Introduction to Conic Sections

Greeks are known for their study of the properties of conics

formed by the intersection of a plane and a double right
circular cone.

The line lying entirely on the cone is referred to as a

generator of the cone. All the generators of a cone pass
through the vertex of the two parts (upper and lower
nappe).

There are four main conic sections, namely, circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola.

 CIRCLE is formed when the cutting

plane is parallel to the base of the
cone.

 ELLIPSE is formed when the (tilted)

cutting plane intersects only one
cone to form a bounded curve

 PARABOLA is formed when the

cutting plane intersects only one
cone to form an unbounded curve

 HYPERBOLA is formed when the

plane (not necessarily vertical)
intersects both cones to form two
unbounded curves (each called a
branch of the hyperbola)
CIRCLE
This conic section is formed when a cone is cut by a plane that is parallel to the base

A CIRCLE is the set of all coplanar points

such that the distance from a fixed point is
constant.

Center – the fixed point of the circle.

Radius – the constant distance from the
center of the circle to any point on its edge.

THE EQUATION OF CIRCLE

The equation the circle is derived using the Pythagorean Theorem

The illustration at the right displays a circle

with center at (𝒉, 𝒌) and radius (𝒓) serves as
the hypotenuse of the right triangle.

The legs of the right triangle are expressed as

(𝑦 − 𝑘) and (𝑥 − ℎ).

Applying the Pythagorean theorem

𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐
we have:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
which is the center-radius form of the
equation of a circle at (ℎ, 𝑘).

LET’S DO THIS: Determine the center-radius form of equation of the circle given its center
and radius.
EXAMPLE #1: Center: (𝟎, 𝟎), Radius:𝟓
Step 1: Identify the value of h, k, and r
in the given 𝒉 = 𝟎, 𝒌 = 𝟎 , and 𝒓 = 𝟓

Step 2: Substitute the values of h, k, and r in the center-radius form and always use
parenthesis.
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 − (𝟎))𝟐 + (𝒚 − (𝟎))𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐
Step 3: Simplify
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
EXAMPLE #2: Center: (−𝟐, 𝟕), Radius:4
Step 1: Identify the value of h, k, and r
in the given 𝒉 = −𝟐, 𝒌 = 𝟕 , and 𝒓 = 𝟒

Step 2: Substitute the values of h, k, and r in the center-radius form and always use
parenthesis.
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 − (−𝟐))𝟐 + (𝒚 − (𝟕))𝟐 = 𝟒𝟐
Step 3: Simplify
(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟕)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔

LET’S DO THIS: Determine the center and radius in the given center-radius form of equation
of the circle.
EXAMPLE #1: (𝒙 + 𝟖)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟗
Remember that the value of 𝒉 is enclosed with 𝒙 and 𝒌 is enclosed with 𝒚
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟖)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟗
Step 1: Determine the center of the circle (ℎ, 𝑘)
Get the opposite sign of the h and k in the given.
ℎ = −8 and 𝑘 = −5
Therefore, the center of the circle is (−𝟖, −𝟓)
STEP 2: Solve for the radius
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟖)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟗
Since 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟗, thus to solve for the value of r we need to extract the square root
of 9.
𝑟2 = 9
√𝑟 2 = √9
𝒓=𝟑

EXAMPLE #2: (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗

Remember that the value of 𝒉 is enclosed with 𝒙 and 𝒌 is enclosed with 𝒚
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗
Step 1: Determine the center of the circle (ℎ, 𝑘)
Get the opposite sign of the h and k in the given.
ℎ = 2 and 𝑘 = −1
Therefore, the center of the circle is (𝟐, −𝟏)
STEP 2: Solve for the radius
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗
Since 𝒓 = 𝟒𝟗, thus to solve for the value of r we need to extract the square root
𝟐

of 49.
𝑟 2 = 49
√𝑟 2 = √49
𝒓=𝟕
THE GRAPH OF THE CIRCLE
EXAMPLE#1: 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
STEP 1: Identify the center (ℎ, 𝑘) of the circle.
The presence of h and k is missing, it means that both h and k is zero (0).
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 + 0)2 + (𝑦 + 0)2 = 25
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
Center at (0, 0) indicates that the center of the circle is at the origin.
STEP 2: Solve for the value of radius (𝑟).
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
𝑟 2 = 25
√𝑟 2 = √25
𝒓=𝟓

STEP 3: Plot the center

STEP 4: Graph the circle.

count out 5 in every direction from the center
(0, 0): up, down left, and right.

Connect the dots to graph the circle using a

smooth, round curve.

EXAMPLE #2: 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐
STEP 1: Identify the center (ℎ, 𝑘) of the circle.
The presence of h and k is missing, it means that both h and k is zero (0).
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 + 0)2 + (𝑦 + 0)2 = 32
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐
Center at (0, 0) indicates that the center of the circle is at the origin.

STEP 2: Solve for the value of radius (𝑟).

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝟑𝟐
𝑟 2 = 𝟑𝟐
√𝑟 2 = √𝟑𝟐
𝒓=𝟑

STEP 3: Plot the center

STEP 4: Graph the circle.

Instead of counting out 3 in every direction from the center, use a compass to graph the circle.
EXAMPLE#3: (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟕)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
STEP 1: Identify the center (ℎ, 𝑘) of the circle.
The value of h and k is presented, it means that the center is at (ℎ, 𝑘)
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 + (𝑦 − 𝒌)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟕)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
To determine the center of the circle (h, k), get the opposite sign of the h and k in the
given.
ℎ = −𝟐 and 𝑘 = 𝟕
Therefore, the center of the circle is at (−𝟐, 𝟕)

STEP 2: Solve for the value of radius (𝑟).

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟕)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
√𝑟 2 = √16
𝒓=𝟒
STEP 3: Plot the center

STEP 4: Graph the circle.

Count out 4 units up, down, left, and right

from the center at (–2, 7). This means that
you should have points at (–2, 11), (–2, 3),
(–6, 7), and (2, 7).

Connect the dots to graph the circle using

a smooth, round curve.

NOTE: you may also use a compass to graph

the circle.
EXAMPLE#4: (𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟗
STEP 1: Identify the center (ℎ, 𝑘) of the circle.
The value of h and k is presented, it means that the center is at (ℎ, 𝑘)
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 + (𝑦 − 𝒌)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟗
To determine the center of the circle (h, k), get the opposite sign of the h and k in the
given.
ℎ = 𝟑 and 𝑘 = 𝟐
Therefore, the center of the circle is at (𝟑, 𝟐)

STEP 2: Solve for the value of 𝑟.

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝒓𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟗
√𝑟 2 = √9
𝒓=𝟑
STEP 3: Plot the center

STEP 4: Graph the circle.

Count out 3 units up, down, left, and

right from the center at (3,2). This
means that you should have points at
(3,5), (3,–1), (6, 2), and (3, –1).

Connect the dots to graph the circle

using a smooth, round curve.

NOTE: you may also use a compass to

graph the circle.
PARABOLA

This conic section is formed if a right circular

cone cut by a plane is parallel to one and
only one generator.

A PARABOLA is a set of all coplanar points

that are equidistant from a fixed line and a
fixed point.

For any point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) on a parabola, the

distance from that point to the focus is the
same as the distance from that point to the
fixed line.

All parabolas have the same set of basic features.

• Directrix - the fixed line.

• Vertex - the fixed point on the parabola midwaybetween the latus rectum and the
directrix. It is also the point where the curve changes direction.
• Axis of Symmetry - a line perpendicular to the directrix, passing through the focus (𝐹),
and divides the parabola into two congruent halves.
• Latus Rectum - a chord that passes through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of
symmetry
The vertex and the endpoints of the latus rectum of the parabola are used in drawing the
parabola

THE EQUATION OF PARABOLAS IN DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS

(VERTEX FORM OF EQUATION)
Few key points about the opening of the parabolas:
✓ If the x is squared, the parabola is vertical (opens up or down). If the y is squared, it is
horizontal (opens left or right).

✓ If p is positive, the parabola opens up or to the right. If it is negative, it opens down or

to the left.

