

3. Where do ● To be honest, not adventurous;

you usually
● ideal holiday destination - a resort/a scenic beach.
choose to
● However,
spend your
holiday/vacati ○ hard; make reservations - peak holiday
on? (A beach) times; (Like public holidays)

○ make sure - book well in advance.

Example - last public holiday (e.g. Labour

Day & National Day..), have to, book
…month/week in advance

4. What are the ● A modern-day problem: crowded airports

common
○ -> long queues of people; collect their
problems in luggage/suitcases
modern-day
○ People, mistake their luggage; or luggage,
travel? What
go missing (thất lạc)
can you do to
avoid them? ○ Waste time

● Avoid inconvenience:

128
 ○ label suitcases; easier to spot - conveyor
belt

● If, a short trip

○ - limit - only hand luggage; rather than -

heavy suitcases; save (even more) time

5. How is ● Thanks to modern transport;

traveling travel, make - easier, ever;
○
today different
○ people - mostly travel - neighboring cities /
from traveling
villages; travel to far-away areas - take days
in the past?
○ Air travel - accessible; flexible with choices

○ Fly to cosmopolitan cities half the world

away; try out local produce - remote town /
escape the heat - luxurious resorts

6. What are Advantages

the
● Tourism - be of benefit to - the economy
advantages
● Example: Great (tourist) attractions in ….- famous
and
for their unique characteristics
disadvantages
of tourism? ○ - create jobs; bring a source of income - local
people

Disadvantages

● Arrival of tourists - mean the end of peace and

quiet; small community

● Tourism also - do damage to - environment;

attractions become over-exploited

● Travelers - more aware of the environment

Disadvantages

Arrival of tourists - affect, life, local people

Example 1: young people, party all night

129
 when travel

Cause/make a lot of noise

Example 2: tourist litter a lot (xả rác)

○ -> Make; more aware of the

environment

7. What would Not a rich kid, usually, travel, domestic

you bring with destinations.
you if you had If. have money to travel overseas/abroad,
the chance to bring a few things
travel
Passport; because, identification, not
overseas/abro
valid, overseas
ad?
Foreign currency (tiền nước ngoài) like
U.S. dollars, because, not easy to access Vietnam
Dong/Vietnamese money overseas

Optional - artistic (nghệ sĩ/tính nghệ sĩ) - Paint

brush (bút vẽ), paint the landscape

TASK 2
Describe a place you visited on vacation.

You should say:

- When you went there

- Where it is

- What you did there

- And explain why you went there

Ideas Answer

● Our family and I; go on a 5-day

trip to Ho Chi Minh City

● A cosmopolitan city; famous for

130
 its scenic buildings

● We were flexible - travel dates;

decide - book in advance - avoid
peak holiday times since prices -
fluctuate a great deal

● Stay - at the heart of the city;

easier to travel - public transport

● The attractions such as … - of

great appeal ; taken aback by -
amazing local foods - cannot find
anywhere else

● Highlight of the trip; adventurous

- wander around the city on foot;
tired but well worth the effort

● Magical experience; If I have the

chance…

Easy opt:

● Adventurous person; traveling -

what I love

● Been to places around the world;

trip to… - still remember to this
day

● After working nonstop; decide -

go on vacation - relax

● Take weeks - plan for the trip

● Flexible time - book flights and

hotel rooms in advance

● Prices - fluctuate - peak holiday

times

● Great: find good deals/discounts -

save money

131
● Hotel - locate at the heart of the
city - easy to commute - public
transport

● Go site-seeing, see many tourist

attractions

● Amaze by - beautiful sceneries &

interesting culture

● Try local foods like…; all the meals

- delicious & unique

● … cuisine - something you cannot

find anywhere else

● What make … special : local

people; Totally fall in love with -
hospitality/warm welcome;
everyone - friendly & supportive

132
 UNIT 8 - THROUGH THE AGES
Topic: Time, history
_______________________________

I. Exercises
Time
1.1. Which of the statements are true for you?

1. A. I wear a digital watch.

B. I wear an analogue watch.

C. I don’t wear a watch.

2. A. I write important dates on my calendar.

B. I keep a diary.

C. I am always late.

3. A. I am very punctual.

B. l am often in a hurry.

C. I don’t use either.

1.2. (Audio 8a) Listen to three people speaking about punctuality and
decide whether they are

A. punctual B. always in a hurry C. always late

Speaker 1 _________ Speaker 2_________ Speaker 3 _________

1.3. (Audio 8a) Listen again and circle each of the phrases in the box as
you hear them. Then complete the sentences below using the correct
phrase.

133
Error warning

We use take + time in the following ways: Take your time (= don't hurry),
Take a long time /too much time.

We can say It took a lot of time / so much time /too much time, but be
careful when you use long: it took a long time / It took too long/It took so
long, NOT It took too long time /took so long-time. We can also say I took
three hours to get there or It took (me) three hours to get there.

on time in time took so long take my time

the right time spend time save time

ltose track of time time-consuming

1. When I surf the net I often __________________. Before I know it a few hours
have gone by.

2. I try to make my lunch the night before to __________________.

3. At the weekend I try to __________________ with my family.

4. I find writing notes by hand very __________________

5. We booked a taxi but it __________________ to arrive that we were 15

minutes late.

6. Excuse me, do you have __________________? I have an appointment at 10

o'clock and I really want to get there.

7. I ran for the bus, but I didn't get there __________________.

8. I got up very early so that I could __________________ getting ready.

1.4. Say whether the words in bold are closest in meaning to before or
after.

1. Twenty people were injured in the accident and the tower was
subsequently demolished to prevent it from happening again.
after

134
 before
2. Prior to the introduction of the steam engine, most people in the UK
worked from home.
after
3. Three years previously the government had introduced a new law
allowing women to vote for the first time.
before
4. There was a great deal of excitement in the days preceding the election.
after
5. This is the third year in succession that a female has been chosen to
manage the club.
before
6. Istanbul was formerly known as Constantinople.

7. I had to pay $2,000 rent in advance. before

8. The newspapers warned that a stock market crash was imminent.

before

History
2.1. Read the text and then answer the questions below.

Vocabulary note

BC is used in the Christian calendar to refer to the time before the birth of
Jesus Christ. AD is used to refer to the time after Christ was born. Circa is
used to mean about or approximately and is sometimes written simply c.
NB We do not use an apostrophe to talk about decades: the 1960s NOT
the 1960's.

Stonehenge was built over a long period. If we consider only the ancient
stones themselves, the work spanned seventy generations - some 1,600
years. However, the first construction at this site began in prehistoric times.
True, these first artefacts were just wooden poles which have long gone,
but these were raised by men in times so ancient that Britain was still
recovering from the Ice Age. The timeline below shows this history, with a
frenzy of activity from just before 3000 BC through to 1600 BC being
responsible for most of what we now gaze upon in awe.

135
 Timeline of the building of Stonehenge

If we consider the structure chronologically, we can see that construction

took place in several phases over more than a thousand years. Exact dates
are not possible, since dates are inferred from minute changes in physical
measurements, such as the radiocarbon dating method. Nevertheless,
archaeologists have sketched out the following outline of events. First, the
people of the Mesolithic period erected pine posts, known as the postholes,
near Stonehenge. In the 1960s a car park was built over these. During the
next stage, Phase 1 (c. 3100 to 2700 BC), a ditch was carved into the chalk
less than 1 kun from Stonehenge. This would have appeared brilliant white
in the green of what had now become pastureland as the hunter-gatherers
that erected the postholes gave way to farmers. Also during this time the
'henge' (the earthworks; ditch and bank) was constructed. Many visitors to
Stonehenge fail to notice the 'henge' since the ditch and bank have been
greatly eroded over the passing millennia. In Phase 2 of the construction (c.
2700 to c. 2500 BC), a large number of wooden posts were placed on the
site. These may have served as markers for astronomical measurements.
We do not know if there are more of them as excavation did not cover a
large area. This was followed by Phase 3 (c. 2600 to 2500 BC). Stones began
to arrive in this era and the circular shape and pattern of these enormous
stones, which predate all other known structures, is still standing today.
According to historians, there was no written mention of Stonehenge until
1100 AD.

1. Approximately when was the Mesolithic period?

____________________________________________________________________

2. What method was used to establish the dates of construction?

____________________________________________________________________

3. When did the earliest structures become permanently hidden from

view? ____________________________________________________________________

136
4. What type of people lived at Stonehenge during the Mesolithic period?
____________________________________________________________________

5. Why do many visitors not see the 'henge"?

____________________________________________________________________

2.2. Read the text again and find a word or words that match these
definitions.

1. an interval of time _____________ 6. stage of

development_____________

2. very old _____________ 7. worn away over

time._____________

3. extended over_____________ 8. thousands of

years_____________

4. before people made written records 9. digging for

of events_____________ artefacts._____________

5 arranged in the order in which they 10. a period of

actually happened_____________ history._____________

11. to exist earlier than

something else _____________

2.3. Complete the sentences with suitable words from the box. You do
not need to use all of the words. Use a dictionary and make a note of
the different meanings in your notebook.

Vocabulary note

Age = a particular period of history: the Victorion age, the digital age.

Era = a period of time that is remembered for particular events: The

arrival of moving pictures marked the end of an era for live theatre.

137
 Middle-aged = people in their middle years of life: Most companies are
run by middle-aged men.

The Middle Ages = a period of European history between 1000 and 1500
AD.

age ancient chronological antique

antiquated consecutive era

the Middle Ages middle-aged

1. You should organise the dates into _________________ order from the
oldest to the most recent.

2. The museum has an excellent exhibition about life during

_________________.

3. I much prefer studying _________________ history to modern history.

4. The first moon landing marked the beginning of an exciting

_________________ in space exploration.

5. My grandparents are refusing to adapt to the computer _________________

6. It would be better if the meetings were on _________________ days. We'd

get more done that way.

3.1. Answer the questions in your notebook.

1. Do you often think back to the past or do you prefer to concentrate on

the future?

Yes, I do think about the past almost all the time. I think I am a very
nostalgic person, so I often look back at/reminisce about my life and
remember good times as well as bad. I definitely think about it more than
the future

2. Do you think it is important for children to study history? (Why? / Why

not?)

138
I didn’t really enjoy studying history at school. I think teenagers are more
interested in the modern age than in the past! But now that I’m older, I
can see that actually it is very important. We need to know about
important historical events because hopefully they can stop us from
making the same mistakes in the future.

3. If you could go back in time, which period of time would you like to
visit? (Why?)

The period of history I’d most like to visit is ancient Egypt. I think it would
be amazing to go back in time and watch how they lived and how they
built the pyramids. I wouldn’t want to stay long though – I think I would
miss the digital age too much.

3.2. Correct the mistakes in italics in these answers to the questions in

3.1. Use a dictionary to help you.

1. Yes, I do think about the past almost all times, in fact. I think I am a very
nostalgia person, so I often look backwards at my life and remember
good times as well as bad. I definitely think about it more than the
future.

2. I didn't really enjoy studying history at school. I think teenagers are more
interested in the modern time than in the past! But now that I'm older, I
can see that actually it is very important. We need to know about
important history events because hopefully they can stop us from
making the same mistakes in the future.

3. The stage of history I'd most like to visit is ancient Egypt. I think it would
be amazing to go back in times and watch how they lived and how they
built the pyramids. I wouldn't want to stay long though - I think I would
miss the digital period too much!

1. (of) the time 2._________________ 3._________________

_________________ _________________ _________________

_________________ _________________

139
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS
1. Topic-related

1. Kéo dài vài thế hệ - spanned several generations

2. Theo thứ tự thời gian - chronological

3. Thời kì số hóa – digital age

4. Người hoài cổ - Nostalgic person

5. Nhìn lại/hồi tưởng về cái gì (*2) - look back at/reminisce about

6. Sự kiện lịch sử quan trọng - important historical events

7. Giai đoạn phát triển - stage(s) of development

8. Đúng giờ/đúng thời gian (*2) - punctual/ punctuality

Phrases/claus Words/ phrases Phrases/ clauses Pronunciation

es (Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

Quá trình đó spanned that process UK

kéo dài qua several spanned /ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
1 generations several
vài thế hệ US
generations
/ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

Bạn nên sắp UK

xếp các ngày /ˌkrɒn.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl
2 đó theo trình / US
tự thời gian /ˌkrɒn.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kə
l/

Sẽ tốt hơn UK
nếu như các /kənˈsek.jə.tɪv/
3 buổi họp US
diễn ra vào /kənˈsek.jə.t̬ɪv/
các ngày liên

140
 tiếp

từ chối thích UK /ˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.təl/

4 nghi với thời US /ˈdɪdʒ.ə.t̬əl/
kỳ số hoá

Tôi là một UK
người hoài /nɒsˈtæl.dʒɪk/
cổ nên tôi US
5
thường nhìn /nɑːˈstæl.dʒɪk/
lại cuộc đời
mình

Tôi là một UK /ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs/

người hoài cổ US /ˌrem.əˈnɪs/
nên tôi
6
thường nhìn
lại cuộc đời
mình

Chúng ta cần UK /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl/

biết về sự US
7
kiện lịch sử /hɪˈstɔːr.ɪ.kəl/
quan trọng

Việc xây UK
dựng trải qua /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/
vài giai đoạn US
8 phát triển /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/
qua một
nghìn năm

Là một người UK /ˈpʌŋk.tʃu.əl/

9 đúng giờ, tôi US /ˈpʌŋk.tʃu.əl/
không bao

141
 giờ đi họp
muộn

2. General Vocabulary
1. Mất dấu vết cái gì - lose track of

2. Cứ từ từ mà làm - take one’s time

3. Các cách nói khác nhau của “trước đây/trước ” - Before: prior (to) …=
preceding…, previously = in the past, formerly, in advance

4. Các cách nói khác nhau của “sau này/liên tục” - After: subsequently, in
succession (in a row), imminent

5. Liên tục/liên tiếp (idiom) - Consecutive (in a row, in succession)

6. Khủng hoảng tài chính - the financial crisis

7. Cho chúng ta hiểu hơn về/hiểu sâu về - gives us an insight into

8. Không thể chịu nổi cái gì - can’t stand to be/being

Phrases/ Words/ phrases Phrases/ Pronunciation

clauses (Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng)

1 Khi tôi lướt UK /træk/

mạng tôi US /træk/
thường quên
béng (*) thời
gian

(*) không để ý
đến

2 Hôm nọ, tôi UK /taɪm/

dậy sớm để có US /taɪm/
thể từ từ

142
 chuẩn bị

3 - Trước sự xuất UK /prɪˈsiː.dɪŋ/

hiện của động US /priːˈsiː.dɪŋ/
cơ hơi nước

- Ba năm trước
đó chính phủ
đã đưa ra…

4 - Toà tháp về UK
sau đã bị phá /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/
bỏ/tháo dỡ US
- Đây là lần thứ /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/
3 liên tục mà…

5 Khủng hoảng UK /ˈkraɪ.sɪs/

tài chính trên US /ˈkraɪ.sɪs/
khắp thế giới
đang trở nên
tồi tệ hơn

6 Đọc cuốn sách UK /ˈɪn.saɪt/

đó giúp chúng US /ˈɪn.saɪt/
tôi hiểu sâu
hơn về cuộc
đời tác giả

7 Tôi không thể UK /stænd/

chịu nổi làm US /stænd/
việc với anh ta

143
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
1. Topic-related Vocabulary
1. Xây dựng trong thời gian dài - Built over a long period

2. Thời tiền sử - prehistoric (prehistory) – prehistoric times

3. Quay ngược thời gian/đi về quá khứ - to go back in time

4. Xây kim tự tháp - build the pyramids

5. Bị ám ảnh về thời gian - to be obsessed with punctuality

6. Gần như lúc nào cũng đúng hạn - meet deadlines most of the time

7. Lịch bận rộn/kín lịch - tight schedule

Words/ phrases (Vie) Words/phrases (Eng) - Pronunciation

in bold

1 Xây dựng trong thời Stonehenge, (which is) UK /ˈpɪə.ri.əd/

gian dài a famous tourist US /ˈpɪr.i.əd/
attraction, was
_________.

2 Thời tiền sử first construction at UK /ˌpriː.hɪˈstɒr.ɪk/

this US /ˌpriː.hɪˈstɔːr.ɪk/
site began in_______.

3 Quay ngược thời I think it would be UK /taɪm/

gian/đi về quá khứ amazing ______ and US /taɪm/
watch how they lived

4 Xây kim tự tháp ….and how they UK /ˈpɪr.ə.mɪd/

________. US /ˈpɪr.ə.mɪd/

5 Bị ám ảnh về việc I could tell the time at UK /əbˈsest/

đúng giờ a very early age and US /əbˈsest/

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 I’ve been ________ ever
since.

6 Gần như lúc nào cũng I manage to be in time UK /ˈded.laɪn/

đúng hạn and __________. US /ˈded.laɪn/

7 Lịch bận rộn/kín lịch A person with_______ UK /ˈʃedʒ.uːl/

can lose track of time. US /ˈskedʒ.uːl/

2. General Vocabulary
1. Hầu hết mọi lúc - almost all the time

2. Cũng như là (Vd A cũng như là B) - as well as

3. Tốn quá nhiều thời gian - take so long/ too long

4. Giận ai - angry with/at

5. Một vài giờ đã trôi qua (*2) - a few hours has gone by/passed

6. Ghét bị bắt phải chờ - hate being kept waiting myself

7. Cố gắng hết sức để không (muộn) - try my best not to be late

8. Làm mọi thứ một cách vội vã - rush everything

9. Để người khác chờ - keep people waiting

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in Pronunciation

(Vie) bold

1 Hầu hết mọi lúc I do think about the past UK /ˈɔːl.məʊst/

_______. In fact I think I am a US /ˈɑːl.moʊst/
very nostalgic person.

2 Cũng như là (Vd A I often look back at my life UK /wel/

cũng như là B) and remember good times US /wel/

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 _______bad.

3 Tốn quá nhiều We booked a taxi but it UK /lɒŋ/

thời gian ______ to arrive that we were US /lɑːŋ/
15 minutes late.

4 Giận ai I was _____them for arriving UK /ˈæŋ.ɡri/

late. US /ˈæŋ.ɡri/

5 Một vài giờ đã trôi __________ and they still UK /pɑːs/

qua hadn’t come. US /pæs/

6 Ghét bị bắt phải I _________ so I try to be UK /heɪt/

chờ punctual. US /heɪt/

7 Cố gắng hết sức I have an important UK /leɪt/

để không (muộn) meeting so I ___________. US /leɪt/

8 Làm vội I was late to the party to I UK /rʌʃ/

tried to_______ everything. US /rʌʃ/

9 Để người khác He________ for 40 minutes UK /kept/

chờ while he attended another US /kept/
meeting.

IV. Questions
1. Task 1 + 3
Time

1. How do you manage your timetable?

146
 2. Do you think it is important to be on time?

3. How do you feel when others are late?

4. Do you often think back to the past or do you prefer to

concentrate on the future?

History

1. Do you like studying history?

2. If you could go back in time, which period of time would you

like to visit?

3. Do you think it is important for children to study history?

Questions Idea Vocab

1. Are you a Option 1: can't say punctual

punctual
● try best not to be late
person?
● hate keep waiting

● spend a lot time; get ready,

time-consuming

● often have to rush

everything to make it in
time (kịp giờ)

Option 2: Yes, I am

● Previously, late to
meetings & friends’
get-togethers

● Take too long, get ready;

30 minutes or an hour; go
by

● Now, always on time

(punctual)

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 2. Task 2
Describe a historical building you’ve visited (E.g. Temple of Literature)

● What the place is

● Where it is located
● And explain what you know about the place

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish

3. Hints
1. Học từ chính lỗi của chúng ta & ngăn chúng ta không mắc lại cùng
lỗi stop us from making the same mistakes

2. Sự kiện lịch sử quan trọng - important historical events

3. Quay ngược thời gian/đi về quá khứ - to go back in time

4. Liên tục/liên tiếp (idiom) - Consecutive (in a row, in succession)

5. Giận ai - angry with/at

6. Một vài giờ đã trôi qua (*2) - a few hours has gone by/passed

7. Tốn quá nhiều thời gian - take so long/ too long

8. Để người khác chờ - keep people waiting

9. Xây kim tự tháp - build the pyramids

10. Cứ từ từ mà làm - take one’s time

11. Khủng hoảng tài chính - the financial crisis

12. Mất dấu vết cái gì - lose track of

13. Ghét bị bắt phải chờ - hate being kept waiting myself

148
 14. Cho chúng ta hiểu hơn về/hiểu sâu về - gives us an insight into

15. Hầu hết mọi lúc - almost all the time

16. Người hoài cổ - Nostalgic person

17. Xây dựng trong thời gian dài - Built over a long period

18. Kéo dài vài thế hệ - spanned several generations

19. Thời tiền sử - prehistoric (prehistory) – prehistoric times

20. Theo thứ tự thời gian - chronological

21. Giai đoạn phát triển - stage(s) of development

22. Nhìn lại/hồi tưởng về cái gì (*2) - look back at/reminisce about

23. Cũng như là (Vd A cũng như là B) - as well as

24. Cố gắng hết sức để không (muộn) - try my best not to be late

25. Làm mọi thứ một cách vội vã - rush everything

26. Bị ám ảnh về thời gian - to be obsessed with punctuality

27. Không thể chịu nổi cái gì - can’t stand to be/being

28. Đúng giờ/đúng thời gian (*2) - punctual/ punctuality

29. Lịch bận rộn/kín lịch - tight schedule

30. Gần như lúc nào cũng đúng hạn - meet deadlines most of the time

31. Các cách nói khác nhau của “trước đây/trước ”Before: prior (to) =
preceding, previously = in the past, formerly, in advance

32. Các cách nói khác nhau của “sau này/liên tục” - After: subsequently,
in succession (in a row), imminent

33. Thời kì số hóa – digital age

Time
1. Are you a punctual person?

● Option 1: can't say punctual

○ try best not to be late

○ hate keep waiting

149
 ○ spend a lot time; get ready, time-consuming

○ often have to rush everything to make it in time (kịp giờ)

● Option 2: Yes, I am

○ Previously, late to meetings & friends’ get-togethers

○ Take too long, get ready; 30 minutes or an hour; go by

○ Now, always on time (punctual)

2. How do you manage your time?

● person with tight schedule

○ lose track of time when working

● time is valuable

○ plan the week in advance,

○ have, to-do list, chronological order

● manage be on time and meet deadlines most of the time

3. Do you think it is important to be on time?

● If something, important; obsessed with punctuality

○ can’t stand to be late

● Job interview

○ professional;

○ Make a good impression (tạo ấn tượng tốt) with interviewer

● school

○ arrive on time avoid get trouble

● go early, take my time

4. How do you feel when others are late?

● Depends on situation

● If reasonable excuse

○ → understand & not blame them

150
 ● otherwise

○ angry at them,

○ not respect my time as punctual person

● If I’m on time, expect them on time

5. Do you often think back to the past or do you prefer to

concentrate on the future?

● Past

think about almost all the time

Nostalgic person

often look back/reminisce life

remember good time as well as bad

● Future

think about almost all the time

can’t change the past

have dream/ambition, set a lot of goal

go to university/graduate/get a job, get married…..

plan stage of development in life

History
1. Do you like studying history?

● Yes

do well in school (học giỏi)

know important historical events

chance go back in time;

give insight into how people live

lessons from past

valuable for future

151
 ● No

not keen on learn history

more interested modern times

Example -digital era

new technology, inventions

Current events - more meaningful

Example - financial crisis during Covid-19 pandemic -> better prepare

for future

2. If you could go back in time, which period of time would you like
to visit?

● ancient Egypt (Ai Cập cổ đại)

○ know how built the pyramids

● prehistoric times

○ see the dinosaurs (khủng long)

● Victorian era

○ the culture and fashion….

○ Impact on culture and fashion in subsequent eras

● amazing opportunity go back in time

● give insight into how people live

● not stay too long

● miss the digital age

3. Do you think it is important for children to study history?

● help know important historical events

● stop us make the same mistakes

● understand the country/culture

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 4. Do you think it was important for people living in the past to be
on time?

Be on time - always important

Tendency - root - prehistoric time - important for survival

Not able to hunt animals several times in a row -> starve

Not respond to imminent threat -> die

Egyptians built the pyramids

if late, not able to see pyramids today

Task 2
Describe a historical building you’ve visited

(E.g. Temple of Literature)

- What the place is

- Where it is located

- And explain what you know about the place

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one
minute to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you
wish

● live my whole life in

● several buildings with significant meaning

● in the heart of

● surrounded other important structures

● building process spanned several generations

● related to many important historical events

● not only give insight into the past, but help understand Vietnamese
culture

153
 UNIT 9 - THE NATURAL WORLD -
VOCABULARY
Topic: Flora and fauna, agriculture

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Flora and fauna

1.1. How many plants and animals do you know? Can you name:

A. five animals found in D. five animals found in

Africa? Australia?

___________________________ _____________________________

B. five different types of E. five different types of tree?

flower? _____________________________
___________________________

c. five types of fruit? F. five types of vegetable?

___________________________ _____________________________

1.2. Are these words associated with plants or animals? Put the words
into the correct column. Which word can go in both columns?

Error warning:

We say we must take care of nature. NOT We must take care of the
nature. Natural is the adjective form: It is a natural process. NOT it is a
nature process

154
flora fauna vegetation branch twig root coat predator beak

hide scales thorn petal paw claw feathers horn fur trunk

Animals Plants

Which five words in the animal column are connected to their skin or
covering?

1.3. COMPOUND NOUNS: Complete the sentences by adding one of

these words animal, human, nature, natural.

1. It’s human _____nature_____ to want to find a solution to our problems.

2. Vegans do not use or eat any ________________products

3. I would rather be served by a ________________ being than by a computer.

4. I am constantly amazed by how beautiful and how destructive mother

________________ can be.

5. Man is said to be the most dangerous creature of all the ________________

kingdom.

6. Animals are much happier living in their ________________habitat.

7. Manmade disasters such as chemical spills can destroy the

________________ balance.

8. In some countries prisoners are denied basic ________________ rights.

155
1.4. (Audio 9a) Listen to a description of an animal called a meerkat and
complete the table.

Habitat Diet

● Found in South Africa in ● Meerkats mostly eat

(1)___________________ areas (5)___________________,
(6)___________________, and
● Avoids woodland and thick
(2)___________________ (7)___________________ .

● It sleeps in ● They occasionally eat small

(3)___________________ rodents and the

(8)___________________ of certain
● If necessary, the meerkat will
plants.
make a (4)___________________
between rocks

Agriculture
2.1. Which is the odd one out? Circle the word which is different from
the others and say why.

1. rose tulip daisy (weed) ___We want to grow the others___

2. plant grow cultivate soil ___________________________

3. crop plant shrub bush ___________________________

4. organic natural chemical biological ___________________________

5. tropical subtropical humid arid ___________________________

6. arid desert semi-arid tropical ___________________________

7. endemic native introduced local ___________________________

2.2. Read the text and then decide if the statements below are true or
false. Find words in the text which mean the same or the opposite of
the words in bold.

156
 Introduced species

Since the birth of agriculture, farmers have tried to avoid using pesticides
by employing various biological methods to control nature. The first
method involved introducing a predator that would control pests by eating
them. This was used successfully in 1925 to control the prickly pear
population in Australia. The prickly pear had originally been used as a
divider between paddocks. However, it eventually spread from a few farms
to 4 million hectares of farming land, rendering them unusable. The
Cactoblastis moth larvae was introduced to help control the situation and
within ten years, the prickly pear was virtually eradicated. Further attempts
at biological control weren't so successful. When farmers tried to eliminate
the cane beetle by introducing the South American cane toad, the results
were catastrophic. The cane toad did not eat the cane beetle and the toad
population spread rapidly leading to the decline of native species of
mammals and reptiles.

1. Farmers do not like using chemicals to kill pests

___________________________

2. The prickly pear was planted as a type of barrier between

fields___________________________

3. The Cactoblastis moth killed off nearly all prickly pear

plants___________________________

4. The cane toad was a native species to Australia

___________________________

5. Using the cane toad was very successful ___________________________

2.3. Now read the rest of the text and match the words in italics to the
definitions below.

Other introduced species have proved similarly disastrous among native

Australian animals. Since the introduction of the cat, the fox and the rabbit
from Europe, 19 species of native animals have become extinct and a
further 250 species are considered to be either endangered or vulnerable.
The modern-day approach to the biological control of pests is through

157
genetically modified crops. It remains to be seen whether this controversial
method will have any long-term repercussions, particularly in regards to
the ecological balance of the environment where they are grown. Some
fear that insects may become resistant to these new crops and therefore
become even more difficult to control.

1. at risk ___________________________

2. negative effects ___________________________

3. to stop being affected by something ___________________________

4. at risk of dying out ___________________________

5. no longer existing ___________________________

6. crops whose genes have been scientifically changed

_________________________

7. extremely bad or unsuccessful ___________________________

8. the relationship between plants, animals, land, air, and water

__________________

2.4. WORD BUILDING: Complete the table. You do not need to write
anything in the empty areas

Noun Adjective Adverb Verb

agriculture agricultural

ecology

evolve

extinct ________ extinct

nature

genetic

158
3. Improve the text by replacing the words in italics with a suitable
word or phrase from this unit.

Some farmers believe that growing (1) fruit and vegetables that have been
(2) changed so that their genes are different is a good way to (3) totally stop
pests and improve the quality of their produce. However, this type of (4)
farming has both advantages and disadvantages.

One of the advantages is that farmers can grow plants that produce a
poison that is harmful to (5) small animals like flies and caterpillars. This
means that farmers will not have to use (6) chemicals to kill these animals
and so this should be better for the surrounding environment and the (7)
earth that plants grow in. As a result, it could help to protect other (8)
plants as well as the (9) living space of any animals in the area.

On the other hand, farmers usually only spray their fields once or twice per
year but these new plants would be toxic all year round. Furthermore, it is
possible that over time the pests may (10) stop being killed by the toxins
and so the problem would be worse than ever. The toxins may also be
poisonous to other plants and animals and this would upset the (11) way
plants and animals live and grow together and may lead to more animals
becoming (12) at risk of extinction.

4. PRONUNCIATION: (Audio 9b) Each of the words in the box below has
a weak sound (ә) or schwa, e.g. about. Underline the schwa in each
word, then listen and check your answers. Practise saying the words.
There may be more than one schwa in each word.

adapt endangered

agriculture genetically

catastrophe human

chemical natural

climate vulnerable

disastrous

159
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. General Vocabulary

Phrases / clauses Words / Phrases / Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Ở một số quốc UK /ˈhjuː.mən/

gia, tù nhân bị từ US /ˈhjuː.mən/
chối các quyền
cơ bản của con
người.

2 Nhiều người thích UK

nuôi thú cưng để /ˈkʌm.pə.ni/ US
có sự bầu bạn. /ˈkʌm.pə.ni/

3 Tôi có chứng sợ UK /ˈfəʊ.bi.ə/

độ cao. US /ˈfoʊ.bi.ə/

4 Bạn có thể bị UK /hɜːt/ US

thương rất nặng /hɝːt/
nếu bị ong đốt.

Hint: đốt ~ sting

160
5 Mọi người có thể UK /reɪndʒ/
quan sát hàng US /reɪndʒ/
loạt loài động vật
trong vườn thú.

6 Việc sử dụng tre UK /reɪndʒ/

có thể bao gồm US /reɪndʒ/
từ làm đồ nội thất
đến xây dựng các
tòa nhà.

7 Vẫn còn phải UK /rɪˈmeɪn/

xem liệu cô ấy có US /rɪˈmeɪn/
vượt qua kỳ thi
hay không.

8 Cây trồng biến UK

đổi gen là cây /dʒəˈnet.ɪ.kəl.i/
trồng có gen đã US
được thay đổi /dʒəˈnet̬.ɪ.kəl.i/
theo khoa học.

9 Bản chất của UK /ˈneɪ.tʃər/

con người là US /ˈneɪ.tʃɚ/
muốn tìm ra giải
pháp cho các vấn
đề.

10 Tôi muốn được UK /ˈhjuː.mən/

phục vụ bởi một US /ˈhjuː.mən/
con người hơn là
một máy tính.

Hint: would rather

161
2. Topic related Vocabulary

Phrases / clauses Words / phrases Phrases Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) /
clauses
(Eng)

1 Có rất nhiều loài UK /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/

thực vật ở khu tôi US /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/
sống

UK
/ˌvedʒ.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
US
/ˌvedʒ.əˈteɪ.ʃən/

2 Tôi luôn luôn ngạc UK /ˈmʌð.ər/

nhiên trước vẻ đẹp US /ˈmʌð.ɚ/
và sức tàn phá của
mẹ thiên nhiên.

Hint: ngạc nhiên:

amaze (v)

3 Động vật hạnh UK

phúc hơn nhiều /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/ US
khi sống trong /ˈhæb.ə.tæt/
môi trường sống
tự nhiên.

4 Thảm họa nhân UK

tạo (do con người /ˌmænˈmeɪd/
gây ra) có thể phá US
hủy sự cân bằng /ˌmænˈmeɪd/
tự nhiên.

162
5 Một trận bão thảm UK
khốc đã xảy ra vào /ˌkæt.əˈstrɒf.ɪk/
đêm qua. US
/ˌkæt̬.əˈstrɑː.fɪk/

6 Con người, chó, voi UK

và cá heo đều là /dɪˈzɑː.strəs/ US
động vật có vú. /dɪˈzæs.trəs/

7 Rắn, rùa biển và cá UK /ˈrep.taɪl/

sấu đều là loài bò US /ˈrep.taɪl/
sát.

8 19 loài đã tuyệt UK /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/

chủng vào năm US /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
ngoái.

9 250 loài được coi là UK

loài đang bị đe /ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒəd/
dọa. US
/ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒɚd/

10 Hóa chất thường UK /pest/ US

được sử dụng để /pest/
kiểm soát côn
trùng có hại.

11 Những người UK /sɔɪl/ US

163
 nông dân không /sɔɪl/
phải dùng hóa
chất, và việc này
tốt cho đất (trồng
trọt).

12 Các loại cây chính UK /krɒp/ US

được trồng để /krɑːp/
xuất khẩu là cà
phê và gạo.

13 Chúng ta nên sử UK
dụng hóa chất để /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪd/
diệt sâu bệnh và US
tránh sử dụng /ˈpes.tə.saɪd/
thuốc trừ sâu.

164
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) (Eng) - in bold

1 Giống lê gai đã lan rộng từ The prickly pear UK /ˈren.dər/

một vài trang trại đến 4 triệu spread from a few US /ˈren.dɚ/
ha đất canh tác, khiến số farms to 4 million
đất này trở nên không thể hectares of
sử dụng được. farming land,
__________ them
unusable.

2 Cách tiếp cận hiện đại để The __________ to UK /əˈprəʊtʃ/

kiểm soát côn trùng có hại control pests is US /əˈproʊtʃ/
là thông qua cây trồng biến through
đổi gen. genetically
modified crops.

3 Vấn đề đang trở nên tồi tệ The problem is UK /wɜːs/

hơn bao giờ hết. getting __________. US /wɝːs/

4 Tôi yêu những con chó vì I love dogs UK

chúng rất vui vẻ, nghịch because they're a /ˈkær.ək.tər/
ngợm, nhưng cũng có một lot of fun, very US /ˈker.ək.tɚ/
chút cá tính. playful, but also
seem to
__________.

5 Tôi sợ gián vì chúng có thể I am afraid of UK /krɔːl/

bò lên người bạn. cockroaches US /krɑːl/
because they
might

165
 __________you .

6 Nếu bạn sống ở các thành If you live in the

phố, luôn có nhiều cây dọc cities, there are
các con phố. always many
__________.

7 Nếu bạn ở các khu vực If you are in the UK /ˈveə.ri.əs/

ngoại ô, bạn sẽ thấy những suburb areas, you US /ˈver.i.əs/
khu rừng với nhiều kích will see forests
thước khác nhau. __________.

8 Có khả năng theo thời gian It is possible that UK /rɪˈzɪs.tənt/

những loài gây hại này có over time these US /rɪˈzɪs.tənt/
thể trở nên kháng lại các pests may
chất độc ______________ the
toxins.

9 Con người được cho là sinh Man is said to be UK /ˈkɪŋ.dəm/

vật nguy hiểm nhất trong the most US /ˈkɪŋ.dəm/
vương quốc động vật. dangerous
creature of all the
__________.

10 Những thảm họa nhân tạo Manmade UK /ˈbæl.əns/

như sự cố tràn hóa chất có disasters such as US /ˈbæl.əns/
thể phá hủy sự cân bằng tự chemical spills
nhiên. can destroy the
__________.

11 Bướm Cactoblastis đã giết The Cactoblastis UK /kɪl/

chết gần như tất cả các cây moth __________ US /kɪl/

166
 lê có gai. nearly all prickly
pear plants.

12 Tất cả nông dân đều muốn All farmers want UK

nâng cao chất lượng nông to improve /ˈprɒdʒ.uːs/
sản của họ. _______________. US/ˈprɑː.duːs/

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in Pronunciatio

phrases (Vie) bold n

1 Hệ thực vật và động The __________ of a place UK /ˈflɔː.rə/

vật của một nơi là cây are its plants and US /ˈflɔːr.ə/
cối và những con vật animals.
của nó.
UK /ˈfɔː.nə/

US /ˈfɑː.nə/

2 Có nhiều loại cây There are a variety of UK /əʊk/ US

trong khu rừng này, ví trees in this forest, for /oʊk/
dụ như sồi hoặc example __________.
thông.

3 Chim dùng mỏ để Birds use their __________ UK /biːk/ US

nhặt thức ăn. to pick up food. /biːk/

4 Kể từ khi nông Since __________, farmers UK

nghiệp ra đời, người have tried to avoid using /ˈæɡ.rɪ.kʌl.tʃər/
nông dân đã cố gắng pesticides. US

167
 tránh sử dụng thuốc /ˈæɡ.rə.kʌl.tʃɚ/
trừ sâu.

