Bad

Activity
Itis spontaneous
madioactivity - a

emission
of 1, p, decay.

-decay.
->

* -> y x
+ +

9
↓
Stable Energe
Unstable dece
particle.
③

Detailed.
->
-

A-y +
A
-
X
z

9 (Δm) 2
zme)
(N)x
=

mx

j
-
=
Mi
=

*m mi
=
-

mf q
Drelion
mass

↑
-
Mx My Mr) +

Mf =
My Ma
+

-
acclim
#tom.

[My ( 2)ma] (Mme 2Ma)

-
+

=> - -

abon

=>
My Me -
me
IMx (M ne
M
+

-Camson
erg./9-Bugs an
InRe

G k7c
=

kty
+ Rest

+ e 2000:
&
P1 0
=

( , i) ·Of m,by myVy

-

9
=

MaVa m-Py =

p.

e
a
toa
=

(say)

i ey
9 =

9()
= 9myy,
=> k5
=

(k6 9(#)
=
 kt
9(
me)
=

k y
9(2)
=

-.zmi m
-
-
-

p
x
* x R =

d
0
=

mis
x x
+

Put(c +=
(AP)
was
a & every
satisfied.

tan
issue

Requid-
9
d=LR
*
&
- 1 +

·
#
Decay -> Itisa
very high
energy photon (Mev)

↳call
-
d=
rr
=>
pamii
d 2R
=

2t z

9(
- Y)
=

Itdiffered R diffutKs
= => differ 4.

inities
↓< dray

↓ ->v-m
kt
(EY) 9
=
 X
Unstable

:-cranes
a
ran

was

=tp-are
one

piz
A * G
& + &I

3 r
+

2
-
L

*p
(AY) p(E)9,
=

a,

TSN
9, 9
=
-
& In an a
decry exp k+c 48 MeV
=

&

&Enay 50
is
Mew find mass no?

E
kts
4(Y)
=

48 MOV 50mev
(EY) T100
=

9
 A
9) In experiment. 200

a-decoy
=
an

and
is decaying. The maxi kt=50MeV
40MeX. find out Genery
KEg
=

other has
some
K7 =40 Mex
and EU for ~

(A4)9
⑨

5 kf
=

50
(y4 (190
=
=

- This table X

3
kfa-lyEm)a,
->
31
Y*
V

& Ev 9
=
-

9/ -

* Y Stujk ?

(5)
20
9,
=

Ev 9 =
-

q)

To sp2oo. **)
=10.2 Rev
 "

9) find kts
the 230pu->" "U
for
+ from
following
237.040954
data. Mpu 238.049554; mu
=

Mc 7.002603.
=

(EY)3 (28ye =>0s89

x y
#. = =

G (m)c
=

=
Mpn
-

(mu mc)
+

=> 0.005997u

9 [0.005997][93/Mev]
=

MeV
9 5.58
=

5.47MeV
k(
(0.93) (5.58Mev]
=

=
 Bdecay.

LB
deed
details mas a
B ducy.

Neutron *
I S required
· No
G
&
· .

par ⑨
....
·.
.

....im
&
↑
&

& ↓
O

② .....
⑥

>Nproton

1) B-deccy.
· It an
is e-

estable nucleus
· Itis produced when an

has ence
neutrons.

Ay ·B
IX
- +
-
1
z 1
+

Inside nuclus
·n ->
t(P) je)
+
Process & Energy.

IX
AX- oB-re
->
2 1
+

↓
Unstable.

P (Am)C"
=
or
(931mev) Am

Dm (mi
=
-

m+)
my
=

(my mp-)
-
+

Nach Markish.

e)
1) m
=

(M 2me) (My ( 1)me

+
-

=
y

am (Mx
=
-

Mp) use
-
it for e
atom

50

9
(MX-
=

My) C
a(M-My) sIa
 utilised in motion
of & Ynehus.
The Energy is
a particle

0
G Hzy kEp
-

=
+ -

restPico
at
Initially X was

final
due
4&p-came to internal form.
pf
=>
0
=
=

p =
=
-

Fy =

psy) -

So will become
I

- (my a not
9
one
=
= =

a
(nane)
=> =

0. My> > mp

KEs
2(1)
=>
a =
=

Menu
T = 0

would
magnetic fied
it cover
on
passing
this pin
a radio (diamete) curesponding
to own calculation.
 * p illmination.

mk8 n
a
2(my)=
=

2k =

and ithold true.

