CE 016 LABORATORY EXERCISE NO.

PUMP CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

GROUP NO. 3
GROUP MEMBERS:
BICOS, KHRISTIAN PAUL
CARREON, FREAH ALJEAN
DIONISIO, JOHN FRANCIS
MENDOZA, SOPHIA LORINE
NAPOLES, JACKIE

SECTION: CEC32S6

DATE SUBMITTED:
MARCH 31, 2023

1
 I. INTRODUCTION

The piping system was an important discovery that was existing even in the

ancient times, according to James Sale (Jan, 2020), the first recorded copper pipes was

a key role in transportation used by the Egyptians on 3000 BC but the other records

suggest that pipes of different materials were also somewhat present as early 2500 BC

in Beijing that was used to transport natural gas to light up the cities. The pipeline

system was undoubtedly a pivotal discovery that brought many technologies and things

we have today, where it was used in water lines, industrial facilities etc. It is especially

useful when dealing with fluid materials that cannot be easily transferred using normal

methods.

When talking pipes however, it is also important to know about the pump,

because it is the necessary pushing force to create the flowrate of the fluid inside.

According to Antec (2016), a pump produces the liquid movement or flow necessary to

create pressure. This is important to note because this will be related to the experiment

that will be carried out. Pumps are frequently built near the source to raise the water

level and at intermediate stages to increase the water pressure in waterworks and

wastewater systems. Modern society's technology makes considerable use of pumps.

They enable the movement of different liquids or gasses across engineering, from air

conditioners to radiator water pumps used in automobiles. Although there are many

kinds of pumps, this experiment will only test an HM 150.16 series and parallel

configuration of pumps. An effective pumping station depends heavily on its parts and

2
layout. It is important to know how centrifugal pumps operate and how to build them

because they are frequently used in water and wastewater systems.

The majority of open-channel drainage systems rely on gravity to flow water.

Most sanitary and stormwater systems and almost all water distribution systems rely on

pumps to pressurize water via pipes. Pumps supply energy to the fluid by performing on

it, causing it to move against gravity, friction, and opposing pressure. Positive

displacement machines and turbomachines are the two primary categories of pumps.

As with a piston-in-cylinder or helical motion, positive displacement machines alter the

volume in a chamber to displace the fluid. Contrarily, turbomachines create dynamic

effects that give the fluid more energy through the spinning of blades, flow channels, or

passages. One of the more common types of turbomachines for moving water is the

centrifugal pump.

The objective is to determine and comprehend the centrifugal pump's working

characteristics at seven different pressures in order to determine a pump's efficiency

and performance. Data on how the pump's pressure rises in relation to the flow rate at

each velocity will be acquired, then evaluated. The properties of the head, efficiency,

and power will also be computed. After both parameters have been

nondimensionalized, the pump's pressure drop and volume flow rate will be compared

to see if its performance is self-similar.

3
 II. MATERIALS AND METHOD

Pumps can be connected in series or parallel in complex systems. In parallel

operation, the flow rates of the pumps are added, whereas the heads are added in
series operation. Pumps set up in series and parallel behave similarly to electric
resistances in series and parallel electrical circuits. Electric resistance, current, and
voltage correlate with the pump, flow, and head. Pumps are examined separately, in
series, and a parallel configuration with HM 150.16.

The experimental unit includes two identical centrifugal pumps and an intake tank
with an overflow. The overflow ensures a consistent suction head in the tank, regardless
of the water supply. The pipes' ball valves make switching between series and parallel
operation simple.
Manometers show the pressures at the two pumps' inlet and outlet.

The work surface of the HM 150 base module is easily and securely positioned to
accommodate the experimental unit. Water is supplied, and the HM 150 measures the
flow rate. As an alternative, the laboratory supply can run the experimental equipment.

4
 Figure 2.1

PARTS FUNCTIONS

1. Tank Used to store fluids that are being moved through the system.

2. Overflow Used to prevent the system from being over-pressurized.

3. Water Supply It ensures a constant suction head in the tank, regardless of the
water supply.

4. Ball Valve Ball valves in the pipes allow easy switching between series and
parallel operation.

5. Pump Used to maintain a constant pressure or flow rate in the system.

Also, provides a reliable and efficient way to move fluids in various
industrial processes.

6. Pump Switch Used to control the operation of the pumps in the system and to turn
the pumps on and off as needed to meet the flow and pressure
requirements of the system.

