C-TPC9 GLOBAL CULTURE AND
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY
4A – MIDTERM REVIEWER
WEEK 4 - INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL
FORMALITIES
IATA Traffic Conference
• IATA - International Air Transport
Association
• IATA Geography is one of the key aspects in
planning and pricing of air travel.
• For the purpose of standardization and Fare
calculation, IATA has divided the world into
three areas called IATA Traffic Conference
Area.
• IATA has divided the world in its Traffic
conference areas and further sub areas
with some exceptions to the general political
geography which is particularly applied to
various international air tariff construction
rules.
§ TC1-Traffic Conference Area 1
§ TC2- Traffic Conference Area 2
§ TC3- Traffic Conference Area 3
(Kindly refer to the last page for the image of the
division of TC’s )
TC1-Traffic Conference Area 1
- All of the North and South American
continents and adjacent islands.
- Central America
- Greenland
- Bermuda
- The West Indies and the Caribbean Islands
- The Hawaiian Islands (including Midway
and Palmyra)
TC1 Sub-areas
¨ North America, Central, Caribbean, South
America
¨ North Atlantic sub-area, Mid Atlantic sub-
area, South Atlantic sub-area
TC2-Traffic Conference Area 2
- All of Europe including part of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
and adjacent Islands.
- Iceland
- The Azores
- All of Africa and the adjacent Islands
- Ascension Island
- Part of Asia lying west of and including Iran.
TC2 Sub-areas
- Europe
- Middle East
- All Africa
TC3-Traffic Conference Area 3
- All of Asia and adjacent Islands (except that
portion included in Area 2).
- The East Indies
- Australia and New Zealand
- The islands of the Pacific Ocean
TC3 Sub-areas
- Southeast Asia Sub-area (SEA)
- South Asian Subcontinent Sub- area (SASC)
- Japan and Korea Sub-area
- Southwest Pacific Sub-area
Passport and Visa Formalities
Passport
- A passport is an essential travel document
that serves as an identity and proof of
citizenship when traveling outside of a
country.
- Whether you are traveling for business,
education, or leisure, having a passport is
crucial to ensure that your journey is hassle-
free and enjoyable.
Philippine Passport
- Under Republic Act No. 8239 or The
Philippine Passport Act of 1996, a Philippine
passport is a document issued by the
Philippine Government (Department of
Foreign Affairs) to its citizens requesting
other governments to allow its citizens to
pass freely, and in case of need, to give them
lawful aid and protection.
Three Types of Philippine Passport
• Regular (Maroon) - A regular passport is
issued to any citizen of the Philippines
applying for a Philippine passport. It is the
most common type of passport issued and is
used for all travel by Philippine citizens and
non-official travel by Philippine government
officials.
• Official (Red) - An official passport is issued
to members of the Philippine government for
use on official business, as well as employees
 of Philippine diplomatic posts abroad who
are not members of the diplomatic service.
This passport does not extend the privilege of
diplomatic immunity. Government officials
are prohibited from using official passports
for non-official business.
• Diplomatic (Blue) - A diplomatic passport is
issued to members of the Philippine
diplomatic service, members of the Cabinet,
service attachés of other government
agencies assigned to Philippine diplomatic
posts abroad and Philippine delegates to
international and regional organizations.
Philippine Passport – Visa
- Philippines passport holders can travel to
various countries around the world, each with
distinct visa requirements.
Visa-free Travel Countries
- There are a total of 63 visa-free travel
destinations for Philippines passport holders.
- Cambodia, Costa Rica, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, etc.
Visa on Arrival Countries
- Philippines nationals are eligible for a visa on
arrival in the following 25 countries.
- Visa on Arrival - a visa can be obtained at
the airport or border crossing point upon
arrival. Fees, validity, and allowed duration
of stay may vary.
- Maldives, Palau, Nepal, Tanzania,
Madagascar.
Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) Countries
- Philippines passport holders are eligible to
obtain an Electronic Travel Authorization
(eTA) prior to visiting the following 2
countries.
- eTA- is a digital travel document required for
eligible travelers who are visa-exempt for a
specific country, and it can be obtained online
prior to travel.
- Pakistan and Sri Lanka
E-Visa Countries
- 41 countries require Philippines nationals to
apply for an electronic visa (eVisa) before
traveling.
- eVisa- is a digital visa that can be applied for
online and, in most cases, sent to the
applicant's email. Processing times, fees, and
validity may vary among different countries.
- Australia, India, Russia, South Africa, UAE
Regular Visa Countries
- Philippines passport holders need to apply for
a regular visa before traveling to 125
countries.
- Afghanistan, Egypt, France, Mexico, South
Korea, USA
WEEK 5 – WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Geography - The study of the physical features of
the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity
as it affects and is affected by these, including the
distribution of populations and resources, land use,
and industries.
Tourism Geography - The study of tourism within
the concepts, frames, orientations, and venues of the
discipline of geography and accompanying fields of
geographical knowledge.
Map and globe- both represents the Earth's surface.
• Map- is layed out on a flat surface.
• Globe- The globe is illustrated on a spherical
surface imitating the curve of the Earth.
World Countries
- There are 195 countries in the world today.
- This total comprises 193 countries that are
member states of the United Nations and 2
countries that are non-member observer
states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine.
(Please search online and familiarize the major
countries and their capital cities.)
Understanding Time Zones
- The earth revolves 360° in 24 hours;
therefore, when it is day on one side, it is
night on the other. To clarify time
 relationships, the earth’s surface has been
divided into 24 international time zones. Calculating Time in Places in relation in the
- Time Zone- is a region of the earth that has Philippines with UTC 0 to UTC +7
the same time.
- The time zones are generally divided by 15° Ex 1: What is the current time in Moscow, Russia
longitude. with UTC +3 if the current time is 10:45 AM,
Saturday, in the Philippines with UTC +8?
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) - The yearly
average (or 'mean') of the time each day when the
Sun crosses the Prime Meridian at the Royal
Observatory Greenwich.

