2 PHYSICS (Lesson Only)

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MODULE 2
QUARTER 1
General Physics 1
Electrical Potential
NOT FOR SALE

General Physics 1– Grade 12

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Quarter 1 – Module 2: Electrical Potential
First Edition, 2020
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12
MODULE 2
QUARTER 1
General
Physics 1
Electrical Potential
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

For the facilitator that will facilitate the learner on this module he/she must read
the instructions carefully enable for the students to answer the activities correctly. The
learner must use separate paper for the answer sheet, and those answer sheet will be
pass on the teacher. The time allotted on this module is 2 to 3 weeks. The learner must
finish all the activities and quizzes within 2 weeks.
For the learner:
For the learner that will take this module you must read all the lesson and do all
the activities included on this module. Read and follow all the instructions given by
each activity. Some activities are experimental, it needed materials to perform it and
you need to answer the guide questions after you write your observation on the
experiment.
For this module ruler and protractor are important so that you will understand
the lesson well. It is also necessary to have a scientific calculator, if none at least you
have regular calculator with you.
SUBJECT OVERVIEW
Describing an object is a great challenge for everyone. It takes one’s profound
knowledge and imagination to describe physical phenomena from the core of its existence
and explain how it moves over a course of time. It is in nature to use quantifiable facts.
However, single number alone is not enough to describe and explain one phenomenon,
that’s why additional information is needed. Just like giving instructions to someone to go
to a certain place. For instance, you give not just the number of kilometers, like “walk two
kilometers and one kilometer”, but you also give the direction like “walk two kilometers
south of the main road and one kilometer west”. In this way he will be able to reach his
destination. And so, with physics, it requires two mathematical quantities to describe and
explain things, namely: magnitude and direction.
In this chapter you will learn how mathematics helps explain physical phenomena
with concept of vector.
OBJECTIVES
 Differentiate vector and scalar quantities
 Perform addition of vectors
 Rewrite a vector in component form
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Adding Vectors
Find the resultant vector and angle Ө
1.
30 m to east
40 m to north
2.

50 m to west 120 m to south
45 m to east
60 m to south
Adding Component Vectors: find the Resultant Vector (magnitude) and angle Ө
(direction)
150 m to northeast
1.
30o
100 m to east
2.
150 m to northeast
60o
40o
200 m to southwest
LESSON PROPER
LESSON
1 Vector vs Scalar
Vector
 It is any quantity with both magnitude and direction. Examples of vectors include a
displacement of 6.0 meters to the right (magnitude: 6.0 meters, direction: to the right)
 The direction of a vector in one-dimensional motion is given simply by a plus (+) or minus
(-) sign. Vectors are represented graphically by arrows.
 An arrow used to represent a vector has a length proportional to the vector’s magnitude
(e.g., the larger the magnitude, the longer the length of the vector) and points in the same
direction as the vector.
Scalar
 It is any quantity that has magnitude, but no direction. Some physical quantities, like
distance, either have no direction or none is specified is an example of scalar quantity.
 A 20oC temperature, the 250 kilocalories of energy in a cup of 2.0m are examples of scalars
quantities.
Subtopic Coordinate System for One-Dimensional

1.1 Motion
In order to describe the direction of a vector quantity, you must designate a coordinate
system within the reference frame. For one-dimensional motion, this is a simple coordinate system
consisting of a one-dimensional coordinate line.
In general, when describing horizontal motion, motion to the right is usually considered
positive, and motion to the left is considered negative.
+y
Figure 1.1
It is usually convenient to
consider motion upward or
to the right as positive (+)
-x +x
and motion downward or to
the left as negative (-)
-y
Lesson
2 Addition of Vectors
Vectors in this text

 In this text, we will represent a vector with a boldface variable. For example, we will
represent the quantity force with the vector F, which has both magnitude and direction. The
magnitude of the vector will be representing by a variable in italics, such as F, and the
direction of the variable will be given by an angle Ө
Figure 1.2
A person walks 9 blocks east and 5
blocks north. The displacement is
10.3 blocks at an angle of 29.1o
north of east.
Figure 1.3
To describe the result vector for the person
walking in a city considered in figure 1.2
graphically, draw an arrow to represent the
total displacement vector D. Using protractor,
Subtopic Vector Addition:

2.1 Head-to-Tail- Method
 The head-to-tail method is a graphical way to add vectors, which is described in Figure 1.4
below and in the steps following. The tail of the vector is the starting point of the vector,
and the head (or tip) of a vector is the final, pointed end of the arrow.
Figure 1.4
The Head-to-tail method of graphically

adding vectors is illustrated for the two
displacements of the person walking in A
a city .
a. Draw a vector representing the