• WITH VERTEX at (ℎ, 𝑘)

 Before we graph a parabola, let’s identify first the value of h, k, and p.
Equation of Parabola: (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌) or (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉) vertex: (𝒉, 𝒌)
Example #1: 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖𝒙
STEP 1:Identify the type of equation.
The variable y is squared therefore we will use (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ) as a guide.
STEP 2:Identify the h and k (vertex).
Based on the given the vertex of the parabola is (0,0) as the value of h and k is missing.

STEP 3:Solve for p.

To get the value of p, we will divide 28 by 4.
28
=7
4
As a result h=0 , k=0, and p=7.
Example #2: (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐(𝒚 + 𝟓)
STEP 1: Identify the type of equation.
The group of the variable of x is squared therefore we will use (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)as a
guide.
STEP 2: Identify the h and k (vertex).
Let us identify the h and k for the vertex. Remember that the h is enclosed with the
variable x
(𝑥 − ℎ)2
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of h is 3.
The k is enclosed with the variable y.
(𝑦 − 𝑘)
(𝒚 + 𝟓)
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of k is −5.
*Vertex: (3, −5)

STEP 3: Solve for p.

To get the value of p in the given, we will divide 12 by 4.
12
=3
4
As a result h=3, k=−5, and p=3.
Example #3:(𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = −𝟖(𝒙 + 𝟐)
STEP 1: Identify the type of equation.
The group of the variable of y is squared therefore we will use (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ) as a
guide.
STEP 2: Identify the h and k (vertex).
Let us identify the h and k for the vertex. Remember that the h is enclosed with the
variable x.
(𝑥 − ℎ)
(𝒙 + 𝟐)
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of h is −2.
The k is enclosed with the variable y
(𝑦 − 𝑘)
(𝒚 − 𝟑)
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of k is 3.
*Vertex: (−2, 3)
STEP 3: Solve for p.
To get the value of p in the given, we will divide -8 by 4.
−8
= −2
4
As a result h=−2 , k=3, and p=−2.
THE GRAPH OF THE PARABOLA
• THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARABOLAS

Vertex (𝟎, 𝟎) (𝒉, 𝒌)

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒚 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉) (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌)

Equation

(𝑝, 0) (0, 𝑝) (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝)

Focus
*If the value of p is *If the value of p is *If the value of p is *If the value of p is
positive the positive the positive the parabola positive the parabola
parabola opens to parabola opens opens to the right opens upward
Opening the right upward
of *If the value of p is *If the value of p is
Parabola *If the value of p is *If the value of p is negative the parabola negative the parabola
negative the negative the opens to the left opens downward
parabola opens to parabola opens
the left downward
Equation: 𝑥 = ±𝑝 Equation: 𝑦 = ±𝑝 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑝 Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑝
Direction:Vertical Direction:Horizontal Direction: Vertical Direction: Horizontal
Latus Length: |4𝑝| Length: |4𝑝| Length: |4𝑝| Length: |4𝑝|
Rectum Endpoints: Endpoints: Endpoints: Endpoints:
(𝑝, 2𝑝) (2𝑝, 𝑝) (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 + 2𝑝) (ℎ + 2𝑝, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
(𝑝, −2𝑝) (−2𝑝, 𝑝) (ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 − 2𝑝) (ℎ − 2𝑝, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
Equation: x-axis Equation: y-axis Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ
Axis of
Direction:Horizontal Direction: Vertical Direction: Horizontal Direction: Vertical
Symmetry
Equation: 𝑥 = −𝑝 Equation: 𝑦 = −𝑝 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝 Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝
Directrix Direction: Vertical Direction:Horizontal Direction: Vertical Direction: Horizontal

EXAMPLE #1: 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒚

STEP 1: Identify the type of equation
The variable x is squared and both h and k are missing which indicates a vertex at (0,0),
therefore we will use the column of 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒚 under the vertex (0,0) to solve for the
characteristics of the parabola.
*h=0 and k=0

STEP 2: Solve for the value of p

To get the value of p in the given 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒚, we will divide 16 by 4.
16
=4
4

*p=4
STEP 3: Solve for the focus from the formula in the table which is (𝟎, 𝒑)
Substitute the value of p which is 4, therefore the focus is at (0,4).
*focus: (0, 4)

STEP 4: Identify the opening of the parabola

Since the value of p is positive therefore the parabola opens upward.
*Opening of parabola: Upward

STEP 5:Solve for the Latus Rectum

For the two end points of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p to the formula then solve.
(2𝑝, 𝑝) → (2(4), 4) → (𝟖, 𝟒 ) first end point
(−2𝑝, 𝑝) → (−2(4), 4) → (− 𝟖, 𝟒) second end point

For the equation of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p to the formula then solve.
𝑦 = ±𝑝 since the value of p is positive 4
*Equation of LR: 𝒚 = 𝟒
The direction of the latus rectum is horizontal with a length of absolute value of 4p
(absolute value means the non-negative value of the number).
|4𝑝| = |4(4)| = 𝟏𝟔 units (length)

STEP 6: Identify the axis of symmetry

Based on the table, the line of the axis of symmetry is vertical and lies on the y-axis.

STEP 7: Identify the directrix

The direction of the directrix is horizontal with an equation of y=−p
𝑦 = −𝑝 → 𝑦 = −(4) → 𝒚 = −𝟒 equation

STEP 8: Graph the parabola and its properties using the results from step 1 to 7.
*Plot the vertex and the endpoints of the latus rectum and used them to draw the parabola.

*Also, show the focus, the directrix, the axis of symmetry, and the latus rectum.

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒚

EXAMPLE #2: 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙

STEP 1: Identify the type of equation
The variable y is squared and both h and k are missing which indicates a vertex at (0,0),
therefore we will use the column of 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙 under the vertex (0,0) to solve for the
characteristics of the parabola.
*h=0 and k=0

STEP 2: Solve for the value of p

To get the value of p in the given 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙, we will divide -12 by 4.
−12
= −3
4

*p=−3

STEP 3: Solve for the focus from the formula in the table which is (𝒑, 𝟎)
Substitute the value of p which is −3, therefore the focus is at (−3,0).
*focus: (−3,0)
STEP 4: Identify the opening of the parabola
Since the value of p is negative therefore the parabola opens to the left.
*Opening of parabola: to the left
STEP 5:Solve for the Latus Rectum
For the two end points of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p to the formula then solve.
(𝑝, 2𝑝) → (−3, 2(−3)) → (−𝟑, −𝟔) first end point
(𝑝, −2𝑝) → (−4, −2(−3)) → (−𝟑, 𝟔) second end point

For the equation of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p to the formula then solve.
𝑥 = ±𝑝 since the value of p is negative 3
*Equation of LR: 𝒙 = −𝟑

The direction of the latus rectum is vertical with a length of absolute value of 4p (absolute
value means the non-negative value of the number).
|4𝑝| = |4(−3)| = 𝟏𝟐 units (length)

STEP 6: Identify the axis of symmetry

Based on the table, the line of the axis of symmetry is horizontal and lies on the x-axis.

STEP 7: Identify the directrix

The direction of the directrix is vertical with an equation of x=−p
𝑥 = −𝑝 → 𝑥 = −(−3) → 𝒙 = 𝟑 equation

STEP 8: Graph the parabola and its properties using the results from step 1 to 7.
*Plot the vertex and the endpoints of the latus rectum and used them to draw the parabola.
* Also, show the focus, the directrix, the axis of symmetry, and the latus rectum.

𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙
EXAMPLE #3: (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟖)
STEP 1: Identify the type of equation
The variable y is squared and both h and k are present which indicates a vertex at (h,k),
therefore we will use the column of (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉) under the vertex (h,k) to solve for the
characteristics of the parabola.

STEP 2: Identify the h and k (vertex).

Let us identify the h and k for the vertex. Remember that the h is enclosed with the variable x
(𝑥 − ℎ)
(𝒙 − 𝟖)
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of h is positive 8.

The k is enclosed with the variable y.

