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3-Nov-23

Fluid Mechanics - I
Chapter

3
Fluid Dynamics Dr Muhammad Sajid
Assistant Professor
• Streamline
NUST, SMME.
• Newtons law along a Email: m.sajid@smme.nust.edu.pk
streamline Office: #416 East Wing, SMME
051 9085 6065
• Newtons law normal to
a streamline Reference Text:
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 6th Ed
By Munson, Young, Okiishi
and Huebsch
© 2018 Sajid

Fluid Mechanics - I 1
3-Nov-23

Introduction to Fluid Dynamics

• We assume that fluid motion is governed
by pressure and gravity forces only, as
described by Newton's second law.
• Motion of fluid particles is described in terms
of its velocity vector
– in 3 dimensions (for steady flows) or
– 4 dimensions (for un-steady flows including time).
• We will focus on two dimensional motion
confined to one plane in a suitable coordinate.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 2

3-Nov-23 Context
• In analyzing fluid motion, we might take
one of two paths:
– Describe the detailed flow pattern at every
point (x, y, z) in the field, i.e. the differential
approach and is developed in Chap. 4.
– Working with a finite region, making a balance
of flow in versus flow out, and determining
gross flow effects such as the force or torque
on a body or the total energy exchange. This
is the control-volume method and is the
subject of this chapter.

Fluid Mechanics - I 3
3-Nov-23

Overview
• We first develop the concept of the control volume,
in nearly the same manner as one does in
thermodynamics, and we find the rate of change of
an arbitrary gross fluid property, a result called the
Reynolds transport theorem.
• We then apply this theorem, in sequence, to mass,
linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy,
thus deriving the four basic control-volume
relations of fluid mechanics with many applications.
• The chapter then ends with a special case of
frictionless, shaftwork- free momentum and
energy: the Bernoulli equation.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 4

3-Nov-23 Newton’s Second Law

• Fluid particle experiences an acceleration or
deceleration when it moves from one location to
other. According to the Newton’s Second Law
F=ma
– In this chapter viscous effects will be ignored i.e. μ = 0
• Such a flow is known as inviscid flow
• Inviscid fluid flow is governed by pressure and
gravity forces.
(Net pressure force on a particle) +
(Net gravity force on a particle) =
(particle mass) x (particle acceleration)

Fluid Mechanics - I 5
3-Nov-23

Steady flow and streamlines

• In Steady Flow nothing
changes with time at a
given location in the flow
field.
• The lines that are tangent
to the velocity vectors
throughout the flow field
are called streamlines.
• Pathlines, streamlines,
and streaklines are field
lines of different vector
field descriptions of flow.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 6

3-Nov-23 Pathlines, streaklines & streamlines

• The locus of points traversed by a particular
fluid particle is a pathline; it provides the
history of the particle.
– A time exposure of an illuminated particle.
• A streakline is the line formed by all particles
passing a given point in the flow.
– Release dye into fluid at fixed point and then find
out at a later time where the dye is.
• A streamline is a line in a flow to which all
velocity vectors are tangent at a given instant;
– we cannot actually photograph a streamline.

Fluid Mechanics - I 7
3-Nov-23

Pathlines, streaklines & streamlines

• The red dot
represents a particle
released from the
origin at time, t = 0,
– Its pathline is traced
red.
– Its streakline is traced
in blue.
– Streamlines are
represented by
dashed lines.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 12

3-Nov-23 Streamlines
 Streamlines are plotted for flow around an
airfoil. Direction of flow is from right to left and
the angle of attack is varied by rotating the
airfoil.

Fluid Mechanics - I 13
3-Nov-23

Streakline
• The streaklines generated by a set of
smoke sources equally spaced in the
vertical direction

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Fluid Mechanics - I 14

3-Nov-23 Streakline
• Wind Tunnel Testing

Fluid Mechanics - I 15
3-Nov-23

Velocity field
• This animation shows again the flow field,
now described in terms of the velocity
vectors.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 16

3-Nov-23
Streamlines
Particle motion is described in terms of
Its distance s = s(t), which gives its speed V = ds/dt.
Its radius of curvature  = (s)

To apply Newtons 2nd law we need acceleration,

which has two components a = (as,an).
a sis due to change in speed.
n s
an is centrifugal acceleration.

