1.

Different Processes in Separating and Purifying Substances and Mixtures:

a. Decantation - the process of separation of liquid from solid and other immiscible
(non-mixing) liquids, by removing the liquid layer at the top from the layer of solid or
liquid below.
Examples:
separating of oil and water
separating dirt and water
separating kerosene and water
separating gasoline and water
separating milk and cream
separating blood and plasma
b. Filtration - is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter
medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid.
Examples:
Filtration of Tea or Coffee using a Seive.
Separation of chalk powder and water from their solution.
Vacuum cleaners
Filtration of sand particles from water or chalk powder.
Blood filtering in kidneys
c. Centrifugation -methods of separation where mixture is separated through spinning.
Examples:
Removing fat from milk to produce skimmed milk.
Separating water from textiles.
Removing water from lettuce after washing it in a salad spinner.
Separating particles from an air-flow using cyclonic separation.
d. Crystallization - is a method of separating a solid from its liquid solution in the form
of pure crystals. It is a technique for purification of the substances. It is a
technique that separates a solid from its solution.
Examples:
Salt Harvesting
Crystallization of water to form ice cubes
Crystallization of honey placed in a jar
Formation of stalagmites and stalactites

e. Distillation - is an effective method to separate mixtures that are comprised of two or

more pure liquids. Distillation is a purification process where the components of a
liquid mixture are vaporized and then condensed and isolated.
Examples:
purification of alcohol,
desalination, crude oil refining
making liquefied gases
 f. Evaporation - is a technique used to separate out homogeneous mixtures that contain
one or more dissolved salts.
Examples:
Puddles outside disappearing,
Clothes drying on a line,
The water level going down in a cup,
Steam from a hot shower or bath,
Using a hairdryer,
Ironing clothes by heating moisture,
Floors and cars drying after cleaning,
g. Chromatography - is the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or
suspension, or as a vapor through a medium in which the components move at
different rates.
Examples:
Food coloring in food
Separating dyes

10 compounds:

1. Water – H20
2. Salt - Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
3. Ammonia – NH3
4. Methane – CH4
5. Carbon Dioxide – CO2
6. Hydrochloric acid – HCl
7. Table sugar - Sucrose - C12H22O11
8. Simple sugar - Glucose- C6H12O6
9. vinegar - ethanoic acid- CH3COOH
10. lactose - C12H22O11