FIS1032

Física General para Arquitectura

Prof. Santiago Pérez

CLASE 26

Fluidos Estáticos
 Unless otherwise noted, densities are given at 0 °C
and 1 atm pressure.

PRESIÓN
312 ■ Chapter 11 Fluids

B
F

B
F

Figure 11.1 In colliding with the inner walls

of the tire, the air molecules (blue dots) exert a Figure 11.2 Water applies a force perpendicular
force on every part of the wall surface. If a to each surface within the water, including the
small cube were inserted inside the tire, the walls and bottom of the swimming pool, and all
 PRESIÓN

11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid ■ 313

ottle of wine under a vacuum uses a specially designed

ple pump is attached to the stopper, and to remove air
is pulled up and then released. After about 15 pull-
artial vacuum. On the fifteenth pull-and-release cycle,
ss force, or (c) the same force to pull the plunger up

a Static Fluid
mer goes, the more strongly the water pushes on
e that he experiences. To determine the relation
B
o Newton’s second law (! F " mB a ). In using the
l forces that act on the fluid. One is the gravitational
he other is the collisional force that is responsible
ses. Since the fluid is at rest, its acceleration is zero
B
y applying the second law in the form ! F " 0, we
and depth. This relation is especially important
tion 11.5) and Archimedes’ principle (Section 11.6),
g the properties of static fluids.
luid and focuses attention on one column of the
gure shows all the vertical forces acting on the
 er level
can can be calculated
be calculated by addingby the
adding the increment
increment !gh. In!gh. In determining
determining
ent
we !gh, we assumed
assumed that the that the density
density is the atsame
! is the! same any atvertical
any vertical
PRESIÓN HIDROSTÁTICA
Pressure =Pressure
P1 = P1
Area = A Area = A

+y axis +y axis

P1A
P1A

mg
mg
h
h

P2 A
P2 A Figure 1
Figurewhich
11.5 on(a
which one
The colu
fluid
Pressure = P2
Pressure = P2 Area = A The fluid is at r
diagram,
(b) Free-body diagram
Area = A (a) (b) the columndiagram,
Free-bodyofdiagram on showi
the co
(a) of the column on the column.
 PRESIÓN HIDROSTÁTICA

VASOS COMUNICANTES

Santiago Pérez Oyarzún FISICA GENERAL

Facultad de Física- PUC ARQUITECTURA
metimes fluid pressure places limits on how a job can be done. Conceptual Example 6
es how fluid pressure restricts the height to which water can be pumped.