(𝑦 − 𝑘)
(𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐

Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of k is −1.
*h=8 and k=−1
*Vertex: (8, −1)
STEP 3: Solve for the value of p
To get the value of p in the given (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟖), we will divide 4 by 4.
4
=1
4

*p=1

STEP 4: Solve for the focus from the formula in the table which is (𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌)
Substitute the value of p which is 1, h is 8, and k is −1.
(ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘)
(8 + 1, −1)
*focus: (9,−1)
STEP 5: Identify the opening of the parabola
Since the value of p is positive therefore the parabola opens to the right.
*Opening of parabola: to the right

STEP 6:Solve for the Latus Rectum

For the two end points of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p which is 1, h is 8, and
k is −1 to the formula then solve.
(ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 + 2𝑝) → (8 + 1, −1 + 2(1)) → (9, −1 + 2) → (𝟗, 𝟏) first end point
(ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘 − 2𝑝) → (8 + 1, −1 − 2(1)) → (9, −1 − 2) → (𝟗, −𝟑) second end point

For the equation of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p and h to the formula then solve.
𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑝 since the value of p is positive 1 and h is positive 8
𝑥 =8+1
*Equation of LR: 𝒙 = 𝟗

The direction of the latus rectum is vertical with a length of absolute value of 4p (absolute
value means the non-negative value of the number).
|4𝑝| = |4(1)| = 𝟒 units (length)

STEP 7: Identify the axis of symmetry

Based on the table, the line of the axis of symmetry is horizontal with an equation of 𝑦 = 𝑘.
Substitute the value of k which is −1.
𝒚 = −𝟏 equation

STEP 8: Identify the directrix

The direction of the directrix is vertical with an equation of 𝑥 = ℎ− 𝑝
𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝 → 𝑥 = 8 − (1) → 𝒙 = 𝟕 equation
STEP 9: Graph the parabola and its properties using the results from step 1 to 8.
*Plot the vertex and the endpoints of the latus rectum and used them to draw the parabola.

* Also, show the focus, the directrix, the axis of symmetry, and the latus rectum.

(𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟖)

EXAMPLE #4: (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 = −𝟖(𝒚 − 𝟐)

STEP 1: Identify the type of equation
The variable x is squared and both h and k are present which indicates a vertex at (h, k), therefore
we will use the column of (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌) under the vertex (h, k) to solve for the
characteristics of the parabola.

STEP 2: Identify the h and k (vertex).

Let us identify the h and k for the vertex. Remember that the h is enclosed with the variable x
(𝑥 − ℎ)
(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of h is −3.
The k is enclosed with the variable y.
(𝑦 − 𝑘)
(𝒚 − 𝟐)
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of k is positive 2.
*h=−3 and k=2
*Vertex: (-3, 2)
STEP 3: Solve for the value of p
𝟐
To get the value of p in the given (𝒙 + 𝟑) = −𝟖(𝒚 − 𝟐), we will divide −8 by 4.
−8
= −2
4

*p=−2
STEP 4: Solve for the focus from the formula in the table which is (𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒑)
Substitute the value of p which is −2, h is −3, and k is 2.
(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝)
(−3,2 + (−2))
(−3, 2 − 2)
*focus: (−3, 0)
STEP 5: Identify the opening of the parabola
Since the value of p is negative therefore the parabola opens downward.
*Opening of parabola: downward

STEP 6:Solve for the Latus Rectum

For the two end points of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p which is −2, h is −3, and
k is 2 to the formula then solve.
(ℎ + 2𝑝, 𝑘 + 𝑝) → (−3 + 2(−2), 2 + (−2)) → (−3 − 4, 2 − 2) → (−𝟕, 𝟎) first end point
(ℎ − 2𝑝, 𝑘 + 𝑝) → (−3 − 2(−2), 2 + (−2)) → (−3 + 4, 2 − 2) → (𝟏, 𝟎) second end point

For the equation of the latus rectum, substitute the value of p and to the formula then solve.
𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑝 since the value of p is −2 and k is positive 2
𝑦 = 2 + (−2)
*Equation of LR: 𝒚 = 𝟎

The direction of the latus rectum is horizontal with a length of absolute value of 4p
(absolute value means the non-negative value of the number).
|4𝑝| = |4(−2)| = 𝟖 units (length)

STEP 7: Identify the axis of symmetry

Based on the table, the line of the axis of symmetry is vertical with an equation of 𝑥 = ℎ.
Substitute the value of h which is −3.
𝒙 = −𝟑 equation
STEP 8: Identify the directrix
The direction of the directrix is horizontal with an equation of 𝑦 = 𝑘− 𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝 → 𝑦 = 2 − (−2) → 𝑦 = 2 + 2 → 𝒚 = 𝟒 equation

STEP 9: Graph the parabola and its properties using the results from step 1 to 8.
*Plot the vertex and the endpoints of the latus rectum and used them to draw the parabola.
* Also, show the focus, the directrix, the axis of symmetry, and the latus rectum.

(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 = −𝟖(𝒚 − 𝟐)
ELLIPSE

An ellipse is the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) in a plane such that the sum of their distances from two
fixed points is a constant. Each fixed point is called a focus (plural: foci) and they are located
inside the ellipse.
Major axis- the longer line that goes
through the foci.
Minor axis-The two axes intersect at
the center of the ellipse. The major
axis always contains the foci.
Vertices - (singular: vertex) are at
the intersection of the major axis and
the ellipse, also the endpoints of
major axis
Co-vertices -are at the intersection
of the minor axis and the ellipse, also
the endpoints of minor axis.
Center- The midpoint of the
segment joining the foci
Latus rectum - the line segment that passes through a focus and perpendicular to the major
axis.
Directrices - (singular: directrix). the two lines on the outside of an ellipse parallel to the minor
axis.

THE EQUATION OF ELLIPSE IN DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS

(STANDARD FORM OF EQUATION)

Few key points:

✓ Whichever denominator is larger determines where the variable 𝒂 is (because 𝒂 is always
bigger than 𝒃).
✓ If the larger number is under the 𝒙, then the ellipse is horizontal. If it is under the 𝒚 then
it is vertical.
✓ And c is √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 .

• WITH CENTER at (𝒉, 𝒌)

Horizontal Ellipse Vertical Ellipse

(𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐

+ =𝟏 + =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
 Before we graph an ellipse, let’s identify first the center(𝒉, 𝒌) 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
Equation of Ellipse (h,k): + = 𝟏 + =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
𝑎 > 𝑏 the larger
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
denominator contains the 𝒂

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
EXAMPLE #1: + =𝟏
𝟗 𝟒
STEP 1: Identify the form of equation by identifying the 𝒂.
Remember that the larger denominator contains the 𝒂.

In the given the denominator of 𝒙 has larger denominator which is 𝟗. Therefore, the
equation is in the form of
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝟗 4

STEP 2: Solve for the value of a.

By looking at the given 𝟗 is 𝒂𝟐 , to solve for 𝒂 we need to extract the square root of 9.
𝑎2 = 9
√𝑎2 = √9
𝒂=𝟑

STEP 3: Solve for the value of 𝒃.

𝒃 is the smaller denominator, and in the given 𝟒 contains 𝒃. To solve for 𝒃 we need to
extract the square root of 4.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
9 4
𝑏2 = 4
√𝑏 2 = √4
𝒃=𝟐

STEP4: Identify the value of c.

The formula to get the value of c is the square root of the difference of the two
denominators.
𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑐 = √9 − 4
𝒄 = √𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝒄 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 rounded to the nearest tenths

STEP 5: Identify the center of the ellipse.

Notice that the ℎ and 𝑘 are both missing which indicates that the center of the
ellipse is at (0,0) origin.
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 (𝑦 − 𝒌)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 − 𝟎)2 (𝑦 − 𝟎)2
+ =1
9 4
center at (𝟎, 𝟎) origin
 (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚+𝟕)𝟐
EXAMPLE #2: + =𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟓
STEP 1: Identify the form of equation by identifying the 𝒂.
Remember that the larger denominator contains the 𝒂.

