Lecture 3 7a

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Course Teacher
Syed Salman Mobeen

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NEDUET
Design for Wind Loads
❖ Wind Impact on Buildings / Structures
▪ Wind Strikes Buildings and Structures and

Causes Two Types of Pressures.
▪ External - From Outside & All Around
▪ Internal – From Inside (After it Enters into the
Structures) – [BUT IT IS NOT RECOGNIZED
IN OLDER CODES]
General Considerations of Wind Design

in Different Codes & Standards
❖ External Effect of
Wind
➢ It may be Pressure
➢ It may be Suction
➢ All act together
➢ Need to Study Wind Impact on Different Parts of Structure

❖ Examples of External Pressure
& Suction
❖ Examples of External Pressures, Caused by Wind
Velocity
❖ Examples of Internal Pressure
❖ After Wind Enters into Buildings, it Starts Exerting
Pressures on All Interior Walls / Faces
➢ Combined Effect of Internal / External
Pressure
❖ Net Effect of Wind is Needed to be Considered both
for Individual Elements & Overall Building Design
➢ Combined Effect of Internal / External
Pressure
❖ Net Effect of Wind is Needed to be Considered both
for Individual Elements & Overall Building Design
❖ Local & Overall Wind Effects
▪ Overall Wind Loads are the Net Pressure Or

Suction acting on All Faces of the Building, In
any Direction (Along Wind Or Across Wind
Direction).
▪ Local Wind Load is the Net Pressure or Suction
acting on Any One Face / Wall of Building.
❖ Local & Overall Wind Loads
▪ Overall Wind Load is a kind of Resultant and it
has Specific Direction and Intensity.
Local Wind Loads Local Wind Loads
▪ Overall Wind Loads are Essential for the Design

of Building Shear Walls & Lateral Load Resisting
Systems.
▪ Local Wind Load is Essential for the Design of
Claddings / Curtain Walls of the Building.
▪ Local Wind Loads are influenced by the Building
Configuration.
▪ Local Pressure / Load can be Maximum at ANY
Wall, at ANY Time, while at the same instant
other parts of the building surface May be Less
Stressed .
▪ The Overall Loads are the Net Effect / Summation
of Positive and Negative Pressures Acting
Simultaneously over the Entire Building Surface.
➢ Wind Loads Transfer from Curtain Walls /
Cladding to the Shear Walls
Local Wind Loads Overall Wind Loads
❖ Curtain Walls
❖ Curtain Walls
❖ How Curtain Walls are Fixed to the Building Face?
❖ Curtain Walls
❖ Curtain Walls
❖ How These are Fixed to
Building ?
❖ Curtain Walls
Terms / Definitions Used in Different

Codes – UBC, ASCE-7, IBC
❖ Definitions Used in ASCE-7
❖ Wind Pressures in Enclosed & Partially
Enclosed Buildings
❖ Minimum Design Loads on Buildings
❖ Minimum Design Loads on Buildings

Design Considerations in Uniform

Building Code (UBC 1997) for
Wind Loads
UBC 1997 is Based Upon
ASCE - 7 (1988)
Before Entering Into The Wind Design Do
Remember The Following :
Vortex Shedding is (Lateral External Pressures (No

Movement of Structure) Internal Pressure in UBC)
Before Entering Into The Wind Design Do
Remember The Following :
Leeward
Side
➢ External Pressures
Are Different for
Main (Primary)
Windward Elements & Curtain
Side Wall / Cladding of
Building
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure
▪ Find Basic Design Wind Velocity “V” from the

Relevant Code Tables (or Map) / Whether Data .
▪ Using the basic Wind Velocity V find the Wind
Stagnation Pressure Exerted by Wind on
Structures.
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
▪ Wind Stagnation Pressure “qs” due to the mass of
air with density ‘ρ’ moving with velocity ‘V’ is
given by “Bernoulli's Equation” as:
▪ In this equation density of air ρ is 0.0765 lb /cft

▪ But Wind Velocity is taken from the recorded data
or developed Wind Maps - in miles/hour.
▪ To convert the units of qs into psf
❖ Wind Speed Provided in UBC 1997
❖ Wind Speed Provided in UBC 1997
❖ Wind Speed Provided in Tables / Maps of UBC 1997
❖ Wind Speed in UBC 1997 is basically of the fastest

One-mile long wind patch having return period of 1 in
50 years.
❖ After having the Wind Pressure qs it is needed to

Apply Certain Factors to Convert it for the Given Site,
because the Wind Pressure may not be for the Exact
Building Height, its Exposure & Geometry.
❖ Also The Basic Wind Pressure does not Recognize the
Building Importance with Regards to its Occupancy
and Usage.
➢ The Design Wind Pressure is Given By:
C e = Combined Height, Gust & Exposure Factor

C q = Pressure Coefficient (Only External)
q s = Wind Stagnation Pressure
I w = Importance Factor
❖ Consider Exposure Effect on Wind Speed “Ce”
Exposure
Category B Exposure
Category C
Exposure
Category D
➢ Exposure Categories Definitions
➢ Exposure Categories Definitions
❖ Wind Speed Provided in Tables / Maps of Later Codes
❖ Wind Speed in UBC 1997 is basically of the fastest

One-mile long wind column having return period of 1
in 50 years.
❖ Exposure Categories - “B”
❖ Exposure Categories - “D”
➢ The Ce factor (Height, Gust & Exposure).
Table 16-G
Ce Values
▪ Find the Importance Factor ‘Iw’ for the Given

Building from Code Tables (depending upon
Building Occupancy / usage).
❖ Occupancies for Importance factor Iw
❖ Importance Factor Iw Table 16-K
➢ The Design Wind Pressure :
Defined
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

Syed Salman Mobeen

▪ Wind Strikes Buildings and Structures and

General Considerations of Wind Design

➢ Need to Study Wind Impact on Different Parts of Structure

▪ Overall Wind Loads are the Net Pressure Or

▪ Overall Wind Loads are Essential for the Design

Terms / Definitions Used in Different

❖ Minimum Design Loads on Buildings

Design Considerations in Uniform

Vortex Shedding is (Lateral External Pressures (No

❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure

▪ Find Basic Design Wind Velocity “V” from the

▪ In this equation density of air ρ is 0.0765 lb /cft

❖ Wind Speed in UBC 1997 is basically of the fastest

❖ After having the Wind Pressure qs it is needed to

➢ The Design Wind Pressure is Given By:

C e = Combined Height, Gust & Exposure Factor

❖ Wind Speed in UBC 1997 is basically of the fastest

▪ Find the Importance Factor ‘Iw’ for the Given

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