CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The onion is one of the world's most significant crops, both economically and in

terms of culinary diversity. However, onion cultivation and administration can be

difficult, especially when it comes to monitoring its growth and development. Traditional

techniques of onion growth monitoring, such as eye inspection and manual

measurements, can be time-consuming and error-prone.

To solve these issues, researchers want to develop an onion growth and

development monitoring system that uses technology such as sensors, artificial

intelligence, and data analytics to provide agriculturalists with real-time information

about the status of their onion crops. This technology enables agriculturalists to more

reliably and efficiently track the growth and development of their onion plants, allowing

them to make informed crop management decisions such as watering, and fertilizing.

The onion growth and development monitoring system typically come with the

placement of sensors in onion fields to collect data on variables such as temperature,

humidity, and soil moisture. This data is then processed and analyzed using artificial

intelligence algorithms, providing agriculturalists with insights into the growth and

development of their onion harvests. These data can assist agriculturalists expand their

crop management strategies, resulting in increased yields and higher-quality onions.

Overall, the onion growth and development monitoring system are an innovative

idea that could benefit agriculturalists in dealing with the issues pertaining to onion

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growth and development monitoring. This system can increase the efficiency and efficacy

of onion farming by delivering real-time data and insights, resulting in improved

outcomes for farmers and consumers as well.

A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The implementation of an Onion Growth and Development Monitoring System

(OGDMS) aims to address current issues affecting onion producers, particularly those

related to monitoring and regulating crop growth and development. The main

problem is that onion growth and development are influenced by a variety of

elements such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture, all of which are difficult to

monitor and manage efficiently. There is a need to design a system that can offer real-

time information on onion crop growth and development to help agriculturalists in

making accurate choices and improve crop production.

B. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To design, and develop an Onion’s Growth and Development Monitoring System

for the farmers of Bongabon, Nueva Ecija:

 To provide real-time monitoring of onion plant growth and development

stages.

 To manage information on onion plant growth and development

parameters such as height, leaf area, and bulb diameter.

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  To optimize the use of resources such as water and fertilizer by providing

informed-by-data applying measuring and amounts recommendations.

 To analyze and generate comprehensive reports in order to gather useful

information and make wise judgments.

C. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

Implementing advanced sensors and cutting-edge technology to enable

continuous, real-time monitoring of onion plant growth to capture essential

environmental data. Establishing an efficient data collection and storage system to

record key metrics, including but not limited to plant height, leaf area, bulb diameter,

and environmental conditions. This data will be securely stored and readily accessible

for further analysis. Utilizing data-driven insights and algorithms to provide tailored

recommendations on the optimal application of fertilizers, water, and other resources.

By utilizing this information, farmers can optimize their resource allocation,

minimizing waste and reducing costs while maximizing crop yields and quality. By

implementing these advanced monitoring and management techniques, onion farmers

can significantly reduce crop losses and increase overall profitability. Farmers may

maximize crop yields and quality while avoiding waste and expenditures by using this

information to optimize their resource allocation. Onion producers may significantly

minimize crop losses and boost overall profitability by putting these cutting-edge

monitoring and management approaches into practice.

This study is just for monitoring the growth of the onion and gathering data to

recommend solutions and techniques that will help the farmers and the agriculturist.

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 The recommendations made by the system for resource optimization will be based on

data gathered, but may not account for external factors such as weather conditions or

pest infestations. Another limitation could be the system's inability to handle

unexpected or novel situations. If the system encounters a scenario or problem that it

hasn't been trained on, it may struggle to provide accurate recommendations or

solutions.

D. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the onion growth and development monitoring system study

can significantly improve the efficiency and productivity of onion farming in

Bongabon, Nueva Ecija by providing agricultural workers with real-time data on the

growth and development of their onion crops. Also to increase the overall efficiency

and profitability of onion cultivation by decreasing crop losses, this could help them

in making accurate choices about when to water, fertilize, and harvest their crops,

resulting in greater yields and increasing yields through better monitoring and

management practices.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND EXISTING

ALTERNATIVES

Review Literature

This chapter discussed and presented significant literature that provides an

inclination to the current study.