5 Bằng cách sử dụng By _______________, UK

các phương pháp modern day farmers can /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.k
sinh học khác nhau, control nature. əl/
những người nông US
dân ngày nay có thể /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.k
kiểm soát thiên əl/
nhiên.

6 Một số động vật có Some animals that can UK /dʒɪˈrɑːf/

thể được tìm thấy tại be found at the zoo are US /dʒɪˈræf/
sở thú là hươu cao __________.
cổ, hà mã, tê giác.
UK
/ˌhɪp.əˈpɒt.ə.m
əs/ US
/ˌhɪp.əˈpɑː.t̬ə.
məs/

UK
/raɪˈnɒs.ər.əs/

US
/raɪˈnɑː.sɚ.əs/

7 Bưởi và dưa là những __________ are fruits with UK

loại trái cây có lượng high amounts of /ˈɡreɪp.fruːt/
vitamin cao. vitamins. US
/ˈɡreɪp.fruːt/

UK /ˈmel.ən/
US /ˈmel.ən/

168
8 Nhiều bộ phận của Many parts of animals UK /haɪd/ US
động vật như da, such as their /haɪd/
lông, vảy hoặc lông vũ ______________ are used
của chúng được sử to make clothes.
UK /fɜːr/ US
dụng để làm quần áo.
/fɝː/

UK /skeɪl/ US
/skeɪl/

UK /ˈfeð.ər/
US /ˈfeð.ɚ/

9 Mèo sử dụng bàn Cats use their _______ for UK /pɔː/ US

chân để đi bộ và walking, and _______ for /pɑː/
móng vuốt để leo climbing.
trèo.
UK /klɔː/ US
/klɑː/

10 Sừng mọc trên đầu ________ grow on the UK /hɔːn/ US

của một số động vật heads of some animals /hɔːrn/
như cừu và bò. such as sheep and cows.

11 Những con ong hung Aggressive bees can UK /stɪŋ/ US

hãn có thể đốt bạn. _______ you. /stɪŋ/

12 Cây xương rồng có The _______ have several UK /ˈkæk.təs/

một số đầu nhọn, thin, sharp points that US /ˈkæk.təs/
mỏng nhô ra ngoài stick out of them called
gọi là gai. _______.
UK /ˈprɪk.əl/

169
 US /ˈprɪk.əl/

13 Động vật ăn thịt là _________ are animals UK

động vật giết những that kill others/other /ˈpred.ə.tər/
con khác để lấy thức animals for food. US
ăn. /ˈpred.ə.t̬ɚ/

170
 IV. QUESTIONS
TASK 1 AND TASK 3
1. What is your favorite animal?

2. Why do you think some people like keeping pets?

3. Are there any animals you are scared of?

4. Are zoos popular in your country?

5. What kind of trees do people usually plant in your country?

6. What can you say about animals kept in the zoo? (new)

7. Do you think it is safe for animals to live in the cities? (new)

8. Why is it important to conserve the world’s animal and plant species?

(new)

Questions Idea

1. What is your ● When it comes to; favorite be …

favorite animal?
● Love…;

○ they - a lot of fun / playful (tinh

nghịch)

○ Spend hours, play with …, not get

bored

○ Have a bit of character; somewhat

similar - humans/human beings

2. Why do you ● A wide range/a variety of reasons

think some
● Some - mainly for the company
people like
○ Not feel alone
keeping pets?
○ Many - experience rewarding
relationship; pets - consider a family
member

171
 ● Others - pets, provide benefit

○ Example - cats kill off/prey on rats

● In other cases - Symbolize power

(Optional)

○ Rich people; Dubai; keep predators

(tiger or leopard); pet

3. Are there any ● I have a fear/phobia of… (bees and

animals you are cockroaches)
scared of?
● Bees;

○ sometimes aggressive; attack

humans

○ Example - once get; badly hurt - a

bee sting

● Cockroaches;

○ the creature - look scary/terrifying

(đáng sợ);

○ might crawl on you

4. Do you think ● It, depend

insects are
● On one hand, some insects - useful
useful?
○ Help humans

○ Example - bee; make honey

● On the other hand, other insects -

harm humans’ life

○ Example - pests - destroy

crops & affect quality of
produce

172
 ○ Pesticides - do not prove
much use (pest; become
resistant)

5. Are zoos popular ● Yes; human nature - discover new things;

in your country?
○ Similar;- a small animal kingdom,
provide new experience, visitor

■ Observe a wide range of

animals - giraffes, hippo,
rhino; natural habitat

○ Appreciate - beauty of mother

nature;

■ trees in various size - oak or

pine; along the sidewalks

6. Are trees ● Important; ecological balance.

important to
○ Without trees, atmosphere
us/humans? rendered- polluted (ô nhiễm)

● Other uses

○ Provide wood; furniture

making & construction
building

■ Range from oak, pine to

bamboo

○ Fruit trees (e.g. grapefruit &

melon) - source of food

7. Would you say ● Zoos - people - hunt for fur, scales or

zoos benefit horns; protect vulnerable or endangered
animals? animals; - stop extinction

173
 ● Many flora and fauna systems - destroyed
by catastrophic / disastrous manmade
disasters

● With modern approaches; natural

habitats - create

8. Do you think it is ● No; city issues - worse than ever - harm

safe for animals animals
to live in the
○ Poor air quality -make; more likely;
cities? catch diseases

○ heavy traffic;

■ animal - get badly hurt

■ many die crossing the street

● Animal, belong, the wild (natural habitat)

○ Cities - not good environment

9. Why is it ● Flora and fauna - play an important role;

important to maintain ecosystem balance
protect/conserve
● Go extinct - result in disastrous
the world’s consequences
animal and plant
○ Example When many mammals, go
species?
extinct,

○ Their predator, go extinct as well;

because, lack of food

● Scientist - employing various methods

○ Example 1 - study, Genetically

modified animals and crops;
maintain biodiversity (đa dạng sinh
học)

174
 ○ Example 2 - develop ways to make
soil nutritious -> plants can grow

● However, only time will tell/it remains to

be seen whether, effective

TASK 2
Describe a wild animal

You should say:

● What it looks like

● What it likes to eat or do
● Where it lives
● And explain why you like this animal.

Idea Answers

● A nature lover - interested in animals

● Turtle; favorite - animal kingdom

● A reptile (Bò sát);

○ similar - snakes or crocodiles;

○ live in a shell (vỏ/mai)

● Natural habitat - the ocean;

○ Vary in size

○ Size, range from … to…. (e.g. a

small rock, to (as big as) a
crocodile)

● Eat/prey on a wide range of smaller

animals

○ - insects, snails, and fish

175
● Turtles - an endangered species;

○ some types/breeds - extinct

○ because; environmental
problems, created, - human
being - worse than ever

○ get badly hurt from a wide

range of trash; disposed by
human

● Pay more attention -

protection/conservation of this animal

176
 UNIT 10 - REACHING FOR THE SKIES
Space, the planets

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION
Space
1.1. Answer these questions

1. Would you like to travel into space? (Why? / Why not?) (*)

Well, the idea of travelling into space itself is intriguing to me. But
according to the articles I read in newspapers, only billionaires can afford to
travel into space, so I guess it's not a viable option for me at the moment.
But if one day my dream somehow comes true, I would definitely go for the
experience at the first chance I get. Like, for example, I've read somewhere
that NASA is recruiting volunteers for its space travel program, so I'm
thinking of registering for that (A lie obviously)

2. What do you imagine it would be like? (*)

Actually, from my knowledge of gravity, I guess it would be

unthinkable/unimaginable to be in a weightless environment. We all know
that gravity is the force that keeps us on the ground, and without it we'd be
literally floating in the air. I guess it would be funny though. On the
downside, astronauts returning to the Earth after a long time in space are
said to suffer from many adverse health effects such as lower bone density.

3. What problems do you think you would experience in space? (*)

Those who are preparing to space travel must experience a simulated

setting to get themselves accustomed to the weightless environment. Yet,
it's my belief that after all that deliberate preparation, the adaptation in the
authentic weightless environment would be something overwhelming and
extraordinary for most people. On top of that, I couldn't imagine how we
would be able to grab and control objects while in space. It's all just so
puzzling to me

177
1.2. Complete the text below with suitable words from the box

astronauts atmosphere commercial explorers

outer simulator weightlessness launch

If you have ever dreamed of travelling in space then our

(1)__________________________ space travel programme will make that dream
a reality. Of course, passengers will need to prepare for this experience.
However, unlike the months of training that (2)__________________________
undergo, our passengers will be ready for (3)__________________________
within two days. To prepare for a truly out-of-this-world experience,
passengers will spend two days in our special training facility. There the
passengers will be able to experience zero gravity in a special
(4)__________________________; this will allow the passengers to acclimatise.
During the flight itself a rocket will propel the spacecraft into suborbital
space in excess of 100,000 m above the Earth’s (5)_______________________.

This will allow the passengers to experience (6)__________________________.

Our space (7)__________________________ will be able to float around the
cabin and view the Earth and (8)__________________________ space for
approximately ten minutes prior to re-entry and landing.

1.3. Read the text again and find words that match these definitions.

1. an actual event __________________________

2. go through an experience __________________________

3. the force or pull from the Earth __________________________

4. get used to a change in conditions __________________________

5. drive something forwards __________________________

6. more than __________________________

7. stay up in the air or in water __________________________

8. entering the Earth’s atmosphere again __________________________

178
1.4. Complete the sentences with words from the text. You will need to
change the form of the words

1. Some people believe that space e__________________________is a waste of

money.

2. Climbing extremely high mountains is made all the more difficult

because of the drop in a__________________ pressure.

3. Spacecrafts need to reach extremely high speeds in order to escape the

g__________________________ pull of the Earth,

4. Last year the astronauts u__________________________a series of mental

and physical tests in order to qualify for the mission.

5. This computer program s__________________________ extremes of weather

so that pilots can experience difficult flying conditions.

The planets

Error warning

Earth is the name of our planet and has a capital letter, but the sun does
not. We say the Earth but not our earth: The Earth moves around the sun.
We must take care of our planet.

NOT We must take care of our earth

2.1. (Audio 10a) Listen to someone talking about the problems of

forming colonies on other planets. Complete the table with NO MORE
THAN TWO WORDS from the talk.

Planets Physical features Disadvantages

Venus ● same size as ● has no

(1)____________________ (2)____________________

● covered in
(3)____________________

● constant

179
 (4)____________________

Mercur ● smaller than all other ● has greatest range of

y planets except temperatures of any
(5)____________________ planet in the (6)
____________________

Saturn ● has many ● much too hot

(7)____________________ and
(8)____________________

2.2. (Audio 10a) Listen again and complete the sentences below

1. Venus is unusual because it ________________________ in the opposite

direction to other planets,

2. The ________________________ of Venus has many craters caused by

asteroids.

3. Mercury has no substantial ________________________

4. Mercury does not have any water so cannot ________________________ life.

5. The Voyager space ________________________ has provided us with pictures

of Saturn’s moons.

6. The ________________________ of Saturn is mainly gas.

2.3. WORD BUILDING: Complete the table

Noun Adjective

atmosphere

cosmic

galactic

180
 gravitational

horizon

lunar

meteoric

sun

stellar

terrestrial

universe

Vocabulary note

The suffix -ic tells us that a word is an adjective. How many adjectives in
2.3 end in -ic? Other common examples are: economic, scenic, tragic.

2.4. Complete the sentences with suitable words from the table in 2.3.

1. The moon appears much bigger when it is close to the

___________________________

2. The North Star is the brightest star in our ___________________________

3. Many scientists believe that dinosaurs became extinct when a

___________________________ hit the Earth.

4. A ___________________________ eclipse occurs when the moon is hidden by

the sun.

5. Many people wonder if there is intelligent life elsewhere in the

___________________________

6. The teacher told us to draw a ___________________________ line across the

page.

181
7. The most successful products in the world are those that have a
___________________________ appeal.

8. ___________________________ energy is becoming more common

nowadays.

3. Read this news report and decide whether the following statements
are true or false. Give a reason for each answer using one of the
underlined words in the text. Then check the meaning of any of the
underlined words you don’t know and write them in your notebook.

In May 1973, the USA launched its first manned space station. The
station, called Skylab, managed to carry three different crews of astronauts
over a nine-month period, in spite of the fact that it lost a meteor shield on
launch. In February 1974, the final crew returned to Earth and, for the next
five and a half years, the Skylab continued to orbit the Earth, unmanned
and unused. Its low orbit gradually pulled the 77-tonne Skylab down
towards the Earth making a crash landing inevitable and causing a great
deal of concern around the world. On 11July 1979 the Skylab eventually
crashed into the southern ocean off Esperance, Australia. Fortunately the
debris fell in mostly uninhabited areas and locals scrambled to collect a
souvenir A 17 year-old from Esperance flew to America to claim a $10,000
reward for being the first to deliver a piece of the station to a newspaper
The local council of Esperance issued the USA with a $400 fine for littering.
It has never been paid. There are currently approximately 8,000 pieces of
space junk floating above our heads thanks to the satellites, space shuttles
and space stations out there. One example is a screwdriver lost during a
space shuttle mission in 1985 which has never been recovered.

Statement True/Fals Reason

e

1. In late1974 there were people It was

on board the space station _________________________

2. The Skylab may have floated The crash was

182
in space for ever _________________________

3. Very few people lived in the The area was

area where it landed. _________________________

4. Complete the text using suitable words from this unit

‘Space belongs to whoever gets there first.’ Do you agree with

this statement?

Most of (1) p__________________ Earth has already been mapped and

explored, so it is not surprising that explorers should turn their attention to
other parts of the (2)u__________________. The planets in our (3)
s__________________ s__________________ have become the next frontier to be
conquered.

We all remember the so-called (4) s__________________ race of the 1960s

when the US and USSR were each determined to be the first to (5)
l__________________ on the moon. However, I do not believe that planting a
flag on the moon gives anyone the right to claim it as theirs.

With the increasing use of (6) s__________________ to monitor activities

here on Earth, as well as the very real prospect of space tourism, now is a
good time to ask who owns or, more importantly, who governs the vast
area of space above us? In the relatively short time that man has been
travelling in space we have already left sufficient (7) d__________________
behind to show that we are as careless in our space travels as on Earth. The
broken shuttle parts have simply been left to (8) f__________________ in the
atmosphere and cause a very real threat to everyone here on Earth.

Clearly space belongs to all of us. Although there is an international

(9)s__________________ s__________________ , this is currently only involved in
research. I think we need to act quickly to establish a set of international
laws that govern (10) o__________________space.

5. PRONUNCIATION: (Audio 10b) Each of the following words has a weak

sound (ә) or schwa, e.g. about. Underline the schwa in each word, then

183
 listen and check your answers. Practice saying the words. There may be
more than one schwa in each word or phrase.

astronaut commercial outer sustain exploration explorer solar system

horizon horizontal satellite universal galaxy atmosphere

1. Would you like to travel into space?

Well, the idea of travelling into space itself is intriguing to me. But
according to the articles I read in newspapers, only billionaires can afford to
travel into space, so I guess it's not a viable option for me at the moment.
But if one day my dream somehow comes true, I would definitely go for the
experience at the first chance I get. Like, for example, I've read somewhere
that NASA is recruiting volunteers for its space travel program, so I'm
thinking of registering for that (A lie obviously)

● The idea of + travelling into space –

● intriguing to me

● According to/based on the article...

● Only billionaires can afford to travel into space

● Not a viable option for me at the moment

● Go for the experience

● At the first chance I get

● NASA is recruiting volunteers

● Space travel program

2. What do you imagine it would be like?

Actually, from my knowledge of gravity, I guess it would be

unthinkable/unimaginable to be in a weightless environment. We all know
that gravity is the force that keeps us on the ground, and without it we'd be
literally floating in the air. I guess it would be funny though. On the
downside, astronauts returning to the Earth after a long time in space are
said to suffer from many adverse health effects such as lower bone density.

184
● It would be unthinkable/unimaginable to

● be in a weightless environment

● Gravity is the force that keeps us on the ground

● Without it we'd be floating in the air

● Astronauts returning to the Earth

● Are said to

● Suffer from many adverse health effects such as lower bone density

● On the downside

3. What problems do you think you would experience in space?

Those who are preparing to space travel must experience a simulated

setting to get

themselves accustomed to the weightless environment. Yet, it's my belief

that after all that deliberate preparation, the adaptation in the authentic
weightless environment would be something overwhelming and
extraordinary for most people. On top of that, I couldn't imagine how we
would be able to grab and control objects while in space. It's all just so
puzzling to me

● To space travel

● experience a simulated setting

● Get themselves accustomed to the weightless environment

● After all the deliberate preparation

● The adaption In the authentic weightless environment

● overwhelming and extraordinary

● Could not imagine how we would be able to grab and control objects
while in space

● Puzzling

185
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/phrases Phrases/clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Hành khách sẽ UK
được/sẽ có thể /ˌɡræv.əˈteɪ.ʃən.
trải nghiệm əl/
(không gian) US
không trọng lực /ˌɡræv.əˈteɪ.ʃən.
əl/

2 cho phép hành UK

khách trải /ɪnˈvaɪ.rən.mə
nghiệm môi nt/
trường không US
trọng lực /ɪnˈvaɪ.rən.mə
nt/

3 Các nhà phi UK

hành gia phải /ˈæs.trə.nɔːt/
trải qua một US
loạt các bài kiểm /ˈæs.trə.nɑːt/
tra khác nhau

4 Trái đất và các UK /ˈɔː.bɪt/

hành tinh khác US /ˈɔːr.bɪt/
quay theo quỹ
đạo quanh mặt

186
 trời đều thuộc
Hệ mặt trời

HInt Hệ mặt trời

- Solar system

5 Sao Kim có một UK

trong những /kənˈdɪʃ.ən/
điều kiện khắc US
nghiệt nhất /kənˈdɪʃ.ən/
trong hệ Mặt trời

6 Chúng ta đang UK /ˈɡæl.ək.si/

sống trong một US /ˈɡæl.ək.si/
giải thiên hà rất
to

7 Nguyệt thực xảy UK / ˈluː.nər/

ra khi Mặt trăng US /ˈluː.nɚ/
bị che bởi Mặt
trời

8 sử dụng vệ tinh UK
để theo dõi /ˈmɒn.ɪ.tər/
hoạt động trên US
trái đất /ˈmɑː.nə.t̬ɚ/

187
9 Trên Sao Thuỷ, UK /ˈveə.ri/
nhiệt độ dao US /ˈver.i/
động nhiều hơn
tất cả hành tinh
khác trong hệ
Mặt trời

Hint - sao Thuỷ -

Mercury

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/clauses (Vie) Words/ Phrases/ Pronunciation

phrases (Eng) clauses
- in bold (Eng)

1 Việc đi ra ngoài vũ trụ UK /ɪnˈtriː.ɡɪŋ/

thật thú vị đối với tôi US /ɪnˈtriː.ɡɪŋ/

2 Theo/dựa trên UK /əˈkɔːrd/

những nghiên cứu US /əˈkɔːrd/
gần đây tôi đọc trên
báo

3 Chỉ có Elon Musk mới UK /əˈfɔːd/

có thể chi trả cho US /əˈfɔːrd/
việc xây dựng tàu vũ
trụ

188
 Hint: tàu vũ trụ -
spacecraft (từ này
thực ra đã xuất hiện
trong bài)

4 Cái việc ở môi trường UK

không trọng lực là /ʌnˈθɪŋ.kə.bəl/
không thể tưởng US
tượng nổi /ʌnˈθɪŋ.kə.bəl/

5 Về nhược điểm/Ở UK
mặt không tốt thì /ˈdaʊn.saɪd/
phi hành gia trở về US
trái đất có thể bị…. /ˈdaʊn.saɪd/

6 Làm quen với áp lực UK /ˈɪn.saɪt/

thi cử US /ˈɪn.saɪt/

7 Chương trình du UK /driːm/

189
 hành vũ trụ sẽ biến US /driːm/
giấc mơ đó thành
hiện thực

8 các nhà thám hiểm UK /əˈten.ʃən/

quay sang tập trung US /əˈten.ʃən/
chú ý vào các phần
khác của vũ trụ

Hint: nhà thám hiểm

- explorer

9 quyết tâm/nhất UK /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/

quyết phải là nước US /dɪˈtɝː.mɪn/
đầu tiên đặt chân lên
mặt trăng

10 Trong một khoảng UK /ˈrel.ə.tɪv.li/

thời gian tương đối US /ˈrel.ə.t̬ɪv.li/
ngắn mà con người
đã du hành vũ trụ,...

11 bóng đá thường có UK
sức hút đối với tất cả /ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.səl/
mọi người (trên toàn US
cầu) /ˌjuː.nəˈvɝː.səl/

190
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) in bold

1 Tuyển các tình nguyện The space project i s UK /ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/

viên labor-intensive, so we US /ˌvɑː.lənˈtɪr/
had to _________

2 Trôi nổi trong không It’s intriguing to UK /fləʊt/

khí imagine being in US /floʊt/
space. Without gravity,
we’d be ___________

3 Sẵn sàng được phóng A lot of things need to UK /lɔːntʃ/

(tên lửa) be prepared before the US /lɑːntʃ/
rockets are _______

4 Mảnh vỡ/mảnh vụn _______ from the crash UK /ˈdeb.riː/

sau khi cái gì đó bị phá is thought to have /ˈdeɪ.briː/
hủy fallen to the ocean US /dəˈbriː/

191
5 Thiết lập/tạo ra một I think we need to act UK /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃt/
bộ/một tập hợp các quickly to _______ that US /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃt/
điều luật quốc tế govern outer space.

6 Cơ sở huấn luyện đặc In order to prepare for UK /fəˈsɪl.ə.t̬i/

biệt this experience, they US /fəˈsɪl.ə.t̬i/
had to spend 2 days in
a__________

7 Bề mặt cứng Saturn has barely any UK /ˈsɜː.fɪs/

________as its US /ˈsɝː-/
composition is mostly
gas.

8 Đặt chân/hạ cánh lên the US and USSR were UK /muːn/

mặt trăng each determined to be US /muːn/
the first to ________

9 Các trạm vũ trụ có May 1973, USA UK /speɪs/

người điều khiển (vs. tự launched its US /speɪs/
động) first________

Hint - trạm vũ trụ -

space station

10 Phản chiếu ánh sáng Venus is so bright UK /rɪˈflekt/

192
 mặt trời because its surface US /rɪˈflekt/
______really well

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) in bold

1 Ngay khi có cơ hội If my dream somehow UK /tʃɑːns/

comes true, I would US /tʃæns/
definitely go for the
experience ________

2 Người ta nói là cái gì Astronauts returning UK /sed/

làm sao (bị động) to the Earth after a US /sed/
long time in space
______ suffer from
many adverse health
effects

3 Phi thường (*2) (Hints: Weightless UK

e…….., out…………..) environment would be /ɪkˈstrɔː.dɪn.ər.i/
an ______ and _____ US
experience for most /ɪkˈstrɔːr.dən.er.i/
people.

4 triển vọng People are considering UK /ˈprɒs.pekt/

the real ______of space US /ˈprɑː.spekt/

193
 tourism

5 Vượt quá/nhiều hơn cái The space project’s UK /ɪkˈses/

gì (3 từ) losses are ________ $5 /ˈek.ses/
million US /ɪkˈses/
/ˈek.ses/

6 ngang (adj) The teacher told us UK /ˌhɒr.ɪˈzɒn.təl/

to______a horizontal US /ˌhɔːr.ɪˈzɑːn.t̬əl/
line across the page

Phân biệt với

danh từ horizon

UK /həˈraɪ.zən/

US /həˈraɪ.zən/

7 Giới hạn sẽ phải chinh The planets in our UK /ˈkɒŋ.kər/

phục Solar system have US /ˈkɑːŋ.kɚ/
become the
next________

8 cho ai quyền cái quyền I believe that planting UK /raɪt/

gì a flag on the moon US /raɪt/
_________ to claim it’s
theirs

194
 IV. Questions
1. Task 1,3:
1. What do you think of traveling to outer space?

2. What problems do you think astronauts (going to outer space)

experience?

3. If you could invite someone on a trip to outer space, who would you
like to go with?

4. Do you think it’s possible that humans will colonize the other planets
in the future?

5. Why do you think so much investment has been made to conquer

outer space?

6. Does space travel pose any risk/concern to people in general?

7. In your opinion, who do you think owns outer space?(***)

Questions Idea

1. What do you Option 1 - a big fan

think of
● intriguing idea
traveling to
● go the first chance i get
outer space?
○ extraordinary/ out-of-this-world experience

○ find interesting float around in the air, see

galaxy

● hope do it in the future

Option 2 - not a fan

● Travelling; outer space; unthinkable/unimaginable

● To start with

○ Really expensive; only billionaire; can afford

195
 ● Another reason

○ according to/based on what I read; space travel,

dangerous

○ Spacecraft, get lost in Space, never return; Earth

2. What ● A variety of/various problems

problems do
● When space stations are launched
you think
○ Be in weightless environment/in zero gravity
astronauts
(going to outer ○ Get accustomed to environment; take time
space) ● When space shuttle travel, another planet
experience?
○ Many planets - composition, mostly gas; no
solid surface

○ experience extreme conditions

○ Temperature vary; a lot/a great deal; extremely

hot/cold

● Can be hard to adapt to, even for professional

astronauts,

3. If you could Option 1 - under consideration (chưa quyết định)

invite someone
● Think it; amazing opportunity, want share with
on a trip to friends and family
outer space,
● off the top of head, not a specific person
who would you
like to go with? ● Whoever; Have fun prepare and share experience
together

● create new memories

Option 2 - go with boyfriend/girlfriend

● Like a dream come true to me;

● Invite boyfriend/girlfriend

196
 ○ watch the stars & planets orbiting the Sun

○ Going to love it, so romantic

● If Nasa recruit volunteer -> first one, sign up

4. Do you think ● not see why not

it’s possible
● It/colonize another planet; to be said to, next
that humans frontier to conquer
will colonize
● technology advance, fast pace
the other
planets in the ○ new inventions - monitor activities on other
future? planets

■ see whether they support life (hỗ trợ sự

sống)

○ develop new, special training facility,

■ help people adapt to extreme condition

5. Why do you ● most of Earth mapped, explored

think so much
○ people turn attention to; other part of galaxy
investment has
○ many unexplored planets, next frontier to
been made to
conquer
conquer outer
space? ○ can have economic benefits, create new home
for humankind

● On the downside, find planet, support life, hard

○ No such planet; Solar system

○ Travel to other part of galaxy, other galaxy

○ Prospects of find, inhabitable planet (hỗ trợ sự

sống), not good

6. Does space ● Humans, first land on Moon, 1960s

travel pose any
● in relatively short time, able travel to space
risk/concern to
● debris left float in atmosphere from
people in

197
general? ● rocket launch, careless space travel

○ → real threat: astronauts, satellites, people

7. In your ● Own outer space, have universal appeal, country

opinion, who around the world
do you think
● in the past,
owns outer
○ countries, determined to be, first land on the
space?(***)
moon

○ → claim ownership of the Moon

● not think,flag, give anyone the right to claim

○ believe space belong to all of us

○ establish/introduce a set of international laws

-> prevent that, happen

2. Task 2
Describe a story about space (real or fictitious) that you have read or
watched.

You should say:

● when you read or saw the story

● what happened in the story

● whether the story has any significance today

● and explain how you felt about reading or watching this story.

Idea Answers

● always fascinated by
space/big fan of space
science

● this book/movie
named…. really

198
 intriguing to me

● based on real story

● describe the training,

astronauts, go through

○ undergo
training in
special facility,

○ adapt to zero
gravity, extreme
conditions

● carry out, space

mission, save mankind

○ scene, space
shuttle, fly
toward the
horizon,
touching (adj -
cảm động)

○ search for
inhabitable
planets/planets
that support life

○ travel to faraway
areas, where
Sunlight, not
reach

● struggle of astronauts

○ physically and
emotionally
demanding
process

○ perform task, in

199
 excess of, what,
humanly
possible

● after see/ read, feel

inspire, work harder

● find space more

interesting, learn a lot
about space travel

200
 UNIT 11 - DESIGN AND INNOVATION -
VOCABULARY
Building & Engineering

_______________________________

A. BUILDING
1.1. Which adjectives best describe your home?

A. old traditional modern

B. concrete brick steel timber

C. single-storey two-storey multi-storey / high rise

1.2. Complete correct order the. sentences using the words in brackets
in the correct order

1. It's a ____________________________ house. (brick, traditional)

2. I live in a ____________________________ apartment. (high-rise, lovely)

3. I’d rather live in a ____________________________ cottage. (small, country)

1.3. Now make a similar sentence about your own home

I live in __________________ but I’d rather live in ________________ .

Vocabulary note

If we use more than one adjective they are normally in the following
order: opinion, size, age, shape, colour, origin, material, type: An ugly, old,
brown, plastic shopping bag. However, more than four adjectives
together can sound awkward. NOT An ugly, big, old, rectangular, brown,
Italian, plastic bog.

201
2.1. (Audio 11a) Listen to three people describing their homes and
complete the table below.

Type of Material(s) Favourite Adjectives

building used feature

2.2. (Audio 11a) Listen again and answer the questions. Include the
words from the recording that give you your answers

Speaker A Speaker B

1. Where did the stone come from? 1. Is the computer system

_________________________________ new or old?

2. What makes the ceilings ornate? __________________________

_
_________________________________
2. What makes the
3. Is the house large or small?
apartment functional?
_________________________________
__________________________
_
Speaker C 3. Are the bedrooms large
1. Is this house different from those around it? or small?

_________________________________ __________________________
_
2. Which room does the speaker say is bright?
4. Are the buildings
_________________________________
around it tall?
3. What shape is the bottom of the staircase?
__________________________
_________________________________ _

202
 Error warning

We say that you build a house / a hospital etc, NOT build a building. Build
up is not used to talk about construction. It refers to increasing or
developing something: He went to the gym to build up his muscles. We
are trying to build up a relationship with a company in japan. I had to
build up the confidence to apply for the manager’s job. NOT We need to
build up a hospital.

ENGINEERING
3.1. Scan the article and underline these words

invented hoisted construction platforms storage steel lift tension

internal hauling skyscrapers landmarks device frame trigger shaft

The elevator

Next time you are in a lift, look for the name of the people who made
it. Chances are it will be the Otis Elevator Company. It was Elisha Otis who
invented the gadget that made the modern passenger lift possible. The
concept of elevation was already well established. Louis XV of France
disliked stairs so much that he was regularly hoisted skywards in a 'flying
chair' by several strong men hauling on ropes. In Otis's time, warehouses
commonly used moving platforms to transport goods between floors.
However, elevating anything further than one floor or weighing more than
70 kilograms would have been considered far too dangerous.

Otis worked for a bed manufacturer who was keen to expand his
business but needed to find a way to move his beds to an upper floor for
storage. The inventive Otis soon had a solution to the safety problem: a
tough steel spring system that meshed with ratchets on either side of the

203
lift shaft so that if the rope gave way the sudden loss of tension would
trigger the device, stopping the lift from falling.

At the 1854 World Trade fair in New York, Otis unveiled his invention
and orders began to pour in, including one from the United States Assay
Office which at that time was constructing one of the first buildings with
an internal steel frame to support the exterior walls. This was the same
construction method that skyscrapers would use. If not for lifts, the
towering landmarks which feature so prominently in today's architecture
would have been impossible and the character of our cities would be
entirely different.

3.2. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Write the words
you have underlined that helped you

1. Elisha Otis came up with the idea that made elevators safe for people.

___True (invented = come up with the idea)__

2. Louis XV was lifted into the air by men pulling ropes

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Warehouses in Otis's time used boxes to move their goods to different

levels

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Otis’s boss wanted to move beds to a higher level for delivery

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Otis made his springs out of plastic

___________________________________________________________________________

6. The ratchets were located on the inside of the lift

___________________________________________________________________________

7. If a rope became slack this activated the contraption

___________________________________________________________________________

8. The US Assay Office building had its support structure on the outside
___________________________________________________________________________

204
9. The US Assay Office used a similar building technique to today’s tall
buildings
___________________________________________________________________________

10. The writer believes that skyscrapers can help you find your way around a
city
___________________________________________________________________________

3.3. Match the verbs (1-8) in column A with the definitions (A-H) in
column B

Example: 1 ➡ F

A B

1. condemn A. build something on a piece of

2. demolish land

3. develop B. build again

4. devise C. repair and make new again

5. maintain D. knockdown

6. occupy E. live in or use a space

7. reconstruct F. judge a building not to be safe

8. renovate G. keep in good condition

H. invent

3.4. Choose the correct words.

1. We can’t move into the house until they have developed / renovated it.

2. No one has been allowed to occupy the building since it was condemned
/ reconstructed.

3. The architect devised / demolished a clever way of keeping the house

cool in summer.

4. The tenants were offered a reduced rent if they agreed to maintain /

occupy the property.

205
3.5. WORD BUILDING: Complete the table.

Noun/Person Verb Adjective or past

participle

builder/building build

constructed

design

engineer

innovation

invent

occupy

structure

3.6. Complete the text with words from 3.5.

A group of (l)i_____________________ architecturestudents has won this

years Timber Bridge competition. The students’ (2)d____________________
beat 17 others. The team used an (3)i____________________approach to their
bridge which was (4)b____________________ entirely out of timber. They used
traditional (5)c____________________ methods to avoid using nails or screws.
The students demonstrated a good knowledge of fundamental
(6)e____________________ principles. They (7)c____________________ a working
model of the bridge, which (8)o____________________ an entire car park. This
allowed them to test the bridge and ensure that the
(9)s____________________ was sound.

206
4. PRONUNCIATION: (11b) Tick the correct sound for each of the letters
underlined. Listen and check your answers, then practise saying the
words correctly

1. design s z 6. housing s z

2. please s z 7. fasten s z

3. device s z 8. s z

4. devise s z destruction s z

5. s z 9. use (n) s z
residence 1o. use (v)

207
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases / clauses Words / Phrases / Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Vật liệu cần thiết UK /məˈtɪə.ri.əl/

cho dự án này là US /məˈtɪr.i.əl/
bê tông, gạch,
thép và gỗ.

2 Chúng tôi có UK /ˈstɔː.ri/

nhiều lựa chọn US /ˈstɔːr.i/
khác nhau, từ các
tòa nhà một
hoặc hai tầng
đến nhiều tầng.

3 Tòa nhà một trăm UK

năm tuổi có thiết /trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/
kế truyền thống. US /trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/

4 Mọi thứ đều được UK

điều khiển thông /ˌsteɪt.əv.ðiːˈɑːt/
qua hệ thống US
máy tính hiện đại /ˌsteɪt.əv.ðiːˈɑːrt/
nhất.

208
5 Phòng ngủ của UK /kræmpt/
tôi hơi chật chội. US /kræmpt/

6 Khóa 5-6 ở Izone UK /bɪld/

được thiết kế để US /bɪld/
xây dựng sự tự
tin của bạn trong
phần sử dụng từ
vựng

7 Không cần mua UK /ˈfɜː.nɪʃ/

nội thất mới vì US /ˈfɝː.nɪʃ/
căn hộ đã được
trang bị đầy đủ.

8 Thang máy được UK

sử dụng nhiều /ˈskaɪˌskreɪ.pər/
trong các tòa US
nhà chọc trời. /ˈskaɪˌskreɪ.pɚ/

9 Chúng tôi muốn UK /driːm/

ngôi nhà mơ ước US /driːm/
của mình có
nhiều cửa sổ.

2. General Vocabulary

209
 Phrases / clauses Words / Phrases / Pronunciation
(Vie) phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Căn hộ này có UK /ˈpɜː.pəs/

không gian phù US /ˈpɝː.pəs/
hợp với mọi mục
đích.

2 Một nét điển UK /ˈtɪp.ɪ.kəl/

hình/thường US /ˈtɪp.ɪ.kəl/
thấy của các ngôi
nhà ở Việt Nam là
có ban công

3 Đa số người dân UK
Hà Nội sống /məˈdʒɒr.ə.ti/
trong các khu US
chung cư. /məˈdʒɑː.rə.t̬i/

4 Hầu hết cư dân UK /ˈdwel.ər/

thành phố thích US /ˈdwel.ɚ/
chung cư hơn là
nhà riêng.

Hint - nhà riêng -

separate house

5 Với (diện tích) đất UK /ˈɡɪv.ən/

hạn chế, việc mua US /ˈɡɪv.ən/
căn hộ sẽ rẻ hơn
nhiều mua nhà

210
7 Chúng tôi ngay
lập tức nghĩ ra
giải pháp để giải
quyết vấn đề.

8 Căn nhà đã US /ˈɑːkjupaɪ/

không được có ai UK /ˈɑːkjupaɪ/
ở trong nhiều
tháng rồi

Hint - sử dụng
câu bị động

9 Tòa nhà cũ đã bị UK /dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/

phá bỏ và bị thay US /dɪˈmɑː.lɪʃ/
thế bằng một
trung tâm mua
sắm.

10 Tốn rất nhiều chi UK

phí để duy trì /ˈmeɪn.tən.əns/
một ngôi nhà lớn. US
/ˈmeɪn.tən.əns/

211
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ phrases (Vie) Words/ phrases (Eng) Pronunciation

- in bold

1 Đó là một tòa nhà một UK /ˈlev.əl/

tầng, vì vậy tất cả các
It’s a single-storey building, US /ˈlev.əl/
phòng đều ở cùng một so the rooms are all
tầng. ___________.

2 Cần rất nhiều tiền để UK /bɪld/

It takes lots of money to
xây nhà. US /bɪld/
___________.