7. Water Drain Used to remove water from the system and prevent damage to the
system components.

8. Manometer Manometers show the pressures at the two pumps' inlet and outlet.

Figure 2.2

PARTS FUNCTIONS

5
1. Water Connection Used to change the configuration of the system between series
and parallel operation.

2. Tank Used to store fluids that are being moved through the system.

3. Overflow Used to prevent the system from being over-pressurized.

4. Ball Valve Ball valves in the pipes allow easy switching between series and
parallel operation.

5. Pump 1 A device used to raise, transport, or compress fluids. The pump

1 is found near the entrance of the water flow.

6. Ball Valve for Used to change the configuration of the system between series
Switching Series and parallel operation.
and Parallel

7. Ball Valve for Used to change the configuration of the system between series
Switching Series and parallel operation.
and Parallel

8. Pump 2 A device used to raise, transport, or compress fluids. The pump

2 is found in the middle part of the instrument.

Figure 2.3

6
 Figure 2.4

A. Centrifugal Pumps

The flow principle is the foundation for how centrifugal pumps operate. A
powered blade wheel with angled blades revolves in a helical casing and propels
a delivery medium. Centrifugal force is used to speed up the water when it is
supplied into the delivery pipe. Water flows out, creating a negative pressure at
the intake branch, which causes the water to flow into the intake pipe that is
attached to it. Single-stage or multi-stage centrifugal pumps can be used,
depending on the pressure differential that needs to be overcome. Since they
produce a constant volumetric flow without adjusting accordingly, centrifugal
pumps are the most typical pump used to move liquids.

B. Pump Characteristics Curve

7
The pressure the pump creates inside a network of pipes determines the
delivered volumetric flow. In the event that the needed pump pressure is high, the
resulting volumetric flow will be minimal. The volumetric flow is high while the
pump pressure is low.

C. Pump Power

Volumetric flow V and the achieved pressure difference between the delivery and
intake sides of the pump determine the pump's overall power P.

Procedure:

Modern centrifugal pumps have better designs and materials and use
advanced technologies to monitor performance effectively. Engineers frequently
face the phrase, though they take great care during operation and maintenance.
The pump has stopped working due to failure. The experiment must be properly
conducted in order to prevent this.

For a single pump operation process. Checking the discharge valve for the
supply pump is completely closed. Set up the equipment to run on a single pump.
Find out the pumps' suction and discharge diameters and the motor power rating.
Calculate the distance between the suction and the discharge center. By
adjusting the valve design, one may isolate the pump that needs testing. Start
the supply pump, then gradually open the header tank discharge valve. Let the
discharge overflow and return to the tank. Don't let the header tank overflow.
Engage the test pump's ball valve all the way. To fill the sump with water. Start
raising the water level in the header tank to the low overflow pipe to achieve
equilibrium. In other words, ensure no water leaks into the overflow pipe
throughout the experiment. Keep the header tank level steady and note the
important information. To alter the flow rate, adjust the discharge valve on the
8
test pump. Note the precise volumetric flowrate, power consumption, and
pressure at the pump's suction and discharge. Use the actual volumetric flowrate
and pump head that the one who conducts the experiment has determined to
solve the power output. Solve for the pump efficiency using the obtained values.
Repetition of the data recording procedures until the one who experiments has
figured out the pump's efficiency at a different flowrate. The subsequent
volumetric flowrate ought to be slightly lower than the first.

9
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A statistical test or measure called correlation can be used to assess how

strongly two or more quantities are related. The category of quantitative or variable data
includes this kind of experiment. A correlation utilizes a correlation coefficient, a
statistical measure of how well changes in one variable's value predict changes in the
other. There is frequently a tendency to believe that a change in one variable results in
a change in the other when the fluctuation of one reliably predicts or states a
comparable fluctuation in the other variable.
A total of 7 trials was conducted to create a correlation between the pressure at
the suction side and different variables such as pump head, volumetric flow rate, and
power output. Several trials are needed to have reliable data and to comprehend the
phenomena better, however, time is still limited so only 7 trials were conducted. After
getting the required data, the efficiency was then calculated and discussed. The
volumetric flow rate was the first to be calculated so it can be compared to the other
variables to determine the relationship between the other variables and the volumetric
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
flow rate, the formula 𝑄 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
was used to calculate the volumetric flow rate.