In the given the denominator of 𝑦 has larger denominator which is 25. Therefore, the
equation is in the form of
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑏2 𝒂𝟐
(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 + 7)2
+ =1
16 𝟐𝟓
STEP 2: Solve for the value of 𝒂.
By looking at the given 𝟐𝟓 is 𝒂𝟐 , to solve for 𝒂 we need to extract the square root of 𝟐𝟓.
𝑎2 = 25
√𝑎2 = √25
𝒂=𝟓
STEP 3: Solve for the value of 𝒃.
𝒃 is the smaller denominator, and in the given 𝟏𝟔 contains 𝒃. To solve for 𝒃 we need to
extract the square root of 𝟏𝟔.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝒃𝟐 𝑎2
2 2
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑦 + 7)
+ =1
𝟏𝟔 25
𝑏 2 = 16
√𝑏 2 = √16
𝒃=𝟒

STEP4: Identify the value of 𝒄.

The formula to get the value of c is the square root of the difference of the two
denominators.
𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑐 = √25 − 16
𝑐 = √9
𝒄=𝟑

STEP 5: Identify the center of the ellipse.

Notice that the ℎ and 𝑘 are both present which indicates that the center of the
ellipse is at (ℎ, 𝑘).
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 (𝑦 − 𝒌)2
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2
(𝑥 − 𝟐)2 (𝑦 + 𝟕)2
+ =1
16 25
Let us identify the h and k for the center.
Remember that the 𝒉 is enclosed with the variable 𝒙.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2
(𝑥 − 2)2
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of h is positive 2.
The 𝒌 is enclosed with the variable 𝒚.
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2
(𝑦 + 7)2
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of k is −7.

center at (2, −7)

THE GRAPH OF ELLIPSE

• THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ELLIPSE

Center (𝟎, 𝟎) (𝒉, 𝒌)
𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑥 2 𝑦2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1 + =1 + =1 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2
Equation
where where where where
𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 and 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 and 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 and 𝑎 > 𝑏 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 and 𝑎 > 𝑏
𝑎>𝑏 𝑎>𝑏
(𝑎, 0) (0, 𝑎) (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
Vertices (−𝑎, 0) (0, −𝑎) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎)

(𝑐, 0) (0, 𝑐) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐)

Foci (−𝑐, 0) (0, −𝑐) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐)

Equation: 𝑦 = 0 Equation: 𝑥 = 0 Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ

Location: Location: Direction: horizontal Direction: vertical

on the x- axis on the y- axis
Major Axis Length: 2𝑎 Length: 2𝑎
Length: 2𝑎 Length: 2𝑎
Endpoints: the vertices Endpoints: the vertices
Endpoints: the Endpoints: the
vertices vertices

Equation: 𝑥 = 0 Equation: 𝑦 = 0 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘

Location: Location: Direction: vertical Direction: horizontal

on the y- axis on the x- axis
Length: 2𝑏 Length: 2𝑏
Minor Axis Length: 2𝑏 Length: 2𝑏
Endpoints: Endpoints:
Endpoints: Endpoints: co-vertices co-vertices
co-vertices co-vertices (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘)
(0, 𝑏) (𝑏, 0) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘)
(0, −𝑏) (−𝑏, 0)
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑥 =ℎ+ 𝑦=𝑘+
Directrices 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑥=− 𝑦=− 𝑥 =ℎ− 𝑦=𝑘−
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
Equation: Equation: Equation: Equation:
𝑥=𝑐 𝑦=𝑐 𝑥 = ℎ+𝑐 𝑦=𝑘+𝑐
𝑥 = −𝑐 𝑦 = −𝑐 𝑥 = ℎ−𝑐 𝑦=𝑘−𝑐

Direction: vertical Direction: horizontal Direction: vertical Direction: horizontal

2𝑏2 2𝑏2 2𝑏2 2𝑏2

Length: Length: Length: Length:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Latus Endpoints: Endpoints: Endpoints: Endpoints:

Rectum
𝑏2
(−𝑐, ), (−𝑐, −
𝑏2
)
𝑏2
( , −𝑐), (−
𝑏2
, −𝑐) 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ + , 𝑘 − 𝑐)
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑎
(𝑐, ), (𝑐, − ) ( , 𝑐 ), (− , 𝑐) 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ − , 𝑘 − 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎

𝑏2 𝑏2
(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ + , 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏2 𝑏2
(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ − , 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎
−𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 −𝑏 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 ℎ−𝑎 ≤𝑥 ≤ℎ+𝑎 ℎ−𝑏 ≤𝑥 ≤ℎ+𝑏
Permissible −𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏 −𝑎 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎 𝑘−𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑘+𝑏 𝑘−𝑎 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑘+𝑎
Values
Let us graph an ellipse given an equation in standard form

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
EXAMPLE#1: + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏
𝟏𝟔

STEP 1: Identify the center the location of 𝒂 and the type of equation.
In the given the value of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are both missing indicates that the center is at the
origin (0,0).
(𝑥 + 0)2 (𝑦 + 0)2
+ =1
16 𝟐𝟓
center: (0,0)

The variable 𝒚 has the larger denominator which is 𝟐𝟓 indicates the location of 𝒂,
therefore the equation is in the form of:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑏 2 𝑎2
By this form of equation we will use the column of its characteristics.

STEP 2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.

The larger denominator is 𝟐𝟓 which is the 𝒂𝟐 . The smaller denominator is 𝟏𝟔 which is the
𝒃𝟐
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝒃 𝟐 𝒂𝟐
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟓

Let us now solve for the value of 𝒂 and 𝒃 by extracting the square roots of 𝟐𝟓 and 𝟏𝟔.
𝑎2 = 25 𝑏 2 = 16
√𝑎2 = √25 √𝑏 2 = √16
𝒂=𝟓 𝒃=𝟒
Let us now identify the value of 𝒄, by substituting the value of 𝒂𝟐 and 𝒃𝟐
𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑐 = √25 − 16
𝑐 = √9
𝒄=𝟑
STEP 3: Identify the vertices, using the table of characteristics of the given equation

The coordinates of vertices according to the table are (𝟎, 𝒂) and (𝟎, −𝒂).
Substitute the value of 𝒂 to get the coordinates.
(0, 𝑎) (0, −𝑎)
𝑎=5 𝑎=5

Vertex: Vertex:
(𝟎, 𝟓) (𝟎, −𝟓)

STEP 4: Identify the foci

The coordinates of vertices according to the table are (0, 𝑐) and (0, −𝑐).
Substitute the value of 𝒄 to get the coordinates.
(0, 𝑐) (0, −𝑐)
𝑐=3 𝑐=3

Focus: Focus:
(𝟎, 𝟑) (𝟎, −𝟑)

STEP 5: Identify the major axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints).
 The equation of the major axis is 𝒙 = 𝟎, which means its location lies on the y-axis
The length of the major axis is twice the value of :
2𝑎 length
𝑎=5
2(5)
𝟏𝟎 units

The endpoints of the major axis are the vertices: (𝟎, 𝟓) and (𝟎, −𝟓)

STEP 6: Identify the minor axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints).
The equation of the minor axis is 𝒚 = 𝟎, which means its location lies on the x-axis
The length of the minor axis is twice the value of :
2𝑏 length
𝑏=4
2(4)
𝟖 units
The endpoints of the minor axis are the co-vertices (−𝒃, 𝟎) and (𝒃, 𝟎).
Substitute the value of b which is 4 to get the endpoints of minor axis.
(−𝑏, 0) and (𝑏, 0)
(−𝟒, 𝟎) and (𝟒, 𝟎) end points

STEP 7: Identify the directrices.

𝑎2 𝑎2
The equation of the directrices are 𝑦 = 𝑐
and = − 𝑐
, substitute the value of 𝒂 and 𝒄.

𝑎 = 5 and 𝑐 = 3
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑦= 𝑦=−
𝑐 𝑐
52 52
𝑦= 𝑦=−
3 3
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝒚= 𝒚=−
𝟑 𝟑
STEP 8: Identify the latus rectum and its properties (equation, direction, length, endpoints).