3 Hà Nội là nhà của gần UK /həʊm/

Hanoi ___________ almost
10 triệu người.
10 million people. US /hoʊm/

4 Thị trường bất động UK /ˈprɒp.ə.ti/

sản cung cấp cho bạn US /ˈprɑː.pɚ.t̬i/
một khoản đầu tư ___________ offers you an
trong tương lai. investment for the future.

5 Bảo tàng này đang UK

được xây dựng lại. /ˌriː.kənˈstrʌkt/

US
This museum is _________. /ˌriː.kənˈstrʌkt/

6 Chúng tôi cải tạo UK /ˈren.ə.veɪt/

We ‘ve __________ the

212
 phòng ngủ thành một bedroom into an entirely US /ˈren.ə.veɪt/
không gian hoàn toàn new space.
mới.

7 Căn hộ này có tất cả UK /ˈmɒd.ən/

This apartment has
những tiện nghi. US /ˈmɑː.dɚn/
__________.

8 Bạn cần cung cấp địa UK

chỉ cố định của bạn /ˈpɜː.mə.nənt/
You need to provide your
càng sớm càng tốt.
_________ as soon as US
possible. /ˈpɝː.mə.nənt/

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ phrases (Vie) Words/phrases (Eng) Pronunciation

- in bold

1 Những ngôi nhà trong UK

khu vực này rất có cá /ˈkær.ək.tər/
The houses in this area
tính. US /ˈker.ək.tɚ/
___________.

2 Tôi dành rất nhiều thời I spend a lot of time in the UK /ˈeə.ri/
gian trong phòng khách living room because it is so US /ˈer.i/
bởi vì nó rất thoáng. ___________.

3 Sống trong một chỗ ở UK

thuê không nhất thiết
Living in a rented
là một điều tồi tệ.
accommodation is
___________.
/ˈnes.ə.ser.ɪl.i/
US
/ˈnes.ə.ser.ɪl.i/

4 Không dễ dàng để UK /ˈbaɪ.ər/

những người mua lần US /ˈbaɪ.ɚ/
đầu mua nhà riêng của It isn’t easy for ___________
họ. to buy their own home.

213
5 Đặc điểm của các UK
thành phố của Việt Nam /ˈkær.ək.tər/
___________ Vietnamese
rất khác nhau. US /ˈker.ək.tɚ/
cities is very different.

6 Các kiến trúc sư đã phát UK /ɪnˈvent/

minh ra một cách để Architects have __________ US /ɪnˈvent/
giữ cho ngôi nhà mát a way to keep the house
mẻ vào mùa hè. cool in summer.

7 Chúng tôi đã đặt cọc UK /dɪˈpɒz.ɪt/

cho một ngôi nhà vào We ____________ on a US /dɪˈpɑː.zɪt/
năm ngoái. house last year.

8 Nếu bạn muốn thuê UK /ədˈvɑːns/

một nơi, bạn sẽ phải trả US /ədˈvæns/
tiền trước.

If you want to rent a place,

you will have to pay
____________.

214
 IV. QUESTION
TASK 1 & 3
1. Can you tell me about the place where you live?

2. What is your ideal/dream home?

3. What is your favorite room in your house? Why?

4. Would you change anything about your home? Why / why not?

5. Would you prefer to live in a flat/apartment or a house? Why?

6. What kinds of accommodations do most people live in your city?

7. Is it better to own your own home or to rent?

8. How easy is it to find a place to live in your country?

Questions Idea

1. Can you tell Option 1 - House

me about the
● Location: to be located / situated in…
place where
● Style: old, traditional, modern design
you live?
● Structure: single-storey, two-storey, multi-storey,

● Optional

○ Materials: concrete, brick, steel, timber

Option 2 - apartment/flat

○ apartment block/building [name of building]

- high rise building /low-rise building. located /

situated in …

215
 ● Style: old, traditional, modern design, …. built in +
[time]

2. What is your Option 1: Apartment

ideal/dream
● Dream home
home?
○ Flat / apartment - high rise building

○ OR Penthouse, top floor, apartment building

● A mix - traditional and modern design;

○ material: mainly wood and glass

○ High-end wooden flooring (sàn lát gỗ cao cấp)

○ Walls, made of, glass

● Roomy - suit every purpose

● Fully furnished

○ - brand new furniture;

○ state-of-the-art appliances (thiết bị gia dụng)

○ Can’t afford right now

○ Hope, able to, buy, in future

Option 2: House

● a multi-storey house/a villa

● ultra modern design (Siêu hiện đại)

○ with, mod cons

○ newly invented/devised technologies/latest

technologies

● Smart home -

○ everything, control through, state-of-the-art,

computer system

● Extraordinary view, surrounding area

Such, house, universal appeal, everyone

216
3. What is your ● Favorite - bedroom/living room
favorite room
● If it’s small
in your home?
○ Favorite room - Not necessarily spacious/Not have
Why?
to, spacious

○ - actually quite cramped; but cozy (nhỏ & ấm cúng)

● If it’s big

○ spacious

○ Have enough room/space, suit every purpose

● Big window - alive and airy

● Spend the majority of my time

4. Would you Option 1 - change the kitchen (sửa bếp)

change
● Demolish walls; Expand kitchen - a bit cramped
anything
● Use - family gatherings - spend the majority of time;
about your
nice - if more spacious
home? Why /
why not? ● Come up with - new modern design

Option 2 - change the …

● Answers may vary, so there are no hints for this

Option. But you may find the followings useful

● Interior design - thiết kế nội thất; Exterior design -

thiết kế ngoại thất

○ Paint - sơn nhà

○ Bathroom - nhà tắm

○ Renovate & modernize the house - …..sửa sang và

tân trang lại

Option 3 - not change anything

● Not perfect

217
 ● But family & I, share, happy moment, endure
throughout childhood

● Love it the way it is

5. Would you When it comes to… dream home

prefer to live in Option 1 A flat:
a
● It’s typical of apartments blocks - better security,
flat/apartment
houses
or a house?
Why? ○ better sense of safety/feel safe

● Room - on the same level/floor;

○ Not have to walk up and down the floors

● big houses - difficult to maintain

○ Larger square area (diện tích)

○ By comparison, apartment, fairly, inexpensive,

maintain

Option 2 A house:

● Separate house - spacious / alive and airy

○ more room/space for activities

○ suit every purpose (.e.g. partying, family

gatherings..)

○ By comparison, apartments, cramped

● Offer - sense of ownership

○ freedom to renovate / reconstruct

● Apartments - not have a lot of character

○ all apartments, building, look, same (exterior

design)

○ No/little character

218
 ● No monthly expenses

○ In apartment blocks, monthly maintenance

charge/fee

○ No such fees, your house

6. What kinds ● Previously/before

of
○ most people, live in, house
accommodatio
● Now
ns do most
people live in ○ Apartment blocks; home to - the majority of city
your city? dwellers

● apartments

○ safe, convenient,...

○ No need - maintain or renovate all the time

○ Given the limited land, generally speaking, -

cheaper

○ -> preference for apartment, rather, than house

7. Is it better to ● It depends - both have advantages

own your own
● If, not have, money
home or to
○ Renting - not necessarily a bad thing;
rent?
○ It means -

■ put down a deposit, a large sum of money ->

get in debt (mắc nợ) later, especially young
couples

● If, can afford, a house

○ Should, buy house - a permanent home -> more

stable

○ property market, offers,investment, future

219
8. How easy is ● It depends
it to find a
● Not necessarily too hard
place to live in
● - most people; a place to occupy
your country?
● Difficult - first time buyers - struggle

● It depends

● For people, in 30s or 40s

○ not necessarily too hard

○ most, age group, have, decent accommodation

● For young couples, in mid 20s

○ mostly first-time buyers

○ struggle, save enough money

TASK 2
Describe a house or an apartment you would like to live in.

You should say:

- what kind of accommodation it would be

- where it would be

- who would live there with you

- say why you would enjoy living in this place

Idea Answers

Lead in

● At present

○ Share home - family

members/friends

220
 ○ A bit cramped

○ Find, uncomfortable/
inconvenient, but cannot,
afford, bigger house.

○ In future, when make, good

living, wish, move, big
house/apartment

Option 1 - A house

● Dream house

○ a large multiple-storey
detached house - modern
design;

○ state-of-the-art technologies

■ voice command (điều

khiển bằng giọng nói)

■ Lift/elevator, move
between, floor/level

■ Smart TV, dishwasher

(máy rửa bát) …

● Located heart of the city

○ easy commute

○ close to shopping
malls/Vincom center

○ close to restaurants

■ not skip meals, when, no

time to cook.

● Spacious rooms

221
 ○ Big enough for family
gatherings/extended families
to get together

○ big windows and balconies,

fully furnished kitchen

● Open spaces

○ alive and airy

○ suit many purposes:

gardening, playing sports

● Work hard & save money

○ Hope, one day, put down a

deposit, dream home

○ Like a dream come true

Option 2 - A high-end apartment

● Dream home;

○ like the majority of city

dwellers

○ occupy, high-end apartment,

high rise building

○ Only, those, lead an abundant

life, can afford

● Located - heart of the city;

○ easy commute

○ close to shopping
malls/Vincom center

○ close to restaurants

222
 ○ not skip meals, when, no time
to cook.

● scenic city view - skyscrapers

● Not necessarily too big - cozy;

○ 3 spacious bedrooms;

○ fully furnished kitchen -

modern design

● All the mod cons:

○ washing machine,
dishwasher, smart fridge

○ voice command (điều khiển

bằng giọng nói)

● In the far future

○ Build a house - lifelong

dream/ambition

○ Set a goal to - build up

savings; put down a deposit -
next 10 years

223
UNIT 12 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Telecommunications, computers and technology

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Telecommunications
1.1. Before you listen, answer these questions

1. Do you have: a mobile phone; a laptop computer; a portable

music device; an email address?

Mobile phone/Laptop: Yes, actually I suppose everybody has a cell

phone and a laptop these days. Due to the fierce competition between
mobile phone providers and laptop manufacturers, these technological
gadgets have become more affordable than ever, so much so that, as a
student with little income, an average Smartphone is within my budget.

2. How long have you had it/them?

I have been using the phone for 2 years and I find it outstanding as it
offers me a wide variety of functions I could use.

● Offers me a wide variety of functions

I purchased my new laptop recently. I was lucky enough to get the laptop I
wanted when it was on sale last month. I don’t think I’ll get another one for
the next 2 to 3 years.

224
 3. If you need to connect to the Internet, what do you use? How
long does it take you?

Mobile phone: I guess if I have to pick the most handy function, I’d
have to choose its 3G/4G technology – a technology allowing its users to
access the Internet anytime anywhere at a very inexpensive monthly
fee/charge. The speed is not that fast, but it’s good enough for me.

4. How would you describe the technology you use?

A. up-to-date B. dated C. state-of-the-art

5. How do you prefer to stay in touch with people?

A. by post B. by email C. by phone

1.2. (Audio 12a) Listen to a conversation about two different mobile

phones and say whether the questions below apply to

A. the Smartphone

B. the Optima

C. both the Smartphone and the Optima.

Which phone

1. is small? ______(A) compact _________

2. is easy to use? _____________________

3. has normal phone buttons? _____________________

4. shows a calendar without being asked? _____________________

5. has the most up-to-date technology? _____________________

6. can obtain information from the Internet? _____________________

1.3. (Audio 12a) Now listen again and next to your answers in 1.2 write
the words that paraphrase the underlined words.

1.4. Complete the crossword with words from the recording

225
Across

1. easy to use

3. open a computer file

6. move up or down on a screen

7. work a machine

9. the keys on a computer, typewriter or piano

11. an an action or purpose something is designed for

Down

2. show on a screen

4. have specific tools

5. save or keep safe

8. the part of a computer that stores information

10. information

1.5. Listen to five people speaking. Each one has forgotten the name for
something. What is the word they need to use?

Speaker A: I use my _____________________ every day

Speaker B: I use my computer as a _____________________

Speaker C: I would like to get a _____________________

226
Speaker D: I can’t imagine what it was like without _____________________

Speaker E: I would love to get my mother a _____________________

Which two of the words you have used needed the suffix -or?

Computers and technology

2.1. Read this article and then look at the statements below. Write Kes if
the statement agrees with the opinions in the text and No if it
contradicts them. Underline the part of the text that gave you your
answer.

Has the present lived up to the expectations of the past? Throughout

the ages people have tried to predict what life in the twenty-first century
would be like. Many science-fiction writers did manage to predict the
influence the computer would have on our world. Some even imagined
that it would take over our lives, develop a personality, and turn on its
creators. To some extent they were right, especially when it comes to
children and cyber addiction. One constant prediction was that, thanks to
computers and machines, the time devoted to labour would diminish. Even
in 1971, in his book Future Shock, Alvin Toffler envisaged a society awash
with 'free time1.The author noted that time at work had been cut in half
since the turn of the previous century and wrongly speculated that it
would be cut in half again by 2000.

However, our gadget-filled homes are a tribute to the various visions

of the future: the microwave oven, internet fridges with ice-cube
dispensers, freezers, video monitors, climate control, dishwashers, washing
machines, personal computers, wireless connections and cupboards full of
instant food. These may no longer be considered cutting-edge but they
have matched, if not surpassed, visions of how we would live. The domestic
robot never quite happened, but if you can phone ahead to set the heating
and use a remote control to operate the garage door, they may as well be
redundant.

The car, of course, has failed to live up to our expectations. It has been
given turbo engines, DVD players and automatic windows, but its tyres
stick stubbornly to the road. Why doesn't it take off?The past promised us a

227
flying car in various guises. In 1947 a prototype circled San Diego for more
than an hour but later crashed in the desert. Some 30 patents for flying
cars were registered in the US patent office last century but none of these
ideas has been transformed into a commercially available vehicle.

At least communication technology in this digital age hasn’t let us

down. Even in the most remote areas people have access to some form of
communication device. The introduction of the telephone last century
changed our world, but today’s mobile phones and the virtual world of the
Internet have revolutionised it.

1. A modern problem proves that computers are dominating our lives in

some way. ___Yes___

2. Alan Toffler’s predictions have been proven true ___________________

3. Household gadgets today have been a disappointment

___________________

4. We have enough gadgets now to make robots unnecessary in the home

___________________

5. Today’s cars have fulfilled all predictions ___________________

6. The mobile phone and the Internet have changed our world for the
better ___________________

2.2. Now match the words in bold in the text with these definitions.

1. guessed ___________________

2. a machine invented for a specific purpose (x 2) _____________

______________

3. the first working example of a machine ___________________

4. almost real ___________________

5. very modern ___________________

6. be greater than expected ___________________

7. relating to computers ___________________

8. a screen that images can be seen on ___________________

228
9. an adjective used to describe anything related to computers
___________________

2.3. COMPOUND WORDS. Match a word from box A with a word from
box B and use the compound words to complete the sentences below

automatic cyber labour

silicon wireless remote

chip connection control

saving space pilot

l. I can access the Internet from anywhere in my house because my laptop

has a _____________________

2. The invention of the _____________________ made watching television an

even more passive experience.

3. In my view the dishwasher is one of the greatest _____________________

devices.

4. People often talk about emails and text messages being lost in
_____________________ as if it were a real place.

5. Even flying a plane has been automated now. The _____________________ is

used for most of the flight.

6. The invention of the _____________________ meant that computers could

be much smaller.

2.4. Correct the mistakes in the text. Use ONE WORD only. Hyphenated
words (e.g. state-of-the-art ) count as one word.

229
 Today’s (1)advance technology has brought many benefits. For
example, nowadays we have many (2)small tools that can save time in the
home and, if you have access (3)with a computer and a telephone
(4)connect then you can work almost anywhere you choose. What is more,
modern software (5)programmes are so user-friendly that you don’t even
need a great deal of computer knowledge to be able to (6)play them.

However, there are some disadvantages to the (7)technology era. For

example, people today want to have the very (8)last technology but, as new
technology dates very quickly, an increasing amount of computer
hardware is being dumped. This adds to our already serious pollution
problems. Furthermore, (9)computerise has led to fewer jobs and less
human contact as many everyday transactions are now done (10)with
computer rather than manually.

1. _____advanced__________ 6. _______________________

2. _______________________ 7. _______________________

3. _______________________ 8. _______________________

4. _______________________ 9. _______________________

5. _______________________ 10. _______________________

Error warning

Note the following spellings of the word program -, computer program

(UK and US spelling), television programme (UK spelling only). Note the
different forms of computer: computerise (verb); computerisation (noun);
computerised (adj): We use a computerised system. NOT a computerise
system. Automated can be used in a similar way, but includes machines
as well as computers: Our processing system is fully automated. We talk
about the computer era, the digital era or the technological era. NOT the
technology era.

230
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Những thiết bị UK
công nghệ này /ˌtek.nəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.k
đang trở nên rẻ əl/ US
hơn bao giờ hết /ˌtek.nəˈlɑː.dʒɪ.k
əl/

2 thế giới ảo trên UK /ˈvɝː.tʃu.əl/

Internet (mà US /ˈvɝː.tʃu.əl/
Internet tạo ra)
đã thay đổi thế
giới một cách
đáng kể

3 Máy ảnh phim UK /ˈdeɪ.tɪd/

này thật lỗi thời US /ˈdeɪ.t̬ɪd/

4 Bạn nghĩ giao UK

diện của /ˌjuː.zɚˈfrend.li/
Macbook có đủ US
thân thiện với /ˌjuː.zɚˈfrend.li/
người dùng

231
 không?

Hint: giao diện -

interface

5 Chính phủ nên UK /saɪ.bər-/

thêm các luật US /saɪ.bɚ-/
để răn đe tội
phạm công
nghệ cao

Hint: răn đe (v)

deter

6 Những thứ này UK /ˌkʌt.ɪŋ

có thể không ˈedʒ/
còn được coi là US /ˌkʌt̬ .ɪŋ
công nghệ tân ˈedʒ/
tiến nữa

7 Vi tính hoá đã UK
dẫn đến ít việc /kəmˌpjuː.tər.aɪˈ
làm và ít tương zeɪ.ʃən/ US
tác người với /kəmˌpjuː.t̬ɚ.əˈz
người hơn eɪ.ʃən/

8 Nó là chiếc điện UK /reɪndʒ/

thoại thông US /reɪndʒ/

232
 minh cao cấp/
tầm trung/
hạng thấp của
Sony

9 Nhưng nó UK
không có bất cứ /ˈbreɪk.θruː/
bước đột US /ˈbreɪk.θruː/
phá/sự đột phá
trong công
nghệ nào cả

10 Nếu/chỉ cần bạn UK /ˈæk.ses/

có thể sử US /ˈæk.ses/
dụng/có thể
truy cập vào
máy tính thì
bạn có thể làm
việc ở gần như
bất cứ nơi nào

11 Tôi thấy đây là UK /tʌtʃ/

cách rất tiện để US /tʌtʃ/
giữ liên lạc với
bạn bè

12 Tôi chưa gặp UK /kiːp/

anh ấy từ lâu và US /kiːp/
muốn cập nhập
được (bắt kịp
với) cuộc sống

233
 của anh ấy

13 Ngày nay, công UK /ədˈvɑːnst/

nghệ tiên tiến US /ədˈvænst/
đã mang lại
nhiều lợi ích

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/clauses Words/phrases Phrases/clauses Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold (Eng)

1 Do sự cạnh UK /fɪəs/
tranh dữ dội US /fɪrs/
giữa các công ty
di động, điện
thoại đã trở nên
rẻ hơn

2 Kết nối internet UK /əˈfɔːdəbl/

đã trở nên vừa US
phải, phải /əˈfɔr·də·bəl,
chăng ( nói về əˈfoʊr-/
giá cả, tiền
thuê nhà…) qua
các năm

3 một chiếc điện UK /ˈbʌdʒ.ɪt/

thoại thông US /ˈbʌdʒ.ɪt/
minh tầm trung
nằm trong khả
năng (chi trả)

234
 tôi được

4 Nó (cung cấp) UK
cho tôi rất /vəˈraɪ.ə.t̬i/
nhiều (một US /vəˈraɪ.ə.t̬i/
lượng đa dạng)
các ứng dụng
mà tôi có thể sử
dụng được

5 laptop của tôi có UK /ˈfiː.tʃər/

đủ các đặc US /ˈfiː.tʃɚ/
điểm(noun) của
một chiếc
laptop bình
thường

6 Giá đó là tốt cho UK /ˈdiː.sənt/

một chiếc US /ˈdiː.sənt/
laptop tử tế/vừa
phải

7 bạn không cần UK /diːl/

nhiều + kiến US /diːl/
thức về máy
tính để có thể
dùng chúng

Hint - từ nhiều
ở đây

235
(1) có sắc thái
formal
hơn “a lot
of” & có
thể dùng
trong
Writing

(2) Đi với
danh từ
không
đếm được.

236
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 đang giảm I was lucky enough to get the UK /seɪl/

giá/đang được laptop I wanted when it was US /seɪl/
bán ______ last month

2 Một từ khác I guess if I have to pick the most UK /ˈhæn.di/

ngoài _______ function, I’d have to US /ˈhæn.di/
convenient cho choose its 3G/4G technology
tiện lợi

3 giữ sạc cắm My laptop is excellent in battery UK /plʌɡ/

(không rút ra) life, which means that I don’t US /plʌɡ/
always have to ________ all the
time.

4 phí hàng tháng a technology allowing its users to UK

không đắt (phí access the Internet anytime /ˌɪn.ɪkˈspen.sɪv/
cố định) anywhere at a/an _______ US
/ˌɪn.ɪkˈspen.sɪv/

5 nhỏ gọn >< to Well I prefer this phone because UK

lớn, kềnh càng it is so _______. I find the others a /kəmˈpækt/
(đồ vật) bit _____ for my hand. US
/kəmˈpækt/

6 bàn phím điện the smartphone has a standard UK

thoại ________, and I really find them /ˈstæn.dəd/
awkward to use when I’m US

237
 sending messages /ˈstæn.dɚd/

7 công nghệ mới A lot of people want to the UK /ˈleɪ.tɪst/

nhất ________ whether it’s a new US /ˈleɪ.t̬ɪst/
phone or laptop

8 màn hình He just bought a new computer UK

________since his last one was /ˈmɒn.ɪ.tər/
broken US
/ˈmɑː.nə.t̬ɚ/

9 mẫu thử/mẫu The past promised us a flying car. UK

đầu tiên In 1947 a ______ circled San Diego /ˈprəʊ.tə.taɪp/
for more than an hour US
/ˈproʊ.t̬ə.taɪp/

10 điều khiển tử xa you can use the phone as a _____ UK /rɪˈməʊt/

to open the garage door US /rɪˈmoʊt//

11 một phương I would often go on Facebook to UK /miːnz/

tiện để giữ liên check my friends’ status. I find US /miːnz/
lạc this an incredibly convenient
________ with my friends

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases (Vie)

1 không The speed is______ fast, but it’s UK /ðæt/

….lăm/không good enough for me. US /ðæt/
…….. đến thế
đâu (not that

238
 + adj)

2 thời điểm The author noted that time at UK /ˈpriː.vi.əs/

chuyển giao work had been cut in half since US /ˈpriː.vi.əs/
của thế kỉ ________
trước

3 phỏng đoán It was wrongly _________that it UK /ˈspek.jə.leɪt/

would be cut in half again by US /ˈspek.jə.leɪt/
2000

4 sự ra đời của _________the telephone last UK

century changed our world /ˌɪn.trəˈdʌk.ʃən/

US /ˌɪn.trəˈdʌk.ʃən/

5 lúng I really find them ________ to use UK /ˌhɒr.ɪˈzɒn.təl/

túng/vụng về when I’m sending messages. US /ˌhɔːr.ɪˈzɑːn.t̬əl/

6 bằng chứng Our gadget-filled homes are UK /ˈkɒŋ.kər/

(cho cái gì) _______the powerful impact of US /ˈkɑːŋ.kɚ/
technology

7 làm ai thất Communication technology in UK /daʊn/

vọng the digital age has not _________ US /daʊn/

8 có hình chữ My cell phone is ________ similar UK

nhật to other smartphones /rekˈtæŋ.ɡjə.lər/

US /rekˈtæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/

9 kết hợp mỗi It does not have any special or UK

thứ có một tý breakthrough technologies /ˌkɒm.bɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
really, but it’s a ____________. US

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 /ˌkɑːm.bəˈneɪ.ʃən/

IV. Questions
1. Task 1,3:
1. What‘s your favorite technological device?

2. How often do you use that gadget/device?

3. What would you say is the most convenient function of your

laptop/phone?

4. How do you prefer to stay in touch with people?

5. Do you prefer the smartphone or traditional phone?

6. Has cutting-edge technology made a significant impact on the

labour force?

7. Is the means of communication today different from how it was in

the past?

8. Are there any disadvantages associated with the rapid pace of

technological advance?

Questions Idea

1. What‘s Option 1 - Smartphone

your favorite
● high-end (E.g. Iphone) /mid-range/low-end (Xiaomi…)
technologica phone
l device?
● by Apple/Samsung/Sony…

● Like, other phone, rectangular (in shape)

● like compact phone rather bulky (or prefer)

● get, birthday gift/ buy using savings (within budget)/

graduation gift…

● on phone all the time (tiktok, Facebook)...

240
 Option 2 - laptop/PC

● (1) Macbook & other premium laptops (premium - xịn,

cao cấp)

○ high-end

○ cutting-edge technology

● (2) other laptops

○ Mid-range

○ Low-end, but quite decent a laptop

○ No cutting-edge technology, but a good

combination of everything

● Both

○ A variety of things

○ Work - nice keyboard - good typing experience

○ entertainment - nice monitor/screen, enjoyable to

watch movies/series

2. How often Phone

do you use
● Use daily (basis)
that
● offer a wide variety benefits
gadget/devic
e? ○ access internet

○ Come in handy when; search information

○ keep in touch with friends

○ Facebook & Instagram…

○ entertainment: movies, music, games

Laptop

Use daily (basis)

● Macbook

○ breakthrough, computer world

241
 ○ At first, find MacOS awkward to use

○ But get used to it; over time

● Other laptops

○ Quite a decent/good one

○ Windows - user-friendly interface

● Both

○ With, laptop & internet access

○ Find, great deal of information, on Internet

○ Do homework/assignment & study online OR Work

on it

○ Nice screen, monitor; enjoyable to watch movies &

series

3. What Phone
would you
● most handy function: 3G/4G
say is the
● allow; me, Internet access:
most
convenient ○ surf the Web
function of ○ look up information,
your
○ read online news
laptop/phon
e? ○ Anytime, anywhere -> convenient

● monthly charge/fee

○ used to, expensive

○ but fierce competitions between service providers

(Vinaphone, Viettel..)

○ make it affordable/inexpensive, users

○ speed not that fast but enough

● Optional: 5G/6G prototype, being tested, in some

countries

242
 ○ Hope to experience it, future

Laptop

● strong battery/excellent in battery life

○ can go long hours without charging

○ not have to keep charger plugged in

● Good cyber security

○ Go online a lot

○ Identity leaded -> information, stolen

○ Good anti-virus software -> prevent the risk

○ .. is strong battery. It can go long hours without

charging, so that I don’t have to keep my charger
plugged in all the time

4. How do ● Advanced technology, result in/give birth to, many

you prefer to means of communication, especially through Internet
stay in touch
○ Examples - Facebook, Instagram, Zalo, Snapchat
with people?
● keep/stay in touch , friends, through these means

○ Much, fast & convenient; than traditional means

○ easily keep up with people’s lives

○ just take - click of a button

5. Do you ● Prefer smartphone, because, convenience

prefer the
○ slightly difficult, use at first; but easy enough, get
smartphone used to
or traditional
○ Suit every purpose
phone?
● Internet access -> do a variety of, thing

○ lots. function, like, take photos, record videos…

○ Unthinkable to live without phone, even, a day

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 ● Optional - waiting for Iphone (12, 13, 14…) Samsung Note
… ,go on sale -> get myself one

● Prefer traditional phone

○ smartphones, getting bulkier and bulkier ,

■ hard to hold/not fit hand

■ (while, in comparison) traditional phones

compact

○ tricky operate smartphone,

■ traditional phone more user-friendly

○ only use phone, calls and messages

■ no need,fancy function

6. Has ● Yes, it has

cutting-edge
● Thanks, latest technology, computerization
technology
○ Time, spend, manual labour, diminish/reduce
made a
significant ● Proof/evidence: time at work, cut in half
impact on ○ since, turn of previous century
the labour
● Machine, replace, human, dangerous job
force?
○ For safety, performed though, remote control

● Optional -

○ Computerization/Automation (tự động hoá)

○ Result in higher productivity & higher product

quality

7. Is the ● Yes, the way, communicate,

means of
○ change a great deal/transform, since turn of
communicati previous century latest technology not let us down
on today
● before/previously
different

244
from how it ○ /hard to communicate people, remote areas
was in the
○ Even, when possible, very difficult and/or expensive
past?
● Now

○ introduction of telephone change the world

■ Call someone half a world away

○ then introduction of internet -

■ connect with everyone through virtual world

8. Are there Chọn 1 trong vài ý tưởng sau để nói - bạn không cần
any dùng hết
disadvantag
● (1) technology dates quickly
es associated
○ computer hardware get dumped
with the
rapid pace of ○ adds to pollution problem
technologica ○ Cost money to replace
l advance?
● (2) Less face-to-face (trực tiếp, tận mặt) communication

○ Online communication, replace face-to-face

interaction

○ Less human contact

○ -> fall out of touch

● (3) Computerization & automation

○ Machine, perform, what, once, human’s job

○ Experts, speculate, many, out of job

● (4) Cyber issues

○ Cyberbullying - more common

○ Cybercrime - on the rise (đang tăng)

Techniques

Tại buổi 7 & Buổi 9 chúng ta đã học các set liên từ có thể
sử dụng khi nói nhiều ý

245
 Firstly, secondly, finally

For one….; for another ….; Last but not least ….

2. Task 2
Describe a technological item you have bought recently

You should say:

● What you bought

● What it looks like

● Why you bought it

Say whether you’re please with your purchase

Idea Answers

● not expert in technology

Pick one

○ (1) but like, keep up with

technology trend, from time to
time

○ (2) only care, how, gadget, look,

rather, function

● old phone

○ broken (hỏng)

○ battery weak,

○ often have to keep phone

plugged in -> replace

● recently buy new

Iphone… /Samsung Note … (any
other high-end phone)

246
 ○ usually not affordable

○ student, with little, income and

savings

○ high-end phone not within

budget

○ save up, a long time

● Design

○ love,design,

○ very sleek, up-to-date

○ rectangular in shape,

○ not very compact, but fit in,

hand

○ compare to, bulky old phone,

very awkward to hold

● Function

○ Latest/cutting-edge technology

○ offer a wide variety of functions

and features,

○ Nice camera - high quality photos

○ Good web-surfing experience

● Your experience

○ only use it for a week but in love

○ so convenient, much faster,

stronger battery

○ very good purchase,

○ hope use it long time

247
 Unit 13 - THE MODERN WORLD -
VOCABULARY
Topic: Globalisation, changing attitudes and trends

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Globalisation
1.1 Answer these questions.

1. How many of the following brand names do you know?

Nike Sony CocaCola Levi's Versace Gucci Adidas

2. Can you name the countries these companies are from?

3. Can you name a product or brand from your country that is well known
in other countries?

1.2 (Audio 13a) Listen to two people, Amy and Bill, discussing
globalisation. Who expresses the following opinions?

Write A for Amy and B for Bill.

1. Globalisation could harm the regional way of life ________

2. Globalisation can help people who live within a small area ________

3. Worldwide, more people eat traditional food than fast food ________

4. People can enjoy products from many different cultures today ________

5. Large overseas companies have control over the non-alcoholic drink

market ______

248
6. If not for globalisation, companies from different countries would not
join together to do business ________

7. People who travel prefer to see unusual and exciting things instead of
symbols used by big companies________

8. Experiencing something from another country does not take away your
feeling of belonging to your country________

9. A range of different cultures can be reflected in food bought

overseas________

10. No single company has complete control over the fashion

industry________

1.3 (Audio 13a) Now listen again and write the words or phrases from the
conversation that mean the same as the words in bold in 1.2.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

1.4 WORD BUILDING

Complete the table.

Noun Adjective

culture ethnic

globalisation

modern

multicultural

nation

249
 urban

250
Changing attitudes and trends
2.1 Read the article and then look at the statements below. Write

Yes if the statement agrees with the opinions in the text and

No if it contradicts them. Underline the part of the text that gave you
your answer.

The past 40 years have seen astounding developments: globalisation, the

end of the Cold War, the Internet. The next 40 years may bring even more
profound changes. In order to predict the future we must first examine the
past. Historians see history as being driven by a combination of cumulative
long-term trends and short to mid-term cycles, each of which contains the
seeds of a subsequent but familiar situation. There have been many
projections about the future which, with the benefit of hindsight, seem
rather ridiculous. Who can forget the predictions about the Y2K bug when
commentators believed that societies would collapse and satellites would
fall from the sky? Unfortunately, as a result, many people today are more
skeptical about current predictions concerning global warming.

One of the few areas in which long-term trends can be clearly seen is
demographic statistics. These indicate that the population of the world will
increase to about eight billion in 2026 and continue to rise to nine billion by
2050, after which it will flatten out. Some societies have birth rates that are
already locking their populations into absolute decline. Not only will the
populations of each of these societies dwindle, but an increasing
proportion will be moving into old age, when they are less productive and

251
use more health resources. However, the weakness of all such predictions is
that humans meddle with their own history. Predictions about the future
affect how humans act or plan today and ultimately how events unfold. The
challenge is to pick the trends that are likely to be prolonged , but to also
factor in human influence.

1. A cycle is usually repeated at some time in the future. yes

2. We can look back and understand past predictions.______

3. Past predictions have caused people to firmly believe in current

predictions.______

4. Population figures can be predicted quite accurately.______

5. Some countries are predicted to experience a total decline in

population.______

6. The percentage of elderly people will dwindle in some countries. ______

7. Elderly people work less.______

8. To make accurate predictions we need to take into account the effect

people have on their environment.______

2.2 Look at the words in bold in the eight statements and find the
words or phrases in the text that are similar in meaning, or the
opposite. The first one has been done for you.

1. in the future - subsequent

2. ____________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________________

5. (x2)_________________________________________________________________

6. (x2)_________________________________________________________________

7. ____________________________________________________________________

8. (x2)__________________________________________________________________

252
Error warning: Percent is the word form of the symbol %. We can write
20% or 20 percent. Percentage is the noun form: The percentage of
women in Parliament increased in 2001. NOT The percent of women ...

2.3 Correct the six mistakes in the text. Use the information in unit 23 to
help you.

The graph displays the actual projected population figures of 2101. The
percent of people aged 15-24 is predicted to fall significantly during this
period, while there will be an increase of the percentage of people aged
55-64. In 2002, just under 15 percent of the population was aged between
15 and 24, while in 2101 this is predicted to drop in approximately 10 percent.

1. shows

2.______________________

3.______________________

4.______________________

5.______________________

6.______________________

253
2.4 Complete the text with suitable words from the box.

ageing challenges compounded declining

elderly factors implications migrating

population present rates trends

Statistics show that in many countries the population will decline in

the next SO years. The population of these countries will also age
rapidly. What effect will this have on those countries?

If current (1) _________________ continue, then in some countries the

(2)___________ is expected to dwindle within the next 50 years. This problem
is (3)_________________ by the fact that not only is the number of inhabitants
diminishing, but they are also growing older. This (4)_________________
population will bring its own (5)_________________. At (6)_________________
there are sufficient younger people to earn money and pay taxes to support
the (7)_________________. However, within 50 years this will not be the case.
There are several possible (8)_________________ contributing to this problem.
First, birth (9)_________________ in these countries are clearly falling. Second,
there could be an increase in the number of people
(10)_________________away from these areas. The ageing and
(11)_________________ population is expected to have important
(12)_________________ for the labour force and the quality of everyday life.

3.1 PRONUNCIATION: Which of the patterns (A— F) matches the number

of syllables and the stress pattern of the words below? ( For example,
pattern A matches the word global because it has two syllables with a
stress on the first syllable.)

254
A B C D E F

* * * * * *

__ ___ _____ ___ _____ ____

global A culture ____ skeptical projection ____

globalisation ____ domestic ____ ____

implication ____ international ____ modernisation

____
isolation ____ local ____
national
____

multicultural
____

255
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. General Vocabulary

Phrases / clauses Words / Phrases / Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Gạo Việt Nam đã UK /wɜːld/

được xuất khẩu đi US /wɝːld/
khắp nơi trên thế
giới.

2 KFC và Lotteria là UK /tʃeɪn/

một vài trong số US /tʃeɪn/
các chuỗi nhà
hàng được ưa
chuộng nhất ở
Việt Nam.

3 Các chuỗi này UK

được sở hữu bởi /ˌmʌl.tiˈnæʃ.ən.
cùng một công ty əl/
đa quốc gia. US
/ˌmʌl.t̬iˈnæʃ.ən.
əl/

4 Thiếu đi toàn cầu UK /mɜːdʒ/

hóa, các công ty US /mɝːdʒ/
quốc tế sẽ không
thể hợp nhất/sáp
nhập.

5 Thức ăn nhanh UK /ˈləʊ.kəl/

hấp dẫn người US /ˈloʊ.kəl/
dân địa phương ở

256
 Việt Nam đến mức
độ nào?

6 Áo dài là một phần UK

của bản sắc dân /aɪˈden.tə.ti/
tộc của chúng ta. US
/aɪˈden.t̬ə.t̬i/

7 Cùng thời điểm đó, UK /ˈkʌl.tʃər/

KFC đã phải thay US /ˈkʌl.tʃɚ/
đổi thực đơn của
họ để phù hợp với
văn hóa địa
phương.

8 Điều gì sẽ xảy ra UK
nếu như các /məˈnɒp.əl.i/
thương hiệu thời US
trang đa quốc gia /məˈnɑː.pəl.i/
có sự độc quyền
với thị trường thời
trang?