a small issue, there

was more
of
bestwith

illumination.
exported
·->

Actual

.
-
In actual.
- > Od dmax.
=>
O2>K7, - Kfmax(9)

portion of I going.
where is
removing
the

be
& found to
going
huge
After research was

in o (antiuteno photon)
↳ photon thathas
A
new
type of
matter
very
Angular monetam and intract with

nearly.
Now
#

X Y p E
-

- + +

Energy Analysis

Ez 9
kEp
=
+

Ev G
= -

ktp

50 Old dmax

OkEp kEmu 9
=

-
1

9-Ei > 0
 B+ decay. -> It is
a position (et;antiparticle of e-
->
->

et me
of
=

mases

et 12
+

chars
=

of
nucleus has less rege.
than
when unstable
· It
isproduced
neutrons.

converted into a neutron. and emity.

B particle
·
A proton is

X - Ay op
+

1
+
+ 8

Ineutrino
+ O

photon)

inside.Hous
- -

1
(n qe +
>
1
+

->
+1

of C
-relation

9 (Xm) c
=
or xm9S/MeX.

m
e men
of
chia
5m.

Mf my (y m,b )
()
+

Am mi
-
= +
=
=
-

Mx -
gm Me

mi
=>
=

=>

Am93/MeV
 ① is utilised for KEp; kEy; KEr

Q kEp kEy Es
=
+
+

also My > >> mp

KE =
0
y

0kkz 1 9
p
+

q <Er> 0

1
use
9) 9 for following.

j
Calculate 19.003576
Mo + 2

MF- 18.998403u
A) 190 ->
"F p
+
-

E
+

MA - 24.9904324
+
B) 25A1 25Mg
+

B 0
Mng
-> + 24.9858394
+

LM2 = 0.00054864

2n
19
(9F p- 5
+

A)
+

o ->

Am =
(M. -

45) 0.005/424
=

4.787MeX
0 Δm93/MeX
= =

B) 25A)
↑
->
2mg B++ 0
+

MA) Rmg
Am 2me
-
-

1M
0.00349584
=

9 (0.0037958)
=
93/MeY

9 3.25yMeX.
=
#
Capture
instable nuclue with
a
in which an
·
It is a process
one from
essentorbit. I still
deficiency of captures
neutron

inside nucleus and converts

this - then reacts with a
proton

to
it neutron.
increases
This stability of
the nucleus and

released with a neutrino photon. ()

energy is

Ax 12 +
- Ay 0
+

2 51 (newhino photon)

Internal

'p 0e+ ->

o
in 0
+

+) +
Photon.

· 9 xmc2
=

. ym (mx me)
= + -

My
Macken nwell.

(x(x zm me (My z-
e)
- -

am
+

=
-

↑)M )
-

a
(Mx MychaMx-My game re
· -
=

·
It
is utilised as
of
KE newrino phonen (KEN).
 radioactivity
#of

#Haw Law of simultaneous decay.

as
by
more
can'tdecay
Any unstable (active) nuelie

than
one
type of decay. Simultaniously?

#law Rutherford's statical law

of Radio activity.

to the
proportional
directly
The rate of decay is

radioactive atoms presentat time.

that
number
of
radiocative
of
Rate decay number
↓ of
nuchle

dN <N

decay const
Ex is

dN
XN
d => xdt
= -
-
=

dt

AN =
dz
N = -

x/a
⑥
+

in(+)
=>
x+
=
Aex
 #A -
time from initial

Noe
/ 1 decay const

Active notes active mechie

tt
at =
initial

deLr
X -> Y
Unstube stab he

o
~

t=0 No

N -
N
tt N
o
=

stable
unstuke
No
of
Noo, of Nuch

nuclei
xt

A
-

No N No N.1
xt
- -
=

Ne
-

A No(1 xt)
-

=
-
e

A
--....
No
-

4-
-
-
-
o
-

--
st >t
~
a find ON in
given.
=

I
x
-> Y
N.-...
- . . . -

active
decayed. My

N------

i
⑦
N(x
t0 =
No
-
No-N
N t
t t
=

Sol at t t
=

-
④

Ny Ny
=

N
N No
-
=

↑ I
- xt
N N.e
o
=

xt
10
-

=> M.2
=

2
this time.
*at

t1
reelie is
of active
=

=> no

# it is called

Half life.
2
 life.
He
the time interval during
Half life is

muchone
which half of active

remained active.
decayed or

* k
=

X -> 4
total
active
decayed
No
o
No
t 0
=

No No
z
t N0/2
Tyz
=

3N0/y No

t N0/y
1/2
+

2
=

7N0/8 No

t sTyN0/8

↑
=

i No(1 t) No
-

t nTyc
=
9) In a radioactive sample unstable x is
decaying boy.

absent.After
some time reaches 2%
Y is X
Initially
total sample. Removing part
and I become 14%
of the

life.
of sample is radioactive
not find the
no
of half

sol -
x Y
->

⑥
t 0
=
No

(No N)
-

tt = N

0
2%
(sample)
-

xx N
= =

Ny (1o N) = -
17%
=

(SampU) -

op.
#x =
=

+
(4%spu)7

x
=1
=

f8
life.
half
 Carbon
Proactive dating.