Blood pressure = P1

Aorta

1.35 m

Anterior tibial artery Aorta Anterior

tibial
Figu
artery
can
Blood pressure = P2 whe
(a) (b) or (b
 11.3 Pressure

5.50 m

A´ B´ Figure
are the
the sam
A B the sur

or B, both of which are located 5.50 m under the water. Table 11.1
1.000 # 10 3 kg/m3.
Santiago Pérez Oyarzún FISICA GENERAL
Facultad de Física- PUC ARQUITECTURA
 PRESIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA 6. Could you use a straw to sip a drink o
drinking with a straw on earth. (b) N
Empty, except for a air pressure to push the liquid up the
negligible amount acceleration due to gravity on the mo
of mercury vapor
(P1 = 0 Pa)
7. A scuba diver is below the surface of th
pressure in terms of theaboveheight expressing
h, Would
the water. it si
a sufficiently
5
instance, using Patm ! 1.013drop in"air10 Pa Assume
pressure? and !that 13.d
! the
we find that h ! Patm /( !g) ! 760 mm (29.9 in
11.4 Pressure
occur, depending on weather conditions Gauges
and altit
h
Figure 11.12 shows another One of the kind of pressure
simplest pressurg
atmospheric pressure. This device is
phrase “open-tube” refers to the fact that one si
mercury, and then inverted, so that th
pressure. The tube contains a liquid,
(see Figure oftenformercu
11.11). Except a negli
B (P2 = Atmospheric
container whose pressure
pressure) P2 inisthe
mercury totube
be measured. W
is empty, and the
point A at the bottom of the mercury co
to the atmospheric pressure,
atmosphericthe liquid levels
pressure—because in
these
AWhen the pressure in the P2 !container is greater
Patm, it follows than1
from Equation
the liquid in the tube pressure
is pushedcan bedownward
determined from
on the
th
Figure Santiago
11.11 A mercury barometer.
Pérez Oyarzún
of mercury, and the acceleration due
The relation P ! P # !gh can be used to determ
Facultad de Física- PUC
 Pump Conceptual Example 6 The Physics o
Figure 11.10 shows two methods for pump
Reduced
air
submerged in the water at the bottom of the
pressure If the well is shallow, either technique can b
of the methods works. Which pumping meth
located at ground level?
Reasoning To answer this question, we ne
in each place. The pump at the bottom of th
ground level does not push water at all. Inste
creating a partial vacuum within it. (It’s actin
A B
draw some of the air out of the straw, and the
Answer (b) is incorrect. As the pump a
Pump
sure above the water within the pipe is red
pressure outside the pipe (see point B) pus
pump can only remove all of the air. Once
Figure 11.10 A water pump can be placed strength does not increase the height to wh
at the bottom of a well or at ground level. Thus, the ground-level pump can only cau
La figura muestra dos métodos para
Conceptual Example bombear
6 discusses the two agua de
cannot un forpozo.
be used very deepEn un
wells.
método, la bomba se sumerge
placements.
en el agua en el fondo
Answerdel (a)pozo, mientras
is correct. For a very deep w
pressure at the bottom of the pipe become
que en el otro, se ubica a nivel del suelo. Si el pozorelation
es poco profundo, se
P2 ! P1 " !gh (Equation 11.4). Ho
puede utilizar cualquiera de las dos técnicas. Sin embargo, si el
strength to overcome thepozo es it c
large pressure,
muy profundo, solo uno de los métodos funciona. so the method can be used for very deep w
Related Homework: Problems 21, 93
¿Qué método de bombeo funciona, (a) la bomba sumergida o (b) la
bomba ubicada a nivel del suelo? Check Your Understanding
(The answers are given at the end of the boo
4. A scuba diver is swimming under water,
graph shows a plot of the water pressure
 Pump Conceptual Example 6 The Physics o
Figure 11.10 shows two methods for pump
Reduced
air
submerged in the water at the bottom of the
pressure If the well is shallow, either technique can b
of the methods works. Which pumping meth
located at ground level?
Reasoning To answer this question, we ne
in each place. The pump at the bottom of th
ground level does not push water at all. Inste
creating a partial vacuum within it. (It’s actin
A B
draw some of the air out of the straw, and the
Answer (b) is incorrect. As the pump a
Pump
sure above the water within the pipe is red
pressure outside the pipe (see point B) pus
pump can only remove all of the air. Once
Figure 11.10 A water pump can be placed strength does not increase the height to wh
at the bottom of a well or at ground level. Thus, the ground-level pump can only cau
cannot be used for very deep wells.
Para responder a esta pregunta, debemos examinar la naturaleza del trabajo
Conceptual Example 6 discusses the two
placements. Answer (a) is correct. For a very deep w
realizado por la bomba en cada lugar. La bomba en elpressure
fondo del pozo empuja
at the bottom of the pipe become
el agua hacia arriba por la tubería, mientras que la bomba
relation P2 !alP1 nivel del suelo
" !gh (Equation 11.4). Ho
no empuja agua en absoluto. En cambio, la bomba a nivel strength del suelo
to overcome the elimina elit c
large pressure,
so the method can be used for very deep w
aire de la tubería, creando un vacío parcial dentro de ella. (Actúa igual que
cuando bebe con una bombilla. extrae parte del aire de Homework:
Related la bombilla Problemsy21,la93

presión del aire exterior empuja el líquido hacia arriba).

Check Your Understanding
(The answers are given at the end of the boo
4. A scuba diver is swimming under water,
graph shows a plot of the water pressure
 the top of the right column, so that P1 ! Patm. The pressure P
B, so we find that
PRESIÓN P2 ! Patm # !gh, or
MANOMÉTRICA
P2 $ Patm ! !gh
317
proportional to P2 $11.5 PatmPascal’s
, whichPrinciple
is called■the gauge pressur
mount by which the container pressure differs
=
from atmosph
rcury. For P 1 P atm

ffor P2 is called the absolute pressure.

