Linkage of Hydrology &

Hydraulics

Prof Akpofure Taigbenu

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of the Witwatersrand
Email: akpofure.taigbenu@wits.ac.za
Tel: 011 717 7136

Course: CIVN4010A – Hydraulics Engineering

 Objective of Presentation

 The main objective to this presentation.

To provide a linkage between hydrology (covered in

CIVN3012A) and hydraulics (the current 4th year course)

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 Example: Catchment response & open channel flow
 This example is used to
illustrate this linkage.
A storm water collection system is to
be designed to drain sub-catchments
S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5, each draining
to its inlet. The layout of the sub-
catchments and collection system are
shown. The characteristics of the
sub-catchments are presented. The
intensity-duration-frequency (IDF)
curve for the 25-year design storm is
given.
Use the Rational method to
estimate the peak discharge in
each pipe, and size each pipe
assuming it flows full. 3
 Example (II)
Sub-catchment Area (km2) Runoff coefficient Time of concentration
(mins)
S1 0.015 0.5 7
S2 0.032 0.6 8
S3 0.01 0.75 5
S4 0.024 0.55 10
S5 0.014 0.7 5

Pipe Slope of pipe L (m)

P1 4×10-3 250
P2 3×10-3 300
P3 7×10-3 450
P4 4×10-3 450
P4 5×10-3 400

P3 - Taigbenu 4
 Review of the Rational Method
 Assumes peak discharge occurs from uniform intensity rainfall
whose duration, td, is at least equal to the time, Tc.
 Tc is the time of concentration. The time it takes for the most
remote part of the catchment to contribute to the flow at the outfall.
 The Rational method expresses the peak discharge: Q = 0.278CiA
Q = peak runoff (m3/s)
C = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = Area of catchment (km2)

P3 - Taigbenu 5
 Review of the Rational method (II)
 The runoff coefficient, C is constant throughout the duration of
the storm;
 The return period of the peak flow is the same as that of the
rainfall intensity

 When several sub-

catchments discharge
to a common facility
(inlet, culvert, etc), the
time of concentration
should be taken as the
longest of the
individual times of
concentration.
P3 - Taigbenu 6
 Review of open-channel flow in pipes
AR 2 / 3 S 01 / 2
The discharge is given by Manning’s equation is Q D
sin 
n 2
D
cos 
D sin( 2 )
y  1  cos  , D2  
P  D   
2
A     , , R=A/P
2 4  2 

The values of α for various water depth in the pipe are

given in the Table below
y/D α P/D A/D2 R/D k
0.5 1.5708 1.5708 0.3927 0.2500 6.417
0.7 1.1593 1.9823 0.5872 0.2962 3.832
0.8 0.9273 2.2143 0.6736 0.3042 3.282
1 0.0000 3.1416 0.7854 0.2500 3.208 3/8
 k nQ 
The diameter for various water depths is given by the expression: D 
 S1 / 2 
 0 

Where the k values are obtained from the table above.

The average velocity of flow in the pipe is given by V = Q/A

L
The time of travel in the pipe is given by: t  , where L is the length of the pipe.
V

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 Solution: Pipe flows full - Design of P1
Manning n for
the pipes = 0.013

Standard Flow Flow time

Sub- ƩC×A Local Tc Oper. Tc i pipe D Velocity, in pipe, t
catchment Inlet Pipe S0 L (m) C A (km2) (km2) (min) (min) (mm/hr) Q (m3/s) D (m) (mm) V (m/s) (min)
S1 I1 P1 0.004 250 0.5 0.015 0.0075 7.0 7.0 170.0 0.354 0.580 600 1.34 3.1

Q  0.278CiA
4Q
V
D 2
3/8
 3.208 nQ 
D   1/ 2  L
 S 
 0  t
V

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 Design of P2
Flow
Standard Flow time in
Sub- ƩC×A Local Tc Oper. i pipe D Velocity, pipe, t
catchment Inlet Pipe S0 L (m) C A (km2) (km2) (min) Tc (min) (mm/hr) Q (m3/s) D (m) (mm) V (m/s) (min)
S2 I2 P2 0.003 300 0.6 0.032 0.0267 8.0 10.1 154.8 1.149 0.951 1000 1.62 3.1

CA=C1A1+C2A2
Tc (I1)=10.1min:
Tc (I2)=8min
4Q
Q  0.278CiA V t
L
D 2
V
3/8
 3.208 nQ 
D   1/ 2 
 S 
 0 

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 Design of P4

Standard Flow Flow time

ƩC×A Local Tc Oper. Tc pipe D Velocity, in pipe, t
Sub-catchmentInlet Pipe S0 L (m) C A (km2) (km2) (min) (min) i (mm/hr) Q (m3/s) D (m) (mm) V (m/s) (min)
S4 I4 P4 0.007 450 0.55 0.024 0.0132 10.0 10.0 155.0 0.569 0.623 750 1.86 4.0

4Q
Q  0.278CiA V t
L
D 2
V
3/8
 3.208 nQ 
D   1/ 2 
 S 
 0 

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 Design of P3
Standard Flow Flow time
Sub- ƩC×A Local Tc Oper. Tc pipe D Velocity, in pipe, t
catchment Inlet Pipe S0 L (m) C A (km2) (km2) (min) (min) i (mm/hr)Q (m3/s) D (m) (mm) V (m/s) (min)
S3 I3 P3 0.004 450 0.75 0.01 0.0474 5.0 14.0 145.0 1.911 1.091 1200 2.05 3.7

CA=C1A1+C2A2+
C3A3+C4A4 Tc (I2)=13.2min:
Tc (I4)=14.0min: 4Q
Tc (I3)=5.0min Q  0.278CiA V t
L
D 2
V
3/8
 3.208 nQ 
D   1/ 2 
 S 
 0 

P3 - Taigbenu 11
 Design of P5

Standard Flow Flow time

Sub- ƩC×A Local Tc Oper. Tc pipe D Velocity, in pipe, t
catchment Inlet Pipe S0 L (m) C A (km2) (km2) (min) (min) i (mm/hr) Q (m3/s) D (m) (mm) V (m/s) (min)
S5 I5 P5 0.005 400 0.7 0.014 0.0572 5.0 17.7 140.0 2.226 1.108 1200 2.31 2.9

CA=C1A1+C2A2+
C3A3+C4A4+C5A5
4Q
Tc (I5)=5.0min:
Q  0.278CiA V t
L
D
Tc (I3)=17.7min 2
V
3/8
 3.208 nQ 
D   1/ 2 
 S 
 0 

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Summary of Results

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