The correlation coefficient has values between -1, which indicates a negative
correlation, and +1, which indicates a positive correlation. A negative correlation shows
an inverse relationship between the two variables. A linear correlation line with a
negative slope shows that when one variable rises, the other falls. A strong correlation
suggests a direct relationship between the two variables. A linear correlation line with a
positive slope shows that as one value rises, the other rises in value as well.
𝑃2−𝑃1
For the pump head, the formula ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ
was used at each point of

pressure. The trials held in succession have the pressures: 0 bars, -0.05 bars, -0.10
bars, -0.15 bars, -.20 bars, -0.25 bars, -0.30 bars, and -0.35 bars, in sequence. The
values of pressure were also converted in kPa to have the value of pump head to be in
10
meter units. The 7 trials show an increasing value of pump head as the value of
pressure decreases, as shown in Table 4.1.

Trial Pressure at Pressure at Discharge Pump Head

Suction Side (kPa) Side (kPa) (m)

1 0 0 0

2 -5 0 0.50983991

3 -10 0 1.019679821

4 -20 0 2.039359641

5 -25 0 2.549199551

6 -30 0 3.059039462

7 -35 0 3.568879372
Table 4.1: Results of the trial and pump head using the formula.
When the results were compared to the volumetric flow rate, the reverse can be said,
the next figure shows the relationship between the pump head and the volumetric flow
rate.

11
 Figure 4.1

As shown in the figure, the pump head decreases as the volumetric flow rate increases,
creating an inverse relationship between the volumetric flow and pump head.

The next one is the Power output, the formula 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 was used at similar

points of pressure used in the pump head since the formula was based on it. The next
figure will show the relationship between volumetric flow rate and Power output.

12
 Figure 4.2
The next table shows how it arrived there, and the values of Power Output and
Volumetric flow rate that will be used as the plot points.

Trial Power Output (kW) Volumetric Flow Rate

3
𝑚
( 𝑠
)

1 0 0.000551876

2 0.002537041 0.000507408

3 0.004894283 0.000489428

4 0.009247272 0.000462364

5 0.011212774 0.000448511

6 0.013070756 0.000435692

7 0.0147854 0.00042244

Table 4.2: Results of the trial and power output using the formula.
13
 The movement of power output in the same graph was also similar to pump
head, increasing value as the value of pressure decreases. When compared to the
volumetric flow rate, due to the influence of pump head, power output shows a
decreasing value as the volumetric flow rate increases.

The last one is the pump efficiency, after getting all the necessary data such as
power output, the pump efficiency is then calculated by dividing the Power input from
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
the power output or when in equation, η = 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100, where η is the pump efficiency.

The pump efficiency was also calculated per trial and the was as shown:

Trial Pump Efficiency (%) Volumetric Flow Rate

3
𝑚
( 𝑠
)

1 0 0.000551876

2 0.362434399 0.000507408

3 0.699183354 0.000489428

4 1.321038865 0.000462364

5 1.601824799 0.000448511

6 1.867250909 0.000435692

7 2.112200068 0.00042244
Table 4.3: Results of Pump Efficiency compared to Volumetric flow rate
The next figure will show the relationship between Pump efficiency and
Volumetric flow rate by plotting the points at each trial.

14
 Figure 4.2
As shown in figure 4.2, the Pump efficiency drops as the Volumetric Flow rate
increases. The pump head greatly influences both the power output and and the pump
efficiency so the figures all show a downward trend.

When the figures are compared to each other, a common occurrence is

observed, a downward trend is present to all of them, which makes sense since the
pressure at the suction side started at zero (0) bars and started to adjust it downward,
creating a negative pressure.

15
IV. Summary and Conclusions

The piping system has been used for transportation since ancient times, with copper
pipes used by Egyptians as early as 3000 BC and pipes made of different materials
used in Beijing as early as 2500 BC. Piping systems are important for transporting fluids
and are often used in water lines and industrial facilities. Pumps are necessary to create
the flow of fluids in a piping system, and pumps are used in various applications such as
air conditioning and automotive radiator water pumps. The experiment described aims
to test the efficiency and performance of a centrifugal pump at different pressures by
measuring data on pressure, flow rate, head, efficiency, and power. The results will be
evaluated and compared to see if the pump's performance is self-similar.

It has been discovered that the velocity and volumetric flow rate of a centrifugal pump
can be modified to produce the best results. Some operational parameters can be
selected for each characteristic's ideal functionality and efficiency by studying
performance curves. Pump performance curves are, therefore, essential for choosing
particular technical applications.

Stable state variations should be electronically recorded rather than only visually
observed in order to improve the accuracy of the experimental data recorded. By doing
this, human error is decreased, increasing the accuracy of uncertainty values. Last but
not least, gradually closing the valve would guarantee uniform flow rate variations while
modifying the flow rate for each experiment. Pump performance curves would be
smoother, making it simpler to get the essential data.