These are.
dV V ds V
as  as  as  V
dt s dt s
V2
an 


Fluid Mechanics - I 17
3-Nov-23

F = ma along streamline
Consider fluid particle of size sny along a
streamline ‘s’ with pressure at center ‘p’ then at the
p s
faces: p  ps p  ps ps 
s 2
Net pressure force on particle along streamline:
Fps   p  ps ny   p  ps ny  Fps  2psny
 p s  p
 Fps  2 ny  Fps   V
 s 2  s  p  ps ny
Weight of particle along ‘s’: 
FW s  FW sin   p  ps ny
 FW s  V sin  sny

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Fluid Mechanics - I 18

3-Nov-23
F = ma along streamline
Net force on the particle along the streamline is:
p
 F s  Fps  Ws   Fs  
s
V  V sin 
Newton's 2nd law along the streamline ‘s’ gives:
V V
 F s  mas   Fs  mV
s
  Fs  VV
s
From these two equations we have:
V  p 
VV     sin   V
s  s 
 p  ps ny
 
1 d V2 dz dp 
2 ds ds ds  p  ps ny

1 d V2  

dz dp
 0
2 ds ds ds sny

Fluid Mechanics - I 19
3-Nov-23

F = ma along streamline
Equation of motion along a streamline.

1
2
 
d V 2  dz  dp  0
Integrating for constant g
dp 1
  V 2  gz  C
 2
dp is left because  may not be constant.
Assuming density to be constant, we have.
 p
1
V 2  z  C  p  ps ny
2 
 p  ps ny
Bernoulli Eq.
(4 Assumptions ?) sny

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Fluid Mechanics - I 20

3-Nov-23
F = ma normal to streamline
Consider pressure forces Fp normal to stream
p n
line ‘s’ of fluid particle. p  pn p  pn pn 
n 2
Net Fp on particle normal to the streamline:
Fpn   p  pn sy   p  pn sy  Fpn  2pnsy
 p n  p  p  p sy
 Fpn  2       
n

 s y F V
 n 2  n
pn

Weight normal to streamline: 

FW n  FW cos 
 FW n  V cos 
sny
 p  pn sy

Fluid Mechanics - I 21
3-Nov-23

F = ma normal to streamline
Net force on the particle normal to streamline is:
p
 F n  Fpn  Wn   Fn  
n
V  V cos 
Newton's 2nd law normal
2
to streamline 2‘s’ gives:
V V
 F n  man   Fn  m

  Fs  V

From these two equations we get:  p  pn sy
V 
2
p 
V     cos   V
  n 
dz dp 
dn dn

V2 dz dp sny
   
 dn dn
 p  pn sy 

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Fluid Mechanics - I 22

3-Nov-23
F = ma normal to streamline
Equation of
2
motion normal to a streamline.
V
 dp  dz   dn  0

Integrating
2
for constant g
dp V
  dn  gz  C
 
 p  pn sy
Assuming  to be constant:
V2
 p   dn  z  C

V and R are functions of n. 

(Assumptions ?)
sny

 p  pn sy 

Fluid Mechanics - I 23
3-Nov-23

Physical Interpretation
1
p V 2  z  constant along streamline.
2
V2
p   dn  z  constant normal to streamline.