Bachal discussed the importance of controlling temperature and humidity for

onion preservation and proposed an automated system to protect onions from internal and

external dangers. Their system allows customers to remotely monitor their automated

area through mobile or laptop browsers, highlighting the importance of auto control in

daily life (Bachal, S. S. et al. 2018). Rahmat found out that the use of hydroponics as an

alternative solution to grow onions in limited soil. The study highlights the importance of

monitoring environmental conditions in hydroponic growth, and proposes a monitoring

system using various sensors and microcontrollers to monitor water temperature, air

temperature, humidity, and light intensity Rahmat, R. F. (2019). On the other hand,

according to Ahmed the challenges of storing onions in commercial warehouses, where

they are at risk of rotting due to exposure to hot, cold, and humid air. To address this

issue, the authors propose a hygiene monitoring and reporting system using IoT and gas

sensors to detect emitted gases and alert the owner when rotting is detected Ahmed, S.

M. et al. (2022).

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Existing Alternatives

A 3D scanner was used to non-destructively assess the fruit and vegetable

development characteristics in their study "Monitoring the growth and yield of fruit

vegetables in a greenhouse using a three-dimensional scanner" Ohashi, Y. et.al (2020).

The measured and estimated values of fruit weight, plant height, and leaf area were

shown to be strongly correlated. The 3D scanner's assessments of fruit weight and canopy

structure were accurate. Future fruit and vegetable yield and growth might be monitored

using this technique.

In accordance with Wu, J (2022). In crop cultivation, the growth environment

plays a key role. This study, Crop growth monitoring system based on agricultural

Internet of Things technology, emphasizes the importance of maximizing environmental

parameters for effective crop development. It emphasizes the significance of studying

how to monitor and manage environmental conditions in order to improve crop yield and

preserve value. Precision agriculture and intelligent information technology integration

are important research topics. The article introduces an agricultural Internet of Things

(IoT)-based crop growth monitoring system that is verified through simulated trials. The

technology shows that it can meet the monitoring standards for intelligent crop planting

in use today.

In order to accurately estimate wheat growth parameters, remote sensing spectral

data were assimilated into the SAFY crop growth model using the SP-UCI optimization

technique. The assimilation method showed consistency with real measurements of yield,

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biomass, and leaf area index. The regional emergence dates of crops should be

determined for reliable monitoring in the future, model parameters should be optimized

taking irrigation conditions' effects on yield into account, and data types should be

expanded to increase model parameter representativeness. Incorporating remote sensing

data should also take into account a variety of variables that affect crop output, including

weather, wheat varieties, soil properties, and field management techniques. In conclusion,

Ma, C. et.al (2022). Wheat growth monitoring and yield estimation based on remote

sensing data assimilation into the SAFY crop growth model study advances crop growth

monitoring and yield estimation by proposing a novel assimilation scheme that integrates

remote sensing data with the SAFY crop growth model.

According to Mabalay, M et.al (2022). The Philippine Rice Information System

(PRiSM): An Operational Monitoring and Information System on Rice is a

comprehensive system that generates maps and data for tracking and evaluating crop

growth, measuring yields, and responding to emergencies using a variety of data sources,

including remote sensing satellites, crop modeling, and field surveys. The system aids in

decision-making for emergency response and rehabilitation programs, gives information

on gradual and dynamic changes in crop health, and assists in the analysis of the effects

of pests, diseases, and farmer inputs on yields. Farmers, researchers, and the government

use PRiSM to educate policy, strategy, and disaster response while providing fair crop

insurance products to smallholders, which has demonstrated great accuracy in making

maps of the rice land.

