MUST

COULD
MAY
MIGHT

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MODALS IN PAST

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 STRONG
CERTAINTY
• STRUCTURE:
• SUBJECT+MUST+HAVE+VERB IN PARTICIPLE+COMPLEMENT

• EXAMPLES
• My Friends got divorced. It must have been a difficult decision.

• The books are on the floor, they must have fallen from the shelf.

iSLCollective.com
 WEAKER
CERTAINTY
• STRUCTURE:
• SUBJECT+COULD/MAY/MIGHT+HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE VERB +COMPL.

• EXAMPLES
• Damian was not connected in class last nihgt. He could/may/might not have
repaired his laptop.

• Some students did not finish the platform. They could/may/might not have
bought the book.

iSLCollective.com
 • STRUCTURE:
• SUBJECT+COULD NOT+HAVE+VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE+COMPLEMENT

IMPOSSIBILITY • EXAMPLES
• I don’t find my cellphone, I could not have forgot it at home.

• My sister studied really hard for her exam. She couldn’t have failed it.

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MODALS IN PRESENT/FUTURE

iSLCollective.com
 • STRUCTURE:
• SUBJECT+MUST+VERB+COMPLEMENT
STRONG
CERTAINTY •

•
EXAMPLES
Getting divorced must be a difficult decision.

• The teacher did not come to school, he must be sick.

iSLCollective.com
 • STRUCTURE:
WEAKER • SUBJECT+COULD/MAY/MIGHT+VERB +COMPLEMENT

CERTAINTY • EXAMPLES
• Damian is not connected in class. He could/may/might be sleeping

• Some students do not have the books. They could/may/might complete the platform

iSLCollective.com
IMPOSSIBILITY

• STRUCTURE:
• SUBJECT+COULD NOT+VERB +COMPLEMENT

• EXAMPLES
• I won the lottery. I can’t believe it.

• They passed the course. They couldn’t be happier.

iSLCollective.com