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

- Countries with the same UTC have the same
local time.
- Philippines’ UTC is +8

Calculating Time in Places in relation in the

Philippines with UTC -1 to UTC -12

Ex 1: What is the current time in New York, USA

with UTC -5 if the current time is 10:45 AM,
Saturday, in the Philippines with UTC +8?

Calculating Time in Places in relation in the

Philippines with UTC +9 to UTC +14

Ex 1: What is the current time in Japan with UTC +9

if the current time is 2:41 PM, Friday, in the
Philippines with UTC +8?

WEEK 6-10 – WORLD CONTINENTS
Asia
- There are 48 countries in Asia including,
China, India, Japan, Philippines, Bhutan,
UAE and etc.
- Population - 4,759,803,744 as of Sept 2023
- Home of the highest mountains in the World
- The tallest buildings in the World can be
found in this continent.
- Asia is the largest continent in the globe,
making up around 30% of the planet's
surface. With around 60% of the world's
population, it is also the continent with the
highest population. The eastern part of the
Eurasian supercontinent is made up of Asia,
and the western part is made up of Europe.
Antarctica
- World’s southernmost and fifth largest
continent.
- It is also the driest, windiest, coldest, and
iciest continent.
- It is the world's highest continent, with an
average elevation of about 7,200 feet (2,200
meters) above sea level.
- Antarctica’s name means “opposite to the
Arctic”.
- Antarctica is a desert.
- Nobody inhabits Antarctica year-round, but
there are between 1,000 and 5,000 people at
any given time.
- There are no countries in Antarctica.
However, seven different countries have
claimed territory in Antarctica (Argentina,
Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand,
Norway, United Kingdom).
Europe
- Located in the Northern Hemisphere and
mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
- It is the second smallest continent in terms of
land area, but it has the third largest
population in the world.
- There are 44 countries in Europe, according
to the United Nations. It includes: France,
Germany, United Kingdom, Switzerland,
Portugal, etc.
- Languages: Europe is linguistically diverse,
with over 200 languages spoken, including
English, French, Spanish, German, and many
more.
- As of 2023, Europe’s population is estimated
to be approximately 742.1 million people,
according to the United Nations.
South America
- The fourth-largest continent, extends from
the Gulf of Darién in the northwest to the
south’s archipelago of Tierra del Fuego.
- The current population of South America is
440,593,881 as of 2023, based on the latest
United Nations estimates.
- South America extends from a broad
equatorial zone in the north to a narrow sub-
Arctic zone in the south. It can be divided into
four climatic regions: tropical, temperate,
arid, and cold.
- There are 12 countries in South America. It
includes: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia,
Ecuador, Brazil and etc.
 - The main religion in South America is
Roman Catholic.
- South America is home to the driest and
wettest places on Earth.
North America
- North America is the third largest continent
and the fourth largest in population.
- There are 23 countries in North America,
with a total of more than 590 million people
living on the continent. It includes: Canada,
Unites States of America, Mexico, Haiti,
Puerto Rico, Jamaica and etc.
- Largest Country in North America is Canada.
- Known as the “Land of the Prairies”.
- North America has a continental climate,
which means that the climate is generally dry,
with cold winters and hot summers.
However, with the wide variation that is to be
expected over a continent extending from the
Artic Circle to the tropics.
Africa
- 1.4 billion as of 2021 and has the 10% of
world’s population.
- Africa has 54 countries including: Algeria,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Libya,
Sudan, Angola and etc.
- Algeria is the largest country in Africa and
the 10th largest in the world.
- Latin aprica (“sunny”) Greek aphrike
(“without cold”).
- Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in
Africa, once ruled as a dynasty by a series of
monarchs.
Australia
- Australia is home to over 26 million people
from a variety of cultural, ethnic, linguistic
and religious backgrounds.
- English is the national language, more than
300 languages are spoken in Australian
homes.
- The Great Barrier Reef is the largest eco
system in the world and it is found in
Australia.
- It has four seasons which are Spring,
Autumn, Summer and Winter.
WEEK 11- GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM
The Historical Geography of Tourism
Evolution- The development of tourism can be seen
through a historical perspective. It has a wide
variation from the beginning to present times. The
evolution of the travel & tourism industry is divided
in five different time groups as follows:
1. Pre-Historic Period Travel
2. Middle Age Tourism
3. Renaissance Period Tourism