The equation of the two latus rectum are:

𝒚=𝒄 𝒚 = −𝒄 substitute the value of c which is 3
𝒚=𝟑 𝒚 = −𝟑
The direction of the latus rectum of the given is horizontal.

The length of the latus rectum is defined as:

2𝑏 2
substitute the value of 𝒃 and 𝒂
𝑎
2(4)2
𝑏 = 4 and 𝑎 = 5
(5)
2(16)
simplify
5
32
or 6.4 units (length)
5

The endpoints of the latus rectum are: (substitute the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄 then simplify)
𝑎=5 𝑏=4 𝑐=3
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
( , −𝑐) (− , −𝑐) ( ,𝑐 ) (− , 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
42 42 42 42
( , −3) (− , −3) ( ,3 ) (− , 3)
5 5 5 5
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
( , −𝟑) (− , −𝟑) ( , 𝟑) (− , 𝟑)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
STEP 9: Graph the ellipse.
Plot the following then draw the
graph of the ellipse
• center
• endpoints of minor axis
• endpoints of major axis
• endpoints of latus rectum
Also, show the foci, major axis,
minor axis, latus rectum, and
directrices.

(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟒)𝟐
EXAMPLE#2: + =𝟏
𝟗 𝟒

STEP 1: Identify the center the location of 𝒂 and the type of equation.
In the given the value of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are both present indicates that the center is at (ℎ, 𝑘).

The variable 𝒙 has the larger denominator which is 𝟗 indicates the location of 𝒂,
therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟒)𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟗 𝟒
By this form of equation we will use the column of its characteristics.

Let us identify the h and k for the center.

Remember that the 𝒉 is enclosed with the variable 𝒙.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2
(𝑥 + 1)2
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of 𝒉 is −1.
The 𝒌 is enclosed with the variable 𝒚.
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2
(𝑦 − 4)2
Get the opposite sign in the given. Then the value of k is positive 4.
center at (ℎ, 𝑘)
center at (−1,4)

STEP 2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.

The larger denominator is 9 which is the 𝒂𝟐 . The smaller denominator is 𝟒 which is the 𝒃𝟐
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑦 − 4)2
+ =1
𝟗 𝟒

Let us now solve for the value of 𝒂 and 𝒃 by extracting the square roots of 9 and 4.
𝑎2 = 9 𝑏2 = 4
√𝑎2 = √9 √𝑏 2 = √4
𝒂=𝟑 𝒃=𝟐

Let us now identify the value of 𝒄, by substituting the value of 𝒂𝟐 and 𝒃𝟐

 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑐 = √9 − 4
𝑐 = √5
or 𝑐 = 2.24 rounded to the nearest tenths

STEP 3: Identify the vertices, using the table of characteristics of the given equation

The coordinates of vertices according to the table are (𝒉 + 𝒂, 𝒌) and (𝒉 − 𝒂, 𝒌)

Substitute the value of 𝒂, 𝒉 and 𝑘 to get the coordinates.
𝑎=3 ℎ = −1 𝑘=4

(ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘)
(−1 + 3, 4) (−1 − 3, 4)
Vertex(𝟐, 𝟒) 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐱(−𝟒, 𝟒)

STEP 4: Identify the foci

The coordinates of vertices according to the table are (𝒉 + 𝒄, 𝒌) and (𝒉 − 𝒄, 𝒌).
Substitute the value of 𝒉, 𝒌, and 𝒄 to get the coordinates.
𝑐 = √5 ℎ = −1 𝑘=4

(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘)
(−1 + √5, 4) (−1 − √5, 4)
Foci (−1 + √5, 4) Foci (−1 − √5, 4)
or (1.24, 4) or (−3.24, 4)

STEP 5: Identify the major axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints).
The major axis is horizontal and has an equation of 𝑦 = 𝑘
since 𝒌 is 4, then 𝒚 = 4

The length of the major axis is twice the value of :

2𝑎 length
𝑎=3
2(3)
𝟔 units
The endpoints of the major axis are the vertices: (𝟐, 𝟒) and (−𝟒, 𝟒)

STEP 6: Identify the minor axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints).
The major axis is vertical and has an equation of 𝑥 = ℎ
since ℎ is −𝟏, then 𝒙 = −𝟏
The length of the minor axis is twice the value of :
2𝑏 length
𝑏=4
2(2)
𝟒 units
The endpoints of the minor axis are the coordinates of co-vertices
According to the table co-vertices are (𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒃) and (𝒉, 𝒌 − 𝒃).

Substitute the value of 𝒉, 𝒌, and 𝒂 to get the coordinates.

𝑏=2 ℎ = −1 𝑘=4

(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏)
(−1, 4 + 2) (−1,4 − 2)
Co-vertex(−1, 6) Co-vertex(−1, 2)
STEP 7: Identify the directrices.
𝑎2 𝑏2
The equation of the directrices are 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑐
and 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑐
substitute the value of 𝒂, 𝒄 and 𝒉.

𝑎=5 𝑐=3 ℎ = −1
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑥 =ℎ+ 𝑥=ℎ−
𝑐 𝑐
32 32
𝑥 = −1 + 𝑥 = −1 −
√5 √5

𝟗 𝟗
𝒙 = −𝟏 + 𝒙 = −𝟏 −
√𝟓 √𝟓
or or
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟓. 𝟎𝟐

STEP 8: Identify the latus rectum and its properties (equation, direction, length, endpoints).

The equation of the two latus rectum are:

𝑥 = ℎ+𝑐 𝑥 =ℎ−𝑐 substitute the value of 𝒄 and 𝒉.
𝑥 = −1 + √5 𝑥 = −1 − √5 ℎ = −1 and 𝑐 = √5
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝒙 = −𝟑. 𝟐𝟒
the direction of the latus rectum of the given is vertical.

The length of the latus rectum is defined as:

2𝑏 2
substitute the value of 𝒃 and 𝒂
𝑎
2(2)2
𝑏 = 2 and 𝑎 = 3
(3)
2(4)
simplify
3
12
3
4 units (length)
The endpoints of the latus rectum are: (substitute the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒉 and 𝑘 then
simplify)
𝑎=3 𝑏=2 𝑐 = √5 ℎ = −1 𝑘 = 4
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
22 22 22 22
(−1 − √5, 4 + ) (−1 − √5, 4 − ) (−1 + √5, 4 + ) (−1 + √5, 4 − )
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
(−1 − √5, 4 + ) (−1 − √5, 4 − ) (−1 + √5, 4 + ) (−1 + √5, 4 − )
3 3 3 3
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟖
(−𝟏 − √𝟓, ) (−𝟏 − √𝟓, ) (−𝟏 + √𝟓, ) (−𝟏 + √𝟓, )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

(−𝟑. 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑) (−𝟑. 𝟐𝟒, 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔) (𝟏. 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑) (𝟏. 𝟐𝟒, 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔)

STEP 9: Graph the ellipse.

Plot the following then draw the graph of the ellipse
• center
• endpoints of minor axis
• endpoints of major axis
• endpoints of latus rectum
Also, show the foci, major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, and directrices.
HYPERBOLA

A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane such that the absolute value of the difference of the
distances between two fixed points stays constant. The two fixed points are the foci (singular:
focus) of the hyperbola, and the midpoint of the segment joining the foci is the center of the
hyperbola.

A hyperbola has two axes of symmetry. A hyperbola has two axes of symmetry. The axis along
the direction the hyperbola opens is called the transverse axis. The conjugate axis passes
through the center of the hyperbola and is perpendicular to the transverse axis. The intersection
of the two axes is the center of the hyperbola.
Principal axis or Focal axis is different from the transverse axis. This axis contains the foci, the
center, and the vertices of the hyperbola. In the figure above the x-axis is the principal axis.

The latus rectum is the chord through either focus perpendicular to the principal axis.

The points of intersection of the hyperbola and the transverse axis are called the vertices
(singular: vertex) of the hyperbola. These vertices are the endpoints of the transverse axis, while
the endpoints of conjugate axis are called co-vertices.