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 Crop growth can be better understood when remote sensing (RS) data and crop

simulation models (CSM) are combined. RS data provide thorough observations of crop

growth, whereas CSM takes into account crop management and environmental aspects.

This integration can be accomplished in a few different ways: directly using RS inputs,

recalibrating CSM using RS data, or estimating the influence of variable factors on yield

estimates using CSM. Case studies on wheat in India have shown that RS-CSM

connection is efficient at various spatial scales. Crop forecasting, agroecological analysis,

crop suitability evaluation, yield gap analysis, and precision agriculture are all areas

where the RS-CSM relationship is useful. Future advancements in RS technology will

enhance the characterization of crops and their surroundings, allowing for a better

representation of the spatial and temporal diversity in crop growth and productivity based

on the research study by Dadhwal, V. K. et.al (2018) entitled Crop growth and

productivity monitoring and simulation using remote sensing and gis.

Onion cultivation plays a significant role in agriculture, and proper monitoring of

its growth and development is critical for optimizing yields. The integration of new

technologies, information and monitoring system has changed agricultural practices in

recent years.

Table 1. Synthesis

Ohashi, Y. Wu, J Mabalay, M Ohashi, Y. Dadhwal,

et. al (2020) (2022) et.al (2022) et.al (2020) V. K. et.

8
 al(2018)

Application Assimilatio Integration Satellite rice Utilizing a Crop growth

of advanced n of remote of Internet monitoring a three- and

technologies sensing data of Things nationwide dimensional productivity

in into the (IoT) rice scanner in a monitoring

agriculture SAFY crop technology monitoring greenhouse and

growth for crop and to monitor simulation

model growth information the growth using remote

monitoring system and yield of sensing and

fruit GIS

vegetables

Benefits Provides Enables PRiSM Demonstrat Combining

objective, real-time enables the ed accurate remote

rapid, non- monitoring analysis of assessment sensing (RS)

destructive, and control gradual and of fruit data and

and wide of dynamic weight and crop

coverage environmen changes in canopy simulation

area tal factors crop health, structure models

monitoring for crop as well as the using the (CSM)

of crop cultivation, impacts of 3D scanner. provides a

growth and and it relies pests, comprehensi

9
 it only on the diseases, and ve

provides availability farmer inputs understandin

instantaneou and on rice g of crop

s and reliability yields. growth. RS

superficial of IoT data offer

crop technology detailed

conditions and sensors observations

of crop

growth,

while CSM

incorporates

crop

management

and

environment

al factors.

The implementation of the Onion's Growth and Development Monitoring System

intends to address existing challenges impacting onion producers in Bongabon, Nueva

Ecija, particularly those concerning onion growth and development monitoring and

management. This synthesis highlights the significance of this system in enhancing the

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efficiency, productivity, and profitability of onion cultivation. Monitoring onion growth

and development is crucial for farmers to make informed decisions and optimize farming

practices. The proposed system addresses this issue by

● Providing agricultural organization with detailed and accurate data that influence

and help the onion’s growth and development from different sensors used to

monitor onion crops, enabling them to make data-driven decisions, leading to

improved resource optimization and facilitating timely interventions and

minimizing crop losses.

● Emphasizing the need for accurate and real-time data collection that enable

agricultural organizations to analyze and interpret data on onion crops, identify

trends and patterns, and make more informed decisions regarding the factors that

help the growth and development of onion crops.

Overall, the Onion's Growth and Development Monitoring System has the potential to

transform onion farming, promoting sustainable agriculture and empowering farmers

with the tools for success.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The developers followed the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) approach

to identify the problems, determine human requirements, analyze the system needs to

begin design, to develop a document of the software, to test and maintain, to implement

and evaluate the system. The system will follow the activities in this method:

Planning

Maintenance Analysis

Implementation Design

Figure 1. The Systems Development Life Cycle

A. Planning

The developers will propose a system that uses technology such as sensors, and

data analytics to provide agriculturists with real time-information that will help

Agriculturists to efficiently track the growth and development of onion crops of

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farmers in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija. For the researchers to solve the said problem, the

team will gather data through interviews about how agricultural organization in

Bongabon monitors and collects data from farmers such as crop yields, past

incidence, or disease prevalence and how this information is being analyzed to

identify trends, assess crop health, and provide targeted interventions.