In this experiment, the experimenter discovered how to calibrate the tools, including the
timer, spreadsheet, HM 150.16 series, parallel pump test, and HM 150 hydraulic bench
apparatus. By carrying out this experiment, the student obtains the values of the
parameters needed to calculate the volume flow rate and power input and output in both
16
series and parallel configurations. The data table shows the pump pressure difference
and power rise in both series and parallels anytime the volume flow rate lowers. Hence,
it may be said that these variables are inversely related.

Using a spreadsheet to correlate the volume flow rate and pump pressure difference in
series and parallel configurations for the data analysis results in a negative correlation,
indicating that the two parameters are inverse. The relationship between the pump
pressure differential and the water flow rate is almost -1 to the positive. As a result, it
has a strongly negative association that is present in both series and parallel. The
graphs show a decreased water flow rate with increasing pump pressure differential. As
a result, in both series and parallel arrangements, the pressure difference between the
pump and the volume flow rate of the water is inversely proportional to one another.

The observer concludes that greater pump power can be attained by decreasing the
water volume flow rate and raising the pump pressure difference since the centrifugal
pump's operational parameters are inversely related to the pump's pressure head. With
the aid of a spreadsheet, the relationship between the two factors was demonstrated.

In conclusion, the experiment aimed to determine the efficiency and performance of a

centrifugal pump at different pressures by measuring various parameters such as
pressure, flow rate, head, efficiency, and power. The results showed that the variables
were inversely related, with greater pump power achieved by decreasing the water
volume flow rate and raising the pump pressure difference. The use of a spreadsheet
was found to be useful in correlating the volume flow rate and pump pressure difference
in series and parallel configurations. These findings have practical applications in
choosing the right pump for particular technical applications and improving the accuracy
of experimental data recorded.

17
18
 V. APPENDICES

Data for Single Pump

Since P1 (Pressure at Suction Side) and P2 (Pressure at Discharge Side) are
originally Bars in unit, convert it into kPa by multiplying it to 100.

Trial Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at

Suction Side Suction Side Discharge Side Discharge Side
(Bars) (kPa) (Bars) (kPa)

1 0 0 0 0

2 -0.05 -5 0 0

3 -0.1 -10 0 0

4 -0.2 -20 0 0

5 -0.25 -25 0 0

6 -0.3 -30 0 0

7 -0.35 -35 0 0

In calculating Pump Head:

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑃2−𝑃1
ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 + γ
= γ
⇒ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ
− γ
⇒ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ

Where
● ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Pump Head

● 𝑃1 = Pressure at Suction Side (kPa)

● 𝑃2 = Pressure at Discharge Side (kPa)

𝑘𝑁
● γ = Specific Weight of Water (9.807 3 )
𝑚

19
For Trial 1:
𝑃2−𝑃1
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ

0𝑘𝑃𝑎−0𝑘𝑃𝑎
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑘𝑁
9.807 3
𝑚

➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0𝑚

For Trial 2:
𝑃2−𝑃1
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ

0𝑘𝑃𝑎−(−5𝑘𝑃𝑎)
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑘𝑁
9.807 3
𝑚

➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0. 50983991𝑚

For Trial 3:
𝑃2−𝑃1
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ

0𝑘𝑃𝑎−(−10𝑘𝑃𝑎)
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑘𝑁
9.807 3
𝑚

➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1. 019679821𝑚

For Trial 4:
𝑃2−𝑃1
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ

0𝑘𝑃𝑎−(−20𝑘𝑃𝑎)
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑘𝑁
9.807 3
𝑚

➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2. 039359641𝑚

For Trial 5:
𝑃2−𝑃1
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ

0𝑘𝑃𝑎−(−25𝑘𝑃𝑎)
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑘𝑁
9.807 3
𝑚

20
 ➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2. 549199551𝑚

For Trial 6:
𝑃2−𝑃1
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ

0𝑘𝑃𝑎−(−30𝑘𝑃𝑎)
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑘𝑁
9.807 3
𝑚

➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3. 059039462𝑚

For Trial 7:
𝑃2−𝑃1
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ

0𝑘𝑃𝑎−(−35𝑘𝑃𝑎)
➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑘𝑁
9.807 3
𝑚

➢ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3. 568879372𝑚

Trial Pressure at Pressure at Discharge Pump Head

Suction Side (kPa) Side (kPa) (m)