As points on a hyperbola get farther from its center, they get closer and closer to two lines called
asymptote lines. The asymptote lines are used as guidelines in sketching the graph of a
hyperbola. To graph the asymptote lines of hyperbola at (ℎ, 𝑘) , form an auxiliary rectangle by
using the points (ℎ– 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏), (ℎ– 𝑎, 𝑘– 𝑏), (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏), and ( ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘– 𝑏) and draw its
diagonals as extended lines.

PARTS OF SUBTRACTION EQUATION: A RECALL

Let us recall the three parts of subtraction equation:

• Minuend -the number to be subtracted from
• Subtrahend –the number being taken away
• Difference –the result; left over
 THE EQUATION OF HYPERBOLA IN DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS
(STANDARD FOR OF EQUATION)
Few key points:
• The denominator of the minuend or the positive term contains the value of 𝒂.
• The denominator of the subtrahend or the negative term contains the value of 𝒃.
• In contrary of ellipse, in hyperbola its either 𝑎 or 𝑏 is larger in value.
• The value of 𝑐 is greater than the value of 𝒂, it is defined as the square root of the sums
of 𝑎2 and 𝑏 2 .
• If the (𝑥 − ℎ)2 term is the minuend or the positive term, the hyperbola opens to the right
and left.
• If the (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 term is the minuend or the positive term, the hyperbola opens upward and
downward.

• CENTER at (𝒉, 𝒌)

(𝒙 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(𝒚 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Before we graph a hyperbola, let’s practice on how to identify the center (𝒉, 𝒌), 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
Equation of Hyperbola (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− = 1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝑐 is greater than 𝑎 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
EXAMPLE #1: − =𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
In the given the minuend is the 𝒙𝟐 term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
𝟐 2
𝒙 𝑦
− =1
𝟏𝟔 9
And the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are missing which means their value is 0 and the hyperbola is
at the origin (𝟎, 𝟎).
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 (𝑦 − 𝒌)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
2 (𝑦 − 𝟎)2
(𝑥 − 𝟎)
2
− =1
𝑎 𝑏2
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
Center at origin (𝟎, 𝟎)

STEP2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.

(𝑥 − 0)2 (𝑦 − 0)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
− =1
𝟏𝟔 𝟗

Substitute the value of 𝑎2 and

𝑏 2 in the formula for 𝒄.
Solve for 𝒂. Solve for 𝒃.
Formula for 𝒄:
2 2
𝑎 = 16 𝑏 =9 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
√𝑎2 = √16 √𝑏 2 = √9 𝑐 = √16 + 9
𝑐 = √25

𝒂=𝟒 𝒃=𝟑 𝒄=𝟓

(𝒚−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟐
EXAMPLE #2: − =𝟏
𝟒 𝟑𝟔
STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
In the given the minuend is the (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝑥 − 3)2
− =1
4 36
Notice that the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are present which means the hyperbola is at (ℎ, 𝑘).
(𝑦 − 𝒌)2 (𝑥 − 𝒉)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦 − 𝟏)2 (𝑥 − 𝟑)2
− =1
4 36

Let us identify the 𝒉 and 𝒌 for the coordinates of the center

Remember that the 𝒉 is enclosed with the variable 𝒙.
(𝑥 − 𝟑)2
Get the opposite sign of 𝒉 in the equation, from −3 it becomes positive 3.
𝒉=𝟑
The 𝒌 is enclosed with the variable 𝒚, get the opposite sign of 𝒌 in the given.
(𝑦 − 𝟏)2
𝒌=𝟏

Center at (𝒉, 𝒌)
Center at (𝟑, 𝟏)
STEP2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
Since the positive term or the minuend is the 𝒙𝟐 term
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(𝑦 − 1) 2 (𝑥 − 3)2
− =1
4 𝟑𝟔

Substitute the value of 𝑎2 and

𝑏 2 in the formula for 𝒄.
Solve for 𝒂. Solve for 𝒃.
Formula for 𝒄:
2 2
𝑎 =4 𝑏 = 36 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
√𝑎2 = √4 √𝑏 2 = √36 𝑐 = √36 + 4
𝒄 = √𝟒𝟎
𝑜𝑟
𝒂=𝟐 𝒃=𝟔 𝒄 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟐

(𝒚+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟐)𝟐
EXAMPLE #3: − + =𝟏
𝟗 𝟖𝟏

STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
(𝑦+1)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑦+1)2
The given − + = 1 can be written as − =1
9 81 81 9
In the given the positive is the (𝒙 − 𝟑) term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
𝟐

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝟐 2
(𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝑦 + 1)
− =1
81 9

Notice that the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are present which means the hyperbola is at (ℎ, 𝑘).
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 (𝑦 − 𝒌)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 + 𝟐)2 (𝑦 + 𝟏)2
− =1
81 9
Let us identify the 𝒉 and 𝒌 for the coordinates of the center
Remember that the 𝒉 is enclosed with the variable 𝒙.
(𝑥 + 𝟐)2
Get the opposite sign of 𝒉 in the equation, from 2 it becomes −2.
𝒉 = −𝟐
The 𝒌 is enclosed with the variable 𝒚, get the opposite sign of 𝒌 in the given.
(𝑦 + 𝟏)2
𝒌 = −𝟏

Center at (𝒉, 𝒌)
Center at (−𝟐, −𝟏)
STEP2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
Since the positive term or the minuend is the 𝒙𝟐 term
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑦+1)2
𝒂𝟐
− 𝒃𝟐
=1 𝟖𝟏
− 𝟗
=1

Substitute the value of 𝑎2 and

𝑏 2 in the formula for 𝒄.
Solve for 𝒂. Solve for 𝒃.
𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2 2
𝑎 = 81 𝑏 =9 𝑐 = √81 + 9
√𝑎2 = √81 √𝑏 2 = √9 𝒄 = √𝟗𝟎
𝑜𝑟
𝒂=𝟗 𝒃=𝟑 𝒄 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟕
THE GRAPH OF ELLIPSE

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPERBOLA

Center: (𝟎, 𝟎) (𝒉, 𝒌)
Equation: 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐
− =𝟏 − =𝟏 − =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
where where
𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 and 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 where where
𝑐>𝑎 and 𝑐 > 𝑎 𝑐= √𝑎2 and 𝑐 > 𝑎
+ 𝑏2 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 and 𝑐 > 𝑎
Vertices (𝑎, 0) and (−𝑎, 0) (0, 𝑎) and (0, −𝑎) (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) and (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎) and (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
Co-vertices (0, 𝑏) and (0, −𝑏) (𝑏, 0) and (−𝑏, 0) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) and (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘) and (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘)
Foci (𝑐, 0) and (−𝑐, 0) (0, 𝑐) and (0, −𝑐) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) and (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐) and (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐)
Transverse Equation: 𝑦 = 0 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ
axis Location: x-axis Location: y-axis Direction: Horizontal Direction: Vertical
Length: 2𝑎 Length: 2𝑎 Length: 2𝑎 Length: 2𝑎
Endpoints:vertices Endpoints:vertices Endpoints: vertices Endpoints: vertices
Conjugate Equation: 𝑥 = 0 Equation: 𝑦 = 0 Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘
axis Location: y-axis Location: x-axis Direction: Vertical Direction: Horizontal
Length: 2𝑏 Length: 2𝑏 Length: 2𝑏 Length: 2𝑏
Endpoints: Endpoints: Endpoints: co-vertices Endpoints: co-vertices
co-vertices co-vertices

Latus Equation: Equation: Equation: Equation:

rectum 𝑥 = 𝑐 and 𝑥 = −𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = −𝑐 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑐 and 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑐
Direction: Vertical Direction: Horizontal Direction: Vertical Direction: Horizontal
2𝑏2 2𝑏2 2𝑏2 2𝑏2
Length: Length: Length: Length:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Endpoints: Endpoints: Endpoints: Endpoints:
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
(−𝑐, ) ( , −𝑐) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ + , 𝑘 − 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
(−𝑐, − ) (− , −𝑐) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ − , 𝑘 − 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
and and and and
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
(𝑐, ) ( , 𝑐) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ + , 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
(𝑐, − ) (− , 𝑐) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ − , 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Permissible 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎 ∪ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎 ∪ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ℎ−𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ℎ+𝑎 ℎ−𝑏 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ℎ+𝑏
values 𝑘−𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑘+𝑏 𝑘−𝑎 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑘+𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
Asymptotes 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑘 + (𝑥 − ℎ) and 𝑦 = 𝑘 + (𝑥 − ℎ) and
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑦=− 𝑥
𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
𝑦=− 𝑥 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑘 − (𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑦 = 𝑘 − (𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
Directrices 𝑥=
𝑎2
and 𝑦=
𝑎2
and 𝑥 =ℎ+
𝑎2
and 𝑦=𝑘+
𝑎2
and
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