The interview will be held on the client’s available time. Below is the list of

questions to be asked that will be used in fact finding:

1. How do you monitor onion crops in Bongabon? What methods or

approaches do you use?

2. How frequently do you visit onion farms to collect data and monitor crop

conditions?

3. What specific information do you collect from farmers regarding their

onion crops?

4. How do you use the data collected from farmers to identify and address

issues related to onion cultivation?

5. Do you have any specific tools or technologies that assist in data

collection and monitoring? If so, could you describe them?

6. How do you communicate with farmers about their crop conditions and

provide feedback based on the collected data?

7. Are there any training or educational programs offered to farmers based

on the identified issues? How do you disseminate knowledge and best

practices?

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 8. What are your future plans for improving the monitoring and support

systems for onion farmers in Bongabon?

9. What kind of support or interventions do you provide to farmers based on

the information collected? Can you give specific examples?

10. Could you provide examples of issues or challenges you've identified

through data collection, and how you've used that information to support

farmers?

Gantt Chart

The developers will examine the stages in SDLC's five phases that must be

completed within a certain time frame in each stage, including the project breakdown

structure. The Gantt Chart will depict the progress of developing the Onion Crop

Growth and Development Monitoring System.

B. Analysis

In this phase, The Researchers will analyze the data that have been gathered

during the interview. The analysis comes with the proposed system’s feasibility

study.

Feasibility Study

A feasibility is conducted to determine the practicality and viability of the

project. The team would assess the technical and financial feasibility of the project.

Technical Feasibility

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 This method assesses if the system can be implemented with the available

technology infrastructure such as sensor and data collection technology in Bongabon,

Nueva Ecija.

Operational Feasibility

An operational study will determine if the user is capable of implementing the

system.

System Requirement Checklist

The researchers will also analyze the system requirement checklist that will

determine what will be the following inputs, outputs, process, and performance that

the system should have.

C. Design

The researchers will provide system and database design. For the system design,

the researchers will use a context diagram, an unexploded and exploded data flow

diagram and a use case diagram. However, the database design will be shown through

an entity relationship diagram and a relational diagram. The system will also come up

with a friendly user interface to make it easier to navigate and utilize.

System testing will be accomplished to ensure its quality and compliance with the

specified requirements. It involves testing every functionality of the system, features,

inputs, and outputs of the system to verify that the system functions correctly and

performs the intended operation.

D. Implementation

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 The developers will utilize the PHP programming language for the back-end,

while employing HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap for the front-end aspects of

the system. Additionally, SQL will serve as the designated database for monitoring

onion crops. Following the development phase, rigorous system testing and functional

testing will be conducted by the team. Once it is determined that the system is free of

errors and all functionalities align with the specified requirements, the system can be

officially handed over to the client. During this process, the researchers will present

the system's features and functionalities to the client, providing guidance on

navigating and interacting with the system, including tasks such as logging in and out,

inputting and outputting data, and generating reports. Moreover, the client will be

given the opportunity to express any desired modifications or changes to ensure that

the system adequately meets their specific needs.

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Input-Process-Output Diagram

Figure 2. Input-Process-Output Diagram

Use Case Diagram

The Use Case Diagram (Figure 2) was used to determine the interaction between

agriculturist and the system. This diagram shows the processes on the system that the

user can perform namely: Manage Account, Onion’s Information, and Generate Report.

Figure 3. Use Case Diagram

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Context Diagram

Figure 3, it shows only one entity namely Agriculturist. The context diagram only

shows entity and the whole imploded system which is the process zero (0). The

agriculturist is capable of adding, editing, viewing, deleting all essential information

about onion’s growth and development.