9 Toàn cầu hóa cho UK

phép chúng ta /ˌmʌl.tiˈkʌl.tʃər.ə
sống một cuộc l/
sống đa văn hóa. US
/ˌmʌl.tiˈkʌl.tʃɚ.ə
l/

257
 10 Bạn có nghĩ việc UK /ˈsiː.ni.ər/
cung cấp cho US /ˈsiː.njɚ/
(nuôi) công dân
lớn tuổi là trách
UK /ˈsɪt.ɪ.zən/
nhiệm của chính
US /ˈsɪt̬ .ə.zən/
phủ không?

2. Topic related Vocabulary

Phrases / clauses Words / Phrases / Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)

1 Mỹ tâm là 1 nghệ sĩ UK /ˌwel

nổi tiếng về giọng ˈnəʊn/
hát US /ˌwel ˈnoʊn/

2 Có rất nhiều các xu UK

hướng dài hạn, mỗi /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/
trong số đó lại có US
những ý nghĩa tiếp /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/
sau/theo sau cho
tương lai

Hint -

Dài hạn (adj)

long-term

ý nghĩa (n) -
implication (n)

258
3 Thử thách là trả lời UK /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ/
đúng tất cả các câu US /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ/
hỏi trong 30 giây.

4 Chúng ta cần tính UK /əˈkaʊnt/

đến/cân nhắc đến US /əˈkaʊnt/
ảnh hưởng con
người có lên môi
trường.

5 Một trong những sản - UK /ˈkɒm.ən.li/

phẩm được sử dụng US
phổ biến của Việt /ˈkɑː.mən.li/
Nam trên thị trường
toàn cầu là cà phê.

6 Bạn nghĩ cái tên nào UK

là nổi bật nhất trên /ˈprɒm.ɪ.nənt/
thị trường Cafe Việt US
Nam hiện nay? /ˈprɑː.mə.nənt/

7 Có 7 nhà hàng Ấn Độ
cho mỗi McDonald ở
Anh.

8 Nhiều điểm hợp lý có UK /ˈfeɪ.vər/

thể được đưa ra để US /ˈfeɪ.vɚ/
ủng hộ cho toàn cầu
hóa.

9 Những dự đoán UK /ˈfɜːm.li/ US

trong quá khứ của

259
 bà về giá dầu đã /ˈfɝːm.li/
khiến mọi người tin
tưởng vào dự đoán
hiện tại của bà

10 Nhiều người ngày UK

nay hoài nghi về /ˈskep.tɪ.kəl/ US
những dự đoán hiện /ˈskep.tɪ.kəl/
tại liên quan đến
hiện tượng ấm lên
toàn cầu.

Hint - hiện tượng ấm

lên toàn cầu - Global
warming

11 Dân số già đi có thể UK /sɪˈvɪər/

gây áp lực trầm US /səˈvɪr/
trọng lên sự phát
triển của một quốc
gia. UK /ˈpreʃ.ər/

US /ˈpreʃ.ɚ/

260
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases (Vie)

1 Việt Nam là quốc Vietnam is the UK /prəˈdʌk.tɪv/

gia có năng suất _____________________________ in US /prəˈdʌk.tɪv/
cao thứ hai về sản rice production.
xuất lúa gạo.

2 Bạn có thể tìm You can find Trung Nguyen UK /ˈvɜː.tʃu.ə.li/

thấy cà phê Trung coffee ________________ in the US /ˈvɝː.tʃu.ə.li/
Nguyên gần như ở world.
bất kỳ đâu trên
thế giới.

3 Sản phẩm này là This product is a UK /dʒɔɪnt/

sự liên doanh giữa ________________ between US /dʒɔɪnt/
Thái Lan và Úc. Thailand and Australia.

UK /ˈven.tʃər/
US /ˈven.tʃɚ/

4 Nhà hàng của Our restaurant only serves UK

chúng tôi chỉ phục ________________. /ˌnɒn.æl.kəˈhɒl.ɪ
vụ đồ uống không k/ US
cồn. /ˌnɑːn.ælkəˈhɑː.lɪ
k/

5 Pepsi là một công Pepsi is a huge UK /sɒft/ US

ty lớn trên thị company/prominent name in /sɑːft/
trường nước giải the ________________.
khát.

261
6 Mọi người đi du People travel to ________________ UK /ˌfɑːˈflʌŋ/ US
lịch đến những nơi to gain new experience. /ˌfɑːrˈflʌŋ/
xa để nhận được
trải nghiệm mới.

7 Tạo ra việc làm là ________________ is an advantage UK /kriˈeɪ.ʃən/

một lợi thế của du of tourism. US /kriˈeɪ.ʃən/
lịch.

8 Phần trẻ hơn của ________________________ will UK /ˈsek.ʃən/ US

dân số sẽ phải làm have to work hard to provide for /ˈsek.ʃən/
việc chăm chỉ để senior citizens.
nuôi những người
UK
cao tuổi.
/ˌpɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
US
/ˌpɑː.pjəˈleɪ.ʃən/

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases (Vie)

1 Nếu biết trước thì ________________, I should have UK /ˈhaɪnd.saɪt/

tôi đã học khóa 5-6 taken this 5-6 course earlier. . US /ˈhaɪnd.saɪt/
này sớm hơn.

2 Vấn đề bị làm The ________________ because UK

phức tạp hơn (trở our population is growing /ˈkɒm.paʊnd/
nên tệ hơn) vì dân older/because of our aging US /ˈkɑːm-/
số của chúng ta population.
đang già đi.

3 Điều chúng tôi tự What we ________ ourselves UK /praɪd/ US

hào/kiêu hãnh về _____ is our new products. /praɪd/

262
 bản thân là các sản
phẩm mới của
chúng tôi.

4 Sự nổi lên của một ________________ a new disease UK

căn bệnh mới worries everyone. /ɪˈmɜː.dʒəns/ US
khiến mọi người lo /ɪˈmɝː.dʒəns/
lắng.

5 Nếu chúng ta If we don't protect endangered UK /end/ US

không bảo vệ animals, we will ________________ /end/
những động vật with severe biodiversity
đang gặp nguy problems.
hiểm, chúng ta sẽ
có kết cục là các
vấn đề môi trường
nghiêm trọng.

6 Rất nhiều người lo A lot of people are worried UK /əˈraʊnd/ US

lắng về toàn cầu about globalization and the /əˈraʊnd/
hóa và tác động impact it could have on local
của nó đối với people, but actually I’m
người dân địa beginning to think it works
phương, nhưng _______________ around.
thực sự thì tôi nó là
điều ngược lại.

7 Tác giả đã đưa ra The author ___________________ UK /ˈvæl.ɪd/ US

một số điểm hợp in his book. /ˈvæl.ɪd/
lý trong cuốn sách
của mình.

8 Những người đi du People who travel like to see UK /ʌnˈjuː.ʒu.əl/

lịch thích nhìn thấy __________ things. US /ʌnˈjuː.ʒu.əl/
những điều bất
thường và thú vị.

263
9 Khoảng thời gian The next 40 years may bring UK /prəˈfaʊnd/
40 năm tới có thể even more __________. US /prəˈfaʊnd/
mang lại những
thay đổi thậm chí
còn sâu sắc hơn.

10 Dân số thế giới sẽ The population of the world will UK /ˈflæt.ən/ US

tăng lên tới increase to about eight billion in /ˈflæt̬.ən/
khoảng 8 tỷ người 2026 and continue to rise to
vào năm 2026 và nine billion by 2050, after which
tiếp tục tăng lên it will __________.
tới 9 tỷ người vào
năm 2050, sau đó
sẽ không thay đổi
nhiều.

264
 IV. QUESTIONS
TASK 1 AND TASK 3
1. Can you name a PRODUCT or BRAND from your country that is well
known in other countries? (coffee/rice)

2. Do you think globalization is an ongoing phenomenon?

3. What are the advantages of globalization?

4. What are the disadvantages of globalization?

5. Describe an ongoing phenomenon that you worry about (population

increase).

Lead-in activity: Thought-provoking questions

1. How many of the following brand names here do you know? What do
they do?

265
2. Can you tell where these products are from?

266
3. Is globalization good or bad?

Question Hint

1. Can you name a Product - Option 1 - Rice

PRODUCT or
● a variety of well-known products
BRAND from
● pride on - agricultural goods (hàng hóa);
your country
especially rice
that is well
known in other ● second most productive country - rice
countries? exporting

● Rice - consume all over the world

Product - Option 2 - Vinfast electric car

● Vinfast electric car, by Vingroup

● In terms of, car making,

○ not sure, if monopoly,

○ but the only car manufacturer in VIetnam

● Vinfast electric cars

○ popular in, country, even, U.S.

● When, first, plan, launch, product, most,

people, skepticism

● But with hindsight, smart decision

Brand

● coffee - commonly-used/popular product

● Cộng - prominent name, in beverage/coffee

market (thị trường đồ uống)-

○ In fact, there is one … for every …

● Coffee chain, Serve, wide range of drink

267
 ○ ranging from soft drink, coffee, fruit
juice

● emergence of …; Asian countries -

well-known brand

○ can be, find - virtually anywhere

2. Do you think Yes

globalization is
● More people; live multicultural life &
an ongoing become, global citizens (cư dân toàn cầu)
phenomenon?
○ Example - large section, young
population in Vietnam

■ aim study overseas, so that,

experience other culture,

■ After graduation, many, wish, stay,

work and live, foreign country ->
global citizens

● More multinational companies;

○ Reason: companies all over the world -

merge, survive fierce competitions

○ Example - Vinmart supermarket chain,

purchase/acquire by, big corporation
(Masan), compete with Lotte Mart,
Korea

● Needless to say, the world;

○ undergo (trải qua) - profound changes;

○ unusual and exciting

3. Do you think ● People - skeptical about globalization; think,

globalization is a bring consequences, society

● Unlike them, I, think,- the other way around

268
 positive or ○ Valid points - made in favour of
negative trend? globalization

■ For one, cultural diversity (đa

dạng văn hoá);

● Reason: People - live

multicultural lives;

■ For another, companies merging

-> joint ventures

■ -> job creation and economic

growth (tăng trưởng kinh tế) -

4. What are the ● Having said that, support, globalization

disadvantages of
○ Not without, associated
globalization? disadvantages….,

● Globalization: create fierce/more competition -

local people

○ Local businesses; end up - close down;

○ Reason: the emergence of - restaurant

chains: KFC & McDonalds

● People - lose national identity; in favour of

popular culture (văn hoá đại chúng)

○ Example: since K-pop, popular

○ Youngsters quit, listen, VIetnamese

song, in favour of, Korean ones

5. Is aging ● Aging population - a challenge;

population a government/authorities, my country -
○
big/pressing take into account
problem in your
country?”

269
 ○ Research: there is 1 elderly person for
every 3young people in Vietnam ->
high rate

● Phenomenon;

○ put severe pressure - younger section

of the population -

○ provide for senior citizens

● Problem; be compounded; if number - not

flatten out

TASK 2
Describe a large company/global brand that you are interested in

You should say:

● What it is
● What it is like / What kind of business it does
● How you knew it
● And explain how you feel about this company.

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

● Brand - intrigue by - X

● prominent multinational company - in … market

● well-known products:

○ ; a range of…

○ commonly used/popular all over the world - even far-flung

places

● strategy

○ - pride on: adapt products - suit the local culture;

○ appeal - local people

● the emergence of competitors like Y & Z;

270
 ○ -> face challenges and profound changes;

○ growth - fluctuate (dao động) a great deal

● It remains to be seen whether; maintain position, one of, market

leader

● I firmly believe; come up with approaches - tackle problems

======================================================

Optional - bạn có thể thấy một số trong các ý sau hữu ích cho phần nói.
Chọn các ý hữu ích cho bài nói của mình

What it is

It’s a (restaurant/supermarket…) chain

It’s a joint venture by ….

About the company

It’s the (second/third…) most successful/biggest company/player in

the … market

In the …. labour market, it creates thousands of jobs for local people

Subsequent to its IPO, it enjoyed a very high growth rate

During the financial crisis …, it struggled, but managed to overcome

the difficulty

Fierce competition(s) from the market is putting pressure on X ….

About its product

It’s an extraordinary/out-of-this-world product

The product is of universal appeal/of great appeal to the

young/younger section of the population

The product is affordable to …, OR The product can be a bit/little

expensive, but it’s really high-end/but it comes with good quality

Many people are skeptical about the product, believing that it …..

I think it is the other way around …, it creates value for …

It has a wide variety of features…

======================================================

271
Example - ứng dụng của khung trên với Công ty Pepsi (Bạn có thể chọn
bất cứ công ty nào khác)

● Brand - intrigue by - PepsiCo

● prominent multinational company - soft drink market

○ Subsequent, IPO in early 20th century, enjoy, high growth rate

○ In fact, 2nd biggest firm, in market now

● offer well-known drinks:

○ mostly non-alcoholic drinks;

○ a range of… - commonly used/popular all over the world -

even far-flung places

● Not of universal appeal - people, skeptical, product,

○ believe, not good for health, because. contain, sugar,

○ I believe, moderate consumption (tiêu thụ vừa phải) -> help

with digestion (tiêu hóa)

● strategy - pride on: adapt products

○ suit the local culture; appeal - local people

■ E.g. Pepsi can, during Tet holiday, wishes in Vietnamese

● Reason - interested in Pepsi

○ Products taste good & really affordable

○ create jobs for, thousand, local people/in labour market

● Given, emergence of competitors like…; OR “ financial crisis”

○ face challenges and profound changes;

○ company, struggle, grow, recent year;

○ share price, fluctuate a great deal

○ but overcome difficulty

● It remains to be seen whether; overcome difficulty,

● I firmly believe; survive competition, remain, market leader

272
 Unit 14 - URBANIZATION -
VOCABULARY
Problems and solutions, big city life

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Problems and solutions

1.1 Consider whether you can ever have too much, too many, too little or
too few of the following.

time traffic people money space work rubbish

1.2 (Audio 14a) Listen to a conversation between two women and decide
which two topics they talk about.

1.3 (Audio 14a) Listen again and write down all the verbs that are used
with the words problem and issue.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

1.4 Complete the sentences using the verbs you wrote in 1.3. There may
be more than one possible answer, so try to use a different verb for
each sentence.

l. One of the biggest problems _______________ the world today is poverty.

2. Your problems won’t go away if you ignore them, you need to

______________ them.

273
3. The problem was________________ by a blocked pipe, which eventually
burst.

4. Here is a list of the issues that will be ________________ during the

meeting.

5. Unfortunately we were unable to ____________________ the issue, even

after two days of talks.

6. The main speaker did not arrive, which _________________ an awkward

problem for the organisers of the conference.

1.5 Match the nouns in column B with the correct verbs in column A.
Which two verbs can be used with the words problem and
compromise?

A B

find a compromise

overcome an issue

solve a situation

remedy a difficulty

resolve a solution

reach a problem

1.6 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1. I am not sure we will ever solve the issue of unemployment.

solve the problem / resolve the Issue

2. We need to resolve a solution to this situation as soon as possible.

_______________________________________________________________________

3. What can we do to solve this difficulty?

_______________________________________________________________________

4. At last scientists have solution the problems associated with

solar-powered cars.

274
_______________________________________________________________________

5. Finally, the members of the city council were able to solve a compromise
and the building work was allowed to start.

_______________________________________________________________________

1.7 Cross out the one word in each list that is NOT a synonym for the
word in capitals.

1. PROBLEM: difficulty, dilemma, benefit, challenge, obstacle

2. SOLUTION: answer, key, remedy, resolution, setback

3. WORSEN: compound, deteriorate, enhance, exacerbate

4. IMPROVE: advance , aggravate, flourish, progress, reform

5. CHANGE: acclimatise, adapt, adjust, amend, linger, modify, transform

Vocabulary note: We usually use a hyphen between two words if they are
joined together to form an adjective: user-friendly. We don’t use a hyphen
if the first word ends in -ly: environmentally friendly

1.8 Use a hyphen to combine one of the words in box A with one of the
words in box B. Then complete the sentences.

A : double long short B: edged sighted sided

one term

l. We need a ________________ plan for our transport systems that will take
into account future growth.

2. A warning sign was put at the site of the accident as a ________________

measure until a new wall was built.

3. This argument appears to be a little ________________. I’d like to hear the

other side as well.

275
4. The management agreed to employ five more members of staff, which
in hindsight was a very ________________ decision because within a few
weeks we were still understaffed.

5. Globalisation is a ________________ sword.It promotes multiculturalism

while it erodes the local culture.

Big city life

2.1 Complete the text with suitable adjectives from the box. More than
one adjective may be possible.

adequate basic booming catastrophic

decent enormous pressing staggering

Megacities

The world's population is (1)__________________, no more so than in its

cities. Today, there are 21 megacities, each containing more than 10 million
inhabitants, three-quarters of them in developing nations. By 2020, there
are expected to be at least 27 megacities. Such a (2)___________________ rate
of urbanisation brings its own problems, especially in developing nations,
where the majority of the megacities will be found.

Employment and educational opportunities are the main attraction

of urban centres. But hopes for a better life are often dashed as
overpopulation puts an (3)______________________ strain on the
infrastructure of the cities and their ability to provide 4___________________
necessities such as clean water and a place to live.

Many rural migrants fail to find 5_________________ work, and therefore

cannot afford 6____________________ housing. In some megacities up to 50
per cent of the residents live in slums. This problem is (7)__________________,
with the United Nations predicting that half the world's population will be
living in cities by next year. If the infrastructure within those cities does not
grow at the same rate the result will be (8)________________.

276
2.2 Find words in the text on page 73 that match these definitions.

1. People that live in a particular place________________

2. Areas of the world that are poorer and have less advanced industries
______________

3. The process by which more people leave the countryside to live in the
city. _________

4. The problem of having too many people ________________

5. The basic systems and services of a city ________________

6. Very poor and crowded areas of a city ________________

2.3 WORD BUILDING: Complete the table.

Noun Verb Adjective

competition

excluded

include

isolate

poor

responsibility ___________responsibilit
y

tolerant

3.1 Answer these questions. Write one or two sentences.

1. What are the main problems associated with living in a big city?

Well, I guess these days a significant proportion of those in rural areas are
moving to the city for employment and educational opportunities – a

277
phenomenon termed urbanization. I guess what many rural migrants don't
realize is that it can be highly competitive in big cities to get a good job. So,
the direct consequence is that many would have to settle for menial jobs,
which only allow them a sufficient income to get by or to make ends meet.

2. Can anything be done to solve those problems?

I think we need to be more tolerant of each other. I think it helps if we try to

create small communities within the bigger city so we should try to include
people rather than exclude them.

3. Whose responsibility is it to solve these problems?

It would be easy to blame every daily problem that we're facing on the
government, but this is not necessarily true. Admittedly, the government
has to take certain responsibility for the well-being of its citizens, but to
accuse the government of negligence would be a one-sided argument. On
an individual level, we have to understand that we must be responsible for
our life. Therefore, it's very important to raise their awareness and the sense
of responsibility for each individual

Vocabulary note: To refer to a group of people we can use the +

adjective: the elderly, the poor, the young.

E.g. We should look after the elderly

3.2 Now complete these answers to the questions with suitable words
from 2.3.

1. Big cities can be overcrowded, so there are a lot of people

c______________ for each job and for accommodation. The lack of jobs
usually means that there is a lot of p_______________ in big cities. And
although there are a lot of people around you, many people feel very
i_____________ in big cities and it’s particularly difficult for the elderly.

2. I think we need to be more t____________ of each other. I think it

helps if we try to create small communities within the bigger city so we
should try to i______________ people rather than e________________ them.

3. Well, we all have to t______________ for these problems and we can

all do something to help. But the government is also r_________________ to a

278
certain extent as well. They need to make sure that the p____________ are
looked after and that they have access to the facilities they need.

4. PRONUNCIATION (Audio 14a) If we have -ed at the end of a word, it

can be pronounced with a t or d sound.

Look at the following words and write t or d depending on their sound.

Now listen and check your answers, then practise saying the words.

accepted crowded developed excluded

included isolated overpriced overworked

resolved stressed solved

1. What are the main problems associated with living in a big

city?(job/employment)

Well, I guess these days a significant proportion of those in rural areas are
moving to the city for employment and educational opportunities – a
phenomenon termed urbanization. I guess what many rural migrants
don't realize is that it can be highly competitive in big cities to get a good
job. So, the direct consequence is that many would have to settle for
menial jobs which only allow them a sufficient income to get by or to
make ends meet.

● A significant proportion

● Rural areas

● A phenomenon termed urbanization

● Rural migrants

● Direct consequences

● Settle for + menial jobs – not skilled or important, often boring and
badly paid

● To get by

279
 ● To make ends meet

2. Can anything be done to solve those problems?

Actually, there would be two main viable courses of actions that the
government can take to tackle the problem. The short-term solution is a
restriction on the migration to urban areas. Certain regulations can be
set up by local authorities to limit the population inflow to cities. As an
example, they can experiment with introducing a regulation where rural
migrants would have to be earning an income above a set benchmark to
be able to dwell in cities. The long-term measure would be an expansion
of the infrastructure system to the neighboring areas. This would change
the patterns of migration to other cities/metropolises and mitigate the
issue of overcrowding/overpopulation in cities.

● Viable – feasible

● Courses of action

● Short-term solution

● Restriction on migration to urban areas

● Local authorities

● Limit the population inflow

● an income above a set benchmark

● to dwell in cities.

● Long-term measure

● expansion of the infrastructure system

● Neighboring areas

● Patterns of migration

3. Whose responsibility is it to solve these problems?

It would be easy to blame every daily problem that we're facing on the
government, but this is not necessarily true. Admittedly, the government
has to take certain responsibility for the well-being of its citizens, but to
accuse the government of negligence would be a one-sided argument.

280
We have to understand that, on an individual level, we must be responsible
for our life. Therefore, it's very important to raise their awareness and the
sense of responsibility for each individual.

● To blame (every daily problems that we're facing) on (the

government)

● not necessarily true.

● to take certain responsibility

● the well-being of its citizens

● to accuse (the government) of (negligence)

● one-sided argument

● On an individual level

● raise their awareness

● sense of responsibility

281
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng)

1 Chúng ta cần UK /ˌʃɔːtˈtɜːm/

một kế hoạch US /ˈʃɔːrt.tɝːm/
ngắn hạn/dài
hạn cho hệ
thống giao thông

Hint

Hệ thống giao
thông - transport
system

2 Mỗi cái trong 21 UK

siêu đô /ˈmeɡ.ə.sɪt.i/
thị/thành phố US /ˈmeɡ.ə.sɪt̬ .i/
lớn trên thế giới
đều chứa trên 10
triệu người

3 Dân số thế giới UK

đang bùng nổ /ˌpɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
nên có nhiều US
thành phố hơn /ˌpɑː.pjəˈleɪ.ʃən/
bao giờ hết

282
4 Các cơ hội nghề UK
nghiệp và giáo /ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/
dục là điểm thu US
hút chính của /ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/
các trung tâm đô
thị

Hint: trung tâm

đô thị - urban
center

5 Các thành phố có UK

thể là đông dân /ˌəʊ.vəˈkraʊ.dɪŋ/
quá mức (adj), US
vậy nên có nhiều /ˌoʊ.vɚˈkraʊ.dɪŋ/
người cạnh tranh
vì việc làm

6 khả năng cung UK /nəˈses.ə.t̬i/

cấp nhu cầu US /nəˈses.ə.t̬i/
thiết yếu như
nước sạch và chỗ
ở Lưu ý cách đọc
so với dạng
tính từ
necessary

UK /ˈnes.ə.ser.i/

US /ˈnes.ə.ser.i/

7 Công việc đó chỉ UK /miːt/

cho phép họ đủ US /miːt/
thu nhập để

283
 kiếm đủ sống

8 Họ đang chuyển UK
đến ở một ngôi /ˈneɪ.bər.ɪŋ/
nhà ở khu lân US
cận /ˈneɪ.bər.ɪŋ/

9 Dân di cư từ UK /dwel/
nông thôn cần có US /dwel/
thu nhập ổn định
để có thể
sống/định cư ở
thành phố (từ
khác ngoài
“live”)

Hint - ổn định -
stable

10 Chính phủ cần có UK /ˌwelˈbiː.ɪŋ/

trách nhiệm nhất US /ˌwelˈbiː.ɪŋ/
định về tình
trạng sức khỏe +
hạnh phúc người
dân

11 Sẽ cần nhiều UK

284
 năm để một /əˌkɒm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən
người đi làm có / US
thu nhập trung /əˌkɑː.məˈdeɪ.ʃə
bình có thể tiết n/
kiệm đủ cho một
chỗ ở tươm tất

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/ clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng)

1 Chúng tôi cần UK /rɪˈzɒlv/

giải quyết vấn US /rɪˈzɑːlv/
đề này càng sớm
càng tốt.

2 Ít ra các nhà UK /ˈrem.ə.di/

khoa học cũng US /ˈrem.ə.di/
đang cố gắng
hết sức để khắc
phục tình
hình/vấn đề
(formal) với xe
nhiên liệu năng
lượng mặt trời

Hint

Xe chạy năng
lượng mặt trời -
solar-powered
car

3 Nhìn lại thì/nếu UK

285
 biết trước thì đó /ˈhaɪnd.saɪt/
là một quyết US
định rất thiển /ˈhaɪnd.saɪt/
cận

Hint - Thiển cận

(adj)
short-sighted

4 Một trong những UK /ˈpres.ɪŋ/

vấn đề cấp bách US /ˈpres.ɪŋ/
là việc 50% dân
cư sống ở khu ổ
chuột

Hint - khu ổ
chuột - slum

5 chúng ta đều UK
phải chịu trách /rɪˌspɒn.sɪˈbɪl.ə.ti
nhiệm cho các / US
vấn đề này và /rɪˌspɑːn.səˈbɪl.ə.
chúng ta sẽ làm t̬i/
tất cả những gì
có thể để khắc
phục nó

6 nhiều người sẽ UK /ˈmiː.ni.əl/

phải chấp nhận US /ˈmiː.ni.əl/
những công việc
lao động thấp
kém

286
7 Kiếm một công UK
việc tốt ở thành /kəmˈpet.ɪ.tɪv/
phố lớn có thể là US
rất cạnh tranh /kəmˈpet̬.ə.t̬ɪv/

8 Đây dường như UK

là một lập luận /ˈɑːɡ.jə.mənt/
một chiều. Tôi US
cũng muốn nghe /ˈɑːrɡ.jə.mənt/
phía bên kia.

9 Do đó, việc tăng UK /əˈweə.nəs/

cao nhận thức US /əˈwer.nəs/
về môi trường
cho mỗi cá nhân
là rất quan trọng

10 Nhưng chính UK /ɪkˈstent/

phủ cũng có US /ɪkˈstent/
trách nhiệm đến
một chừng mực
nhất định

11 dân số quá đông UK /ɪˈnɔː.məs/

287
đặt gánh nặng US /əˈnɔːr.məs/
lên cơ sở hạ tầng
của các thành
phố

Hint - Cơ sở hạ
tầng -
infrastructure

288
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/ phrases (Eng) Pronunciation

(Vie) - in bold

1 quyết định It was a very __________ because UK /ˌʃɔːtˈsaɪ.tɪd/

thiển cận within a few weeks we were still US
understaffed. /ˌʃɔːrtˈsaɪ.t̬ɪd/

2 người di cư Many rural ________ fail to find UK

work, and therefore cannot afford /ˈmaɪ.ɡrənt/
housing US
/ˈmaɪ.ɡrənt/

3 sống ở khu ổ Many unemployed people might UK /slʌm/

chuột have to _________ because they US /slʌm/
can’t afford housing

4 tăng trưởng If the infrastructure within those UK /ɡrəʊ/

với/ở mức độ cities does not _________, the result
US /ɡroʊ/
giống nhau will be catastrophic

5 thay vì loại trừ As for our plan to equip the UK /ɪkˈskluːd/

họ building with the mod cons, I US /ɪkˈskluːd/
think we should try to include
people_______

6 hiện tượng those in rural areas are moving to UK

được gọi là đô the city for employment and /ˌɜː.bən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃə
thị hóa educational opportunities which n/
is _______ US
/ˌɝː.bən.əˈzeɪ.ʃə

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 n/

7 tinh thần trách it's very important to raise their UK /sens/

nhiệm awareness and the ___________ for US /sens/
each individual.

8 cách ly/cô lập And although there are a lot of UK

people around you, many people /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪ.tɪd/
feel very__________ in big cities and US
it's particularly difficult for the /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪ.t̬ɪd/
elderly.

9 hạn chế dòng Certain regulations can be set up UK /ˈɪn.fləʊ/

người đổ vào by local authorities to ________ US /ˈɪn.floʊ/
thành phố

10 các vấn đề bắt slums are where all social UK /treɪs/

nguồn từ issues________ US /treɪs/

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 đối mặt kha khá I've _________ in my life, and UK /feɪs/

các vấn đề most of the times, I could solve US /feɪs/
these problems successfully

2 đạt thỏa hiệp The members of the city UK

council were able to_______ /ˈkɒm.prə.maɪz/
and the building work was US
allowed to start /ˈkɑːm.prə.maɪz/

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3 vượt qua khó It took quite a while to UK /ˈdɪf.ɪ.kəl.ti/
khăn _____that_____ US /ˈdɪf.ə.kəl.t̬i/

4 con dao 2 lưỡi Globalization is a ___________. UK /ˌdʌb.əlˈedʒd/

It promotes multiculturalism, US /ˌdʌb.əlˈedʒd/
but, at the same time, it
erodes the local culture.

5 thất bại (làm gì) Many people _________________ UK /feɪl/

find work in a big city US /feɪl/

6 cạnh tranh The two athletes are UK /kəmˈpiːt/

(tranh giành cái _______the gold medal in the US /kəmˈpiːt/
gì) Olympics

7 chịu đựng/dung When you don’t have a lot in UK /ˈtɒl.ər.ənt/

thứ cái gì common, it’s a good idea to US /ˈtɑː.lɚ.ənt/
learn to ____________each other

8 đưa ra/nêu lên I’d have to address the UK /reɪz/

vấn đề problems sooner or later, so I US /reɪz/
__________ with my boss

9 những người We should look after_______ UK /ˈel.dəl.i/

cao tuổi ( như US /ˈel.dɚ.li/
một nhóm)

10 xoay chuyển As such, it would be incredibly UK /ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/

tình thế hard to _________and their US /ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/
problems only worsen

11 xác định vấn đề They say that ______ is the UK /aɪˈden.tɪ.faɪ/

hardest part. US /aɪˈden.t̬ə.faɪ/

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12 cơ hội vụt mất But ________ as overpopulation UK /ˌɒp.əˈtʃuː.nə.ti/
becomes a bigger problem US /ˌɑː.pɚˈtuː.nə.t̬i/

IV. Questions
1. Task 1, 3:
1. Do you prefer living in the city or in the countryside?

2. Why do many people want to move to the countryside when they

grow old?

3. Which city/cities would you like to visit?

4. Why do many people move from rural to urban areas/from the

countryside to cities?

5. Is urbanization a positive or negative trend?

6. What can be done to solve those problems?

7. Is the cost of living in the city too high for people who migrate from
the countryside?

8. Is it fair to say that cities have changed for the worse in the past
decade?

Questions Idea

1. Do you prefer ● Option1 - City

living in the
○ like dwell in the city
city or in the
○ more convenient
countryside?
○ more infrastructure, housing, easy find decent
accommodation

○ Employment and educational opportunities

● Option 2 - Countryside

○ fresher air, less pollution

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 ○ have to compete for jobs, job market highly
competitive especially in megacity

○ settle for menial jobs hard to make ends meet

○ opportunities often dashed

○ nowadays, both grow at the same rate

○ Basic necessities are met

2. Why do ● When we young, love live in city, because of

many people employment and educational opportunities.
want to move
● life in big city come with a variety of challenges
to the
○ have to be able deal with difficulties
countryside
when they ● In fact, successful people I know face quite few
grow old? problem, and successfully overcome in the end.

● But when I old/grow old, would move to countryside

○ The reason the elderly can feel isolated in big

cities

3. Which ● want to visit many city in the world.

city/cities
● short term, list includes Hanoi, HCMC, ….
would you like
● long term/run, have enough money, want to go to
to visit?
Paris, London, LA….

● believe travelling to many city, raise awareness about

languages, cultures.

○ experience food & people

4. Why do ● Well, that’s a tough/challenging question, hard to

many people come up with ideas ….
move from
● believe the term is urbanization
rural to urban
● migrants move from countryside to city → search
areas/from the
better standards of living (đã học ở bài 4)
countryside to

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cities? ○ Some look for better educational opportunities,
others seek better employment opportunities

● Not everyone end up find what they looking for,

● many tolerate poor living conditions → living in slums

5. Is ● double-edged sword
urbanization a
● On the one hand, promote economic growth.
positive or
● On the other hand, cause overcrowding → the reason
negative
why
trend?
○ social issues take place in cities/cities where social
issues can be traced back to

● An example: unemployment.

○ Many fail to find decent work -> find hard to make

ends meet & find decent accommodation

○ → a pressing problem for city planners (nhà quy

hoạch thành phố)

6. What can be ● a few ways to remedy situation/address the issue

done to solve
● regulations to limit the population inflow to cities
those
● long-term measure, develop infrastructure in
problems?
neighboring areas

○ Example: Hadong -> Hanoi

● provide enough basic necessities, employment and

educational opportunities for rural areas

● implement these measures to tackle issue of

overpopulation

7. Is the cost of ● Yes, another issue have to resolve, housing

living in the
○ hard to afford decent accommodation
city too high

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for people who ○ live in slums
migrate from
○ hard to turn the situation around
the
● people competing for jobs
countryside?
○ highly competitive

○ migrants have to settle for menial jobs

8. Is it fair to ● True to a certain extent ….

say that cities
● Issues like pollution - getting worse than ever before.
have changed
● However, to say that it only changed for the worse -
for the worse
one-sided argument - many positive developments
in the past
decade? ○ Raise standards of living/quality of life for city
dwellers

● With highsight, I think we could have reached a better

compromise between economic development &
environmental protection

● Optional - a country’s economic well-being shouldn’t

come at the cost of pollution

9. In which ● latest technology has not let us down

ways have
● before can’t communicate far away or remote
cities in your areas
country
● very difficult and/or expensive
changed in the
past decade? ● introduction of telephone changed the world

● then introduction of internet mean can connect

with everyone through virtual world

2. Task 2
Describe a city you have visited

You should say:

295
 ● Where the city is

● Why you went there

● What you did there

And explain how you felt about that city

Idea Answers

LƯU Ý - Sẽ không có thành phố cố

định & các thành phố không có nhiều
điểm chung, nên với bài Task 2 này
học viên tuỳ chọn Gợi ý nào hữu ích
với bản thân.. Các gợi ý (hints) sẽ được
liệt kê ra KHÔNG THEO thứ tự/mạch
logic của bài.

Lead-in

● Population booming

○ Inflow to cities

○ urbanization in many areas

○ want to visit many cities

● Last summer/winter/year; . “... years

ago”,

○ go on holiday during….., peak

holiday times

○ Destination - city X - through

recommendation of a friend

○ Hear a lot about city X - famous

for view & cuisine

○ Both - of great appeal, visitor

Body

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● Nicest coastal city (thành phố ven
biển)

● A wide variety of tourist attractions &

scenic places

○ unique characteristics

○ breath-taking/scenic views; long

stretches of white sand

○ local food/cuisine - suit appetite

● In hindsight; should try more dishes,

while, there

● Local government/authorities, care,

well-being of citizens -> peaceful city

Change

● City, grow very fast rate

○ 10/20 years ago, many lived in

slums

○ Today, decent accommodation;

skyscrapers (nhà chọc trời)

○ Amazed at, pace of

change/progress

● Clean city

○ 10/20 years ago, polluted city

○ Local government identify, cause

○ Address issue by raising

awareness about environment

○ Today - one of, cleanest city,

Vietnam,

○ Sense of responsibility among

citizen, keep streets clean.

○ Intrigued by, striking change

297
● Ending

○ Lắng nghe Technique trong phần

“Extend your ending”

UNIT 15 - THE GREEN REVOLUTION

The environment, climate change and pollution

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

The environment
1.1 Choose the words that reflect your opinion of these three statements
from the first column of the table below. Write the words you chose in
the My Opinion column.

1. We should educate the public about our environment by handing out

leaflets.

2. Within a few years we will have solved all of our pollution problems.

3. Within the next ten years the only chemicals we use will be
environmentally friendly ones.

My opinion Speaker A Speaker B

Statement 1 - useful /
useless?

Statement 2 - possible /

298
impossible?

Statement 3 - likely /
unlikely?

1.2 (Audio 15a) Now listen to two people (speakers A and B) giving their
opinions about the same ideas and choose the words that reflect their
opinions. Write them in the appropriate columns of the table.

1.3 Listen again or look at the recording script at the back of the book
and write the adjectives the speakers used to express their opinions.
Put the adjectives into the correct column according to their meaning.

useful useless possible impossibl likely unlikely

e

beneficial __________ __________ __________ __________ ___________

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ ___________

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ ___________

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ ___________

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ ___________

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ _____

Vocabulary note:

The prefix re- often tells us that something is being done again: reuse,
revegetate.

The prefix de- often tells us that something is being removed:

decaffeinated, deforestation.

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Climate change and pollution
2.1 Complete the text with words from the box

acid biodiversity contaminated deforestation ecosystems

emissions environmental erosion exhaust drought

fertilisers greenhouse waste

The advances made by humans have made us the dominant species

on our planet. However, several eminent scientists are concerned that we
have become too successful, that our way of life is putting an
unprecedented strain on the Earth’s (1)__________ and threatening our
future as a species. We are confronting (2)_____________ problems that are
more taxing than ever before, some of them seemingly insoluble. Many of
the Earth's crises are chronic and inexorably linked. Pollution is an obvious
example of this affecting our air, water and soil.