4. Industrial Period Tourism
5. Modern Tourism
Pre-Historic Period
- Travel started from the early man from 2
million to 20 thousand years prior.
- They used to search for food, get away from
adversaries, expand their area, and look for
warmth, and so on.
- The elements of travel in this time are that it
included very few individuals and they were
not organized, included explorers, and were
not implied for relaxation or amusement.
- It was only the method of living and was
necessary for survival - individuals needed
to fulfill their needs by travelling and
searching for means of survival.
Middle Age Tourism (15th to 16 Century)
- People began travelling for religious
purposes as the economic condition were
poor and people were scared for their
survival.
- The fundamental inspiration for the travel
was religion as individuals believed that only
the almighty can save them.
- Hospitality facilities were set up to provide
food for convenience.
- The time when taxes were introduced. Tolls
(levies) were charged to use and maintain the
roads.
Renaissance Period Tourism (17th -18th Century)
- This period was where individuals started
travelling for leisure and serene.
- Grand Tour - young aristocrats visit the great
master pieces of the classical era as part of
their classical education around the Europe.
- Beginning of industrial revolution where
there is an urban and industrial facility
advancement - more extravagant 'exclusive'
class alone delighted in leisure and travel.
 - Agricultural urban communities- early
towns.
- Due to the growth of Agricultural urban
communities Business Hotels were then
constructed in it.
Industrial Period Tourism (19th to 20th Century)
- Industrialization contributed innovation of
technology like railways, steamships, and
vehicles which made movement simpler.
- During the war, there was the innovation of
the aircraft which could fly the military to the
far mainland.
- The improvement of transport added to the
foundation of tour operation organizations.
This led to mass tourism in the 20th century.
- The principal contribution of the industrial
revolution to the travel industry is the
improvement of transport, employment of the
residents, and the development of the
infrastructure.
- Tour operators started packaging inclusive
tours at low costs.
- Tourists also started to travel for relaxation.
- Advancement of travel through the help of
internet.
Modern Tourism
- Today the travel industry includes leisure.
- It is more coordinated because of numerous
activities like principals, tour agencies,
ground administrators.
- The modern travel industry is refined because
of globalization.
- Quest for opportunity has brought about the
high development of independent travel.
- Considered as the biggest industry in the
world because of its impacts.
The Transport Geography of Tourism
Three Modes of Transport
1. Land
2. Air
3. Water
First form of Transport
• Walking- Before humans learnt how to
domesticate animals like horses and donkeys,
people's only mode of travel was to walk.
Timeline of the History of Transportation
1. 4000 BC
§ Horses and camels are domesticated and
used for transport.
2. 3500 BC
§ Fixed wheels on carts and rover boats
were invented.
3. 2000 BC
§ First chariots were built.
4. 312 BC
§ Paved Roads were built by the Romans
5. 1044 AD
§ The compass was invented by China
6. 1662
§ First horse-drawn public bus was
invented.
7. 1783
§ Sept 19, 1783, when the first hot air
balloon was launched and lifted. It lasted
8 minutes, and the passengers were a
sheep, a duck, and a rooster. The safely
landed.
8. 1801
§ First Steam 'road locomotive'
9. 1814
§ First steam-powered railway train was
built by George Stephenson -
Locomotion 1
10. 1816
§ The earliest bicycle was made.
§ German inventor Karl Drais no longer
depend on his horses and livestock
because of a volcanic eruption, and so the
Laufmaschine or dandy horse in English
was built in response to the need for
transportation.
11. 1900
§ The LZ-1 was the first successful airship
was by built by Ferdinand Von Zeppelin.
12. 1903
§ Wright Brothers fly the first motor-driven
aero plane – Wright Flyer
13. 1908
§ The Model T- was introduced to the world
in 1908. Henry Ford wanted the Model T
to be affordable, simple to operate, and
durable. The vehicle was one of the first
mass production vehicles, allowing Ford
to achieve his aim of manufacturing the
universal car.
§ The Model T was not the first car gas
engine but it was the “The Benz Patent-
Motorwagen” by Carl Benz
14. 1942
§ V2 Rocket- worlds first long-range
guided ballistic missile travels 200km.
§ It was used for World War 2
15. 1947
§ First supersonic flight took place.
§ Bell X-1 or “Glamorous Gennis” became
the first airplane to fly faster than the
speed of sound. It’s first flight was on
October 14, 1947.
16. 1957
§ Sputnik 1 was the first man-made earth
satellite, and it was launched into the orbit
on Oct 4, 1957.
17. 1981
§ Space Transportation System-1 or STS-
the first space shuttle lifted off.