displacement to the east
b. Draw a vector representing the
displacement to the north. The
tail of this vector should
originate from the head of the
first, east-pointing vector.
c. Draw a line from the tail of the
B
east-pointing vector to the
head of the north-pointing
vector to form the sum or
resultant D. the length of the
arrow D is proportional to the
vector’s magnitude and is
measured to be 10.3 units. Its
direction, described as the
angle with respect to the east is
measured with a protractor to
be 29.1o
C
Sample Problem:
Use the graphical technique for adding vectors to find the total displacement of person who
walks the following three paths (displacement) on a flat field. First, she walks 25.0 m in a direction
49.00 north of east. Then, she walks 23.0 m heading 15.0o north of east. Finally, she turns and
walks 32.0 m in a direction 68.0o south of east.
Strategy:
Represent each displacement vector graphically with an arrow, labeling the first A, the second B,
and the third C, making the lengths proportional to the distance and the directions as specified
relative to an east-west line. The head-to-tail method outlined above will give a way to determine
the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement, denoted R.
Solution:
1. Draw the three displacement vectors.
Figure 1.5
a. 25.0m, 49.00 north of east
b. 23.0 m, 15.00 north of east
c. 32.0 m, 68.00 south of east
Note: 1 cm = 5 m
2. Place the vectors head to tail retaining both their initial magnitude and direction.
Figure 1.6
Vectors arranged head to
tail
3 Draw the resultant vector, R.
Figure 1.7
The resultant vector R draw
from the tail of Vector A to
the head of Vector C
4 Use a ruler to measure the magnitude of R, and a protractor to measure the direction of R.
While the direction of the vector can be specified in many ways, the easiest way is to measure the
angle between the vector and the nearest horizontal or vertical axis. Since the resultant vector is
south of the eastward pointing axis, we flip the protractor upside down and measure the angle
between the eastward axis and the vector.
Figure 1.8
Use a ruler to measure the
magnitude of R, and a
protractor to measure the
direction of R.
In this case, the total displacement R is seen to have a magnitude of 50.0 m and to lie in a
direction 7.0o south of east. By using its magnitude and direction, this vector can be expressed as R = 50.0
m and Ө = 7.00 south of east.
Figure 1.9
Here we see that when the same
vectors are added in a different
order, the result is the same. This
characteristic is true in every case
and is an important characteristic
of vectors. Vector addition is
commutative. Vectors can be
added in any order.
A+B=B+A
Lesson
Components of Vector
3
Resolving a vector into components
 In the examples given in the previous lesson, we have been adding vectors to determine the
resultant vector. In many cases, however, we will need to do the opposite. We will need to
take a single vector and find what other vectors added together produce it. In most cases,
this involves determining the perpendicular components of a single vector, for example, the
x-and y-components, or the north-south and east-west components.
 This method is called finding the components (or parts) of the displacement in the east and
north directions, and it is the inverse of the process followed to find the total displacement.
It is one example of finding the components of a vector.
Resolving a Vector into Perpendicular Components

 Analytical techniques and right go hand-in-hand in physics because motions along
perpendicular directions are independent. We often need to separate a vector into
perpendicular components. For example, given a vector like A in figure 2.0, we may wish
to find which two perpendicular vectors, Ax and Ay, add to produce it.
 Ax and Ay are defined to be the components of A along the x- and y-axis. The three vectors
A, Ax and Ay form a right triangle:
Ax + Ay = A
Figure 2.0
The vector A, with its tail at the
origin of an x, y-coordinated
system, is shown together with its
x- and y-components, Ax and Ay.
these analytical relationships
among these vectors are
summarized in this figure.
 If the vector A is known, then its magnitude A (its length) and its angle Ө (its direction) are
also known. To find Ax and Ay, its x- and y-components, we use the following relationships
for a right triangle.
Ax = A cos Ө
Ay = A sin Ө
Example:
Suppose, that A is the vector representing the total displacement of the person
walking in a city considered in the introduction to this lesson.
Then A = 10.3 blocks and Ө = 29.1o, so that
Ax = A cos Ө = (10.3 blocks) (cos 29.1o) = 9.0 blocks

Ay = A sin Ө = (10.3 blocks) (sin 29.1o) = 5.0 blocks
Calculating a Resultant Vector

 If the perpendicular components Ax and Ay of a vector A are known, then A can also be
found analytically. To find the magnitude A and direction Ө of a vector from its
perpendicular components Ax and Ay, we use the following relationships:
A=√ A x + A y
2 2
Ө=tan
−1
( )
Ay
Ax
Adding Vectors using Analytical Methods

 To see how to add vectors using perpendicular components, consider Figure 2.1, in which
the vectors A and B are added to produce the resultant R.
 If A and B represent two legs of a walk (two displacements), then, R is the total
displacement. The person walking ends up at the tip of R. there are many ways to arrive at
the same point. In particular, the person could have walked first in the x- and y-components
of the resultant, Rx and Ry. If we know Rx and Ry, we can find R and Ө using the equations
A= √ A 2x + A 2y and Ө = tan-1 (Ay/Ax). when you use the analytical method of vector addition,
you can determine the components or the magnitude and direction of
Figure 2.1
Vectors A and B are two legs
of a walk, and R is the
resultant or total
displacement. You can use
analytical methods to
determine the magnitude and
direction of R.
Step 1: Identify the x- and y-axes that will be used in the problem. Then, find the components of each vector to
be added along the chosen perpendicular axes. Use the equations Ax = A cos Ө and Ay = A sin Ө to find the
components. In figure 2.2, these components are Ax, Ay, Bx, and By. the angles that vectors A and B make with
the x-axis are ӨA and ӨB, respectively.
Step 2: Find the components of the resultant along each axis by adding the components of the
individual vectors along that axis. That is, as shown in Figure 2.3
R x = A x + Bx
R y = A y + By
Figure 2.3
The magnitude of the vectors
A, and B add to give the
magnitudes of the Rx of the
resultant vector in the
horizontal direction.
Similarly, the magnitude of
the vectors Ay and By add to
give the magnitude Ry of the
resultant vector in the vertical
direction.
Step 3: To get the magnitude R of the resultant, use the Pythagorean theorem:
R =√ R2x + R2y
Step 4: To get the direction of the resultant:

Ө = tan-1 (Ay/Ax)
Sample Problem:
Add the vector A to the vector B shown in Figure 2.4 using perpendicular components along the x- and y-
axes. The x- and y- axes are along east-west and north-south directions, respectively. Vector A represents the
first leg of a walk in which a person walks 53.0 m in a direction 20.0o north of east. Vector B represents the
second leg, a displacement of 34.0 m in a direction 63.0o north of east.
Strategy: The component of A and B along the x- and y-axes represent walking due east and due north to get to the
same ending point. Once found, they are combined to produce the resultant.
Solution: Following the method outlined above, we first find the components of A and B along the x- and y-axes.
Note that A = 53.0 m ӨA = 20.0o, B = 34.0 m, and ӨB = 63.00.
We find the x- components by using Ax = cos Ө, which gives:
Ax = A cos ӨA = (53.0 m) (cos 20.0o)
= (53.0 m) (0.940) = 49.8 m
and
Bx = B cos ӨB = (34.0 m) (cos 63.0o)
= (34.0 m) (0.454) = 15.4 m
Similarly, the y- components are found using Ay = sin ӨA:

Ay = A sin ӨA = (53.0 m) (sin 20.0o)
= (53.0 m) (0.342) = 18.1 m
and
By= B sin ӨB = (34.0 m) (cos 63.0o)
= (34.0 m) (0.891) = 30.3 m
The x- and y- components of the resultant are. Thus:
Rx = Ax + Bx = 49.8 m + 15.4 m = 65.2 m
And
Ry = Ay + By = 18.1 m + 30.3 m = 48.4 m
Now we can find the magnitude of the resultant by using the Pythagorean theorem:
R = √ R2x + R2y = √ (65.2)2 +( 48.4)2 m
So that
R = 81.2 m
Finally, we find the direction of the resultant:
Ө = tan-1 (Ry/Rx) = tan-1 (48.4/65.2)
Ө = tan-1 (.742) = 36.6o
GENERALIZATIO
N
 A vector is any quantity that has magnitude and direction.
 A scalar is any quantity that has magnitude but no direction.
 The head-to-tail method of adding vectors involves drawing the first vector on a graph and
then placing the tail of each subsequent vector at the head of the previous vector. The
resultant vector R is then drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the final
vector. Addition of vectors is commutative such that A + B = B + A.
 The analytical method of vector addition and subtraction involves the use of Pythagorean
theorem and trigonometric identities to determine the magnitude and direction of a
resultant vector.
 The steps to add vectors A and B using the analytical method are as follows:
Step 1: Determine the coordinated system for the vectors. Then determine the horizontal
and vertical components of each vector using the equations
Ax = A cos Ө
Bx = B cos Ө
And
Ay = A sin Ө
By = B sin Ө
Step 2: Add the horizontal and vertical components of each vector to determine the
components Rx and Ry of the resultant vector, R:
R x = A x + Bx
And
R y = A y + By
Step 3: Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the magnitude, R, of the resultant vector
R:
R = √ R2x + R2y
Step 4: use a trigonometric identity to determine the direction, of R:
Ө = tan-1 (Ry/Rx)
REFERENCES
General Physics 1
Early Sol A. Gadong and Raphael V. Belleza
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HseRUq-IACw (August 9, 2020 Sunday)
https://physics.info/vector-addition/practice.shtml (August 11, 2020 Tuesday)

2 PHYSICS (Lesson Only)

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METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

NOT FOR SALE

General Physics 1– Grade 12

For the facilitator:

METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

50 m to west 120 m to south

Subtopic Coordinate System for One-Dimensional

Vectors in this text

Subtopic Vector Addition:

The Head-to-tail method of graphically

a. Draw a vector representing the

3 Draw the resultant vector, R.

Resolving a Vector into Perpendicular Components

Ax = A cos Ө = (10.3 blocks) (cos 29.1o) = 9.0 blocks

Calculating a Resultant Vector

Adding Vectors using Analytical Methods

Step 4: To get the direction of the resultant:

Similarly, the y- components are found using Ay = sin ӨA:

R = √ R2x + R2y = √ (65.2)2 +( 48.4)2 m

Step 4: use a trigonometric identity to determine the direction, of R:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HseRUq-IACw (August 9, 2020 Sunday)

https://physics.info/vector-addition/practice.shtml (August 11, 2020 Tuesday)

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