The air is polluted by (3)______________ produced by cars and industry.

Through (4)____________ rain and (5)_______________ gasses these same
(6)____________ fumes can have a devastating impact on our climate.
Climate change is arguably the greatest environmental challenge facing
our planet with increased storms, floods, (7)___________and species losses
predicted. This will inevitably have a negative impact on (8)____________
and thus our ecosystem.

The soil is (9)___________ by factories and power stations which can

leave heavy metals in the soil. Other human activities such as the
overdevelopment of land and the clearing of trees also take their toll on the
quality of our soil; (10)___________ has been shown to cause soil (11). Certain
farming practices can also pollute the land through the use of chemical
pesticides and (12)____________. This contamination inturn affects our rivers
and waterways and damages life there. The chemicals enter our food chain,
moving from fish to mammals to us. Our crops are also grown on land that
is far from pristine. Affected species include the polar bear, so not even the
Arctic is immune.

Reducing (13)___________ and clearing up pollution costs money. Yet it

300
is our quest for wealth that generates so much of the refuse. There is an
urgent need to find a way of life that is less damaging to the Earth. This is
not easy, but it is vital, because pollution is pervasive and often
life-threatening.

2.2 Match the words in bold with these synonyms.

1. unspoiled => pristine.

2. crucial _____________________

3. unparalleled _____________________

4. extremely harmful _____________________

5. insurmountable _____________________

6. unaffected _____________________

7. omnipresent _____________________

8. unavoidably (x2) _____________________ _____________________

9. persistent _____________________

10. challenging _____________________

3. Consider how you would answer these questions.

1. What do you think is the greatest environmental threat we face today?

2. What can the government do to help protect the environment?

3. What can we as individuals do?

4.1 Use a dictionary to check the different forms of the words in the box
as well as the prepositions used with them. Then complete the answers
to the questions in 3 using the correct form of the word in brackets. You
will need to add prepositions to the words that are underlined.

contaminate danger dispose

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 erode pollute recycle

risk sustain threat

1. I think our environment is (1) under threat from (threat) many

different things.We have allowed too much (2)_______________(pollute) to
enter our ecosystem and we are (3)________________________ (danger)
poisoning ourselves as a result. I think soil (4)_________________ (erode) and
water (5)________________(contaminate) are two of the most urgent
problems that we need to deal with.

2. Clearly our current lifestyle is not (6)_____________________ (sustain).

The government should educate people about these problems and
encourage us to change our habits. They need to show everyone that we
are putting the very future of our planet (7)________________(risk).

3. We can make sure we don’t throw (8)_______________ (recycle) items

into our normal waste (9)____________________ (dispose) bins. We can also
help protect our planet by not using phosphate-based detergents; this will
help to keep (10)_______________(pollute) out of our food chain.

4.2 Complete the sentences using the negative form of the words in
brackets.

1. It is unrealistic (realistic) to expect everyone to change their buying

habits overnight.

2. When it comes to protecting the environment, cost should be

____________(relevant).

3. It is_________________(reasonable) for rich countries to expect developing

countries to reduce carbon emissions immediately.

4. People who dump chemical waste into our waterways are very
_____________(responsible)

5. The oil spill has caused ________________ (repairable) damage to several

marine species.

6. Scientists believe that the damage to this area is

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 ___________________(reversible)

7. These species are ____________ (replaceable) . Once they are lost our
ecosystem will be changed.

8. It is a mistake to think that increased consumerism and environmental

damage are __________________ (related) .

Vocabulary note: The prefix ir- is often used with adjectives beginning
with r to form the opposite or to mean lacking something: reversible,
irreversible, regular, irregular. Some words beginning with r form their
opposite with un-: realistic, unrealistic.

5. PRONUNCIATION (Audio 15b) Some words have a different stress

pattern and therefore a different pronunciation, depending on their
meaning or part of speech. Circle the correct stress pattern for the
words in italics in these sentences. Listen to the recording to check
your answers and then practise saying the sentences.

1. I refuse to go. (refuse /(refuse)

2. Disposing of refuse is a growing problem. (refuse / refuse)

3. There is a conflict here. (conflict / conflict)

4. The two reports conflict with each other. (conflict / conflict)

5. We all need to be present at the meeting. (present / present)

6. This issue presents an enormous problem. (present / present)

7. We are making a lot of progress. (progress / progress)

8. We need to progress at a faster rate. (progress / progress)

9. There has been an increase in carbon emissions. (increase / increase)

10. Temperatures are expected to increase. (increase / increase)

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 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/ Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) - clauses (Eng)
in bold

1 Biến đổi khí hậu UK /ˈklaɪ.mət/

được coi là một US /ˈklaɪ.mət/
trong những thách
thức môi trường
lớn nhất của
chúng ta.

2 Theo các chuyên UK

gia nông /kənˈtæm.ɪ.neɪ
nghiệp,đất bị .tɪd/ US
nhiễm độc bởi các /kənˈtæm.ə.ne
nhà máy và trạm ɪ.t̬ɪd/
điện.

3 Nạn phá rừng UK

nghĩa là nhiều /diːˌfɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən
vùng cây cối trong /
khu vực đang bị US
phá huỷ, dẫn đến /diːˌfɔːr.əˈsteɪ.ʃə
việc mất môi n/
trường sống tự

304
 nhiên với nhiều
loài động vật

4 Phân bón được sử UK

dụng để diệt/xoá /ˈfɜː.tɪ.laɪ.zər/
sổ sâu bệnh, và từ US
đó khiến cho cây /ˈfɝː.t̬əl.aɪ.zɚ/
phát triển tốt.

5 Một vài nhà khoa UK

học danh tiếng đã /ˈem.ɪ.nənt/
lo ngại rằng mực US
nước biển sẽ đạt /ˈem.ə.nənt/
đỉnh trong năm
2021.

Hint - mực nước

biển - Sea level

6 Từ khi nông UK
nghiệp ra đời, một /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪd/
số phương pháp US
canh tác nhất định /ˈpes.tə.saɪd/
ể gây ô nhiễm đất
do sử dụng thuốc
trừ sâu hóa học.

305
7 Nhiều nhà môi UK
trường / nhà hoạt /ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈme
động môi trường n.təl.ɪst/ US
đề xuất việc giáo /ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈme
dục cộng đồng về n.t̬əl.ɪst/
tầm quan trọng
của cân bằng tự
nhiên

8 Hiện nay có rất UK

nhiều sản phẩm /ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈme
tuyệt vời mà thân n.təl.i/ US
thiện với môi /ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈme
trường / thân n.t̬əl.i/
thiện với sinh thái.

9 Có phải sự nóng UK /ˈɡləʊ.bəl/

lên toàn cầu là US /ˈɡloʊ.bəl/
một trong những
mối bận tâm lớn
nhất/cấp bách
nhất về môi
trường hiện nay
không?

10 Các công ty đa UK
quốc gia cần phải /ˈweɪ.stɪdʒ/
cắt giảm lượng US /ˈweɪ.stɪdʒ/
lãng phí.

306
 Hint - lượng lãng
phí - wastage

11 Nhiều nước đang UK

cân nhắc sự phát /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/
triển bền vững. US
/səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/

12 Tôi không chắc UK

liệu lý do chính /ɪnˌdʌs.tri.ə.laɪˈ
cho sự ô nhiễm zeɪ.ʃən/ US
này là công /ɪnˌdʌs.tri.ə.ləˈz
nghiệp hoá hay eɪ.ʃən/
không

13 Chúng ta có nên UK
giáo dục công /ˈedʒ.u.keɪt/
chúng về môi US
trường bằng cách /ˈedʒ.ə.keɪt/
phát tờ rơi không?

HInt - tờ rơi -
leaflet

14 Khí thải được UK

tin/cho là có một /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ/
tác động nghiêm US
trọng (có tính phá /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.t̬ɪŋ/
hủy) đến khí hậu
của chúng ta.

Hint - Khí thải (từ

ống khói, phương

307
 tiện) - exhaust
fumes

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/ clauses (Vie) Words/ Phrases/ Pronunciation

phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)
- in bold

1 Ô nhiễm nghiêm UK
trọng có thể đe dọa /ˈθret.ən.ɪŋ/
tính mạng đến nhiều /ˈθret.nɪŋ/
loài động vật khác US /ˈθret.ən.ɪŋ/
nhau, bao gồm cả /ˈθret.nɪŋ/
động vật có vú và bò
sát.

2 Chúng tôi đang đạt UK /ˈprəʊ.ɡres/

được rất nhiều tiến US /ˈprɑː.ɡres/
bộ/tiến triển, đặc
biệt là trong nghiên
cứu của chúng tôi về
gia đình ruột thịt và
đại gia đình.

Hint

GIa đình ruột thịt -

Immediately family
(Unit 1)

Đại gia đình -

extended family (unit
1..

308
3 Nhiều giải pháp đã UK /prəˈpəʊz/
được đề xuất để giải US /prəˈpoʊz/
quyết vấn đề.

4 Mọi người càng có UK

giáo dục tốt, thì môi /ˌæd.vænˈteɪ.dʒ
trường càng có lợi əs/ US
/ˌæd.vænˈteɪ.dʒ
əs/

5 Tôi nghĩ rằng sẽ UK

không thể giải quyết /ˌʌn.əˈteɪ.nə.bəl
được vấn đề trong / US
vòng vài năm tới. /ˌʌn.əˈteɪ.nə.bəl
/

6 Có thể chúng ta sẽ UK /ˈfiː.zə.bəl/

lái ô tô điện trong US /ˈfiː.zə.bəl/
tương lai gần.

7 Việc loại bỏ ô nhiễm UK /rɪd/

chắc chắn có thể đạt US /rɪd/
được.

8 Tôi nghĩ rằng ít có UK /ʌnˈlaɪ.kli/

khả năng mọi người US /ʌnˈlaɪ.kli/
sẽ từ bỏ các hóa chất
mà chúng ta đang sử
dụng hiện tại.

Hint

Từ bỏ (v) to abandon

9 Tôi nghĩ rằng các UK

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 chính phủ có thể sẽ /ˈprɒb.ə.bəl/
bắt đầu gây áp lực US
lên các nhà sản xuất /ˈprɑː.bə.bəl/
Hint - nhà sản xuất -
manufacturer

10 Một số lượng lớn các UK /lɑːdʒ/

loài động vật hoang US /lɑːrdʒ/
dã đang gặp nguy
hiểm (có nguy cơ bị
tuyệt chủng).

11 Một số lượng lớn UK /rɪˈlaɪ/

người dân ở khu Phố US /rɪˈlaɪ/
Cổ dựa vào nguồn
nước sẵn có từ hồ
Hoàn Kiếm.

Hint - Hồ Hoàn Kiếm

- Hoan Kiem
lake/Sword lake

12 Ô nhiễm không khí là UK /ˈsʌf.ər/

nguyên nhân khiến US /ˈsʌf.ɚ/
con người mắc (chịu
đựng) nhiều bệnh
nguy hiểm ảnh
hưởng đến tình trạng
sức khỏe của họ.

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 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Các hoạt động New ___________ have been UK /ˈfɑː.mɪŋ/

canh tác applied to protect soil quality. This,
US /ˈfɑːr.mɪŋ/
unfortunately, doesn’t make the
soil resistant to natural disasters
like chemical spray.

2 chuỗi thức ăn Chemicals damage the quality of UK /ˈfuːd ˌtʃeɪn/

the produce like grapefruit and
US /ˈfuːd ˌtʃeɪn/
melon. On top of that, they enter
the _______ at some point, moving
from fish to mammals to us

3 miễn nhiễm Affected species include the polar UK /ɪˈmjuːn/

(không bị ảnh bear, giraffe, hippo(potamus), US /ɪˈmjuːn/
hưởng bởi cái rhino(ceros). So not even the
gì) largest animals are ___________.

4 Đổ chất thải _____________________________ into UK /dʌmp/

hóa học waterways is irresponsible
US /dʌmp/
behavior, to say the least . And the
problem is that this malpractice
has spanned several decades.

5 Băng tan An important event in Prehistoric UK /melt/

times is the Ice Age, which
US /melt/
occurred around 2.4 million years
ago. Subsequent to the Ice Age is
a period of _________, when the
temperature of the Earth rose for
1000 consecutive years.

311
6 có thể sinh To arrange the consequences of UK
sống/tồn tại global warming in a chronological /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tə.bəl
được order: first, there’ll be a reduction /
on/of__________ land, and
US
subsequently, many animal
/ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.t̬ə.bəl
species would be rendered
/
homeless. Finally, extreme
weather conditions will kill off or
hurt many animals badly.

7 quy định lượng The government could __________. UK /ˈreɡ.jə.leɪt/

phát thải theo To be fair, regulating is the easy
US /ˈreɡ.jə.leɪt/
công ty. part, monitoring actual emissions
so that they are not in excess of/do
not exceed the limit amount is the
challenging one. But that’s a
frontier that must be conquered
to bring emissions down to zero in
the future.

8 Một hạn ngạch Since the turn of the previous UK /ˈkwəʊ.tə/

century, the emergence of
US /ˈkwoʊ.t̬ə/
factories has compounded (the
issue of) air pollution, perhaps
more so than ever before. To
combat air pollution, a ________
should be set on how much
pollution these factories are
allowed to generate.

9 vượt quá khả The amount of domestic waste is UK

năng xử lý rác ________ our ___________. In other /kəˈpæs.ə.ti/
thải words, unless we devise/invent
US
some new breakthrough
/kəˈpæs.ə.t̬i/
technology in waste treatment, it’s
unlikely that our treatment
facilities could keep up with the

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 staggering amount of household
waste. Some prototype
technologies are being developed,
but it remains to be seen whether
they are practicable/feasible.

10 Tuân thủ All companies UK

should_______________________all /kənˈstreɪnt/
the environmental rules and
US
pollution constraints. Getting
/kənˈstreɪnt/
accustomed to all these
regulations could take time and
other resources, but if they fail to
turn their attention to
environmental protection instead
of profit, there’d be disastrous
consequences.

11 đặt vào tình thế They need to show everyone that UK /rɪsk/
nguy hiểm. by constantly demolishing old
US /rɪsk/
buildings in favour of skyscrapers,
we are ______the future of our
planet. Construction work takes a
heavy toll on the environment.

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases (Vie)

1 chưa từng có UK
Our way of life is putting a
/ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪ
___________ strain on the Earth's
d/
ecosystems. And it doesn’t just
happen in some particular US

313
 countries, but rather a /ʌnˈpres.ə.den.t̬
worldwide/universal phenomenon. ɪd/
From all the mod cons, concrete
buildings, to the way we dump our
waste … I’ve lost track of the list of
environmentally damaging
activities we’ve grown reliant on. It is
now unimaginable/unthinkable to
visualize a world without where we
can lead an emission-free life.

2 không thể We are confronting problems that UK

giải quyết are more taxing than ever before, /ɪnˈsɒl.jə.bəl/
được. some of them seemingly
US
___________. We’ve tried taking
/ɪnˈsɑːl.jə.bəl/
turn(s) in raising our opinions, but a
few hours have gone by/passed, and
it seems we haven’t made any
progress.

3 cấp bách I guess the most ___________ UK

environmental concern is global /ɪmˈper.ə.tɪv/
warming.As sea level is sensitive to
US
temperature change, when
/ɪmˈper.ə.t̬ɪv/
temperature rises, we’d see rising
sea level and a lot of associated
problems. Given this insight, we’re
setting a goal/target to cut our
emissions by half by 2050. Well, half
is not everything, but it’s a very
important milestone to reach.

4 tràn lan This is not easy, but it is vital, UK

because pollution is ___________ and /ˌɒm.nɪˈprez.ənt
often life-threatening. /

US

314
 Pollution is ________ and often /ˌɑːm.nɪˈprez.ən
life-threatening. It affects people t/
from all walks of life, from all over
the world, sparing no one. You can
be virtually anywhere, and it’s likely
that you can’t escape the impact of
pollution. Therefore, curbing
pollution, or at the very least slowing
it down, is not easy, but it’s
crucial/vital.

5 vô ích. I think educating the public by UK /ˈfjuː.taɪl/

handing out leaflets would be
US /ˈfjuː.t̬əl/
___________. Most people find leaflets
not worth reading, and would just
throw them away

6 loài người Environmental problems are one of UK /ˌhjuː.mən

the greatest concerns of the ˈreɪs/
___________ of the 21st century.
US /ˌhjuː.mən
Having said that, studying about the
ˈreɪs/
environment could be a time
consuming & frustrating process,
since there’s an overwhelming
amount of conflicting information
on it. It’s going to be well worth the
effort though, because when all is
said and done, it has a direct impact
on our well-being.

7 nhắc Nowadays, pollution is so UK /pɔːˈtreɪ/

đến/phác hoạ pervasive/omnipresent that the US /pɔːrˈtreɪ/
trên các issue is frequently
phương tiện ___________________________. The
truyền thông frequent _________ is not necessarily
đa phương a bad thing though, because many
people are out of touch with what’s

315
 tiện. going on. This is when multimedia
coverage proves useful, for it keeps
the public informed about the
environment we live in, which is
important since our planet is now
home to (over) 8 billion people.

8 cố tình/có My brother and I don't actually have UK

chủ đích a lot in common. He cares about /dɪˈlɪb.ər.ət.li/
world problems like overpopulation
US
in megacities or environmental
/dɪˈlɪb.ɚ.ət.li/
pollution, while I don’t. When we
were little, he used to talk about
environmental facts he’d
memorized, just to _________ annoy
me.

9 Như một A: ______________, the government UK /rɪˈzɔːt/

phương án might have to ban the use of cars on
US /rɪˈzɔːrt/
cuối cùng, the street.
(Khi các biện
pháp khác
B: Personally speaking, switching to
không hiệu
public transport once in a
quả)
while/every now and then is
something I can live with. But
banning cars altogether? I don’t
think I can ever be punctual again.

10 biểu tình A: We can ____________ companies in UK /ˈprəʊ.test/

phản đối the heavy industries to stop
US /ˈproʊ.test/
polluting the environment.

B: That sounds like an intriguing

idea to me. I don’t think they can
stand the pressure if we all protest
together

316
11 không thể A: Scientists believe that the UK
phục hồi. damage to this area is ___________. /ˌɪr.ɪˈvɜː.sə.bəl/

US
B: I find that hard to believe. The /ˌɪr.əˈvɝː.sə.bəl/
neighboring areas all seem to have
recovered. There should be a way to
remedy the situation.

12 Không thể A: _____________ that a large number UK

tránh khỏi of populations in a small city always /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bəl/
causes environmental pollution.
US
/ˌɪnˈev.ə.t̬ə.bəl/
B: Are you talking about Grab-car
drivers? They are in their cars almost
all the time. And prior to Grab, we
have those traditional taxi drivers as
well.

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 IV. Questions
1. Task 1, 3:
1. Among the greatest environmental threats we’re facing today, which
one do you think is the greatest environmental threat we face today?

2. How serious are the issues associated with environmental pollution

these days?

3. What are the impacts caused by environmental pollution to our

everyday life?

4. Is it possible for all the environmental problems to be solved in the

next few decades? (Yes/No)

5. What can the government do to help protect the environment?

6. What can we as individuals do (to help protect the environment)?

7. What are the disadvantages of the rapid development of industry?

8. What are the factors that cause soil erosion?

Questions Idea

1. Among the ● A number of, pervasive / prevalent issues;

greatest
○ most imperative/pressing concern - global
environmental warming
threats we’re
● Greenhouse gases & exhaust fumes;from power
facing today,
stations / cars
which one do
you think is the ○ ->cause, average temperature, rise, fast
greatest ○ -> lead to melting ice & rising water level
environmental
● -> It is inevitable;
threat we face
today? ○ sea water - occupy land

○ render uninhabitable

○ Over the course, 50 to 100 years, even the

highlands, not immune

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2. How serious ● Human race; face unprecedented / pressing
are the issues problems;
associated
○ some insoluble/insolvable
with
○ Example - pollution in HN/HCM - get worse
environmental
than ever
pollution these
days? ● industrialization, cause, Earth; suffer - irreparable
damage

○ Example - industrial zones, built, Vietnam,

recent years

○ release, large amount, exhaust fumes,

atmosphere

● If, continue, being responsible,

○ put future of planet, at risk, according to

environmentalists.

3. What are the ● Pollution, result from, exhaust fumes (khí thải từ
impacts ống khói)
caused by
○ produced, motor vehicles & power stations
environmental
○ more vehicles on the street -> inevitably
pollution to
cause climate change
our everyday
life? ○ devastating impact/irreparable damage to
life

○ a direct impact we can see

○ more frequent storms and floods, than, past

● Just the other day (mới hôm nọ)

○ riding motorbike to (lái xe máy đến) …

○ get caught in storm

○ engine fail (chết máy) -> nightmare

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4. Is it possible ● Yes
for all the
○ If everyone; aware of - impact on
environmental environment; achievable/attainable goal
problems to be
○ While, environmental problems, present a
solved in the
challenge,; not yet exceed our capacity
next few
decades? ○ Example: get rid of pollution -
(Yes/No) viable/feasible; if frequently portray in the
multimedia - educate the public

● No

○ Unattainable goal; prove

impracticable/impractical

■ Cause, so much, damage, mother

nature -> environmental problems;
insoluble / irreversible

■ unimaginable to think - reverse global

warming, within next, decade

○ Inevitable; human race -

■ face life threatening/catastrophic

disasters, as a result of, disasters

5. What can ● (1) Regulate the emission by companies

the
○ A quota; set how much pollution - allow
government
to generate
do to help
protect the ● (2) Achievable; educate the public - pressing
environment? issues / negative impacts - suffer from

320
 ● (3) As a last resort; probable - ban the use of
cars - reduce exhaust fumes

● Environmentally-friendly practices /
sustainable development - play important
roles - deliberately save our ecosystem

6. What can ● A _(1)______action that we could take as individuals is

we as to ____(2) ______________. Since the amount of
individuals do domestic waste is _______(3)_____________, our soil
(to help and _(4)________ can easily be _____(5)__________.
protect the Therefore, a reduction in waste produced could
environment)? definitely make some _____(6)____. Besides, another
method is to __(7)______against the companies that
are ______(8)____ indifferent to the pollution they are
causing. These companies should be forced
to__________(9)______________ and pollution
constraints that will help preserve our environment.
However, some practices like _____(10)_______ would
prove _______.

● Hints

1. đáng dành thời gian để làm

2. cắt giảm lượng lãng phí

3. vượt quá khả năng xử lý rác thái

4. nguồn nước

5. ô nhiễm

6. biểu tình

7. cố tình/có chủ đích

8. tuân thủ các luật về môi trường

9. Phát tờ rơi

10. Vô ích

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7. What are the The advances made by humans have made us the
disadvantages dominant species on our planet and they are ____(1)_____
of the rapid our environment. Several _______(2)_____ are concerned
development that we have become too successful and we are putting
of industry? an _______(3)______ pressure on the Earth's ecosystems. If
they turn out to be right, this could have ______(4)______
consequences for future generations.

● Hints

1. ảnh hưởng trực tiếp

2. nhà khoa học danh tiếng

3. chưa từng có

4. đe doạ đến tính mạng

8. What are The soil is _______(1)_______ by factories and ____(2)______

the factors that which can leave heavy metals in the soil. Other human
cause soil activities such as the overdevelopment of land and the
erosion? clearing of trees also directly affect soil quality;
_____(3)______ has been shown to cause soil erosion.
Certain _________(4)______ can also pollute the land
through the use of _____(5)_________ and
______(6)________.

● Hints

1. ô nhiễm

2. nhà máy điện

3. việc chặt phá rừng

4. hoạt động canh tác

5. thuốc trừ sâu hoá học

6. phân bón

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 2. Task 2
Describe the environmental pollution in your city.

You should say:

● What type of pollution it is/ are

● Cause and effect of pollution

● Why it had happen and explain how can this pollution be controlled

Idea Answers

Air pollution

Lead-in & Background

● I live in…;

● This city/area - several issues

related to environment

○ Major pollution: air

● reason: large number of

population

○ In terms of, population,

city, home to… (the
number of people)

○ With such population,

inevitable, use of cars,
energy consumption,
wastages, go up

○ As a result, air
pollution, increasingly,
serious

Air pollution

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 ● Air pollution -
unprecedented level

○ Issue, so urgent that,

frequently portrayed
in the multimedia.

● Lot of, discussion, over,

cause,

○ Most people, agree,

rising use, cars, energy,
primary/main cause.

○ When it comes to,

number of cars

■ city dwellers,
getting richer ->
afford car

○ At the same time

■ higher
population ->
higher power
consumption

○ All of these -> higher

carbon emissions,
atmosphere.

Solution:

● With regards to/moving on

to solutions

● (1) Raise public

awareness/educate the
public

324
 ○ Importance,
environment

○ Crucial, member of
public, damage, cause
environment,
irreversible

● (2) Regulate the amount of

emissions by company

○ Set, quota,
pollution,company,
allow, generate

○ If companies, comply,
environmental rules &
pollution constraints

■ develop/grow,
environmentally
friendly, way

■ -> sustainable
development

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 Unit 16 - ENERGY CRISIS
Topic: Natural resources, alternative fuels

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Natural resources
1.1 Answer the questions in this quiz.

1. You decide to fly to an island 5,000 miles away for a holiday. How
many trees would you need to plant to offset or make up for the C02
emissions produced by the flight?

A. 0.2

B. 20

C. 2

2. Which is the most environmentally friendly way to clean your clothes?

A. Hand-wash the clothes in hot water.

B. Take them to the dry cleaners.

C. Machine-wash the clothes in cold water.

3. You are tidying up your house in the evening, going back and forth
between the bedroom, kitchen and living room, spending five to ten
minutes in each room as you sort out the clutter. What is the best way
to make sure your lights aren’t needlessly wasting energy?

A. Keep the lights on as you go from room to room until the job is done.

B. Turn the lights off every time you leave a room and then on again when
you return.

326
4. You decide to cook a baked potato for lunch. Which is the most
energy-efficient way of cooking the potato?

A. Put it in an electric oven to cook slowly for an hour.

B. Quickly zap it in the microwave.

5. You want to really make a significant contribution to the reduction of

C02 emissions. Which of these would be of the most benefit over the
course of a year?

A. Taking the train instead of driving a car.

B. Hanging your washing out to dry rather than using the tumble dryer.

C. Working from home one day a week.

1.2 (Audio 16) Listen to the answers to find out how environmentally
aware you are.

1.3 Complete the text with one word in each gap. Then look at the
recording script at the back of the book to check your answers.

If we want to (l)______________ energy then we need to change the way we

behave. We need to buy appliances that are more energy (2)____________
and limit the amount of time we use them. To reduce the (3)_____________
the greenhouse gases have on our (4)_____________ we should plant more
trees. Trees can (5)___________ carbon dioxide and so they help to
(6)_____________ the fumes produced by our cars. Turning off lights even for
a few minutes can (7)______________ the negative effects of turning them on
again later.

2.1 Read the text and then answer the questions below.

The future of energy

CO2 plays a critical role in maintaining the balance in the Earth’s

atmosphere and the air that we breathe. It is also a waste product of the
fossil fuels that almost every person on the planet uses for transport and
other energy requirements. Because we create CO2 every time we drive a
car, cook a meal or turn on a light , and because the gas lasts around a

327
century in the atmosphere, the proportion of CO2 in the atmosphere is
rapidly increasing.

The best evidence indicates that we need to reduce carbon dioxide

emissions by 70 per cent by 2050. If you own a four-wheel -drive car and
replace it with a hybrid car - a car that is powered by a combination of
electricity and petrol - or a smaller standard-fuel car, you can achieve a
reduction of that magnitude in a day rather than half a century.
Unfortunately, our past history of change is considerably slower than this.
Samuel Bowser first invented the petrol pump in 1885 but it wasn’t until
1988 that all new cars manufactured in the UK were required to use
unleaded petrol only.

Not only do fossil fuels pose an environmental hazard but there is also a
pressing need to find an alternative energy source that is renewable.
Opinions as to how much oil remains vary considerably. Some say that the
Earth has produced only 18 per cent of its potential yield of oil; others say
supplies may run out as early as 2015 . Many countries are exploring
alternative energy sources such as solar energy or wind power, which uses
large turbines to capture the energy of the wind.

1. How do you write C02 in full? ____________________________________________

2. What do we call fuels such as coal and oil?

__________________________________

3. What are two names for the substance that comes out of the exhaust of
a car?

_______________________________________________________________________

4. What do we call fuels that can be produced at any

time?_________________________

5. Name two types of alternative

energy._______________________________________

6. What is a turbine most similar to?

A. a large engine B. A windmill C. A car

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Alternative fuels
2.2 Complete the text with words from the box.

alternative converting eco-friendly emit engine

fuel fumes greenhouse plant solar

gases

Fueling our cars

Our love of the fuel-burning car with its poisonous exhaust

(1)_______________ has had a devastating effect both on our environment
and on oil supplies. It is unlikely we will abandon our cars in large enough
numbers to resolve this problem, so there is a pressing need to find an
(2)_______________ fuel. Many car companies are exploring (3)______________
energy sources. Hybrid cars were first developed in 1997 and these are likely
to become more commonplace in the future. Hydrogen vehicles that use
(4)______________ panels to extract hydrogen from water are also likely to be
readily available in the near future. These vehicles (5)________________ only
water vapour and so do not contribute to (6)_______________. However,
critics say that building a network of fuelling stations and (7)______________
existing petrol stations to hydrogen will prove too costly and will limit this
vehicle’s potential. Nevertheless, countries such as the US, Germany, Japan
and Iceland already have ambitious hydrogen plans.

Others believe that biofuels are the future. These fuels are based on
(8)_______________ oils and so can be grown. The concept of using vegetable
oil as a (9)_________________ dates back to 1895 when Dr Rudolf Diesel
developed the first diesel (10)_______________ to run on vegetable oil. He
demonstrated his engine at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 and
described an experiment using peanut oil as fuel in his engine. In 1912,
Diesel said, ‘The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem
insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as
important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time.’

Error warning: Gas is the American word for petrol. Smoke is produced
when something burns. Fumes are the gases produced by chemicals

329
 such as petrol: Older cars generate a great deal of fumes. NOT a great
deal of gas /a great deal of smoke

2.3 Decide whether these sentences are true or false. Underline the
parts of the text that gave you your answer.

1. Cars that run on electricity and petrol appeared in 1997. True.

2. Water is produced from the exhausts of hydrogen cars.______

3. It will be relatively inexpensive to change current petrol stations for

hydrogen cars._______

4. Biofuels are non-renewable.______

5. In 1912 diesel was seen as an important fuel source.______

2.4 Which is the odd one out? Try to explain why.

1. curb / limit / promote / restrict. The other words mean 'to reduce'

2. electricity / nuclear energy / solar energy / wind

power__________________________

3. economical / effective / efficient /

emission___________________________________

4. carbon / fuel / gas /

petrol_________________________________________________

5. emit / discharge / release /

retain____________________________________________

6. renewable / disposable /
rechargeable________________________________________

7. diminish / dwindle / deplete /

drastic________________________________________

8. consume / extend / exhaust /

expend________________________________________

9. conserve / preserve / reserve /

save__________________________________________

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2.5 Answer these questions using as many new words and phrases from
this unit as you can. If possible, record yourself and then listen to your
answers.

1. Do you think that you waste too much energy in the home?

Well, yes actually but I've wasted energy for a good/justifiable reason. As
you may be aware, it's been boiling in Hanoi for the last few months, and
like everyone else, I really dislike the burning heat, so I turn on the air
conditioner whenever I'm at home. I'm well aware that air conditioners
consume a lot of power, and as such a significant amount of CO2 would be
released into the air, but I guess I just can’t stand sweating all day.

2. What has the government done to encourage people to save energy?

Many people would support raising electricity bills as it is believed that as

the cost of energy goes up, the demand for it would go down, but this is
hardly true. As energy is essential in our everyday life, its demand is not
sensitive to changes in price. In fact, when the government has increased
electricity prices numerous times, but the demand for it has hardly gone
down. Another popular measure used by the government and EVN
(Electricity of Vietnam) is to have power cuts from time to time to avoid
power shortages. Yet, this presents a nuisance as they often choose
summer/winter nights for power outages.

3. Why do you think people prefer to drive a car instead of using public
transport?

It’s an obvious fact that the purchasing and operational costs of having a
car far outweigh the expenses involved in public transport. On top of that,
the exhaust fumes from cars pose a major hazard to the environment.
However, despite these downsides, many people would choose cars over
any public transport for the range of benefits cars offer. The most evident
bonus would be the ability to travel from one place to another at ease. Also,
another plus point is that a car symbolizes wealth, meaning that the car a
person drives often gives a message to the world about his/her social class,
so I guess many people favour cars for this reason.

4. Do you feel optimistic about the future in terms of energy?

From all the articles I've read so far, it's highly unlikely that we can have a
positive outlook on the energy of the future. All the fossil fuels are running

331
out soon. In the past century, human beings have done a good job in
depleting all the exploitable resources, oil and gas included. On the other
hand, we have made certain progress in the area of alternative energy
sources, but when you put these in comparison with the energy demand of
today's world, they appear to be insignificant and won't be even close to
meeting our demands. So, in a word, the future of energy is dull.

5. What changes do you think will happen in the next 20 years?

It's very hard to tell actually. But if I had to make a guess, I'd say that we
might begin to see the prevalence of public transport in the city. Local
authorities worldwide have been making an effort to encourage people to
increasingly make use of the public transport system. In Vietnam, for
instance, the government just launched some large overhead railway
projects recently, so I guess in 20 years' time, railways would be very
common/prevalent in the city. Another possible trend would be to switch to
energy-efficient appliances. Electricity accounts for a large part of our utility
bills these days, so I guess more and more people would begin to go for the
energy-saving products.

Test tip: In the speaking test you will be assessed on your ‘lexical
resource’ - in other words, whether you can use a wide range of
vocabulary accurately. Think about your answers to these questions. Did
you have to hesitate to search for words? Which words did you manage
to use? Which words do you still need to practise?

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 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Phrases/clauses Words/phrases Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng)

1 Chúng ta cần UK /iˈmɪʃ.ən/

giảm 70% khí US /iˈmɪʃ.ən/
thải CO2/khí nhà
kính vào 2050

2 Có nhiều cách để UK
giặt quần áo thân /ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈmen.
thiện với môi təl.i/
trường US
/ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈmen.
t̬əl.i/

3 Chúng ta cần UK /ˈen.ə.dʒi/

mua những thiết US /ˈen.ɚ.dʒi/
bị mà (adj) tiết
kiệm năng
lượng/tiêu thụ ít
năng lượng hơn

4 Tất cả nhiên liệu UK /ˈfɒs.əl/

hóa thạch sẽ sớm US /ˈfɑː.səl/
cạn kiệt với tiến
độ này

5 Cây cối có thể UK /ɪɡˈzɔːst/

giúp giảm thiểu

333
 khí thải ô tô/ống US /ɪɡˈzɑːst/
khói từ xe cộ

6 Quan trọng để UK
tìm ra được thêm /rɪˈnjuː.ə.bəl/
các nguồn năng US
lượng mà có thể /rɪˈnuː.ə.bəl/
tái tạo được
(năng lượng)

7 Chúng ta đã có UK
tiến triển trong /ɒlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv/
lĩnh vực về nguồn US
năng lượng thay /ɑːlˈtɝː.nə.t̬ɪv/
thế

8 Con người đang UK /dɪˈpliːt/

khai thác cạn US /dɪˈpliːt/
kiệt những tài
nguyên có thể
khai thác được
trong đó bao gồm
dầu mỏ và khí đốt

9 Nếu chúng ta UK /kənˈsɜːv/

muốn tiết US /kənˈsɝːv/
kiệm/bảo tồn
năng lượng, vậy
thì chúng ta cần
thay đổi cách

334
 chúng ta sống

10 Thi thoảng cắt UK /ˌwelˈbiː.ɪŋ/

điện giúp tránh US /ˌwelˈbiː.ɪŋ/
việc thiếu điện
sử dụng

11 chính quyền địa UK /ɔːˈθɒr.ə.ti/

phương đang US /əˈθɔːr.ə.t̬i/
khuyến khích mọi
người sử dụng
phương tiện công
cộng

12 Hoá chất dùng UK

trong sản xuất có /ˈdæm.ɪ.dʒɪŋ/
thể có tính chất US
phá hủy môi /ˈdæm.ɪ.dʒɪŋ/
trường

1.2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/ clauses (Vie) Words/ Phrases/ Pronunciation

phrases clauses (Eng)
(Eng) - in
bold

1 Đang có nhu cầu UK /ˈpres.ɪŋ/

cấp bách để giảm US /ˈpres.ɪŋ/
lượng khí thải CO2

2 Điều hoà tiêu thụ UK /kənˈsjuːm/

(nhiều) năng lượng US /kənˈsuːm/

3 Nó được tin rằng là UK /ˈhɑːd.li/

335
 những vấn đề về môi US /ˈhɑːrd.li/
trường đã cải thiện
nhưng không đúng
tí nào cả

4 Lợi ích của việc có xe UK /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/

ô tô riêng US /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/
nhiều/quan trọng
hơn nhiều là phương
tiện công cộng

5 Dù có nhiều bất lợi, UK /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/

xe ô tô vẫn có nhiều US /ˈben.ə.fɪt/
lợi ích

6 chúng ta có thể có UK /ˈaʊt.lʊk/

một cái nhìn lạc US /ˈaʊt.lʊk/
quan về năng lượng
trong tương lai

7 Đường ray sẽ (adj) có UK

mặt ở khắp mọi nơi /ˌɒm.nɪˈprez.ənt/
trong thành phố US
/ˌɑːm.nɪˈprez.ənt/

8 Các nhà máy thủy UK /meɪk/ US

điện tận dụng sức /meɪk/
nước để phát điện.