Assumptions: Inviscid, incompressible and
steady flow.
Pressure and gravity forces were taken into
account.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 24

3-Nov-23
Bernoulli – Along a Streamline
The Bernoulli Equation is a p 1
 gz  V 2  C p
statement of the conservation  2
Mechanical Energy
of ____________________ P.E. K.E.
p V2
z  C p"
 2g
p
 Pressure head Hydraulic Grade Line
 p
 z  Piezometric head

z  Elevation head
p V 2 Energy Grade Line
V 2 z 
 Velocity head  2 g Total head
2g

Fluid Mechanics - I 25
3-Nov-23

PROBLEMS

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Fluid Mechanics - I 26

3-Nov-23
Example
A hurricane reaches 200 km/h. Estimate force
of the wind on a window facing the wind if the
window measures 1 x 2 m. ( air1.2 kg/m3)

1
p V 2  z  constant along streamline.
2

Ans: 3703.7 N

Fluid Mechanics - I 28
3-Nov-23

Example
Air flows steadily along a streamline from point
(1) to point (2) with negligible viscous effects.
air = 1.2 kg/m3
@ point (1) z1 = 02 m, p1 = 0 N/m2 and V1 = ?
@ point (2) z2 = 10 m, p2 = 20 N/m2 and V2 = 0

1
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
2

Ans: 13.8 m/s

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Fluid Mechanics - I 29

3-Nov-23
Problem
Water flows steadily through the variable area horizontal
pipe shown.
The centerline velocity is given by 𝑉 = 2(1 + 𝑥)𝑖 m/s
where x is in meters. Viscous effects are neglected.
If the pressure at section (1) is 350 kPa, determine the
pressure at (2).

1
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
2

Fluid Mechanics - I 30
3-Nov-23

Solution
Since 𝑉 = 2(1 + 𝑥)𝑖 m/s
1 1
𝑝1 + 2 𝜌𝑉12 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑝2 + 2 𝜌𝑉22 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧2
1 2 1 2
⇒ 350 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 2 𝜌 2 1 + 0 = 𝑝2 + 2 𝜌 2 1 + 3
⇒ 𝑝2 = 350000 + 1996 − 31936 = 320 𝑘𝑃𝑎

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Fluid Mechanics - I 31

3-Nov-23
Problem
What pressure gradient along the streamline,
dp/ds, is required to accelerate water in a
horizontal pipe at a rate of 30 m/s2?

1
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
2

Fluid Mechanics - I 32
3-Nov-23

Solution
1
𝑝 + 2 𝜌𝑉 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑧
⇒ + 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑠 + 𝛾 𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑝
⇒ + 𝜌𝑎𝑠 + 𝛾0 = 0
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑝
⇒ = −998 × 30 = −29.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎/𝑚
𝑑𝑠

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Fluid Mechanics - I 33

3-Nov-23
Problem
V2
p   dn  z  cn

Water flows around the vertical two-dimensional
bend with circular streamlines and constant
velocity as shown, such that the pressure is 40
kPa at point (1)
Determine the
pressures at
points (2) and
(3).
Assume that
the velocity
profile is
uniform as
indicated.

Fluid Mechanics - I 34
3-Nov-23

Solution
𝑉2
𝑝 + 𝜌 𝑑𝑛 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑛
ℜ
1
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 2 6−𝑛 𝑑𝑛 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑛
𝑝 − 𝜌𝑉 2 ln 6 − 𝑛 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑛
𝑝1 − 𝜌𝑉 2 ln 6 − 𝑛1 + 𝛾𝑧1 = 𝑝2 − 𝜌𝑉 2 ln 6 − 𝑛2 + 𝛾𝑧2
𝑝1 − 𝜌102 ln 6 − 0 + 𝛾 −6 = 𝑝2 − 𝜌102 ln 6 − 1 +
𝛾 −5
40,000 − 99800 ln 6 − ln 5 + 9790.38 −1 = 𝑝2
 𝑝2 = 12.013 𝑘𝑃𝑎
40,000 − 99800 ln 6 − ln 4 + 9790.38 −2 = 𝑝2
 𝑝3 = −20.106 𝑘𝑃𝑎

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Fluid Mechanics - I 35

3-Nov-23
Stagnation pressure & Bernoulli Eq.
Each term in Bernoulli has units of N/m2
1
p  V 2  z  constant along streamline.
2
1st term: Thermodynamic pressure of fluid.
>Static (relative to fluid motion) pressure.
2nd term: Pressure due to motion, dynamic.
3rd term: Pressure due to elevation, hydrostatic.