mercury,
csthisofvalue
a sphygmomanometer. The sphygmomanometer is a famili
ng blood pressure. P2 > As
PatmFigure 11.13 illustrates, a squeeze bulb
meter.
f withThe air, which cuts off the flow of blood through the arte
h
mospheric
elease valve is opened, the cuff pressure drops. Blood begins
cted to the
re created
er is equal
by the heart at the
B
peak of itsA
beating cycle exc
athestethoscope
same. to listen for the initial flow, the operator can
uff
uregauge
11.12, pressure with,The
Figure 11.12 forU-shaped
example,
tube an open-tube manome
is called
sright
calledside.the an
systolic
open-tubepressure.
manometerEventually,
and can be used there
to comes a poin
 A2 The usefulness of
PRINCIPIO DE PASCAL calculate the force F2 ap
usefulness
The usefulness
318 ■
of the arrangement
of the arrangement
Chapter 11 Fluids
in Figure in Figure 11
iswe just
A2addand the pressure t
the the
ate force F2 applied
force
B
F1
bybelow
F2 applied the
by liquid
the ! P to
P liquid the to cap
to the value of P the increment !gh, wh
the on
ca 1

atto thethe
pressuresame
the piston:
level,
depth of thethe
" !gh. The
liquid atp
important featu
A1 A2 2 1
!gh due to the an
the the
and pressure
pressure there is Psmaller
there is
2 . B
F2As
P .
chamber, long
As as
long
the connecting the
tube, or tops
as the
the larger
t
becomes
pressure P 2 is P
increased
2
or ! P
decreased,
1 .
the Cons
pressure at
me level, the pressure increment is zero, s
1

same B level, the pressure increment !gh

liquid changes correspondingly. This
!gh behavior
is ze
is describe
B
P !
mes2 P2 ! P .FConsequently,
2 . Consequently, F /A
Pascal’s Principle
!/A F /A , and
/A
1 P 1 2 F
Any change in 2
2 !1 F1
2 applied to1a completely
the pressure 1, an e
(a) undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosi
A A 1
The usefulness of the arrangement2in Figure
! !" "
B
F1

calculate the F 2 F! F
A2
2
F F
A1

Ifat thearea
force
A
applied
is2 !1
by the liquid to the cap o
larger A 1 asthan
2
is A and the pressure
2
there is P . As long
1 Azero,
the tops
Sam Jordash/Digital Vision/Getty Images

2 2
h same level, the pressure increment !gh is 1
A
chamber, startingBwithBA a s
becomes P ! P . Consequently, F /A ! F /A , and 2 1 2 2 1 1

d) is larger than
a A2 is larger than area
2 x2
(a) An externalarea A 1 ,B
a
A
B
F2
large
, a large
B force force FF 2 ! Fcan !
F " 2

the force 1 B F 2 can be large A 2

2 1

If area A F
1

starting
piston
ber, with
on the a smaller
left. force on Bthanthe
area A left.
Fa smaller Depe
B starting with a smaller force 1 onforce the left. D
B
1
is larger , a large force F can
In this device the force
2 1 2
(b) B
chamber, starting with F on the left. Dep 1
 misma, sin importar si se aplica a una pelota de playa o a una parte de agua. En
ecuencia, la magnitud de la fuerza de flotación sobre un objeto siempre es igua
so del fluido desplazado por el objeto. Este enunciado se conoce como principio
PRINCIPIO DE ARQUÍMEDES
rquímedes.
on la pelota de playa bajo el agua, la fuerza de flotación, igual al peso de una parte de
del tamaño de la pelota de playa, es mucho mayor que el peso de la pelota de playa.
(287 a.C. - 212 a.C.)

S La fuerza de flotación
S
B B sobre una pelota de
playa que sustituye esta
parte es exactamente la
S misma que la fuerza de
Fg flotación sobre la parte.

a b
 cid
sumerge en agua, la lectura en la balanza es 3.50 pa
PRINCIPIO
14.26). DElaARQUÍMEDES
Encuentre densidad del objeto. lon
De

Balanza Empuje

fuerza que ejerce el fluido

sobre el objeto hacia arriba

Cálculo del Empuje

su valor corresponde al peso

del volumen del fluido
desplazado por el objeto
a b
 Conceptual Example
A ship floating in the oce
ocean vessel float in the a
Reasoning and Solutio
in a swimming pool. To
ocean because it contains
own weight. Part b shows
(a)
principle, has a weight th
water represents the wate
float the ship, as part c ill
which matches the shape
(b) that separates the hull o
water could have a very s

The physics of a state-o

batteries to alert the ow
such as the one illustrate
down through a plastic r
(c) rod is a “cage” containi
EJEMPLOS