𝑥=−
𝑎2
𝑦=−
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑐 𝑐 𝑥 =ℎ− 𝑦=𝑘−
𝑐 𝑐
Auxiliary (𝑎, 𝑏) (𝑏, 𝑎) (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
Rectangle (−𝑎, 𝑏) (𝑏, −𝑎) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
(𝑎, −𝑏) (−𝑏, 𝑎) (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
(−𝑎, −𝑏) (−𝑏, −𝑎) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
EXAMPLE #1: − =𝟏
𝟗 𝟐𝟓

STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
In the given the minuend is the 𝒚𝟐 term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 𝒙
− =𝟏
𝟗 𝟐𝟓

And the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are missing which means their value is 0 and the hyperbola is at the
origin (𝟎, 𝟎).
(𝑦 − 𝒌)2 (𝑥 − 𝒉)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦 − 𝟎)2 (𝑥 − 𝟎)2
− =1
9 25
2 2
𝑦 𝑥
− =1
9 25
Center at origin (𝟎, 𝟎)

STEP 2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.

(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝟎)2 (𝑥 − 𝟎)2

− =1 − =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟗 𝟐𝟓
𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1
𝟗 𝟐𝟓

Substitute the value of 𝑎2 and 𝑏 2 in

the formula for 𝒄.
Solve for 𝒂. Solve for 𝒃.
Formula for 𝒄:
𝑎2 = 9 𝑏 2 = 25 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
√𝑎2 = √9 √𝑏 2 = √25 𝑐 = √9 + 25
𝑐 = √34
𝑜𝑟
𝒂=𝟑 𝒃=𝟓 𝒄 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑

STEP 3: Identify the vertices

𝑦2 𝑥2
Since the given equation is in the form of 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1 and centered at (0,0) , we are going to
use the column of characteristics of this form.

In the table the vertices are define as : (0, 𝑎) and (0, −𝑎). Substitute the value of 𝒂 which is 3.
Therefore vertices are: (𝟎, 𝟑) and (𝟎, −𝟑)

STEP 4: Identify the co-vertices

The coordinates of co-vertices according to the table are: (𝒃, 𝟎) and (−𝒃, 𝟎). Substitute the
value of 𝒃 which is 5.
Co-vertices: (𝟓, 𝟎) and (−𝟓, 𝟎)

STEP 5: Identify the foci

The coordinates of foci according to the table are: (𝟎, 𝒄) and (𝟎, −𝒄). Substitute the value of 𝑐
which is √𝟑𝟒 or 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑.
Foci: (0, √𝟑𝟒) and (𝟎, −√𝟑𝟒)
In decimal: (𝟎, 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑) and (𝟎, −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑)
STEP 6: Identify the transverse axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of transverse axis in the table.
Equation: 𝒙 = 𝟎
Location: y-axis
Length: 2𝑎 = 2(3) = 𝟔 units
Endpoints: vertices

STEP 7: Identify the conjugate axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of conjugate axis in the table. Substitute the value of 𝒃 in the length.
Equation: 𝒚 = 𝟎
Location: x-axis
Length: 2𝑏 = 2(5) = 𝟏𝟎 units
Endpoints: co-vertices

STEP 8: Identify the latus rectum and its properties (equation, direction, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of conjugate axis in the table.

For the equation, substitute the value of 𝑐 = √34 .

𝑦=𝑐 𝑦 = −𝑐
𝑦 = √34 𝑦 = −√34

𝒚 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝒚 = −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑

The direction of the latus rectum is horizontal.

For the length, substitute the value of 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 5 then solve.
2𝑏2 2(5)2 2(25) 50
𝑎
= 3
= = 3
= 3
= 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 units (length)

For the endpoints, substitute the value of = 3 ,𝑏 = 5 and 𝑐 = √34 then solve.
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
( , −𝑐) (− , −𝑐) ( , 𝑐) (− , 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2 2 2 2
5 5 5 5
( , −√34) (− , −√34) ( , √34) (− , √34)
3 3 3 3
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
( , −√𝟑𝟒) (− , −√𝟑𝟒) ( , √𝟑𝟒) (− − , √𝟑𝟒)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
in decimal: in decimal: in decimal: in decimal:
(𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑) (−𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑) (𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑) (𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, −𝟓. 𝟖𝟑)

STEP 9: Identify the asymptotes

Substitute the value of 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 5 in the equation of the asymptotes.
𝑎 𝑎
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦=− 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
3 3
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦=− 𝑥
5 5
or or
𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝒙
STEP 10: Identify the directrices
Substitute the value of 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑐 = √34 in the equation of the directrices.
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑦= 𝑦=−
𝑐 𝑐
32 32
𝑦= 𝑦=−
√34 √34
9 9
𝑦= 𝑦=−
√34 √34
or or
𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 𝒚 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟒

STEP 11: Solve for the points of auxiliary rectangle

By extending the diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle, we can determine the line of asymptotes.
Substitute the value of 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 5
(𝑏, 𝑎) (𝑏, −𝑎) (−𝑏, 𝑎) (−𝑏, −𝑎)

(𝟓, 𝟑) (𝟓, −𝟑) (−𝟓, 𝟑) (−𝟓, −𝟑)

STEP 12: Graph the hyperbola

• Plot the center from the Step 1
• Plot the vertices to draw the transverse axis
• Plot the vertices to draw the conjugate axis
• Plot the points on step 11 to make an auxiliary rectangle
• Draw diagonal lines through the center and the corners of the auxiliary rectangle that
extend beyond the rectangle. These diagonals will serve as your asymptotes. The graph
approaches the asymptotes but never actually touches them.
• Plot the endpoints of latus rectum and draw it. Remember that the latus rectum is
parallel with the conjugate axis.
• Plot the vertex and foci
• Draw the curves of the hyperbola by beginning at each vertex separately going through
the one of endpoints of latus rectum, draw the curves that approach the asymptotes the
farther away from the vertices the curve gets.
 (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟐)𝟐
EXAMPLE #2: − =𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟗

STEP1: Identify the form of equation and its center by identify which term is the minuend or the
positive term.
In the given the minuend is the 𝒙𝟐 term, therefore the equation is in the form of:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝑏2
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟗

Notice that the values of 𝒉 and 𝒌 are present which means the hyperbola is at (ℎ, 𝑘).
(𝑥 − 𝒉)2 (𝑥 − 𝒉)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 + 𝟏)2 (𝑦 − 𝟐)2
− =1
16 9

Let us identify the 𝒉 and 𝒌 for the coordinates of the center

Remember that the 𝒉 is enclosed with the variable 𝒙.
(𝑥 + 𝟏)2
Get the opposite sign of 𝒉 in the equation, from 1 it becomes −1.
𝒉 = −𝟏

The 𝒌 is enclosed with the variable 𝒚, get the opposite sign of 𝒌 in the given.
(𝑦 − 𝟐)2
𝒌=𝟐
Center at (𝒉, 𝒌)
Center at (−𝟏, 𝟐)
STEP 2: Identify the value of 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑦 − 2)2
− =1
𝟏𝟔 𝟗

Substitute the value of 𝑎2 and 𝑏 2 in

the formula for 𝒄.
Solve for 𝒂. Solve for 𝒃.
Formula for 𝒄:
𝑎2 = 16 𝑏2 = 9 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
√𝑎2 = √16 √𝑏 2 = √9 𝑐 = √16 + 9
𝑐 = 25
𝑜𝑟
𝒂=𝟒 𝒃=𝟑 𝒄=𝟓

STEP 3: Identify the vertices

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
Since the given equation is in the form of 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1 and centered at (ℎ, 𝑘) , we are going
to use the column of characteristics of this form.