Figure 4. Context Diagram

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Top-Level Data Flow Diagram

Figure 5.0 shows the graphical representation of Top-Level Data Flow Diagram

(DFD) through the Agriculturist modelling its process aspects.

Figure 5.0. Top-Level Data Flow Diagram

Exploded-Level Data Flow Diagram of Process 1

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 Figure 5.1 is the Exploded-Level Data Flow Diagram (DFD) of Process 1. It

shows three sub-processes in managing account namely: Login Email & Password,

Creating New Account, and Logging in Process.

Figure 5.1. Exploded-Level Data Flow Diagram of Process 1

Exploded-Level Data Flow Diagram of Process 2

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 Figure 5.2 represents the Comprehensive Data Flow Diagram of Process 2. It

shows five sub-processes namely: Input, View, Edit, Delete, and Update Onion’s

Information in relation to the data store called Onion’s Information Table.

Figure 5.2. Exploded-Level Data Flow Diagram of Process 2

Exploded-Level Data Flow Diagram of Process 3

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 The Exploded-Level of Data Flow Diagram (DFD) of Process 3 (See Figure 5.3)

was used to illustrate the interconnection between the agriculturist and general processes

to collect environmental parameters such as humidity, temperature, soil moisture and to

View Environmental Factors Data from the data store called Onion’s Information Table.

Each process includes in collecting data has sub-process: Collecting Humidity Data –

Store Humidity Data, Collecting Temperature Data – Store Temperature Data, and

Collect Soil Moisture Data – Store Soil Moisture Data.

Figure 5.3. Exploded-Level Data Flow Diagram of Process 3

Entity Relationship Diagram

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 Entity Relationship Diagram (See Figure 5) serves as the backbone of our

comprehensive monitoring solution designed to track and analyze the growth and

development of onions. The ERD was used to illustrate a comprehensive representation

of the relationships between entities.

Figure 6. Entity Relationship Diagram

Graphical User Interface Design

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 The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a type of user interface involves creating

visually appealing and user-friendly interfaces for web-based products. It facilitates user

communication between users and the system, making complex task more accessible. It

includes improved usability, user engagement, efficiency, productivity, branding, and

accessibility. A well-design GUI simplifies tasks, captures attention, and accommodates

diverse users. GUI design enhances user experiences, fostering successful interactions

between users and technology. The researchers will use simple and interactive designs

and dialogs to fit the user’s perspective and easily understand the system.

Figure 7.0. Login Page

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 Figure 7.1. Registration Page

Figure 7.2. Dashboard Interface

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 Figure 7.3. Onion Field Section Interface

Figure 7.4. Onion’s Growth Factors Section Interface

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Figure 7.5. Environmental Factors Section Interface

Figure 7.6. Report Section Interface

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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REREFENCES

Dadhwal, V. K. et.al (2018). Crop growth and productivity monitoring and simulation

using remote sensing and gis. Wamis.org. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from

http://www.wamis.org/agm/pubs/agm8/Paper-13.pdf

Ma, C. et.al (2022). Wheat growth monitoring and yield estimation based on remote

sensing data assimilation into the SAFY crop growth model. Scientific

Reports, 12(1), 5473. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09535-9

Ohashi, Y. et.al (2020). Monitoring the growth and yield of fruit vegetables in a

greenhouse using a three-dimensional scanner. Sensors (Basel,

Switzerland), 20(18), 5270. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185270

Mabalay, M. et.al (2022). The Philippine Rice Information System (PRiSM): An

Operational Monitoring and Information System on Rice. 10.1007/978-3-030-

92365-5_7.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359519472_The_Philippine_Rice_Infor

mation_System_PRiSM_An_Operational_Monitoring_and_Information_System_

on_Rice/citation/download

Wu, J. (2022). Crop growth monitoring system based on agricultural Internet of Things

technology. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2022, 1–10.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8466037

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