1 0 0 0

2 -5 0 0.50983991

3 -10 0 1.019679821

4 -20 0 2.039359641

5 -25 0 2.549199551

6 -30 0 3.059039462

7 -35 0 3.568879372

21
For the Volumetric Flow Rate:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑄= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
, where Q is the Volumetric Flow Rate

*The Volume and Time values are recorded by using a manometer and stopwatch*

Converting Liters to Cubic Meters:

3 3
1 liter = 0.001 𝑚 ⇒ 25 liter = 0.025 𝑚

For Trial 1:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
➢ 𝑄= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
3
0.025𝑚
➢ 𝑄= 45.3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
3
𝑚
➢ 𝑄 = 0. 000551876 𝑠

For Trial 2:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
➢ 𝑄= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
3
0.025𝑚
➢ 𝑄= 49.27 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
3
𝑚
➢ 𝑄 = 0. 000507408 𝑠

For Trial 3:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
➢ 𝑄= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
3
0.025𝑚
➢ 𝑄= 51.08 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
3
𝑚
➢ 𝑄 = 0. 000489428 𝑠

For Trial 4:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
➢ 𝑄= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
3
0.025𝑚
➢ 𝑄= 54.07 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

22
 3
𝑚
➢ 𝑄 = 0. 000462364 𝑠

For Trial 5:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
➢ 𝑄= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
3
0.025𝑚
➢ 𝑄= 55.74 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
3
𝑚
➢ 𝑄 = 0. 000448511 𝑠

For Trial 6:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
➢ 𝑄= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
3
0.025𝑚
➢ 𝑄= 57.38 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
3
𝑚
➢ 𝑄 = 0. 000435692 𝑠

For Trial 7:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
➢ 𝑄= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
3
0.025𝑚
➢ 𝑄= 59.18 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
3
𝑚
➢ 𝑄 = 0. 00042244 𝑠

Trial Volume (L) 3

Volume (𝑚 ) Time (secs) Volumetric Flow
Rate
3
𝑚
( 𝑠
)

1 25 0.025 45.3 0.000551876

2 25 0.025 49.27 0.000507408

3 25 0.025 51.08 0.000489428

4 25 0.025 54.07 0.000462364

23
 5 25 0.025 55.74 0.000448511

6 25 0.025 57.38 0.000435692

7 25 0.025 59.18 0.00042244

For the Power Input and Output:

𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛 = 0. 7𝑘𝑊

𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡

Where:
● 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛 = Power Input (kW)

● 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Power Output (kW)

𝑘𝑁
● γ = Specific Weight of Water (9.807 3 )
𝑚
3 3
● Q = Volumetric Flow Rate ( 𝑚𝑠 or 𝑚
ℎ𝑟
)

● ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Pump Head

For Trial 1:
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
3
𝑘𝑁 𝑚
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (9. 807 3 )(0. 000551876 𝑠
)(0𝑚)
𝑚

➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0𝑘𝑊

For Trial 2:
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
3
𝑘𝑁 𝑚
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (9. 807 3 )(0. 000507408 𝑠
)(0. 50983991𝑚)
𝑚

➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0. 002537041𝑘𝑊

For Trial 3:
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡

24
 3
𝑘𝑁 𝑚
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (9. 807 3 )(0. 000489428 𝑠
)(1. 019679821𝑚)
𝑚

➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0. 004894283𝑘𝑊

For Trial 4:
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
3
𝑘𝑁 𝑚
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (9. 807 3 )(0. 000462364 𝑠
)(2. 039359641𝑚)
𝑚

➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0. 009247272𝑘𝑊

For Trial 5:
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
3
𝑘𝑁 𝑚
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (9. 807 3 )(0. 000448511 𝑠
)(2. 549199551𝑚)
𝑚

➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0. 011212774𝑘𝑊

For Trial 6:
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
3
𝑘𝑁 𝑚
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (9. 807 3 )(0. 000435692 𝑠
)(3. 059039462𝑚)
𝑚

➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0. 013070756𝑘𝑊

For Trial 7:
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = γ𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
3
𝑘𝑁 𝑚
➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (9. 807 3 )(0. 00042244 𝑠
)(3. 568879372𝑚)
𝑚

➢ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0. 0147854𝑘𝑊

25
 Trial Pump Head (m) Volumetric Flow Rate Power Output (kW)
3
𝑚
( 𝑠
)

1 0 0.000551876 0

2 0.50983991 0.000507408 0.002537041

3 1.019679821 0.000489428 0.004894283

4 2.039359641 0.000462364 0.009247272

5 2.549199551 0.000448511 0.011212774

6 3.059039462 0.000435692 0.013070756

7 3.568879372 0.00042244 0.0147854

For the Efficiency:

𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
η= 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100%

Where:
● η = Efficiency
● 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛 = Power Input (kW)

● 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Power Output (kW)

For Trial 1:
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
➢ η= 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100%

0𝑘𝑤
➢ η= 0.7𝑘𝑊
𝑥 100%

➢ η = 0%

For Trial 2:
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
➢ η= 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100%

0.002537041𝑘𝑤
➢ η= 0.7𝑘𝑊
𝑥 100%
26
 ➢ η = 0. 362434399%

For Trial 3:
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
➢ η= 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100%

0.004894283𝑘𝑤
➢ η= 0.7𝑘𝑊
𝑥 100%

➢ η = 0. 699183354%

For Trial 4:
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
➢ η= 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100%

0.009247272𝑘𝑤
➢ η= 0.7𝑘𝑊
𝑥 100%

➢ η = 1. 321038865%

For Trial 5:
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
➢ η= 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100%

0.011212774𝑘𝑤
➢ η= 0.7𝑘𝑊
𝑥 100%

➢ η = 1. 601824799%

For Trial 6:
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
➢ η= 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100%

0.013070756𝑘𝑤
➢ η= 0.7𝑘𝑊
𝑥 100%

➢ η = 1. 867250909%

For Trial 7:
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
➢ η= 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100%

0.0147854𝑘𝑤
➢ η= 0.7𝑘𝑊
𝑥 100%

27
 ➢ η = 2. 112200068%

Trial Power Input (kW) Power Output (kW) Efficiency (%)

1 0.7 0 0

2 0.7 0.002537041 0.362434399

3 0.7 0.004894283 0.699183354

4 0.7 0.009247272 1.321038865

5 0.7 0.011212774 1.601824799

6 0.7 0.013070756 1.867250909

7 0.7 0.0147854 2.112200068

Plotting the Pump Head with respect to Volumetric Flow Rate:

Trial Pump Head (m) Volumetric Flow Rate

3
𝑚
( 𝑠
)

1 0 0.000551876

2 0.50983991 0.000507408

3 1.019679821 0.000489428

4 2.039359641 0.000462364

5 2.549199551 0.000448511

6 3.059039462 0.000435692

7 3.568879372 0.00042244

28
Plotting the Power Output with respect to Volumetric Flow Rate:

Trial Power Output (kW) Volumetric Flow Rate

3
𝑚
( 𝑠
)

1 0 0.000551876

2 0.002537041 0.000507408

3 0.004894283 0.000489428

4 0.009247272 0.000462364

5 0.011212774 0.000448511

6 0.013070756 0.000435692

7 0.0147854 0.00042244

29
Plotting the Pump Efficiency with respect to Volumetric Flow Rate:

Trial Pump Efficiency (%) Volumetric Flow Rate

3
𝑚
( 𝑠
)

1 0 0.000551876

2 0.362434399 0.000507408

3 0.699183354 0.000489428

4 1.321038865 0.000462364

5 1.601824799 0.000448511

6 1.867250909 0.000435692

7 2.112200068 0.00042244

30
31
VI. REFERENCES
Mart, P., & Mart, P. (2022, December 24). The Benefits of Piping Systems in Industrial Facilities.
ThePipingMart Blog.
https://blog.thepipingmart.com/metals/the-benefits-of-piping-systems-in-industrial-facilities/#:~:t
ext=Pipe%20systems%20are%20an%20essential,as%20rail%20or%20truck%20transport.

Sale, J. (2021, November 22). A brief history of pipes - from the Romans to today’s oil and gas
technology — OMS | Optical Metrology Services Ltd. OMS | Optical Metrology Services Ltd.
https://www.omsmeasure.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-pipes#:~:text=From%20the%20very%20fi
rst%20recorded,provide%20light%20for%20the%20city.

Newell, D. (2019, March 28). What is the function of the pump? | FAQ | Antech Hydraulics Ltd.
Antech Hydraulics Ltd.
https://www.antech-hyd.co.uk/what-is-the-function-of-the-pump/#:~:text=A%20pump%20produ
ces%20liquid%20movement,fluid%20flow%20in%20the%20system.

2016, S. S. (2016). Statistics solutions: Dissertation and research consulting for statistical
analysis. Retrieved from http://www.statisticssolutions.com/

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023a, February 3). Pump | engineering.

Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/pump

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