9 chúng ta có thể bắt UK /ˈprev.əl.əns/

đầu thấy sự phổ US /ˈprev.əl.əns/
biến của phương
tiện giao thông
công cộng trong
thành phố.

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 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 giặt máy You should __________ the UK /məˈʃiːn/

clothes in cold water. US /məˈʃiːn/

2 giặt tay It is uncomfortable to ________ UK /ˈhænd.wɒʃ/

the clothes in hot water in the US /ˈhænd.wɑːʃ/
summer

3 để đèn bật ________ as you go from room UK /laɪt/

to room until the job is done. US /laɪt/

4 dọn nhà cho gọn When you ___________ your UK /ˈklʌt.ər/

gàng phòng/xếp house, spend five to ten US /ˈklʌt̬ .ɚ/
lại đống bừa bộn minutes in each room as you
_________

5 phơi quần áo _______to dry rather than UK /hæŋ/

using the tumble dryer. US /hæŋ/

6 chuyển sang dùng Another possible trend would UK /əˈplaɪ.əns/

thiết bị tiết kiệm be to _______ US /əˈplaɪ.əns/
năng lượng

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7 gây nguy hại Not only do fossil fuels UK /ˈhæz.əd/
đến/tạo mối đe ___________ but it is also not US /ˈhæz.ɚd/
dọa đến energy-efficient

8 trạm xăng, cây building a network of ________ UK /ˈpet.rəl/

xăng and converting existing US /ˈpet.rəl/
________ to hydrogen will
prove too costly and .

9 cắt điện It’s common to _______ in rural UK /paʊər/

areas US /ˈpaʊ.ɚ/

10 hóa đơn tiền điện, Electricity accounts for a large UK /juːˈtɪl.ə.ti/

các loại hóa đơn part of our _______ these days US /juːˈtɪl.ə.t̬i/
điện nước

11 luôn giặt đầy quần Keeping washing UK /ˈpɒl.ə.si/

áo là một phương temperature low and US /ˈpɑː.lə.si/
pháp tốt nhất _______________.

2.2. General Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 đóng góp lớn You want to really __________ UK

to the reduction of C02 /ˌkɒn.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/
emissions. US
/ˌkɑːn.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/

338
2 trong suốt cả năm Taking the train instead of UK /kɔːs/
driving a car would be of the US /kɔːrs/
most benefit _________

3 được sử dụng hết Others say supplies may UK /rʌn/

______ as early as 2030 which US /rʌn/
is concerning

4 đắt/tốn kém Using personal vehicles is UK /ˈkɒst.li/

more ___________ than using US /ˈkɑːst.li/
public transport

5 vì mục đích chính I’m well aware that I’m UK

đáng wasting energy, but I’m doing /ˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪ.ə.bəl/
so ______________. /ˌdʒʌs.tɪˈfaɪ.ə.bəl/

US
/ˈdʒʌs.tə.faɪ.ə.bəl
/

6 gây phiền toái Power outages often take UK /ˈnjuː.səns/

place on summer nights, US /ˈnuː.səns/
which ______________.

7 chi phí liên quan _______ buying a car is too UK /ɪkˈspens/

tới much for most young people. US /ɪkˈspens/

8 nhu cầu không As energy is essential in our UK /ˈsen.sɪ.tɪv/

nhạy cảm với sự everyday life, its demand is US /ˈsen.sə.t̬ɪv/
not __________ to changes in

339
 thay đổi của giá price.

9 tượng trưng cho another plus point is that a UK

sự giàu có car_______ /ˈsɪm.bəl.aɪz/

US
/ˈsɪm.bə.laɪz/

10 Nhiều người lầm _________ that flicking the UK /mɪθ/

tưởng rằng light on and off uses more US /mɪθ/
energy than leaving them on

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 IV. QUESTIONS
1. Task 1, 3:
1. Do you try to save energy?

2. What can we as individuals do to save as much power as possible?

3. What can the government do to encourage people to save energy?

4. What are the consequences of not saving energy?

5. Would you say we should do everything in our power to save/conserve

energy?

6. Can you suggest some practical actions that can be taken to mitigate
the damage caused by greenhouse gasses?

7. What can we do to teach children to protect the environment?

8. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the energy situation?

9. Do you think it’s possible to cut down on/reduce greenhouse gasses

emitted in the near future?

Questions Idea

1. Do you try to Yes

save energy?
● Student, tight budget

○ Cannot afford, large, utility bill

● save, as much, possible

○ turn off light

○ hardly (ever) air-conditioner

● This lifestyle

○ help, save up to …. over the course of a month

No

● Always keep/leave appliances on, when leave, a room

341
 ● Electricity bills - significant amount

● A student, not rich, just forgetful (hay quên)

● Trying to change

○ Will help, save money

2. What can we When it comes to, save power/energy,

as individuals
(1) best way/policy - switch, energy-efficient
do to save as appliances
much power
example -trend - switch to, energy-saving light bulb
as possible?
(bóng đèn)

(2) Generally speaking, turn off devices/gadgets when,

not use

But - common myth/misconception

● always turn off air conditioner, leave room

-> not necessarily true;

● Leave room, a short while,

-> keep air conditioner on -> save energy

(3) make use public transport whenever possible

● research show, use, public transport, save more

energy per person than private vehicles

OR make use, electric car, ... example: many switch,

traditional car, Vinfast electric car (more environmentally
friendly)

3. What can ● increase price, unit of energy/electricity

the
● it is believed, demand not sensitive, changes in
government prices but hardly true
do to
encourage

342
people to save ● In reality, price go up, consumption/demand go
energy? down

○ Reason: now, common/prevalent problem - too

much/excessive energy waste

○ Raise price -> make people reduce waste & save

energy

4. What are ● excessive power/energy consumption

the
○ leave greenhouse gas/CO2 emissions in the
consequences atmosphere (bầu không khí)
of not saving
○ pose a hazard/threat to environment lead to
energy?
power shortages

○ power cut, especially in the countryside of VN,

lack/shortage of electricity

● energy conservation -> make sure enough energy,

use.

5. Would you ● efforts to save energy - justifiable

say we should
○ As/Like I said, costs involved in energy waste -
do everything too much/significant
in our power to
● Needless to say, energy conservation present a
save/conserve
nuisance
energy?
○ example switching from private transport to
public transport - pose inconvenience (bất tiện)

● But, benefits, save energy, far outweigh the costs

● Start now, before too late

○ so that, positive outlook, energy of future

6. Can you mitigate damage to a certain extent by, plant more trees
suggest some
● trees bring a lot of benefits
practical
actions that

343
can be taken ● absorb CO2 exhaust fumes (damaging to the
to mitigate the environment)
damage
● If not for trees, would,run out, clean air, breathe
caused by (Dk loai 3)
greenhouse
gasses?

7. What can we (1) Raise awareness, environmental issues

do to teach
○ made aware, environmental issues, from an early
children to age (từ khi còn bé)
protect the
○ careful/cautious, not, do anything, damage
environment?
environment

(2) Give them a sense of responsibility - house chores

● Examples: hand-wash the clothes instead of

machine-wash, hang the washing/clothes, tidy up
their room/sort out clutter in their room

● Actions like these, make them more responsible/

more mindful of the world around them

8. Are you ● State of energy now - not put my mind at ease

optimistic or
○ world consume, (a great deal of) power
pessimistic (Reason: today’s modern conveniences)
about the
○ In other words, deplete all the exploitable
energy
resources in form of, fossil fuels
situation?
● need to find alternative energy source, supply, life

○ renewable energy like hydro, wind, solar -

future

○ replace fuelling/filling station

9. Do you think near future - not very surem possible

it’s possible to
cut down

344
on/reduce (1) Suggestion: replace private transport & public
greenhouse transport
gasses emitted
● -> Maynot be practical,
in the near
○ the rich -car symbolize wealth -> not willing to
future?
make the switch

(2) Some technologies being developed

○ e.g. rooftop solar panels (tấm pin mặt trời trên

mái nhà)

○ but expenses involved too much/costly

○ Possibility - these technologies - ubiquitous,

future, but not sure

2. Task 2
1. Describe a plan that is being taken to reduce the amount of
energy consumption in your country

You should say:

● What the plan is

● How it helps in solving the problem of energy

● And explain whether this plan is actionable/practical

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you're going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

Idea Answers

● One of biggest problems,

transportation → lots of negative effect

● plan to change the transportation

system

345
 ○ fuel-burning car with its poisonous
exhaust fumes damaging to
environment

■ It is unlikely abandon our cars,

so a need to find an alternative
fuel.

■ Many car companies explore

environmentally-friendly
energy sources. Hybrid cars
developed likely to become
more prevalent in the future.

■ Hydrogen vehicles use solar

panels, emit only water vapour
and do not contribute to
greenhouse gases, also less
costly

○ Another action, government

should encourage people use
buses & trains

■ use less fuels per person, → less

CO2 emissions than cars, more
eco friendly

■ authority can improve public

transport system → cause

■ hope public transport more

prevalent in future

2. Describe a plan that is being implemented to reduce the amount of

energy consumption in your country

You should say:

● What the plan is

● How it helps in solving the problem of energy

346
 ● And explain whether this plan is actionable/practical

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one
minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make notes if you
wish.

Idea Answers

Lead-in

● Pressing issue - overconsumption of

power/excessive energy consumption

○ One hand: overwhelming amount,

CO2/greenhouse gas emissions -> threat,
environment

○ Other hand - power shortage

■ power cuts, many areas, Vietnam

○ => urgent need - cut down energy

consumption

○ => government, implement twofold/threefold

plan (kế hoạch bao gồm 2 - 3 phần)

Choose 2 to 3 of the followings

(1) Replace private transport with public transport.

● Involve, encourage, people, replace private,

public transport

○ Use of public transport, less energy per

person, private vehicle

● Make, switch, difficult

○ Be used to, commute, private vehicles

○ Bring inconvenience, commuter

● Worth it, when all is said and done

347
 ○ considering/given, energy saved & CO2
emission, reduce

(2) Switch to electric cars

● Switch to electric cars

○ Used to be expensive

○ Recently, affordable models released

● Example - Vinfast electric car

○ Release, 2020.

○ Inexpensive, electric car

○ Growing in popularity (more & more people

buy)

● Electric cars - more energy efficient

○ If enough people, switch

○ Environment saved

(3) Switch to energy-efficient appliances

● Goal - reduce consumption - realized

○ If more people, switch, energy-efficient

appliance

○ Perform well & consume far less energy

● Example - energy- saving light bulb

○ consume 70-80% less energy,

traditional/conventional bulb

● The more, advanced tech

348
 ○ The more, energy-efficient gadget/device -
save energy

(4) Raise the price of electricity

● Demand sensitive, change in price

○ Price up, demand down

● Government, raise, electricity price

○ Reduction, energy waste

● Downside

○ Face objections from people

○ Make life difficult for people who struggle to

make a living

○ Government, carefully consider

■ Realize goal, not at the expense of

citizens’ well-being

(5) Raise public awareness

● Launch, campaign, raise awareness

○ Energy shortage & importance, save

energy

● Turn off light & air conditioner, when not in

use

● Actions - not sound significant

○ Together, make significant impact, energy

conservation.

Ending

Theo phần lý thuyết Extend your ending

349
 UNIT 17 - TALKING BUSINESS
(EMPLOYMENT, MANAGEMENT, AND
MARKETING)
Topic: Employment, management and marketing

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Employment
1.1. Answer these questions:

Have you ever worked in any of these places?

If not, would you like to?

A. a shop B. a
restaurant

C. a hotel D. an office

1.2. (Audio 17a) Listen and match the speakers to the correct industry.
Write your answers in the second column. In the third column, write
the adjectives the speakers use to describe their job.

advertising building hospitality retail

Speaker Type of industry Adjective used to describe work

350
2

1.3. (Audio 17a) Complete the sentences with words from the recording.
If necessary, listen to the speakers again.

1. I'm employed on a casual basis,so my _______________ are paid at the end

of each week.

2. Over 100 members of staff were made _______________ when the new
machines were installed in the factory.

3. It is important to have experience in the _______________ as well as

academic qualifications.

4. I do _______________ so I often have to sleep during the day.

5. The owners had a meeting with all of the _______________ to discuss the
takeover.

6. The government may decide to raise the age at which people

_______________ from work from 65 to 70.

7. My boss has asked me to work _______________ tomorrow, so 1 won’t be

home until late.

8. Our junior staff _______________ $12 per hour.

9. If they don’t increase my _______________ this year then I’m going to look
for another job.

10. Many young people today value _______________ over a big salary.

1.4. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word
‘employ’.

1. The _____________ find it difficult to get an interview if they have not

had a job for a long time.

351
2. All _____________ must apply in writing if they wish to request a
holiday.

3. _____________ rose by 5 per cent due to the closure of two large

factories in the area

4. I was only _____________ as a cleaner, but the family expected me to

look after their children as well.

5. I couldn’t work when my daughter was sick. Fortunately, my

_____________ is very understanding.

Vocabulary note

A job = the particular thing you do to earn money: I'm hoping to get a job
during the

holidays.

Occupation = a formal word for job.

Profession = a type of job that requires specialist knowledge: He works in

the medical

profession.

Work = something you do to earn money. It is a verb as well as an

uncountable noun: I'm hoping to find work during the holidays. NOT find
a work.

Workforce = all the people working in a company/industry/country: A

company is only as good as its workforce.

Workplace = the building or room where people work: You really need
experience in the workplace to get a good job.

Management and marketing

2.1. Think of a word or phrase that matches the definitions below.

1. The business or trade in a particular product. m______________

2. People who buy goods. c____________

352
3. The materials in which objects are wrapped before being sold.
p_____________

4. A new fashion or pattern of behaviour. t______________

5. When someone can be believed or trusted. c______________

6. Make someone do something by giving them a good reason to do it.

p___________

7. A means of identifying a particular company. b____________

8. The things a company makes to sell. p_______________

2.2. Now read the following text and check your answers to 2.1.

Luxury brands dominate both the cosmetic and skincare market. But
consumers are looking for more than just beauty in sophisticated
packaging. Companies offering products with healthy ingredients have set
the trend in recent years. When consumers go shopping for cosmetics,
they want to know the products they are buying won’t harm their skin. To
gain credibility, many cosmetic companies have persuaded dermatologists
and pharmacists to endorse their brands.

The target customers of most skincare and cosmetic brands are women
between the ages of 20 and 50, a segment that is only expected to grow in
the coming years. Nevertheless, men are also looking for products to give
their skin a healthy look. It is estimated that men account for 1 per cent of
the luxury cosmetics market, a niche which saw a 50 per cent increase in
sales in 2003- 04. Besides men, teenagers are also trying to enhance the
health and beauty of their appearance. With such a broad client base, it is
not surprising that the industry shows no sign of slowing down.

Error warning

Products is used to refer to things that are produced to be sold - the focus
is on the company

producing them.

Goods is used to refer to things that are sold - the focus is on the buying
or selling of these.

353
Goods cannot be used in the singular. We have tested each product. NOT
We have tested each goods/good/

3.1. Use a dictionary to check the meaning of the words in the box. Then
choose the correct words in the sentences.

1. Buying larger containers of food is a more economic / economical way of

shopping.

2. I would like to increase my income / money so I’m going to invest in

some shares.

3. I need to earn more money / income so that I can buy that new
computer.

4. Nowadays people worry a great deal about earnings / money.

5. My earnings / money increased by 10 per cent last year.

Error warning!

Economical = something that does not use a lot of fuel or money: My

new car is really

economical to use.

Economic = the money of a country: A strong government needs good

economic policies. NOT

economical policies

Vocabulary note

Advertisement or advert = a picture or short film used to persuade

people to buy a product or

apply for a job: Did you see the advertisement in the paper?

Advertising = the business of trying to persuade people to buy things

354
3.2. Correct the mistakes in the text.

There is little that parents and teachers can do to help young adults to
prepare themselves for the workforce. Do you agree?

The number of 1 unemployment seems to increase each year and the

competition for each 2 work is also increasing. Consequently, young adults
need to do as much as they can to prepare to enter the 3 working place.
There are several things that children can do at school and at home to help
them. Firstly, once they reach 15 or 16 years of age, children should be
encouraged to plan their 4 profession. No matter what 5 work they choose,
choosing early will help them to make sure they learn the appropriate 6
knowledge during their studies. For example, if they choose a 7 work in the
8 Advertisement industry, it can help if they study the arts. Teachers can
also help by showing children the best way to respond to an 9 advertising
for a job. At home, parents can teach children how to stick to a budget. If a
country experiences an 10 economical crisis, these skills are invaluable.
They can begin by making children 11 gain their pocket money by doing 12
job in the home. They could even be paid more or less 13 earnings based on
the quality of their 14 job. If children develop a strong work ethic from an
early age then this should ensure that they have enough money when they
reach 15 retire age.

1. unemployed 6. ___________________ 11. __________________

2. ___________________ 7. ___________________ 12. __________________

3. ___________________ 8. ___________________ 13. ___________________

4. ___________________ 9. ___________________ 14. __________________

5. ___________________ 10. __________________ 15. __________________

4.1. PRONUNCIATION: (Audio 17b) Which words are pronounced in a

similar way? Put the words in the box into the correct column

355
according to their sound. Then listen and check. Practice saying the
words.

clerk earn first floor force law market

nurse perk poor purse target walk work

ɜː ɑː ɔː

bird park ball

356
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases/ clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng)

1 Kinh nghiệm thực UK /ˌhændˈzɒn

tiễn rất quan /ɪkˈspɪə.ri.əns/
trọng đối với công US /ˌhændˈzɑːn
việc của tôi. /ɪkˈspɪr.i.əns/

2 Bạn nghĩ lương UK /naɪn tə

của công việc văn faɪv dʒɒb/
phòng (8 tiếng US /naɪn tə
một ngày) có đủ faɪv dʒɑːb/
để trang trải/chi trả
chi phí sinh hoạt
không?

Hint: trang trải/chi

trả - to cover

3 Bạn sẽ phải làm UK /pɜːk/

việc cả tuần (mà US /pɜːrk/
chẳng được nghỉ),
thế nên bạn nên
tìm hiểu xem
quyền lợi công

357
 việc đó thế nào.

4 Tôi được thăng UK /prəˈməʊt/

chức lên (chức) lớp US /prəˈməʊt/
trưởng gần đây. Là
lớp trưởng mới, tôi
quyết tâm đảm
bảo không có bạn
nào gian lận trong
thi cử được

Hint - Lớp trưởng

.(n) Class monitor

Gian lận (v) to

cheat

5 Nếu bạn muốn có UK /ˈspeʃəlɪst

kiến thức chuyên ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
môn, bạn sẽ cần US /ˈspeʃəlɪst
phải ôn lại kiến ˈnɑːlɪdʒ/
thức cơ bản trước.

6 Trước khi tham gia UK /ˈwɜːkfɔːs/

vào lực lượng lao US /ˈwɜːrkfɔːrs/
động, tôi muốn
học một khóa về
quản lý tài chính.

Hint - Quản lý tài

chính - Financial
management.

358
7 Sinh viên năm cuối UK /ˈwɜːkpleɪs/
cần phải có kinh US
nghiệm thực tập /ˈwɜːrkpleɪs/
từ một nơi làm
việc thực tế.

Hint - sinh viên

năm cuối -
final-year students

8 Công việc đó UK /ˌwel ˈpeɪd/

không dễ, và cũng US /ˌwel ˈpeɪd/
chẳng được trả
lương cao.

9 Trước đây, khách UK /ˈtɑːɡɪt

hàng mục tiêu ˈkʌstəmə(r)/
của hầu hết các US /ˈtɑːrɡɪt
hãng mỹ phẩm kʌstəmər/
từng là phụ nữ.

10 Ở Việt Nam, mọi UK /rɪˈtaɪə(r)/

người nghỉ hưu US /rɪˈtaɪər/
vào tuổi 55 hoặc
60, tuỳ thuộc vào
giới tính của họ.

11 Đó là một trong UK
những công việc /dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ/
đòi hỏi cao nhất, US
cả về mặt thể thể /dɪˈmændɪŋ/
chất lẫn tinh thần.

359
12 Lương của tôi UK /ˈəʊvətaɪm/
không cao lắm US
nhưng tôi thường /ˈəʊvərtaɪm/
phải làm thêm giờ
rất nhiều.

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/ clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng)

1 Kế hoạch của tôi là UK /ɑːm/

học bằng đại US /ɑːrm/
học/thạc sĩ ở nước
ngoài, và học phí
sẽ tốn nhiều tiền.

Hint:

Học phí - tuition

fees

Yêu cầu: sử dụng

chủ ngữ giả

2 Khối lượng học UK /ˈwɜːkləʊd/

nặng của tôi đồng US
nghĩa với việc tôi /ˈwɜːrkləʊd/
không có nhiều
thời gian đến thế
để tụ tập với bạn
bè.

Hint - “đồng nghĩa

với việc” - sử dụng

360
 verb “mean”

3 Tôi không thể UK /ˈæləkeɪt/ -

phân bổ thời gian /ɪˈfɪʃntli/
hiệu quả để vừa US /ˈæləkeɪt/ -
học tốt ở trường, /ɪˈfɪʃntli/
vừa làm một công
việc 8 tiếng.

4 Tôi đang tiết kiệm UK /seɪv/

để mua một cái US /seɪv/
laptop mới, một
cái nhỏ gọn nhưng
lại có những công
nghệ tân tiến.

5 Tôi phụ trách cho UK /tʃɑːdʒ/

một vài chiến dịch US /tʃɑːrdʒ/
quảng cáo, 2 trong
số đó là về thay đổi
khí hậu và hiện
tượng nóng lên
toàn cầu.

6 Bạn phải có khả UK /ˈpreʃə(r)/

năng đối mặt với US /ˈpreʃər/
áp lực. Bạn nên
làm quen với nó đi.

7 Các công ty chào UK /trend/

bán/cung cấp các US /trend/
sản phẩm chứa
nguyên liệu tốt
cho sức khỏe/dinh

361
 dưỡng đã tạo xu
hướng trong một
vài năm qua.

8 Nếu bản thân bạn UK /dʒɒb/

không có những US /dʒɑːb/
yếu tố cần thiết
để làm công việc
này, thì bạn sẽ thấy
hầu như khó có
thể kịp deadlines
được

9 Họ sẽ sa thải tôi UK
trong tháng sau, /rɪˈdʌndənt/
nhưng cũng chả US
quan trọng vì dù /rɪˈdʌndənt/
sao công việc đó
cũng nhàm chán
(lặp đi lặp lại) .

10 Nhiều sinh viên tốt UK /ˈɪntəvjuː/

nghiệp đang cạnh US /ˈɪntərvjuː/
tranh để kiếm việc,
thế nên bạn có thể
sẽ cần một có 1
điểm số IELTS ổn
để có thể có cơ hội
được gọi đi phỏng
vấn

Hint - sinh viên tốt

nghiệp -
University/college
graduate

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11 Một trong những UK /ˈbætʃələz
tham vọng/ước mơ dɪɡriː/
cả đời của tôi là US /ˈbætʃələrz
học bằng đại học dɪɡriː/
ở nước ngoài

12 Tôi đang/sẽ UK
chuyên ngành /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/
[ngành học của US /ˈmeɪdʒər/
bạn/hoặc ngành
bạn dự định học].
Nó thực sự giúp tôi
mở mang đầu óc
về [Lĩnh vực bạn
đang học]

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 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 công việc không Many of my siblings have had to UK /ˈmiːniəl/

quan trọng settle for _______ . I’m determined US /ˈmiːniəl/
to be the first one in the family to
turn the situation around.

2 I must say that besides the ______ UK /ɜːnɪŋ/

khoản thu nhập I got a well-paid job. US /ɜːrnɪŋ/

phụ thêm

A: There are two Grab car drivers

for every ten car owners in Hanoi.
I guess the ___________ from the
job must be good.

B: Nope, it’s enough for them to

khoản thu nhập make ends meet only. People
phụ often turn to that job as a last
resort, mostly as means to
provide basic necessities for their
family.

3 công việc hào A: Do you think it’s a myth that UK /ˈfænsi/

nhoáng fresh graduates from top US /ˈfænsi/
universities in Vietnam can attain
a ______ that pays thousands of
dollars in salary?

364
 B: I don’t know for sure. All I know
is that the job market in big cities
is highly competitive, and the
living expenses could be
extravagant. If you don’t have a
well-paid job, you’ll end up living
in slums.

4 làm ca đêm Having to do _____ is UK /ʃɪft/

quite/presents quite a nuisance US /ʃɪft/
to me. Just because I’m a night
owl doesn’t mean I like working
for a living at night

5 ông chủ/chủ Bill Gates was famous for being UK

doanh nghiệp an ________. He seemed to have /ɔːˈθɒrətətɪv/
độc đoán an obsession with punctuality, US
and according to former /əˈθɔːrəteɪtɪv/
Microsoft employees, working for
him meant the end of work-life
balance.

6 cuốn hút A: Despite the ______ UK

wages/salary, I personally don’t /ˈkæptɪveɪtɪŋ/
find myself having what it takes US
for this job. /ˈkæptɪveɪtɪŋ/

B: Come on, it’s a

once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. If
you miss this chance, you’ll never
find a better job

7 nhân viên đáng A: I was _____ in the eyes of my UK

tin cậy employer. Soon, I’ll be promoted /suːˈpɪəriə(r)/

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 to (be the) team’s manager, and US /suːˈpɪriər/
then I’ll be able to afford a
multi-storey house.

B: So, it didn’t cross your mind

that the manager position has
been filled in advance? The guy’s
sitting next to you is on good
terms with the boss.

8 được giao (việc) It took quite a while, but UK /əˈsaɪn/

eventually I ______with more US /əˈsaɪn/
serious jobs. There’s quite a sense
of competition in my workplace,
which is quite stressful/which
puts a lot of pressure on me. But
at the same time, I get to master
new skills.

9 công việc chân I’m doing a part time job at KFC. UK

tay It is ________, so it’s a bit physical. /ˈmænjuəl/
It mostly involves checking the US /ˈmænjuəl/
ingredients and preparing
servings for customers. One of
the (job) perks is that I get to
have free meals, so I no longer
skip lunch, though fried chicken
and burgers are not a healthy
diet in any way.

10 đạo đức nghề Many prominent/eminent UK /ˈeθɪk/

nghiệp scientists in the field of US /ˈeθɪk/
environment developed _____
from an early age. But it’s not
until they’re in their early

366
 twenties that they actually begin
to care about sustainable
development.

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 người trông A part-time job as a ____________ UK

hàng might seem like an easy job, but /ˈʃɒpkiːpə(r)/
it’s not. You have to be familiar US /ˈʃɑːpkiːpər/
with all the
commonly-used/popular
products in your shop, and know
which products are about to go
on sale. If you make the wrong
recommendation to customers,
it’s going to be very awkward.

2 thật đáng tiếc _______________ I didn’t make it as UK /ʃeɪm/

an astronaut. I’d be able to US /ʃeɪm/
experience a weightless
environment, float in the air, visit
space stations, and all the other
kinds of cool stuff.

3 nhìn thế thôi Being a tour guide UK /ˈæktʃuəli/

chứ không dễ _________________________________ US /ˈæktʃuəli/
đâu _________________

When you take visitors to (tourist)

attractions, you would often have
to introduce historical facts of the
area to them. Besides, you also
have to able to hold a

367
 conversation in English with
foreign visitors without much
difficulty (at ease)

4 chạy việc vặt As an intern, I have to UK /ˈerənd/

____________ a lot. But I’m quite US /ˈerənd/
used to it, since my mom always
asks me to run errands at home.
And she’d be angry at/with me if I
take too long

A: run errands

5 việc vặt/không When you intern, you’re expected UK /ˈtrɪviəl/

quan trọng to do ____________ like US /ˈtrɪviəl/
photocopying. And to be honest, I
don’t find such tasks worthwhile.

6 nhàm chán/đơn It’s unskilled work and very UK

điệu. _________. But on the upside, the /məˈnɒtənəs/
pay is quite good. Plus, I’ve come US
up with a few ways to make /məˈnɑːtənəs/
myself more tolerant of boredom
now.

7 công trường xây I work as a labourer at a ____. UK

dựng The site we’re working on is the /ˈleɪbərə(r)/

Dream Home apartment US /ˈleɪbərər/

building, which will
accommodate thousands of city
dwellers as well as migrants. The
building has a lot of character,
and will offer a good investment
for those looking to enter the
property market at this point.

368
8 ủng hộ (truyền A Korean cosmetic brand has UK /ɪnˈdɔːs/
thông) persuaded dermatologists and US /ɪnˈdɔːrs/
pharmacists in Vietnam to
____their brand. But I don’t think
many would sign the
endorsement deal, since Korean
the brand has been accused of
causing skin allergy to users.
What’s more, some chemicals
used in pesticides are found in
some of their products as well,
based on the latest findings.

9 làm đẹp da họ Men are also looking for products UK /ˈhelθi/

(khiến làn da to ____. US /ˈhelθi/
trông khỏe And since there is a booming
mạnh). male population, our company
has tried to meet this demand by
introducing a variety of male
skincare products.

We currently hold a monopoly in

three overseas markets, in each
of which we’ve adapted our
products to suit the local culture.

369
 IV. Questions
1. Task 1,3:
Employment

1. What is your job?

2. Why did you choose that job?

3. What would you change about your job?

4. What do you know about unemployment?

5. How important is career orientation towards getting a good job?

Management and Marketing

1. Name a popular strategy employed by cosmetics firms to get people to

buy their products

2. What can parents do to prepare their children to cope with financial

difficulty?

Questions Idea

1. What is your Option 1 (if you are working full-time)

job?
● full-time occupation be …

○ (1) A well-paid job

■ in charge of + people/duties

○ Quite, demanding job - cope with pressure

■ A lot, deadlines

■ Always in a rush, meet deadlines

○ (2) Low-paying job

■ salary/income, just enough, pay utility

bills/electricity bills

■ Work, monotonous

370
 ■ Looking for, different, employment
opportunity

Option 2 (if you’re a college student having a part-time

job)

○ Still a student, but doing, part-time job

○ Part-time job/occupation be …(shopkeeper,

English tutor ….)

○ Like my job

■ Experience rewarding friendship,

workplace - co-worker/colleague,
nice/supportive

■ side earnings => pay for, living

expenses/have pocket money (tiền
tiêu vặt)

○ Optional - not punctual - have to try my best

not be late

Option 3 (if you’re a student and not doing any

part-time job)

● Still a high-school student; OR

first-year/second-year/third-year student

● Focus on study at school & other educational

opportunities

● Priority (ưu tiên): get good grades at school

● If, take, part-time job, no time to review my

study notes/revise for exam

2.1. Why did ● Gain experience - As I majored in [your major],

you choose
○ the hands-on experience (in ….) - critical to
that job? (For my career

371
Izone 5-6 ○ Being a …., harder than it look/appear - take
students who years of experience
are already
○ Working as a ….at…. , gain experience =>
working more.better employment opportunity,
full-time) future

● Job prospects

○ Be assigned with important task;learn a

lot/a great deal => beneficial
for/advantageous to career

○ not want to get stuck in a rut => this job,

good prospects for promotion

○ Hope be promoted to …one day

2.2. What job ● Captivating salary/income and job perks

would you like
○ A well-paid job ….
to do in the
■ An experienced ….. earn up to …..a
future (and
month
why?) (For
Izone 5-6 ○ Job perks
students who ■ Training program, employee
are not
■ Have access to, modern technological
working yet)
gadgets/devices (e.g. latest laptop
model…)

● Passion (đam mê)

○ Passionate about …., because ….

● Optional

○ Make dream come true by

○ Looking for - internship opportunities;

○ Hope, called for an interview at…

372
3. What would Option 1 - working (Full time/part time) choose one to
you change two of the following suggestions
about your
● (1)Authoritative employer
job?
○ Currently: Work for an authoritative
employer;

■ Think he/she, right all the time

○ Sometimes, conflicts arise => not know

resolve

○ Feel like, rebel against, boss

○ Wish, work, different boss (more

understanding & flexible)

● (2) Want, credible employee, in superior’s eye

○ A new/fresh employee

○ Be assigned, manual work/run errands

(photocopying, typing, translating
documents) => monotonous

○ Wish, boss/employer, trust with, important

tasks

■ Determined, Not let him/her down

● (3) Work very hard

○ captivating wage/good salary, -

double-edged sword

○ One hand

■ Good pay => earn, a lot, money

○ Other hand

■ it is a pity Do a lot of overtime,

sometimes even night shifts

● Wordload - put enormous

strains me

373
 ○ Wish, pay/salary, same, while, lighter
workload

■ Optional: in reality, often the other way

around - heavy workload, less pay

● (4) Heavy workload at school

○ loads of homework/assignment, at school

○ Hard, manage to allocate my time

effectively (between work and school)

■ Suffer from (enormous) stress

○ Wish, have more time,both do well at at

work & school

Option 2 - not working yet

● Like I said, a high-school/university student

Not join workforce yet

● As far as I’m concerned, people in [your future

industry/domain] tend to/have to [here, you can
choose one of the four ideas in Option 1]

If, turn out to be …, hope I would/it would

4. What do you ● Unemployment

know about
○ Social issue - trace back, unemployment
unemploymen
○ increase/rise over(the course of), last
t?
decade

● More competition - workforce; mean 2 things

(You can choose 1 in two given ideas; OR you
can choose BOTH)

(1) more unskilled workers, made redundant

In fact, those, not have what it takes, digital

age

374
 Being fired, from company

(2) jobs, more demanding, requirements

Take young adults, specialist knowledge &

strong work ethic

Take more, if goal, fancy job

5. How Crucial, get a job

important is Read Job description (JD), nine-to-five job
career
All, except, menial ones, demand experience.
orientation
towards Other jobs
getting a good Run a shop => work, shopkeeper, know what it’s
job? like

Become an engineer => try, work, labourer at

construction site.

While, sound like trivial work, involve, run errands

Important, build up, experience.

6. What do ● Popular/commonly used product - influencer

companies marketing
often do to
○ Company, hire, key influencer/KOL,
attract
○ endorse, product, social network
customers to
buy their ● Since/as famous people/celebrities, frequently
products? appear/are frequently portrayed in the multimedia

○ Many people/fans firmly believe, what they

say

● Example - cosmetic advertisements

○ Pervasive/ubiquitous on Tiktok & Facebook

○ Dozens of celebrities, endorse product

■ say , give customers’ skin a healthy

look.

375
7. What can Choose 1 to 2 of the following ideas (You DO NOT have
parents do to to use them all)
teach their
● (1) Teach, children, set, budget, spending
children about
○ Comply with budget
the
importance of ○ Without budget, even children inherit, big
finance? fortune, end up, overspend (chi tiêu quá
mức), get into financial difficulty

● (2) Set a good example

○ Children imitate adult

○ Example: adults, make effort, cut down

wastage in household

○ => Children pick up behaviour

● (3) May be worthwhile/beneficial, strict

○ Overindulgent parents => mentally weak

children

○ These children, find, hard, overcome

difficulties, financial or otherwise.

2. Task 2
Describe your ideal job

You should say

● What this job is

● Whether you would need any qualifications
● Whether it would be easy to find work
● And say why you would enjoy this job in particular

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

376
What?

● Personally, being a … has been my

dream/passion (ever since I was a high-school
student/ a kid…)

● It all started when I watched/got to know

about ….

● be taken aback by ….., who/which….

● Do my own research on/study about ….

● The more, learn, the more, interested ….

Where (Is it easy to find work)?

A well-paid nine-to-five job

- easy/tough to find work

- hard-working/diligent/industrious => to have

any chance of being called for an interview

- Even for those competent (có năng lực), take

many years, to be at the peak of the career

Other jobs (E.g. businessman/businesswoman,

celebrity, Youtuber/streamer)

- Fierce competitions

- Not everyone have what it takes

- I, have to, hard-working/diligent/industrious =>

to have any chance of success

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 UNIT 18 - THE LAW
Topic: Crime, punishment

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Crime
1.1. Put the following into order from least to most serious. Which do
you think are considered to be crimes?

arson burglary fraud vandalism

kidnapping murder pickpocketing

smuggling swearing

dumping toxic waste

1.2. Now read the text and decide

whether statements 1-1 are true or false. Write the words from the text
which mean the same as or the opposite of the words in italics.

Crime

Crime is defined by society and relative to the society defining it.

Traditionally, crime is considered an offense, a violation of public rules or
laws. Crime is defined within each society by specific criminal laws on a
national, state and local level. Actions that are offensive to an individual or
group of people, but do not violate laws are not crimes. Punishment or
other sanctions result from the violation of these laws, and the social
system for monitoring and enforcing public rules or laws is put into action.
The social system generally consists of an administrative authority that
formally deals with crime and a force of representative officers to enforce
the laws and act on behalf of society. Being guilty of a criminal act usually
involves some form of conscious evil intent or recklessness. In unintentional

378
cases, such as crimes committed by children or the insane, the criminal is
not usually punished in the same manner as is intentional crime.

Theories of crime and criminal activity are numerous and varied, but the
reasons behind crime remain elusive. Theories suggest many possible
causes. One theory suggests that property crime depends on criminal
motive and opportunities to perpetrate crime. It also contends that crime is
influenced by the degree to which others guard over neighbourhoods and
other people.This particular theory relates an increase in crime rate to an
increase in crime opportunity and a decrease in protection. Research also
shows that income inequality correlates to property crime.

1. Offense is another word for crime True - crime Is considered, an offence

2. The word offensive is related to crime. _______________________________

3. It is the duty of the police to violate the law.

_______________________________

4. Generally, people who are guilty of a crime are aware of what they are
doing.

_______________________________

5. The explanations for crime are difficult to find.

_____________________________

6. Crime can increase if people protect their property less.

_______________________________

7. Crime on property is linked to the different amounts of money people

earn.