17 - Rc

t =

0
N. ↑2 (Fresh sample)
age
of ↓ t t
=

N! Nr Cold Sample)
sample.

xt ΔN,
-

NV N0
N. =N,e
+

&
=

-
O
N No
= (N,
+

N,)
(Nz N,) xE@
-

Ni N,e
-
+
=

divide.

-ae
In
=(y+yex
-
1
+

+
, 1)
( (hy ye
=

1)(( 1)
+
(ty
ext =

taking
"In" both side.

t =
m
I
(n,) 1) +

x
age
old sample.
of
[Nym,) 1] +
 9) In a radioactive sample X
decaying
is into Y. In a

fresh sample Y is equal to be, butinan old

sample is
X 2% and Y is 14% of total sample. If
half
the life
is50 Yearsfind age of sample.

# x ->
Y
N.
t= No

No t ΔNx
tet N

->
Nx N 2
% sample.
=

1 sample. @
Ny No DNx
=
+
=

8 y amc
=
+
=

Put
4. Mx
(No
=
-

N)

1*
=>
N I
=

TN -

1)

r=
7N 2No
= -
N

No
N
I(half life)
=

=>

t
2Tyz
=

#100
Years.
 Activity.
-

A R
Denoted
or
·

by. ->

·
It the
represents rate
of day.
· of decay
at A
=dn
=>
A XN =

xt
A XNoe
-

-
where As
it XNo
A
=

A.
=

e-
is initial activity
att 0 =

·
SI unit ->
Bg (Bequerd)
other unit->
aps (disintigration per second

->
ci (Curie
Conversion.
·

⑨ IBq=1dps
1i 3.7x10"dps 3.7x10Bq
① = =

⑨ nolide ocu
The
dreary const for a radioactive

1.516x10-5seet find
is
activityof
the
Ineg sample.

of 67cu.
(use atomic may of cu =65.5
am/mol
5063.5gm ->
Naatome.

Img -
x Imgm
atom. 45x10' alone.

-aivety' A XN
=

=> (516 10
x
-

5) (9.45x101)
-

=> A 1.43x 10" Bg

=

= 1.43x10"dPs 9.86Ci
=
9) An old radioactive sample has By activity. Buton
105

identical
fresh sample has activity of Bg. find
107 out
age of
is
half life 15 years.
Sample if the

xt
Sol A A.e
-

-
xt
105 1072
-

- 2 xt
10
- 7

e
=

=>
co
Tyz
:half life
=
f
yy i
t
Ty
=

=> t 2
e
=

soica
[mto]
=>

t 99.65 =
Years
 life. (mean life)
Ang (ang/Tm)
x -> Y

D
t 0
=
No

No - N

t t =
N

No A dN
(N -dN)
t (Etd)
+
-

[dN) no, of particles remained active from

· tot, itwill be called their active

life.
so
life
of every single partich

in "do"particles =
t

: Sum
of life of all particle

in dN Sample (dN) +
=
 ar)d+
...(dy) => oN =

xN
=

dN XNdt.
=

sum
&N
in (aN)
=

(XN)d+
= t

Sum.
(XNoe xt) + dt
-

ic

dN

Now,
T
any
=
In
all-
all

= -x+
Ton
e
dt
+

No

By parts.

Tang =
*
zomp. 610 Tyc Targ.
· &

iT
Ty= 1 ang A
=

ITy Tang(n2) ( (0.693) Tave

T

=>
=

=>
Tang >T1z
att Ty 50% No
N 10
=
=

x
-N N.e*(XNe
Tang
+

atb
-

N N.2
=
=

=) Nie -> N
No(0-37) => N No(7%)
N
=

= =

Tay -37%
remain
50%0

11
--
= - G3%o decayed.