According to the table the vertices of the given are defined as (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) and (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘).
Substitute the value of 𝑎 = 4, ℎ = −1, and 𝑘 = 2, then simplify.

(ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘)
(−1 + 4, 2) (−1 − 4,2)
(𝟑, 𝟐) (−𝟓, 𝟐)

vertices: (𝟑, 𝟐) and (−𝟓, 𝟐)

STEP 4: Identify the co-vertices

The coordinates of co-vertices according to the table are defined as: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) and (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏).

Substitute the value of 𝑏 = 3, ℎ = −1, and 𝑘 = 2, then simplify.

(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏)
(−1, 2 + 3) (−1, 2 − 3)
(−𝟏, 𝟓) (−𝟏, −𝟏)

Co-vertices: (−𝟏, 𝟓) and (−𝟏, −𝟏)

STEP 5: Identify the foci

The coordinates of co-vertices according to the table are defined as: (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) and (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘).

Substitute the value of 𝑐 = 5, ℎ = −1, and 𝑘 = 2, then simplify.

(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘)
(−1 + 5, 2) (−1 − 5, 2)
(𝟒, 𝟐) (−𝟔, 𝟐)
Foci: (𝟒, 𝟐)and (−𝟔, 𝟐)

STEP 6: Identify the transverse axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of transverse axis in the table.

Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑘 → substitute the value of 𝑘 = 2

Equation: 𝒚 = 𝟐
Direction: horizontal
Length: 2𝑎 = 2(4) = 𝟖 units
Endpoints: vertices

STEP 7: Identify the conjugate axis and its properties (equation, location, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of conjugate axis in the table. Substitute the value of 𝒃 in the length.

Equation: 𝑥 = ℎ → substitute the value of ℎ = −1

Equation: 𝒙 = −𝟏
Direction: vertical
Length: 2𝑏 = 2(3) = 𝟔 units
Endpoints: co-vertices

STEP 8: Identify the latus rectum and its properties (equation, direction, length, endpoints)
Follow the properties of conjugate axis in the table.

For the equation, substitute the value of ℎ = −1, and 𝑐 = 5 then solve.
Solution: Solution:
𝑥 =ℎ+𝑐 𝑥 =ℎ−𝑐
𝑥 = −1 + 5 𝑥 = −1 − 5

𝒙=𝟒 𝒙 = −𝟔

The direction of the latus rectum is vertical.

For the length, substitute the value of 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑏 = 3 then solve.

2𝑏2 2(3)2 2(9) 18
= = = = 𝟒. 𝟓 units (length)
𝑎 4 4 4
For the endpoints, substitute the value of = 4 , 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 5, ℎ = −1, and 𝑘 = 2 then solve.
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2 2 2
3 3 3 32
(−1 − 5, 2 + ) (−1 − 5, 2 − ) (−1 + 5, 2 + ) (−1 + 5, 2 − )
4 4 4 4
9 9 9 9
(−6, 2 + ) (−6, 2 − ) (4, 2 + ) (4, 2 − )
4 4 4 4
17 1 17 1
(−6, ) (−6, − ) (4, ) (4, − )
4 4 4 4

in decimal: in decimal: in decimal: in decimal:

(−𝟔, 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓) (−𝟔, −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓) (𝟒, 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓) (𝟒, −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)

STEP 9: Identify the asymptotes

Substitute the value of 𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = 3, ℎ = −1, and 𝑘 = 2 then solve.
𝑏 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑘 + (𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑦 = 𝑘 − (𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑎 𝑎
3 3
𝑦 = 2 + (𝑥 − (−1)) 𝑦 = 2 − (𝑥 − (−1))
4 4
3 3
𝑦 = 2 + (𝑥 + 1) 𝑦 = 2 − (𝑥 + 1)
4 4
11 5
𝑦= (𝑥 + 1) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)
4 4
11 11 5 5
𝑦= 𝑥+ 𝑦= 𝑥+
4 4 4 4
or or
𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓 𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓

STEP 10: Identify the directrices

Substitute the value of 𝑎 = 4, 𝑐 = 5, and ℎ = −1in the equation of the directrices.
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑥=ℎ+ 𝑥=ℎ−
𝑐 𝑐
2
4 42
𝑥 = −1 + 𝑥 = −1 −
5 5
16 16
𝑥 = −1 + 𝑥 = −1 −
5 5
11 21
𝑥= 𝑥=−
5 5

or or
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟒. 𝟐

STEP 11: Solve for the points of auxiliary rectangle

By extending the diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle, we can determine the line of asymptotes.

Substitute the value of = 4 , 𝑏 = 3, ℎ = −1, and 𝑘 = 2 then solve.

(ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏)
(−1 + 4, 2 + 3) (−1 − 4, 2 + 3) (−1 + 4, 2 − 3) (−1 − 4, 2 − 3)

(𝟑, 𝟓) (−𝟓, 𝟓) (𝟑, −𝟏) (−𝟓, −𝟏)

STEP 12: Graph the hyperbola
• Plot the center from the Step 1
• Plot the vertices to draw the transverse axis
• Plot the vertices to draw the conjugate axis
• Plot the points on step 11 to make an auxiliary rectangle
• Draw diagonal lines through the center and the corners of the auxiliary rectangle that
extend beyond the rectangle. These diagonals will serve as your asymptotes. The graph
approaches the asymptotes but never actually touches them.
• Plot the endpoints of latus rectum and draw it. Remember that the latus rectum is
parallel with the conjugate axis.
• Plot the vertex and foci
• Draw the curves of the hyperbola by beginning at each vertex separately going through
the one of endpoints of latus rectum, draw the curves that approach the asymptotes the
farther away from the vertices the curve gets.
IDENTIFYING A CONIC SECTION FROM ITS EQUATION

Each conic section has its own standard form of an equation with x- and y-variables that you
can graph on the coordinate plane.

Analyze the following key points to the standard equations of conic sections at (0,0) below.
CIRCLE PARABOLA ELLIPSE HYPERBOLA
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚 =𝒓

is equivalent to: 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏 showing the showing the
𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙
numerical coefficient numerical coefficient
showing the
numerical coefficient 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃 𝒂𝟐 𝒃
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒓𝟐 𝒓

Example: Example: Example: Example:

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
4 4 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥
+ =1 − =1
9 4 9 4
By multiplying the By multiplying the
whole equation by 4 whole equation by
this will be the form of
the equation:
(9 ∗ 4) this will be the
𝑥2 + 𝑥2 = 4 form of the equation:
4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 2 = 36

The equation of the

ellipse like the circle is
The equation of the
The equation of the also the sum of the
hyperbola is the
circle is the sum of the squares of y and x.
difference of the
squares of y and x. In the equation of the
squares of x and y.
parabola it’s either the Both of the numerical
They have the same y or x is squared but coefficient of x and y
One of the numerical
numerical coefficient not both of them. are positive but they
coefficient is negative
(the x and y) including are not the same.
and the other one is
their signs.
positive.
And actually a circle is
a special type of ellipse.
Here is a diagram to guide you in identifying the equations of conics.

Let’s classify the following equations according to the type of conic each represents:
GIVEN CONCLUSIONS
(𝑥−1) 2 (𝑦+2)2 Both of the terms are squared, they are both positive and have
1. 4 + 4 = 1
the same numerical coefficient, therefore it is a circle.
(𝑥−1) 2 (𝑦+2)2 Both of the terms are squared, one term is negative and the
2. − =1
81 9 other is positive, therefore it is a hyperbola.
(𝑥−1) 2 (𝑦+2)2 Both of the terms are squared, they are both positive but have
3. 16 + 4 = 1
the different numerical coefficient, therefore it is an ellipse.
4. 𝑦 =
2 (𝑥+2) Only one term is squared, therefore it is a parabola.
4

5.
𝑦 𝑥
+ =1 Both terms are not squared, therefore it doesn’t represent a conic
36 4 section.