_______________________________

1.3. WORD BUILDING: Complete the table.

Noun Verb Adjective

crime c__________ a
crime

379
 deter

enforce

offend

prevention

prison

punishment

Error warning:

A convict is a person who is in prison. To convict someone is to find them

guilty in a court of law. You commit a crime or convict a criminal, not
convict a crime. We talk about criminal acts. NOT criminal actions.

1.4. Complete the sentences with a suitable word from the table in 1.3.

1. All _______________ acts should be punished.

2. Every society needs a strong system of law _______________ .

3. People who _______________ crimes are often victims themselves.

4. I think dumping toxic waste should be made a _______________ offense.

There is little _______________ to people from doing this at the moment.

5. I think we could have _______________ this crime by fitting an extra lock on

the door.

Punishment
2.1. Match the verbs in column A
with the nouns in column B.

380
A B

accept a crime

commit a law

convict a fine

impose the consequences

pass a criminal

2.2. Match the people with the things they do.

List of people List of things they do

1 The accused_____ A. ... tries to prove the accused is guilty.

2 The judge _____ B. ... gives evidence against the

accused.

3 The jury _____ C. ... the person who is on trial,

4 The prosecutor _____ D. ... decides whether the accused is

innocent or guilty.

5 The lawyer _____ E. ... tries to prove the accused is

innocent.

6 The victim _____ F. ... decides how a criminal should be

punished

2.3. COLLOCATION: What words can you use with crime and law? Write
in the boxes below.

Crime Law

Adjectives serious

381
Verbs

2.4 (Audio 18) Now listen and fill in any blanks you have in the table.

2.5 (Audio 18) Complete the sentences with suitable words from the
recording. You may need to change the grammatical form of the word.
Listen and check your answers.

1. I consider myself to be a law-a ______________ citizen. I’ve never broken the

law in my life.

2. The laws in this country are rather s_____________ - even chewing gum is
banned.

3. Arson is a crime a_____________ property, but sometimes people can get

hurt as well.

4. I was given a parking f_____________ again yesterday. It’s costing me a

fortune.

5. It is the responsibility of the police and the government to c____________

crime.

6. More money should be spent on crime p___________ than on building

prisons.

7. Sometimes the police feel that they are a___________ the law and should
not be punished for traffic offenses.

8. It used to be against the law to go fishing on Sundays, but thankfully that

law was a_____________ years ago.

Vocabulary note

Prevent = to stop something from happening or someone from doing

something: I stayed away from the bully to prevent any trouble. This will

382
 prevent crimes from happening. NOT This will avoid erimes Avoid = to
stay away from someone or something: You should try to avoid
dangerous situations.

3.1 Correct the mistakes in the text.

‘Our prison system is dearly not working. We need to find another form
of punishment’

If people 1convict a crime then they should be punished and made to

accept the consequences of their 2acts. At the moment the only form of
3
punish we have is to either 4find people for 5small crimes or 6emprison
them for more

serious criminal 7offend.

Some people feel that this system is not working. Perhaps this is because
8
the bad people mix with other 9crimes when they are in jail. As a result,
prisons may provide a way for young people who have been involved 10for
minor offences to graduate to 11bigger ones.
12
Rather than trying to prevent this problem by building even more
prisons,l believe the best approach is to try to 13avoid crime from happening
in the first place. We can do this by making sure that our property is
14
protection and also by improving the conditions for the poorer people in
our society. We can also achieve this by l5making new laws that will act as a
16
deter.

1. Commit 5. _____________ 9. _____________ 13. ____________

2. _____________ 6. _____________ 10. ____________ 14. ____________

3. _____________ 7. _____________ 11. ____________ 15. ____________

4. _____________ 8. _____________ 12. ____________ 16. ____________

383
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS
1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/ Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) - clauses (Eng)
in bold

1 Xả rác/chất thải UK /dʌmp/

độc hại là việc US /dʌmp/
không chỉ gây hại
đến môi trường,
mà còn gây hại
đến con người

Hint: Xả (rác) - to
dump

2 Cảnh sát là lực UK /ɪnˈfɔːs/

lượng các chiến sĩ US /ɪnˈfɔːrs/
đại diện để thi
hành/thực thi
luật pháp

3 Việc có tội với UK /ˈɡɪl.ti/

một tội ác US /ˈɡɪl.ti/
thường đi kèm
với hình
phạt/bản án
(Adj)

Hint:

Hình phạt -
punishment

Bản án -

384
 sentence

4 Các tội (được vi UK /kəˈmɪt/

phạm) bởi trẻ US /kəˈmɪt/
con hoặc người
điên được coi là
“vô ý phạm tội”,
và do đó không bị
trừng trị nghiêm
như các “tội có
chủ ý”

“vô ý phạm tội” -

unintentional
crime

“tội có chủ đích” -

intentional crime

nghiêm (trong
ngữ cảnh) -
severe

5 Tội phạm tài sản UK /ˈməʊ.tɪv/

phụ thuộc vào US /ˈmoʊ.t̬ɪv/
động cơ phạm
tội

6 Luật hiện hành UK /dɪˈter.ənt/

không đủ US /dɪˈter.ənt/
nghiêm khắc để
đóng vai trò răn

385
 đe với tội phạm

Hint -

Nghiêm (luật) -
tough/strict (adj)

Hiện tại (adj) -

existing

7 Chính phủ có UK /əˈbɒl.ɪʃ/ US

thấy bãi bỏ các /əˈbɑː.lɪʃ/
luật quá khắc
nghiệt hoặc
nghiêm là cần
thiết không?

8 Rất khó để tin UK /ˈkɒm.bæt/

rằng việc giảm US
các hình phạt /ˈkɑːm.bæt/
giúp đấu tranh
với tội ác

9 Việc giáo dục UK /əˈbaɪd/

những người trẻ US /əˈbaɪd/
tuân thủ luật
pháp là cần thiết
để họ có thể trở
thành công dân
tuân thủ luật
pháp trong
tương lai

10 hành vi không vi UK /ˈvaɪ.ə.leɪt/

386
 phạm luật pháp US /ˈvaɪ.ə.leɪt/
thì không phải là
tội

2. General

Words/phrases (Vie) Words/ Phrases/ Pronunciation

phrases (Eng) clauses (Eng)
- in bold

1 Các hình phạt/sự UK /rɪˈzʌlt/

trừng trị bắt nguồn US /rɪˈzʌlt/
từ việc vi phạm
pháp luật…

2 Việc phạm tội UK /ɪnˈvɒlv/

thường liên quan US /ɪnˈvɑːlv/
tới/bắt nguồn từ ý
đồ xấu

3 UK

Động cơ cho các /ˈnjuː.mə.rəs/

hoạt động phạt tội US

khá nhiều và đa /ˈnuː.mə.rəs/
dạng UK /ˈveə.rɪd/

US /ˈver.ɪd/

4 Nghiên cứu cho thấy UK

rằng bất bình đẳng /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɒl.ə.ti/
thu nhập thường US
liên quan tới các tội /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑː.lə.t̬i/
về tài sản

387
 Hint - tội về tài sản -
property crime

5 Các nhà cầm quyền UK /tʌf/

cần phải phải mạnh US /tʌf/
tay/cứng rắn hơn
với tội phạm

6 Mặt khác, ở một số UK /hænd/

nước, cảnh sát có US /hænd/
thể thi hành luật
pháp ….

7 Có lẽ đã đến lúc bắt UK

đầu ban hành /ˌɪn.trəˈdʒuːs/
những luật mới thay US
vì bãi bỏ chúng /ˌɪn.trəˈduːs/

UK /ɪˈnækt/

US /ɪˈnækt/

8 Tôi vừa bị cảnh sát UK /ˈfɔː.tʃuːn/

giao thông phạt US /ˈfɔːr.tʃuːn/
hôm qua. Tốn một
đống tiền!

Hint: phạt - to give a

fine/to fine someone

9 Có nên buộc tội UK /meɪk/

phạm phải chấp US /meɪk/
nhận hậu quả hành
động của họ không?

388
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases (Vie)

1 Móc túi UK /ˈpɪkˌpɒk.ɪt/

It’s important to educate the US /ˈpɪkˌpɑː.kɪt/

public about the risk of being
_______ at public places like train
or bus stations.

2 Phá hoại của The school has fallen victim to an UK

công unprecedented level of ______. /ˈvæn.dəl.ɪ.zəm/
Some irreparable/irreversible US
damage has been done. /ˈvæn.dəl.ɪ.zəm/

3 Bắt cóc Many courses of actions have UK /ˈkɪd.næp/

been proposed to reduce the rate US /ˈkɪd.næp/
of _________ in the city

4 Tội trộm ô ____________ , which involve the UK /ˈvɪə.kəl/

tô/xe máy act of stealing automobiles, US /ˈviː.ə.kəl/
trucks, buses, motorcycles, are not
justifiable in anyway

389
5 Ngộ sát _________ is the crime of killing UK
somebody illegally but /ˈmænˌslɔː.tər/
unintentionally. Bear in mind that US
it’s not in intentional crime /ˈmænˌslɑː.t̬ɚ/

6 Buôn lậu The murdered man is thought to UK /ˈsmʌɡ.lɪŋ/

have been involved in drug ______. US /ˈsmʌɡ.lɪŋ/
As far as I’m concerned, those
who smuggle drugs are likely to
end up in prison or being killed.

7 Bên kiện - bên The _________ is the one who gives UK /ˈpleɪn.tɪf/
bị kiện evidence against the accused, US /ˈpleɪn.t̬ɪf/
while the _________ is the person
UK /dɪˈfen.dənt/
who is on trial. If the latter is found
guilty, the expenses involved in US /dɪˈfen.dənt/
compensation could add up to a
significant amount.

8 Trọng tội ________ is the act of committing UK /ˈfel.ə.ni/

serious crimes such as murder, US /ˈfel.ə.ni/
and rape, a crime of this type. The
felon is only convicted when there
is concrete proof.

9 Lừa đảo Some people think that UK /frɔːd/

non-violent crimes, or so-called US /frɑːd/

390
 victimless crimes, such as
__________ should be punished
less. This belief stems from the
misconception that there are no
disastrous consequences, which is
hardly true

10 Tiền phạt do I was given a ______________ earlier /ˈpɑːr.kɪŋ faɪn/

đỗ xe sai quy today. It cost me a fortune. No
định positive thinking could put me in
a good mood right now.

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

phrases
(Vie)

1 Chửi bậy, When the cab driver started to UK /sweər/

chửi thề ______at him, he walked away. It takes US /swer/
a great deal of maturity to do what he
did.

2 Đại diện The police are representative officers UK /bɪˈhɑːf/

cho/thay who enforce the laws and act US /bɪˈhæf/
mặt cho __________ of the society. Given this
important role, serving/working in the
(police) force has become the lifelong
dream of many children

3 Sự bất cẩn Sometimes, crimes do not involve UK /ˈrek.ləs.nəs/

conscious evil intents, but rather pure US /ˈrek.ləs.nəs/

391
 _________

or irresponsible actions. So, it’s

important that we keep an open
mind about what causes/triggers
crime.

4 Bảo vệ The best way to prevent crimes is to UK /ɡɑːd/

make sure our property is ________. US /ɡɑːrd/
The simple action has proved
effective in reducing the risk of
property theft.

reduce the risk of property theft

5 Không cần ______________________________ laws UK /wɪˈðaʊt/

nói cũng against serious crimes should be US /wɪˈðaʊt/
biết rằng strictly enforced. Strict enforcement
significantly contributes significantly
to detering would-be criminals

6 tội vặt At the moment the only form of UK /pəˈtiːt/

punishment we have is to fine people US /pəˈtiːt/
for ________. Given this practice, it is
easy to comprehend why the rate of
petite crime is reaching an all-time
peak.

7 Vi phạm Sometimes privileged kids think that UK /əˈfens/

luật giao they are above the law and should not US /əˈfens/
thông be punished for __________. These kids
lack a sense of responsibility, and
really need to be educated on the
devastating consequences of traffic
accidents. Also, being born into a rich

392
 family does not give you the right

8 Bỏ tù A: Should we ______ people for serious UK /ɪmˈprɪz.ən/

criminal offenses? US /ɪmˈprɪz.ən/

B: As far as imprisonment is
concerned, I think it plays/serves an
important role in keeping criminals
off the streets. It doesn’t matter
whether/if you’re rich or poor, you
have to take responsibility for your
actions, and pay the price if you
commit a serious crime.

393
 III. Questions
1. Task 1, 3:
CRIME
1. Is pickpocketing common in your country? If not, what do you think
the most common crime in your country is?

2. Is motor vehicle theft common in your country?

3. What factors affect the crime rate?

4. Do you think criminals can change?

5. Is it possible for people to obey the law all the time?

6. What are some forms of punishment for people who commit crime?

7. Who do you think should take responsibility for a high crime rate, the
individuals in a society or the government of that society?

Questions Idea

1. Is ● Option 1 - crime most commonly

pickpocketing committed/most common crime - pickpocketing
common in
○ Most common, peak holiday times, when
your country? travel, new area
If not, what do
○ Know little, area, fall victim to petite
you think the
criminals
most common
crime in your ○ Nightmare, foreign visitors, lose wallets,
country is? when, fail to, pay attention

● Option 2 - crime most commonly

committed/most common crime - vandalism - in
form of, graffiti

○ Young people, put drawing, wall, public

places

394
 ■ swear word or abstract concept

■ Not know, if, break/violate the law

○ On the other hand

■ Graffiti, considered/seen, form of art

(loại hình nghệ thuật)

○ If it’s something nice (painting, landscape;

planets, orbit Sun)

■ Not be punished

2. Is motor ● It depends
vehicle theft
○ cars thefts - not very common; motorbike
common in thefts - prevalent/ubiquitous
your country?
■ Reason: motorbike - main/primary -
means of transport

■ Harder, steal car, steal bike

● It goes without saying that

○ lock your bike, or thief, take opportunity,

steal

● What’s more

● A good idea - equip bike with latest anti-theft

(chống trộm) technology/a cutting-edge anti-theft
technology

3. What factors ● Factors, affect, crime rate are numerous and

affect the varied, but ….
crime rate?
● Research shows that, often, involve, income
inequality ….

○ In city, everyone, lead an abundant life & all

basic needs, met

■ little motive, commit crime -> low

crime rate

395
 ● Another factor - introduction & enforcement, strict
laws

○ No point, strict laws if not seriously enforced

○ Over the course of … year(s), laws - address

the issue, high crime rate

4. Do you think ● It depends on the criminal motive ….

criminals can
○ those, perpetrate/commit a crime, evil
change? intent,

■ Little hope

■ Not many, come to realize, mistakes,

made, in, past

○ Those, guilty of crime, recklessness

■ may be able, change, if, given,

opportunity

■ during prison time, feel isolated & have

time, think about mistakes

■ Hopefully, lead to, profound changes

in behaviour, after release from
prison(được thả/phóng thích)

5. Is it possible ● Most people, have difficulty/hard time, obey laws,

for people to all time
obey the law
○ Reason: such a variety, law, hard to
all the time? remember all

○ Example: not deliberately, want, commit,

traffic offences

■ but most, given a fine, by police,

once or twice

● Make people, abide by the law

396
 ○ necessary, make them pay a fine, go to
prison, if not, obey law

○ maintain strict laws, rather than/instead of,

abolish

6. What are ● Depend, crime or offence

some forms of
● Crime - misparking or vandalism
punishment
■ given a fine
for people who
commit crime? ● More serious crime - fraud, kidnnapping,
smuggling - imprisoned/put in prison

● Still more serious crime - murder or rape

● criminal face death sentence (án tử hình) or life

sentence (tù chung thân) - by far the harshest
punishment

7. Who do you ● Both responsible

think should
● (One hand) Government - responsible, introduce &
take enforce laws
responsibility
○ Pressing/Imperative need, laws - strictly
for a high
enforced
crime rate, the
individuals in a ○ Or else, criminals, not, hold/make
society or the responsible, consequences of actions
government of ● (other hand), people responsible
that society?
○ Our responsibility - educate people, esp.
young ones, -> law-abiding citizens

○ Or else, end up, criminals

● When all is said and done

○ gov and people work together

○ -> positive outlook on public safety

397
 THE LAW
1. Should police in your country be stricter or less strict?

2. Is your country a safe country?

3. Are the laws in your country effective in preventing crimes?

4. Can you think of some measures other than laws that can be taken to
combat crimes?

5. What are the consequences of having laws that are too strict/that
focus on minor offences?

Questions Idea

1. Should police Stricter:

in your country
● Prevent people from breaking laws
be stricter or
➔ Example: motor vehicle theft & fraud common in
less strict?
Vietnam

● Police - be tough on vehicle thieves &

fraudsters/frauds

● Strong punishment like imprisonment -> deter

criminals

Less strict:

● At present, laws too strict/ Fine for traffic

offences - too high

➔ Example: the other day, run a red light (vượt đèn

đỏ)/make a traffic offence

● pulled over by the police & given a heavy fine

➔ Cost me a fortune

2. Is your Yes
country a safe
● Police- do a good job, enforce laws

398
country? ● Most people are law-abiding citizens

● Most crimes are petite crimes (pickpocketing,

shoplifting, vandalism…)

-> not affect/threaten safety

No

● A high crime rate

● Lots of young people involved in criminal

activities

● On newspapers - crimes like kidnapping,

burglary, murder happen all the time/make
headlines

3. Are the laws ● Lots of criminal laws - introduced/enacted to

in your country prevent crime
effective in
● However, people acting on behalf of- laws not
preventing committed to combat crime
crimes?
● In many cases, criminals commit felonies, receive
minimal sentences

● These often connected to high-ranking

government officials (quan chức chính phủ cấp
cao)

4. Can you ● Solve the issue of income inequality

think of some ➔ Poor people - less motive to commit crime
measures
● Launch campaigns
other than
laws that can ○ encourage people to protect/guard over their
be taken to properties
combat ➔ Fewers opportunities to commit crime
crimes?

5. What are the Strict

consequences

399
of having laws ● These crimes, result from recklessness rather
that are too than evil intent
strict/that
● People guilty of minor offences receive heavy
focus on minor sentences & strong punishments even when not
offences? deserve

Focus on minor offences

● Unrealistic/not practical

● Criminalize actions that are offensive to others

like swearing -> everyone would go to prison (2
nd conditional)

2. Task 2
Describe a law about the environment you’d like to see

You should say:

● what this law would be about

● how this law will take effects

● why it is important to have this law

and what changes will happen because of this law.

Idea Answers

What about

● Big cities - environmental

problems

● Large amount, greenhouse

gas/CO2 emissions

● Time to introduce & enact

laws

400
 ● Make it mandatory, do
activities, environmentally
friendly

Why - important

● Entire flora & fauna system,

depend, environment

● Introduce law -> have, positive

outlook, future environment

Issues - urgent - longer, wait ->

more disastrous/catastrophic
consequences

● Government, country, around

the world

● Enforce, all citizens

● Joint effort -> significant

change

How - take effect

● Plant trees/recycle /ban

littering/dumping toxic waste

● Help people feel responsible

for the environment

● Make people, better aware,

environmental impacts

● Impose heavy fine, violation ->

deterrent

● When

● Pressing need -> address

environmental issues

● -> enact law, as soon as

possible

401
 ● Before too late

What changes

● advantages - numerous &

varied, far outweigh
disadvantages

● Make air clean to breathe

Solve other environmental

problems

- Not easy to implement

- But over time (e.g. 5-10 years)

change everything & good
prospects for future
generations

Who

- Government, country, around

the world

- Enforce, all citizens

- Joint effort -> significant

change

How long

- Not easy to implement

- But over time (e.g. 5-10 years)

change everything & good
prospects for future
generations

402
 UNIT 19 - THE MEDIA
Topic: The news, fame

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

The news
1.1. Answer these questions.

1. Are you

A. well-informed about current affairs?

B. not interested in current affairs?

2. Do you consider newspapers to be

A. biased B. entertaining C.
informative?

3. Do you prefer to get the news from

A. newspapers B. the Internet C. the radio D. the television?

1.2. ➤19a Listen and say whether the following statements are true or
false according to the speaker. Correct The statements that are false.

1. The speaker believes the general public is well-informed.

Faise, they are ill-informed.

2. The Manly University project focused on stories about famous people.

_____________________________________________________________________

3. Dan Taylor believes that the main aim of today’s mass media is to inform
people.

_____________________________________________________________________

403
4. The study revealed that newspapers avoid reporting on the gap between
the rich and the poor.

_____________________________________________________________________

5. Important news stories appear in the back pages because this highlights
their importance.

_____________________________________________________________________

1.3. ➤19a Listen again and find words or phrases that match these
definitions.

1. a situation in which newspapers, radio and television are allowed to

express opinions openly

2. to send out a programme on television or radio

3. written about or spoken of in the news

4. large systems consisting of many similar parts all of which are centrally
controlled

5. newspapers, radio and television when seen as a group

6. the deliberate removal of sections of a text or film considered to be

unsuitable

7. a popular newspaper with lots of pictures and short articles

8. words in large print at the start of a news story or the main stories in the
news

1.4. Read the following information about the same story and complete
the text with words from the box.

biased controversial exposes frontpage

publications press safeguards sources

In response to the study, Martin Dexter from the Associated Press said:
“This study seems to be rather a harsh attack on the 1 _______________ and I
can’t agree with its conclusions. You need to remember that we have a
broad range of media sources available to us nowadays. There is an

404
enormous amount of alternative media that provide a healthy balance to
the mainstream. If people want to be informed, they are unlikely to turn to
tabloid newspapers to do so. Instead, they can access a wide range of
journals, magazines and smaller 2_______________ . They can also search the
Web for the most up-to-date information from any part of the world. On
the negative side, there is a problem with editor verification with some
stories reported on the internet because 3_______________ can be unreliable.
The 4 __________________ in place for traditional media just don’t exist there
at the moment.

“ I’ll admit that stories about 5________________ issues are less likely to be
seen by the tabloids as 6 _______________ news. But I would be more
concerned about content which is politically 7_________________ or
motivated. I believe there are many publishers and broadcasters that do
still have a strong tradition of 8_________________ and investigative
journalism. If there is an emphasis on entertainment rather than more
serious issues, then this is being driven by consumer demand. Perhaps
ultimately we only get the media we deserve.”

1.5. Now answer these questions.

1. What do we call newspapers when seen as a group?

2. What is the opposite of mainstream media?

3. What is another word for the Internet?

4. What does Martin Dexter believe is the problem with new media?

5. What do we call the type of journalism that tries to discover the truth
behind issues that are of public interest?

Fame
2.1. Use a dictionary to check the meaning of these
verbs. Find out the noun and adjective forms and
write them in your notebook.

bias exploit expose inform

405
 intrude invade investigate

publish publicize sensationalize verify

2.2. Use a suitable form of the words in 2.1to replace the words in bold.

1. There has been a lot of gossip speculation in the media about the
identity of the victim.

2. Not surprisingly, the reporter was unable to prove the truth behind
____________ the claims.

3. The government has agreed to launch an official inquiry ________ into the
matter.

4. There has been a great deal of media hype ___________ about the new
James Bond movie.

5. I’m not sure celebrities are being used ___________, they often seem to
court fame.

6. Most people believe that this newspaper favours the government too
much to provide an impartial _____________ coverage of the election.

Vocabulary note:

We say something/someone has a/is a good/bad/positive or negative

influence on someone/something: John’s new friends are a really bad
influence on him. Influence can be a verb or a noun: The media
influences the ways many people think. The media has a major
influence on the way many people think.

Remember that effects is a noun and affect is a verb. These can be used
in a similar way to influence. The media affects the way many people
think. The media has a major effect on the way many people think.

Error warning:

We say on the radio, on television, on screen, on the computer, on the

Internet. We use in with printed media: We learn all about celebrities in
magazines or on television. NOT in magazines or on television. These

406
materials are freely available on the Internet. NOT in the Internet

3.1. These adjectives can be used to talk about the media or people in
the media. Decide whether they are used in a negative or a positive
way and put them in the correct box.

artificial informative realistic attention-grabbi

ng

biased invasive sensationalist

distorted intrusive superficial

factual pervasive unbiased

Positive Negative

3.2. Think about your answers to these questions. Try to use as many of
the adjectives from 3.1as you can.

1. Would you like to be famous? (Why? / Why not?)

2. Do you think famous people have a positive or a negative influence on

young people?

3. Nowadays we have access to the news 24 hours a day. What effect does
this have?

3.3. ➤19b Complete these answers to the questions in 3.2 with a suitable
word or phrase. Then listen and check your answers.

407
1. I think a lot of people want to be famous nowadays and that’s why reality
TV is so popular. But I wouldn't like to be famous at all. Being famous
nowadays simply means that you’re in the 1t______________ a lot and you’re
followed by the 2p__________ . I’d find that very 3i_____________. Famous
people have no 4p_____________ at all in any part of their life. Their life also
seems to be very 5s_______________ because they spend all of their time
going to parties and trying to look glamorous. It all seems very
6
a______________ to me - they just don’t seem to be part of the real world at
all.

2. I think they should have a positive 7i______________ on young people, but

many of them don’t. Some personalities are good role models and use their
8
c___________ status to encourage people to think about important issues,
but we often see photos of famous people behaving badly.

3. I think it can 9a_____________ us in both positive and negative ways. On

the one hand, it’s very convenient to be able to catch up with what’s
happening in the world at any time of the day or night, no matter where
you are. But on the other hand, this kind of news can give you a
10
d_________________ view of what’s happening, because even minor news
11
s____________ are given more importance than they perhaps should have.

4.1. PRONUNCIATION: Which of the following sounds do these words

have: s (stop), z (zoo), ʒ (Asia) or ʃ (shop)?

artificial _____ censor _____ intrusive _____ invasive _____

attention _____ exposed _____ intrusion _____ publication _____

biased _____ exposure_____ invasion _____ superficial _____

4.2 ➤19c Now listen and practise saying the words.

408
 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/ Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) phrases (Eng) - clauses (Eng)
in bold

1 Ngày nay, chúng ta UK /ˌʌp tə ˈdeɪt/

có thể truy cập US /ˌʌp tə ˈdeɪt/
không giới hạn vào
những thông tin
cập nhật nhất có
sẵn trên Internet,
cả bằng tiếng mẹ
đẻ lẫn tiếng Anh.

Hint: không giới

hạn - unlimited

2 Anh ấy quan tâm UK /ˈkʌrənt/

đến các tin tức /əˈfeə(r)/
hiện tại, đặc biệt là US /ˈkɜːrənt/
các tin tức liên /əˈfer/
quan đến chặt phá
rừng, các bệnh
nguy hiểm đến
tính mạng, và
những thứ khác
mà đe doạ đến
tương lai của nhân
loại.

3 Một mặt thì thông UK /ˈverɪfaɪ/

409
 tin trên social /ˈsensə(r)/
media không bị US /ˈverɪfaɪ/
kiểm duyệt (cắt
/ˈsensər/
xén) bởi chính
quyền địa phương

4 Mặc khác thì thật

đáng tiếc là các
thông tin này
không được kiểm
duyệt (xác minh),
nên có nhiều
thông tin không
chính xác

5 Theo bạn, thì hiện UK /ˌwel

giờ công chúng có ɪnˈfɔːmd/
đầy đủ thông tin US /ˌwel
hơn hay có ít ɪnˈfɔːrmd/
thông tin hơn về
các nguồn năng
lượng thay thế?

6 Tôi đã theo dõi tin UK /ˈfɒləʊ/

tức được 1 thời US /ˈfɑːləʊ/
gian rồi, nên tôi
biết về kế hoạch
đô thị hoá của

410
 chính phủ

7 Người dân địa UK /rɪˈlaɪəbl/

phương trong khu US /rɪˈlaɪəbl/
vực hay theo dõi
báo chí truyền
thống hơn là/thay
vì các nguồn trực
tuyến, vì họ tin
rằng báo chí cung
cấp thông tin đáng
tin cậy hơn

Hint - theo dõi

(ngữ cảnh) - to
turn to

8 Nhiều bài báo UK /ˌmɪsˈliːdɪŋ/

đang cố gắng US /ˌmɪsˈliːdɪŋ/
cung cấp thông
tin sai lệch cho
người đọc. Chúng
nói rằng các chính
sách kinh tế mới
khuyến khích việc
về hưu sớm, điều
này không đúng tý
nào hết.

411
9 Former president UK /dɪˈstɔːtɪd/
(cựu tổng thống): US /dɪˈstɔːrtɪd/
nếu tôi quay trở lại
quá khứ được, thì
tôi đã bỏ tù hết
mấy tay nhà báo
mà đang đưa
thông tin bóp méo
về sự việc đang
diễn ra rồi.

Hint:

nhà báo - journalist

Sự việc đang diễn

ra (ngữ cảnh) -
what’s actually
happening

10 Không chỉ người UK

trẻ/bộ phận dân số /senˈseɪʃənl/
trẻ thôi, mà cả US
người già/người /senˈseɪʃənl/
cao tuổi cũng có
thể bị thu hút bởi
các tin tức giật
gân.

11 UK /breɪkɪŋ/

US /breɪkɪŋ/

Tôi không chắc

câu ấy có biết được
tất cả các tin tức
nóng hổi không,
như là vụ tai nạn

412
 trong bài test
không trọng lực
mà các nhà du
hành vũ trụ thực
hiện ấy.

Thực hiện (ngữ

cảnh) - to perform

12 Hôm nọ tôi đọc UK /piːs/

được một mẩu tin US /piːs/
thú vị về bản năng
làm mẹ - một
người mẹ nhấc
hẳn một cái ô tô
để cứu đứa con,
mặc dù đứa con ấy
là con nuôi

HInt - nhấc - to lift

13 Sẽ thật tuyệt nếu UK

như chúng ta có /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/
thể xóa sổ hết tất US
cả các quảng cáo /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/
mà phóng đại
hoặc thậm chí lừa

413
 dối về chất lượng
sản phẩm.

exaggerate or
even lie about the
quality of
products

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/ clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng)

1 Thông qua diễn UK /ɪkˈstend/

xuất, sự nổi tiếng US /ɪkˈstend/
và sự quyên góp,
anh ấy đang cố
gắng chống lại đói
nghèo và giúp
những người cần
giúp đỡ.

3 Anh ấy nhìn thì có UK /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl/

vẻ thân thiện/hòa US /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃl/
đồng, nhưng tôi
nghĩ là giả tạo.

4 Tony nông cạn và UK /ˈʃæləʊ/

thiếu trưởng US /ˈʃæləʊ/

414
 thành. Anh ấy chỉ
quan tâm đến việc
đưa các cô gái đi
xem các bộ phim
mới nhất ngay khi
có cơ hội

5 Những đứa trẻ mà UK /fʌn/

chậm về mặt phát US /fʌn/
triển nhận thức
thường trở thành
đối tượng mà bạn
bè chũng chế
giễu.

6 Là hình mẫu cho UK /ˈrəʊl

trẻ em, người nổi mɒdl/
tiếng nên động US /ˈrəʊl
viên chúng bắt mɑːdl/
đầu nghĩ đến các
vấn đề môi trường
quan trọng như
khí nhà kính và khí
thải ống khói.

7 Nhờ có những UK /ˈpɒvəti/

khoản quyên góp, US /ˈpɑːvərti/
giờ chỉ còn tuyển
tình nguyện viên
là chúng ta có thể
triển khai một
chiến dịch chống
lại nghèo đói

415
 trong khu vực

Hint

Khoản quyên góp

- Donation (n)

Triển khai một

chiến dịch - to
launch a
campaign

8 Trong cuộc thảo UK /ɪkˈspres/

luận, anh ấy nêu US /ɪkˈspres/
lên điểm hợp lý về
việc chúng ta nên
được bày tỏ ý kiến
của mình một
cách thẳng
thắn/cởi mở

9 Nếu nhà đài chỉ UK /ˈemfəsɪs/

chú trọng vào các US /ˈemfəsɪs/
tin tức khác
thường và thú vị,
chúng ta sẽ có thể
chả bao giờ xem
được những tin
quan trọng về các
hoạt động thân
thiện về môi
trường và phát
triển bền vững.

Hint
Nhà đài (ngữ

416
 cảnh) -
broadcaster

10 Dịch đoạn trong “ UK

” /ˈpredʒədɪs/

Giám khảo: “Tôi /ˈbaɪəs/

biết là chúng ta US
không nên thiên /ˈpredʒədɪs/
vị, nhưng tôi
/ˈbaɪəs/
không thể không
có định kiến đối
với những người
đã từng phạm tội
trước đây được, dù
có là tội vặt đi
chăng nữa”.

Hint - không thể

không làm gì -
Can’t help + V-ing

11 Nội dung của UK /ˈdrɪvn/

videos trên Tiktok, US /ˈdrɪvn/
điều khiển bởi nhu
cầu của giới trẻ, có
sức hút rất lớn.
Bảo sao mà trẻ em
bây giờ nghiện
Internet trong thế
giới ảo ngày nay
thế.

Hint -

417
 Bảo sao mà … It’s
no wonder that….

12 Dịch đoạn trong “ UK /əˈlɑːmɪŋli/

” US /əˈlɑːrmɪŋli/
Từ một
Environmentalist/e
nvironmental
activist:

“Đáng báo động

là việc chúng tôi
phát hiện ra rằng
nhiều tin về các
hoạt động canh
tác và xử lý rác thải
đang rất ít được
lên báo đài”.

Hint

Rất ít được lên báo

đài - to be
underreported

418
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Thông tin không There is a great deal of UK

được kiểm duyệt ___________ information /ʌnˈver.ɪ.faɪd/
posted on the Internet these /ʌnˈsensəd/
days. An article on a popular
US
site claims that genetically
/ʌnˈver.ə.faɪd/
modified food poses a major
hazard to humans’ health, /ʌnˈsensərd/
which is hardly true. And just
the other day, I saw a very
graphic picture of a
kidnapping victim being
murdered on a foreign
website.

2 Lan truyền chỉ Whenever Black Pink releases UK /ˈvaɪrəl/

trong vài giây a new album, it US /ˈvaɪrəl/
___________________.

I think this immense

popularity has to do with their
empowering songs.
Whenever I'm in a bad mood,
I’d turn on their songs and
they never fail to make me
feel good about myself.

3 Noi theo Many young English learners UK /ˈemjuleɪt/

419
 these days are trying to US /ˈemjuleɪt/
___________ Mr. A, who has
demonstrated an English level
comparable to that of a native
speaker. They hope that by
imitating him, they can speak
at length without much
difficulty/effortlessly.

4 Đời tư bị xâm In this age of UK /ɪnˈtruːd/

phạm computerization/digital age, US /ɪnˈtruːd/
being a celebrity means that
your _________ . This appears
to be an insoluble problem,
since it’s human nature to pry
into the life of famous people,
and advanced technology has
made it much easier to do so.

5 Duy trì một hình ________________is critical to UK /meɪnˈteɪn/

ảnh tốt trước công celebrities. Take Elon Musk US /meɪnˈteɪn/
chúng and his SpaceX project, for
example. It is his personal
image that has attracted
billions of dollars of funding to
SpaceX, which allows the
company to launch many
(manned) space stations into
the stratosphere. As far as I’m
concerned, it’s just a matter
of time before his dream to
land on Mars comes true.

420
6 Không có dư giả I __________________every piece UK /ˈlʌkʃəri/
thời gian dành cho of news, especially the ones in US /ˈlʌkʃəri/
tabloids featuring the lives of

celebrities. I’d prefer to spend

my valuable time on making
money. I’m living in a
cramped apartment right
now, and I hope that I’ll be
able to save up for a spacious
house, one that’s
fully-furnished, alive and airy.

7 Chứa đựng sự thật A: As an information source, UK /ˈfiːtʃə(r)/

Facebook tends to __________ US /ˈfiːtʃər/
as it is not controlled or
censored by the government.

B: That would be a one-sided

argument, don’t you think?
The fact that no one controls
it means anyone can post
anything on Facebook, as
long they have access to a
computer. I once came across
an article which claims
consumption of rhino horn
and snake scales brings a lot
of health benefits. Such
nonsense!

421
8 Tự do báo chí & tự A: Do you think ________ and UK /pres/
do ngôn luận _________ are basic human US /pres/
rights that should be
universally guaranteed?

B: Yes, I couldn’t agree more.

Journalists should work on
exposing evil companies, like
those that dump toxic
chemical wastes into
waterways. What’s more, we
all should have the right to
express our opinions openly,
even if it concerns
high-ranking government
officials who we think are
guilty of a crime.

9 Lôi kéo/câu sự chú A: You look terrible.Are you UK /əˈtenʃn/

ý unwell/under the weather? US /əˈtenʃn/

B: No, I’ve got a lot on my

mind. The chief editor wants
an _________ headline, while I
think honesty to our readers is
important. I guess I’ll have to
find a compromise.

10 Báo lá cải _____________ feed misleading UK /ˈtæblɔɪd/

information to readers. I’m not US /ˈtæblɔɪd/
just talking about news on
celebrities, but also the life

422
 hacks. Once I read a tip in a
tabloid newspaper, which says
if you label your suitcases with
a nameless tag, it’d be easier
to spot on the conveyor belt.
This turned out to be total
nonsense.

11 can thiệp vào A: according to/based on a UK /ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r)/

luồng thông tin tự book I recently read, US /ˌɪntərˈfɪr/
do censorship is anything which
______________________in our
society

B: Well, I’m not a linguist, so

I’m not sure the definition
you’re referring to is correct.
Anyway, I don’t find it a
straightforward concept. I
guess I’ll have to take my time
to do some extra reading, and
then I’ll get back to you.

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Mục tiêu ban đầu _______________ of newspapers UK /əˈrɪdʒənl/

is to provide information. But US /əˈrɪdʒənl/
many newspapers have
turned into a means of

423
 entertainment - a way for
readers to release stress. They
report insignificant yet
attention-grabbing stories like
an an obese/overweight
celebrity successfully losing
weight and so on.