->
Tang
⑨ &n a radioactive sample
No
initial
with no
of neulie
active

and its is
life I find outthe
on
blo
no of noclie with
which decay
time
Alt from start (=0)

1013
② x ->
Y

t0 o
=

No

t t|
=

N No-N,

No Nz
tztz
-

N2

no
of decay 610 +18t<

* N N,
= -

Nz
=

Noe
-

xt 1
-
xt2
-

1.0

xt1
No(e xt)
-
-

e
=

- ty(1
No( ty(t)
-

2
⑨ In two diffectradioactive simple.

with
and life.
I also their initial

active number CNo No

is
respectivelyfind
outthe time
when no
of active music

will become equal.

so) N Noe=
-Xt Noe-tHang
=

for and

1
for is sample. sample.

+ 1+ N Noe
-

+(2+
N (2N0)
-

e
=
=

are to
question.
N, N2
=

71 = t(27
2/e 12
-

-
1
=>

-
1T=
+ -

7/27
22 2

2 =
-

t/2T -

E +E+

2 e
=

=
t

#
ez=2/nz
=

=>z = T

mn2 2
=>
l
=
bability
of desey.

Probability
orable
⑧ can

en

⑧ Probability
of

de
=no
e
deccy
nuclei
active

⑧ probality of
remaining active

=>I
aiet
⑨ find probability
the for decay.

of on active merelic in 1
Ti

in a radioactive sample.

decy.
en
o
of
Probality =

Wp

activ

↑ =t
 Probability of decay in any is life.

X
- Y
active
decay.

+20 No o

#
t T1
0
=

-No
y
+

z 2
=

t 3T1/u
=

No Ino

:
⑭

No
N.(1
En)
-

t1 =

Tise
find
I prob of dosey in

9) I
half life
5) n
half life.

deen
no
I prob =

ndlie

Nolu
~

3
=

③ Prob
dea
remain
=

much

(1i)
=
-

No

inter
-

~
1 -

it in y)) n t(
=
+
in
 I X - Y
active decay.

No o
t0 =

t=
T

No
Y. No
z
=

3N0
t
2T
=
~

1No
t 35..
wo
=

find probality of decry in 3rd holy life.

fl
= probabilit Ndecy
=

of achive need
initial no

n0
=

=
I
⑤

2
tall
day process
·
A radioactive Sample can
decay by two diffrent types.

dreary
Their coast are 1.22 respectively.

dN x,N
&
-
=

N *I

*
in x2N
-

dat+dak =
-

(x, yeN

(N N) +
= -

xegN
dN Xer =
1 +1z
-
= 9N
et

Fag=Fas "Fans
Tang <Tiang &
in org.

eg Tiong 30 Yom

#=
=

20 Bear

Tong:60 Yer
&same like Resistan in
(i)
 decry process.
s
o
I
->
R

*
Reactor
table
senstacke

Reactor is
producing unstable it at a R
rat: and X is

disaying to Y with rate

Corst. X.

R
Reaeta -> x -y
o o
t 0
=
↑

t t
=

n, NL.

#ru
dak = R
+
-

XN, -

D
for
3dM =
+
XN -
@

&NI
- dt 1)

R -
XN, .

NI

ja N,
1
+
m
=

X
⑧

R -....

ym) FR) 1 *
=
- 0

) /
x
N.
(1 e-
>t
=

att 0.
&/x of
=

3
is no
value
It is called equilibrium value/stead state
dN
-
=R -
XN,

atN1 R/X.
=

da n
(**)
-

Δ
=

①0 xN,
=> R =

#o
Y dN2
=
+
xN,
at

x(( xt)]
-

dy
-
=

dNL R(1
=
- e
-

xt)
-

dt
-
x +
)d +
dNL R(1
-
e
=

R(() xt)dt.
-

e
Nz
-

As
j(1 xt) R(t
-

-
-
e
(a(n -(1 xt)
1
-

=
-
2

Nc =
Rt -

N,

↑my
m

I x8y)

M(Nof 4)

>t
⑰
A radioactive Sample A having No antive

radioactive
nuclie atto decay to another

Material B. with decry court. X. B further desays to

decary
With cons X2.
+

Stable C.

x1 x2
A -> B -> C

Lisfeeble lesS Stable.

statsh

o
two No o

N.
Nx
tt
= N,

x +
For A
-
-
aN -
=
x,n, z
de

#B a(woe it)
a n

N= JnNc
-

7X,N -
=

1, Noe-Xit
dN XzNe
=

By solves this diff equ

)
ymy(e-xif
ResultNx
-

-
=
-
e
⑤

for NA NB Nc total Nucli

-
-
C + + =

no
of
=> No-[N
N. Nc Ns No
(Nb +
My
=
+
+ =

Put N, &
NC for above