2 vào bất kỳ thời A: Thanks to the Internet, it’s UK /ˈmætə(r)/

điểm nào trong very US /ˈmætər/
ngày hay đêm, bất convenient to be able to catch
kể bạn ở đâu up with what’s happening in
the
world________________________
_____.

B: Yeah, but do you think the

ready availability of
information also makes
people more likely/liable to
get carried away?

3 Đâu đó ở khoảng I guess I’m________________. UK /ˈmɪd.əl/

giữa (nửa này nửa I’m not particularly interested US /ˈmɪd.əl/
nọ) in current affairs, but I do read
news that pop up in my
Facebook newsfeeds. News on
fauna and the animal
kingdom in particular are of
great appeal to me

424
4 Lót tay (hối lộ) A: Do you think articles these UK /ˈteɪ.bəl/
days are mostly written by US /ˈteɪ.bəl/
journalists who are __________
to make up stories?

B: That’s an interesting
question. I don’t really know
for sure, but my speculation is
that bribery is an inevitable
part of journalism. I mean,
journalists are paid so little,
not even enough to meet
their basic needs/cover their
living expenses. And so, it’s
only natural that they have to
find a way to make some extra
bucks

5 đắm mình trong A: I didn’t take Justin Bieber UK /ɪˈmɜːs/

for a nostalgic person. But the US /ɪˈmɜːrs/
other day he went on
television and reminisced
about the time he
_______________partying.

B: Well, he was looking back

at the time when broke up
with Selena Gomez, wasn't
he?

6 Làm điều tốt Celebrities could set a good UK /diːd/

example for the young by

425
 taking part in charity events. US /diːd/
The act itself of course would
not solve the problem of
income inequality, but at least
it can encourage the young to
____________. In fact, a large
number of young people in
my neighborhood have taken
part in a project to reconstruct
and renovate housing for the
poor.

7 Từ đó trở đi A: Do you turn to social media UK /ˈɒnwədz/

or mainstream news sources US /ˈɑːnwərdz/
to stay updated on the world
around you?

B: It depends on my mood
really. When I’m feeling lazy, I
would surf my Facebook
newsfeeds to see if there’s
anything new. But when I feel
like reading something, I
would go to some online news
sites. I used to read some
tabloids also, but I found that
a lot of what was written was
inaccurate. From that point
onwards, I’ve never trusted
anything in the tabloids.

8 Nổi bật (quan A: I have seen almost all of UK

426
 trọng & nổi tiếng) John Cena’s movies and TV /ˈprɒmɪnənt/
series and consider him to be US
one of the world’s most /ˈprɑːmɪnənt/
Tôi đã từng xem
__________ actors alive.
gần như tất cả các
bộ phim và loạt B: So, what’s your favourite

phim truyền hình John Cena’s movie?

của John Cena và A: My mind is going blank

coi anh ấy là một right now, so I can’t recall the
trong những diễn name. But it’s an action movie
viên vĩ đại nhất where he cast the role of an
còn sống. adventurous guy in the
cosmopolitan city of New
York. Anyway, I’m not even
sure. It’s been ages (since I
watched that movie).

9 Đại sứ thương hiệu She is a ___________ for a UK

high-end fashion brand. It’s /æmˈbæsədə(r)
Louis Vuitton if I’m not /
mistaken. In her latest video, US
she’s trying to set a trend for /æmˈbæsədər/
their new purse, which costs
an arm and a leg.

10 Để phản hồi In your article, you said that UK /rɪˈspɒns/

your hand luggage and ID US /rɪˈspɑːns/
were stolen at the airport, that
you were ripped off at a store
right at the heart of Hanoi,
and that you couldn’t even
access your own money.
_____________to all these

427
 claims, I’ve got one thing to
say to you: “why did all these
things happen to just you and
no else?

11 làm nổi bật A: Important news stories UK /ˈhaɪlaɪt/

appear in the frontpages US /ˈhaɪlaɪt/
because this _____________
their importance.

B: I don’t think so. Most

frontpage stories are, in my
opinion, sensational or
attention-grabbing news.
News of real substance like
those about energy
conservation, power shortage
and depletion of exploitable
resources never make the
front page.

12 người ủng hộ và He is also an active UK /səˈpɔːtə(r)/

quyên góp ____________ for space
programs. Just recently, he /dəʊˈneɪtə(r)/
donated 5 million dollars to a US /səˈpɔːrtər/
campaign to retrieve space
/dəʊˈneɪtər/
debris that are floating in the
Earth’s orbit.

428
 IV. Questions
I. Task 1, 3:
1. Are you well informed or not interested in current affairs?

2. Do you prefer to get the news from the newspaper/the Internet/the

radio/the television?

3. How is news reporting today different from news reporting in the past?

4. What do you think is the most serious issue with the press/the media
today?

5. Would you like to be famous?

6. Do you think famous people have a positive or a negative influence on

young people?

Questions Idea

1. Are you well Option 1 - somewhere in the middle

informed or
● not have the luxury of time to spare on every
not interested piece of news;
in current
○ follow the news - read/watch news on
affairs?
Facebook/online newspapers

● only aware, breaking news

Option 2 - only important news, stay away from tabloids

● When it comes to news/as far as news is

concerned

○ Only aware, important one

○ Make, effort, stay away, trivial news from

attention grabbing tabloids [example]

■ Tabloids, tend to, intrude, personal

life, celebrities, feed misleading
information

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 ■ So shallow -> not worth my attention

Option 3 - not well-informed/ill-informed

● When it comes to/in terms of news stories,

○ not well-informed/ill-informed

○ When, kid

■ Watch news broadcasts (bản tin thời

sự) with parents

○ Now

■ Become occupied, work/study & social

life

■ Little time , spare on news

2. Do you trust Yes

the
● All, pieces of news on TV, official
information on
○ Go through strict/rigorous verification
TV?
process

○ Ensure, Information, reach viewer, accurate

& unbiased

● Always, watch news broadcasts at 7 p.m., stay

informed, current affairs

No

● Not trust info on TV - content heavily censored

● Reason

○ TV, as an information channel, censored by

gov

○ News distorted/biased

● Some organization

○ Interfere with free flow of information

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 ○ Pay authorities/people in charge a sum
under the table

■ Get featured, in piece of news

● => info on TV, reliable

3. Where Option 1 - sử dụng nếu bạn trả lời Yes cho câu 2
would you Social media platforms are so pervasive these days that
prefer to get you can read/watch almost anything on
the news from Facebook/Instagram/Tiktok, including news. So, when I
(other than surf Facebook newsfeeds/Tiktok videos, I come across
TV)? tons of news. If I’m free, I’ll check them out. But when I
am often busy, I’d give them a miss/pass.

Option 2 - sử dụng nếu bạn trả lời No cho câu 2

Like I said, I lost my trust in TV news a long time ago.

From that point onwards/since then, I’ve turned to social
media platforms to catch up with the latest news. On
these platforms, people can express their opinions
openly and there is no censorship, so you’re more likely
to get the truth.

4. How is news ● Internet & Cable television: the most up to date

reporting information - broadcast; readers - access at any
today different time of the day, no matter where they are
from news
● Past: newspapers - most prominent provider -
reporting in information
the past?
● Public: ill-informed; wait for newspapers - release
- catch up with a piece of news

5. What do you #Option 1 - Tabloid journalism

think is the
most serious
I think the most alarming issue with the press today is
issue with the
tabloid journalism. The original aim of the press is to

431
press/the provide reliable information. However, many tabloids
media today? are providing biased or unverified news instead, hoping
to grab readers’ attention. Readers would often get
misleading information as a result.

# Option 2 - sensational news

The most pressing/imperative issue with the press is

sensational news. In other words, many newspapers
deliberately distort news stories to make them
sensational. This is because the more sensational the
news are, the more likely they would go viral in a matter
of seconds. Readers would often get misleading
information as a result.

6. Would you Yes

like to be
● Definitely enjoy - be a celebrity; able to - use fame
famous? - extend a hand for people in need

● Everyone - do good deeds; but a celebrity

status/being a celebrity - make it easier

● Famous people I know - make positive changes -

ambassadors, supporters, donators - charity
campaigns; contribute a great deal - fight poverty

No

● To be honest, Not a fan of celebrity lifestyles; all

they seem to be doing: immerse themselves in
partying; shallow in my opinion

● Be a celebrity: Personal life - intrude and make

fun of - entertain the public

● Everything you do - exaggerate; not have privacy

● Do not want such lifestyle

432
7. Do you think # Positive
famous people
● Maintain a good public image - important -
have a positive celebrities
or a negative
● They take part in - promote themselves - role
influence on
models
young people?
● Why: you - likely to see celebrities - do charity on
TV or social media

● The act itself - sometimes artificial; do not matter -

as long as - have a good impact - young people -
encourage them - do good deeds

# Negative

● On social media/TV, often see - celebrities - put on

revealing clothes/immerse themselves in partying

● From time to time/every now and then: see them

swear/use inappropriate language

● Youngsters - tend to emulate/imitate idols;

behaviors - toxic

II. Task 2
Describe a famous person that you are interested in.

You should say:

Who this person is.

How you know about this person.

What this person is famous for.

Why you are interested in this person.

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

433
 Idea Answers

● A big fan of…

○ One of the most

prominent … at the
moment

○ Famous for…

● Start his/her
career/hobby…

○ ever since - was a

child;

○ -> why he/she - so

successful

● Everytime he/she…,

○ be likely to… go
viral in a matter of
seconds

● Come across him/her

○ on
TV/Tiktok/Instagra
m/Book fair
(author)….

○ - immediately fall
in love with…

● There's something very

special about

○ … outstanding
performance…

● Become a loyal fan

○ ever since…;

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 ○ go see him/her - a
magical
experience

● Other shallow celebrities

○ - not care -
maintain a good
public image

○ / indulge
themselves in
partying;

○ … not one of them

● He/she once said:

○ always try - role

model for young
people; original
aim of career: to be
a good…; not an
attention-grabbin
g public figure

○ Stick to, aim,

throughout career

Optional - these hints are not a

compulsory part of your
answer. Just look through
them to see which one(s) work
for your answers (you can pick
a few of them

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 UNIT 20 - THE ARTS
Topic: Art appreciation, the performing arts

_______________________________

I. VOCABULARY INTRODUCTION

Art appreciation
1.1. Which art forms are shown in
these pictures?

What do we call the people who

do these things?

1.2. Which of these art forms do you find the most and least appealing?

1.3. Read the text making sure you understand the meaning of the
words in bold. Use a dictionary if necessary.

The brain of the beholder

The cave figures of Lascaux, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, a Cubist

painting by Pablo Picasso and the African artifact that inspired Picasso's
work. These works of art are separated by great gulfs in social and political
systems, and language divides. Yet despite these variations, there is art in
each place and era. That there is a seemingly universal impulse to express
oneself this way suggests that human beings are neurologically hardwired
for art.

436
Imagine yourself in the Louvre in Pans, pushing through the throngs to
behold Mona Lisa's enigmatic smile. Or recall the first time you ever saw
the Sydney Opera House. Most likely your skin tingled, you felt a thrill and
you paused for a moment of reflection. Even glimpses of mundane objects
such as the latest curvaceous kettle, can inspire something similar. Arc and
design critics will describe how formal qualities like proportion are
choreographed to produce the viewer's rush. But the fact that aesthetic
experience can inspire such a biological response suggests that it’s a
stimulus neuroscientists could analyze just as deftly.

And that’s exactly what they are doing. In laboratories and galleries around
the world, researchers are showing how the organization of the brain
relates to the conception and experience of art. This is the burgeoning
field of neuroaesthetics, in which scientists are discovering that — rather
than transcending the ordinary — art and aesthetics are part of everyday
experience. They’re also finding that, in some fundamental ways, art really
is an expression of human nature.

1.4. Write Yes if these statements agree with the information in the text
or No if the statements contradict the information. Write the words in
bold that helped you with your answer.

Pablo Picasso got the idea for one of his paintings from an ancient work of
art from Africa. Yes - artifact, inspired.

2. The desire to create art is limited to certain parts of the world.

________________________

3. When people look at works of art it provokes serious and careful thought.

________________________

4. Ordinary objects can be aesthetically pleasing. ________________________

5. Art critics believe that artistic elements are arranged and combined
together in order to create a feeling of excitement. ________________________

6. Researchers are analyzing how the brain creates the idea of art.

________________________

7. Neuroaesthetics is failing to catch on in the world of science.

437
________________________

8. Scientists have discovered that art is a way of rising above everyday life.

________________________

The performing arts

2.1. (Audio 20a) you will hear a radio broadcast about three different arts
festivals on Bethania island. Listen and complete column A below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.

A B

Living (1) ________________ - Week 1. the study of art in relation to its

beauty = _______________
● Talks
2. organised sets of special events =
● (2)_____________ lunches
______________
● Book (3) ______________

● (4) ______________ for children

● This year’s (5) ______________ is

Island life

The (6) ________________ Arts 3. skilled = _______________

● A painting (7) ______________ 4. creations = _______________

● Discussion of the (8) 5. represent or show something in a

_______________ process picture or story = ________________

● Workshops at local (9) 6. make shapes in wood or ston

______________ with a knife = ________________

● Display of local (10)

______________

(11) _______________ of Voices 7. describe a show that involves the

audience = ________________
● Several performances will be
(12) _____________ 8. the people gathered to listen to a

438
 ● (13) ______________ theatre performance = ____________

● Free (14) ________________ 9. take part in = ______________

10. musical performance =

_________________

2.2. (Audio 20a) Now listen again and find words or phrases to match
the definitions in column B

2.3. WORD BUILDING: Complete the table.

Noun Verb Adjective

creative

culture

influence

inspire

imagination

participate

rich

3.1. Try to talk for two minutes about the following topic. Use words
from the table in 2.3 if you can

Describe the type of music that you like. You should say

● why you enjoy listening to this type of music

● the times or places when you listen to this music

● your feelings about music in general and say whether you prefer
live or recorded music.

439
3.2. (Audio 20b) You will hear somebody answering the question in

3.1. Listen and complete the text with no more than two words
from the text. You may need to listen twice.

My taste in music is quite 1.___________ and there isn’t really one

2.___________ of music that l like. I listen to everything from
3.___________ music to 4.___________. Music 5.___________ a very
important 6.___________ in my life, and I listen to it almost constantly. I
find that it helps to 7.___________ or to change a 8.___________. So I
tend to choose my music according to who I’m with or what I’m
doing. For example, if I'm driving long distances in my car I prefer to
play something 9.___________ to help keep me awake, but if I’m
having dinner with my friends then I play something more
10.___________. I think that music helps to 11.___________ me when I’m
working, although my colleagues find it 12.___________ so I tend to
listen with 13.___________ on. In that way I can 14.___________ into my
own little world. When I was younger I would definitely have said
thatI preferred live music. The 15.___________ in a live 16.___________ can
be 17.___________. Nowadays, though, a lot of popular groups only
perform at very large 18.___________ in front of 20,000 or more
19.___________ and I don’t really like that. I prefer the 20.___________ of
listening to recorded music, and the sound quality is better as well.
Music really 21.___________ our lives - it can turn a boring, monotonous
period of time into a 22.___________. So I think it’s essential to have
music and, in fact, all of 23.___________ in your life.

4. PRONUNCIATION (Audio 20c) Each of the following words has a

weak sound or schwa (ə). e.g. about. Underline the weak sounds
in each word then listen and check your answers. Practice saying
the words. There may be more than one schwa in each word.

atmosphere classical edition festival fundamental imagination

literary monotonous musical performance popular visual

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 II. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1. Topic-related

Phrases/clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ Pronunciation

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng)

1 Bức Dải Ngân Hà UK /bɪˈhəʊld/

là một bức tranh US /bɪˈhəʊld/
thịnh hàng đến
nỗi mà bạn sẽ
phải đặt vé trước
nếu bạn muốn
chiêm ngưỡng nó.

2 Các tác phẩm UK /ɑːt/

nghệ thuật này bị US /ɑːrt/
ngắn cách bởi thời
đại, nhưng chúng
đều mô tả cuộc
sống đa văn hóa
của các xã hội
khác nhau.

Hint: mô tả - to
feature

3 Các nhà phê bình UK /ˈkrɪt.ɪk/

nghệ thuật US /ˈkrɪt̬ .ɪk/
thường có ý kiến
khác hoàn toàn so
với khác so với
khán giả.

441
4 Các Kim Tự Tháp UK /esˈθet.ɪk/
Ai Cập rất ít có sức /iːsˈθet.ɪk/
hút về mặt thẩm
US /esˈθet̬.ɪk/
mỹ với tôi.

Hint: Egyptian
(adj) - Ai Cập

5 Tôi ghét việc bị bắt UK /ˈkwɒl.ə.ti/

phải chờ, nhưng US /ˈkwɑː.lə.t̬i/
nếu tôi không có
lựa chọn nào khác,
thì việc có một đôi
tai nghe với chất
lượng âm thanh
tốt cũng nice.

6 Có kha khá các UK

họa sĩ thành tựu /əˈkʌm.plɪʃt/
cư ngụ ở Hà Nội. US
/əˈkɑːm.plɪʃt/

7 Nghệ thuật thị UK /ˈvɪʒ.u.əl/

giác là một cách US /ˈvɪʒ.u.əl/
để nhiều người thể
hiện bản thân.

8 Nhiều bức tranh UK /dɪˈpɪkt/

của Monet phác US /dɪˈpɪkt/

442
 hoạ/miêu tả cảnh
đẹp của đất nước
ông.

9 Kể cả nếu bạn chỉ UK /ɑːˈtɪs.tɪk/

có thể vẽ các US /ɑːrˈtɪs.tɪk/
đường ngang, bạn
vẫn có thể thử các
kỹ năng nghệ
thuật của mình tại
xưởng vẽ của
chúng tôi.

Hint: Xưởng vẽ -
Painting workshop

10 Trong chuyến đi UK /ˈɡæl.ər.i/

thành phố HCM, US /ˈɡæl.ɚ.i/
tôi sẽ luân phiên
thăm các phòng
trưng bày nghệ
thuật với các
chuyến đi bảo
tàng.

11 Con mồi lại đang UK

săn con thú ăn thịt /ˌkriː.eɪˈtɪv.ə.ti/
trong bức tranh. US
Thật là một sự /ˌkriː.eɪˈt̬ɪv.ə.t̬i/
sáng tạo độc đáo
của nghệ sĩ!

443
12 Có sự giống nhau UK /teɪst/
đến kinh ngạc US /teɪst/
giữa gu âm nhạc
của cô ấy và gu âm
nhạc của tôi -
chúng tôi đều
thích Vinahouse

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/clauses Words/ phrases Phrases/ Pronunciatio

(Vie) (Eng) - in bold clauses (Eng) n

1 Con người đều nên UK /mʌnˈdeɪn/

có tự do thể hiện US /mʌnˈdeɪn/
bản thân và cảm
xúc của mình.

2 Bức tranh vẽ một UK /ɪkˈspres/

cái ấm nước, một US /ɪkˈspres/
vật nhìn thì có vẻ
tầm thường với
người khác, nhưng
bức tranh lại khá
có nét riêng
biệt/cá tính với tôi.

Hint: ấm nước (n) -

kettle

3 Nếu bạn đang cố UK /ˈsɪə.ri.əs/

gắng xác định giải US /ˈsɪr.i.əs/

444
 pháp cho một vấn
đề thách thức, bạn
có sẽ thấy việc
xem các tác phẩm
nghệ thuật hữu
ích, vì nó gợi lên
những suy nghĩ
sâu sắc (nghiêm
túc)

4 Mặc dù đã có UK /rɪˈmeɪn/
những nỗ lực US /rɪˈmeɪn/
trong việc thu hẹp
các lựa chọn, việc
bức tranh thực sự
vẽ (chân dung) ai
vẫn là một câu
hỏi gây tranh cãi

Hint:

nỗ lực trong việc -

attempt at

Vẽ (ngữ cảnh) - to
portray

5 A: Có nhiều người UK /nəʊ/

đi các phòng trưng US /noʊ/
bày nghệ thuật nơi
bạn sống không?

B: Không, theo
như tôi biết thì
không.

445
6 Theo quan điểm UK
của tôi, nếu bạn /pəˈspek.tɪv/
có thể xem các tác US
phẩm nghệ thuật /pɚˈspek.tɪv/
qua màn hình máy
tính ở nhà, thì chả
có nghĩa gì/có ích
gì phải trả tiền đề
vào xem các triển
lãm nghệ thuật cả

Hint: entrance to
art galleries - để
vào xem các triển
lãm nghệ thuật

7 Với một bố cục UK /teɪk/

đẹp, một bức US /teɪk/
tranh đẹp thường
là một bức tranh
bạn không thể rời
mắt nổi

HInt: bố cục -
composition

8 Trừ khi các bảo UK /ˈlaɪ.kli/

tàng giảm giá hết US /ˈlaɪ.kli/
mức có thể, lượng
khách thăm quan
khả năng sẽ
không tăng. Mọi
người sẽ ít có khả

446
 năng đi hơn nếu
họ phải trả tiền vé.

9 Mặc dù tôi thích ở UK

bên cạnh bạn bè /dɪˈstræk.tɪŋ/
tôi, tôi thấy mất US
tập trung khi họ /dɪˈstræk.tɪŋ/
nói quá to

10 Tôi thích đeo tai UK /ɪˈskeɪp/

nghe và trốn vào US /ɪˈskeɪp/
thế giới nhỏ của
riêng mình.

Tôi mắc chứng sợ

xuất hiện ở các nơi
công cộng, thế
nên tôi sẽ đeo tai
nghe lên để trốn
vào thế giới nhỏ
của riêng mình, và
không phải tương
tác với mọi người

447
 III. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Biểu diễn ở Son Tung/Ha Anh Tuan only UK /pəˈfɔːm/

nhiều địa điểm ______________, and ticket prices
US /pɚˈfɔːrm/
lớn are hardly affordable to us kids.
So, even though we are huge
fans,we’d have to wait for his
album to go on sale, or sign up
for a premium account on
Spotify, which comes with an
inexpensive monthly charge.

2 Hội chợ sách So, I was looking for an old book UK /feər/
on melting ice in the Poles the
US /fer/
other day at a _________. It took a
while, but I finally found the
book I was looking for - “A world
without ice”. But to my surprise,
the bookseller shook his head
when I picked the book up,
saying that it was not for sale.
But after I offered a good price,
he nodded his head in
agreement.

3 Màn trình diễn During an _______________, the UK

có sự tương tác audience will participate with /ˌɪn.təˈræk.tɪv/
the artist.
US
/ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈræk.tɪv/

448
 It was a/an ________, so I got the
chance to participate with the
magician. I didn’t know what I
was supposed to do at first , so
he took a little time to clarify the
details. It turned out all I had to
do was to put a card in his
feather hat, and he would make
it vanish. As an aspiring
magician, I was so impressed by
the trick that I asked for his
number so that I could
keep/stay in touch with him

4 Bản gốc To celebrate the arrival of the UK

Lunar New Year, I'm planning to /əˈrɪdʒ.ən.əl/
buy an artwork to hang at
US
home. The problem is the prices
/əˈrɪdʒ.ən.əl/
of artwork are going up
drastically at the moment, with
no sign of flattening out/slowing
down. What’s more, there are so
many counterfeits these days, it
is impossible to be sure the
painting you are paying for is
the ______________, unless you
employ the help of an expert .

5 Phản ứng cảm Art can provoke _______________ UK /riˈæk.ʃən/

xúc in humans.
US /riˈæk.ʃən/
Art can provoke strong
____________ in humans.When
the local art gallery was to be
knocked down to give way for a
soft drink joint-venture,
hundreds of people went on

449
 protest. With hindsight, I don’t
think the protest was a wise
decision, because all the
protestors were either made to
pay a heavy fine or put in prison.

6 Các kỹ năng cần The art class in secondary UK /ɪnˈvɒlvd/

để vẽ school was where I learned
US /ɪnˈvɑːlvd/
many _________________________.

I became so captivated that I

started harbouring the dream to
become a professional designer.
I even saved up for a bulky
computer so that I could learn
more about design and
sketching. But my hope was
dashed when I failed the
entrance exam to a local art
school. And without any sort of
formal education in arts, I didn’t
think I would have what it takes
for the job, so I quit in the end.

7 giữ cho …. tiếp The local wildlife museum UK /kiːp/

tục hoạt động displays various animals and
US /kiːp/
their parts. Most notably are
bear paws, eagle claws,
mammoth fur, and beaks of
some bird species. To keep
these animal parts in good
condition, many advanced
facilities are required, which
lead to a high operational cost.
Therefore, a small entrance fee
is necessary ______ the museum
_______.

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8 Bật bài nhạc nào A: What genres of music do you UK
đó sôi động usually listen to? /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪ.tɪŋ/

US
B: As far as music is concerned, /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪ.t̬ɪŋ/
I’m quite flexible. I would
_________________ when I’m
driving long distances to put
myself in a good mood.
Sometimes, I turn on relaxing
music when I’m in the company
of my friends. When I have to
wait for something, like waiting
to collect my luggage at the
airport, for instance,
instrumental music would be
on the top of my list.

9 Nghe nhạc gần Examiner: Describe a celebrity UK

như liên tục whom you admire /ˈkɒn.stənt.li/

US
Candidate: A TV personality /ˈkɑːn.stənt.li/
whom I look up to a lot is Mr
B..He has quite a character,
which causes divided opinions
about him. Some are his
hardcore fans, idolizing him so
much to the point they stalk his
permanent address. Others are
anti fans, criticizing every single
one of his work at the first
chance they get. But what I
admire about him is that he is
immune to all the criticism. He
keeps on releasing albums after
albums, some of which I

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 _____________. He’s also one that
shows a great deal of
appreciation for his fans - he
would never keep them waiting
in fan meetings.

10 Thợ thủ công địa Previously/in the past, the UK

phương __________ in Bat Trang village /ˈkrɑːfts.mən/
were not very skillful at making
US
ceramic products. Over the
/ˈkræfts.mən/
course of a decade, however,
they’ve made amazing progress
and are now able to offer
products of excellent quality. It’s
traditional products like these
that remind us of our national
identity.

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ phrases Words/phrases (Eng) - in bold Pronunciation

(Vie)

1 Sự chia rẽ về ngôn These works of art are separated UK /dɪˈvaɪd/

ngữ by _________________, and it’s
US /dɪˈvaɪd/
doubtful that any short-term
solution can bridge these gaps.
Yet despite the differences, they
attract a huge volume of sales,
appealing to both first-time
buyers and seasoned ones.

2 Chen vào đám Examiner: describe a musical UK /pʊʃ/

đông concert you have seen
US /pʊʃ/
Candidate: I still vividly
remember the first Ha Anh

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 Tuan’s live concert that I
attended. He was such a
household name that tickets to
the show were selling like
hotcakes. I had to wake up early
the day the tickets went on sale,
and ___________________to get
my hands on a pair of tickets -
one for myself, and another for
my little sister. She was also his
big fan, and insisted on tagging
along (and insisted that I take
her along). Since we had a
close-knit relationship, I had to
indulge her, though the tickets
cost a fortune.

3 Nụ cười huyền bí Mona Lisa has an UK

_________________. /ˌen.ɪɡˈmæt.ɪk/
Perhaps it’s this smile that US
makes it one of the world’s most /ˌen.ɪɡˈmæt̬.ɪk/
expensive paintings ever, valued
at around 900$ million (the
deposit alone costs $50 million).
It’s unimaginable for me that
anyone would spend that much
money on a single painting. To
be a bit sarcastic, if you were to
use the money to buy fertilizers,
you would get almost 1 million
tons of it, which is insane.

4 Cảm thấy run lên, When I saw the painting, my UK /θrɪl/

rùng mình (vì skin tingled and I
US /θrɪl/
đang nhìn cái gì ___________________ in my body.
đó rất đẹp)

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 The painting depicts
Apocalypse. Power stations keep
pumping toxic smoke into the
atmosphere , countries failing to
meet emission quotas , and
population inflow bursts the
capacity of cities - all of which
leads to the day the Earth is
rendered uninhabitable. When I
saw the painting, my skin
tingled and I _________ in my
body.

5 Đang nổi A: Aesthetics are becoming UK

more and more of a /ˈbɜː.dʒən.ɪŋ/
___________field. In the latest
US
aesthetics study, scientists are
/ˈbɝː.dʒən.ɪŋ/
attempting to discover how
everyday objects, like a pine tree
in Christmas or a cactus pot we
have at home, hold special
appeal to us all.

B: That’s such a tedious topic.

Can we talk about something
else, like Marvel’s latest releases?

6 Vượt ngưỡng/vượt A masterpiece should be an UK

quá bình artwork that _______________. /trænˈsend/
thường/thực tại One of such masterpieces was
US /trænˈsend/
created by S.V., who, in his
painting, essentially removes
humans from the top of the
food chain. This is a rather
eccentric concept because,
since the very beginning of

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 mankind/human race, we’ve
always been the dominant
species on Earth.

S.V’s work is hailed as timeless,

and is likely to remain an
prominent piece regardless of
the stage of development
humans are in.

7 Biến khoảng thời Music fan 1: Music can UK

gian tẻ nhạt _________________ /məˈnɒt.ən.əs/
thành trải nghiệm ,_________________. It can make
US
kì diệu us feel like we’re floating in the
/məˈnɑː.t̬ən.əs/
air, like the force of gravity
(gravitational force) no longer
keeps us down.

Music fan 2: That's so true. And

it’s more convenient than ever
before to listen to music. If you
don’t want to disturb others, a
pair of headphones would come
in handy. But if you’re inviting
your friends over for a party, you
would probably need a nice set
of speakers that comes with a
remote control.

8 Lái xe đường dài Examiner: Describe an UK /ˈdɪs.təns/

interesting trip you have taken.
US /ˈdɪs.təns/
Candidate: We took a road trip
to Ho Chi Minh city last summer,
which involved ________________.
The driving part was pleasant
though, as the weather was nice

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 and there were trees along the
street of most routes. We took
turns at the wheel to make sure
none of us were too tired, and
would stop every 3 hours or so to
have some drinks, all of which
were non-alcoholic of course.
The most memorable part was
perhaps the time we got lost
and had to ask a pedestrian for
directions. The funny part was
that he was mute, and none of
us knew how to use any sign
language.

9 Giữ cho tỉnh ngủ A: To drink coffee everyday to UK /əˈweɪk/

remain alert is a short-sighted
US /əˈweɪk/
decision. Yes, if I drink a cup of
coffee, it can help ___________ at
first, but after a while, my body
would develop some sort of
resistance and the caffeine
would no longer work. And in
case you’ve got a low tolerance
for caffeine, too much coffee can
cause sleep deprivation/
sleeplessness. Prolonged
sleeplessness can result in
hallucinations, like the feeling
the surface you’re standing on is
not solid but made of gas….I
know I’m being a bit extreme,
but that’s just how I feel about
coffee.

B: I know you don’t like coffee.

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 But that doesn’t give you the
right to condemn it!

10 Cảm giác gần gũi Listening to romantic music can UK

help build up the /ˈɪn.tɪ.mə.si/
__________between you and your
US
partner - and I’m speaking from
/ˈɪn.t̬ə.mə.si/
my own experience. There was
this time when I invited my
crush over to my house. I turned
on some romantic songs on my
laptop to set the mood. And it
was all going perfectly until the
music suddenly stopped. It
turned out I forgot to plug the
charger in, and my laptop ran
out of battery. What an awkward
position to be in!

11 Làm cho cuộc Music really_____________ our UK /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/

sống tốt đẹp hơn, lives.
US /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
làm giàu cuộc For all the health benefits
sống brought about by music,
including pain reduction and
stress management, we have
artists to thank for. And so, it’s
important to establish a set of
laws that ban all forms of music
piracy, because it’s this piracy
that is killing artists’ inspiration
to create and compose songs.
Enforcing the law could be a
challenge, but it’s not going to
be a fruitless/futile exercise if we
all are committed to combating
music piracy on the Internet.

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 IV. Questions

1. Task 1, 3:
1. Are there many art galleries where you live?

2. Did you like to go to art galleries when you were a child?

3. Have you ever attended any music festival?

4. What makes a good painting?

5. Should people have to pay to go to art galleries?

6. What are the impacts of various artworks to us, the beholders of art? (***)

Questions Idea

1. Are there Yes

many art
● Burgeoning/emerging art galleries in Hanoi
galleries where
○ Hanoi people/dwellers love: look at paintings
you live?
/ visual art

● Reason - standards of living - rise

○ People richer/wealthier, but at the same

time, work & life pressure

○ Going to art galleries - escape to own world,

leave behind pressure

○ Also/in addition, great way, behold, unique

creativity of artists

● Great: escape ordinary life - indulge in pieces of

art; admire - unique creativity of artists

No

● Not that I know of

● People of [your city] - not interested - arts;

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 ○ a few museum / cultural site though

● However: in …..-quite a few, art galleries

○ show intriguing works of art

2. Did you like Yes

to go to art
● As a child, interested in/passionate about art
galleries when
● Thrilled/excited when school, organize, trip,
you were a
museum/museum with an art gallery.
child?
○ To be able to - see paintings -
accomplished artists

○ Not take my eyes off

● From my point of view, art - enrich our lives /

express ourselves

No

● Not interested in/passionable about art

● Not excited/thrilled, when, school, organize, trip,

museum/museum with an art gallery.

○ To be able to - see paintings -

accomplished artists

○ Intriguing to friends, but, I, no, emotional

reaction

● Not be to any art gallery since

● Quite intriguing - not have any emotional

reaction - not been to any since then

3. Have you Yes

ever attended
● A music lover - listen to music almost constantly
any music - through recordings and concerts
concert?
● Not mean - Sound quality of recordings - not

459
 good; better at concerts;

● Love the intimacy of live music / thrill - push

through a crowd - enjoy interactive
performances

● When bored; Turn a boring, monotonous period

of time into a magical experience

Easy version

Yes

● A music lover - listen to music almost constantly

● Quite a few concerts; most recent one: [Ha Anh

Tuan/Den Vau…]

● Perform at a very large venue; great sound

quality

● A magical experience

No

- Love music - listen to music almost constantly

- As a student: little budget/savings - not have the

money - attend musical concerts - cost an arm
and a leg / cost a fortune

- In addition/what’s more/also: have to drive long

distances - get to concerts - prove a trouble - not
have a car

- In the future: likely to - stick with headphones -

enjoy music at home

- Or: have both a car and the money - attend

concerts more often

4. What makes Opt 1:

a good - It depends - taste in art / beauty - in the eye of the
painting? beholder

- For some, good paintings - those that paint the

460
 landscape

- In other words, enjoy - look at paintings - do a

good job - depict beautiful sceneries

- For others, good paintings - those transcend

ordinary

- They often involve - forms of abstract art - not

usually see - daily life

Opt 2:

● Many people: a painting is good - skills involved

in it / unique creativity of artist

● From my perspective, creativity & skills -

important, valid points; but not enough to make a
good painting

● Good painting - look aesthetic & provoke thoughts

● Without these qualities - just mundane artworks

5. Should ● It depends
people have to
● If possible: free; if people have to pay to enter - less
pay to go to art likely to go
galleries?
● On the other hand: cost money to run a museum;
a small fee to keep the art gallery going -
necessary

● Ideally: if museums - raise funds from government

- pay; not have to charge visitors

● Reasonable idea: we - law-abiding citizens - pay

income taxes

6. What are the ● A difficult/tough question; mind - going blank;

impacts of art need a moment to think
to our life?
● I guess for one/firstly/to begin with

● From my perspective, art - enrich our life

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 ● According to/based on - article - I read: art-related
activities - release stress / stimulate the brain

● People - find joy in: try out artistic skills - painting

/ looking at aesthetic art pieces

● For another: benefit cognitive development

● Children - learn art from an early age; more likely

to - have better academic performance

2. Task 2
1. Describe a piece of art that you know about

● What it is

● How you got to know about it

● If you like it

And explain the reasons for which you like the painting

Idea Answers

● Art lover: look at

aesthetic artworks -
hobby

● See quite a few pieces;

the most intriguing:
Mona Lisa

● A masterpiece -
accomplished painter
Leonardo Da Vinci

● Popular painting; not

many people - able to
see the original copy

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● I - not lucky enough; just
see the painting on TV -
Discovery Channel

● TV program - about a
celebration of visual arts
– introduct us to the
works of hundreds
craftsmen & artists

● The highlight - Mona

Lisa

● You can see: people

push through the
crowd

● Mona Lisa: simple

portrait - beautiful
woman

● Identity of the woman -

remains a controversial
question

● Some say: Da Vinci -

paint himself - female
version; others say: paint
- his own mother

● Back when he - alive;

not say anything in
response to speculations

● Painting - so stunning;
can’t take my eyes of

● Highlight - enigmatic
smile; can’t help but
feel a thrill

● Museum - many pieces;

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 none of the others - as
mesmerizing

● Art critics - praise Da

Vinci's unique creativity
& skill involved in his
paintings - I couldn't
agree more

● When all is said and

done, Mona Lisa -
outstanding painting

● Hope that one day: visit

the Lourve - see in
person - a truly magical
experience

2. Describe the type of music that you like

● What type of music it is

● When you listen to it

● What effects it has on you

And explain whether your preferred type of music has changed since you
were young(er)

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 - 2 minutes. You should have one minute
to think about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

Idea Answers

● Diverse taste in music;

like a variety of genres

● Listen to everything:
pop - classical

● Music - play an

464
 important role; listen
almost constantly

● I find it - help set /

change the mood -
tend to choose
according to the
situation

● If drive long distances

- prefer something
stimulating - keep me
awake

● If have dinner party -

play something
relaxing

● Music - inspire me
when working;
colleagues - find it
distracting

● Tend to listen with

headphones - escape
to my own little world

● Prefer the intimacy of

listening to recorded
music; sound quality -
better

● Music - enrich our

lives; turn a boring,
monotonous period
of time into a magical
experience

● Essential - have music

in life

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