Stagnation pressure:
Sum of static and dynamic pressure, also called total
pressure.

Fluid Mechanics - I 36
3-Nov-23

Pressure probes
Piezometer measures the static pressure, pst.
Pitot tube measures the total pressure, pT.
Pitot-static tube, has a small opening in the
side, measures pT – pst the difference between
the total and the static pressure.

Static Pressure
Opening

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Fluid Mechanics - I 37

3-Nov-23
Pressure Probes
Applications

Fluid Mechanics - I 38
3-Nov-23

Example
A piezometer measures the pressure in a pipe
to be 20 cm of water. A pitot tube measures the
total pressure to be 33 cm of water at the same
general location. Estimate the velocity of the
water in the pipe.
1
p  V 2  z  constant along streamline.
2

Ans: 1.59 m/s

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Fluid Mechanics - I 39

1
3-Nov-23 V 2  z  cs
Problem p
2
Determine the velocity V in the pipe if the fluid is:
(1.23 kg/m3) and h = 10 cm of water
Air,
Water, (998 kg/m3) and h = 10 cm of mercury
Kerosene, (809 kg/m3) and h = 20 cm of mercury
Gasoline, (680kg/m3) and h = 40 cm of water

ANS: (a) 39.9 m/s (b) 4.97 m/s (c) 7.88 m=s (d) 1.925 m/s

Fluid Mechanics - I 42
3-Nov-23

USE OF BERNOULLI'S EQUATION

1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2
2 2
Free jets
Confined flows
Flowrate measurement

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Fluid Mechanics - I 43

3-Nov-23
Free Jets
Jet: To propel outward or emit.
Free jet: An efflux of fluid that is
projected into a surrounding medium
(at p = 0 gauge).
1 1
p1  V 1 z1  p2  V 2 z 2
2 2

2 2
   z1  z 2   V 2
1 2

2
2  z1  z 2 
V 2  V  2 gh

 V  2 g h  H 

Fluid Mechanics - I 44
3-Nov-23

Horizontal Free Jets

V3 > V2 > V1.
Where d << h, this can be ignored.

For non-smooth exit, diameter of jet

is less than diameter of the orifice.
 dj < dh.
Vena contracta effect.
V2
p   dn  z  constant normal to streamline.


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Fluid Mechanics - I 45

3-Nov-23
Vena contracta
Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream
where the diameter of the stream is the least.
It occurs because fluid streamlines cannot follow
the sudden change in angle in the pipe/tank wall.

Contraction coefficient:
Ratio between the area of jet at the vena contracta to the
area of the orifice.
Cc = area at vena contracta/ area of orifice

Fluid Mechanics - I 46
3-Nov-23

Problem
Water flows from a
pressurized tank,
through a 0.15 m
diameter pipe, exits from
a 0.05 m diameter
nozzle, and rises 6 m
above the nozzle.
Determine the pressure
in the tank if the flow is
steady, frictionless, and
incompressible.
Ans: 58.8kPa

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Fluid Mechanics - I 49

3-Nov-23
Confined flows
Consider a fixed volume, with 1 x inlet, 1 x outlet
and no mass source, through which fluid flows.
For this steady flow, fluid going in is equal to fluid
coming out. (Conservation of Mass). 1 A1V1   2 A2V2
For constant density, it gives continuity equation.
 A1V1  A2V2

1 A1V1  2 A2V2

(1) Inlet (2) Outlet

Fluid Mechanics - I 50
3-Nov-23

Confined flows
Example

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Fluid Mechanics - I 51

3-Nov-23
Example 3.7
A stream of refreshing beverage
of diameter d = 0.01 m flows
steadily from the cooler of
diameter D = 0.20 m as shown.
Determine the flowrate, Q, from
the bottle into the cooler if the
depth of beverage in the cooler is
to remain constant at h = 0.20 m

Fluid Mechanics - I 52
3-Nov-23

Example 3.7
Bernoulli’s Eq. between 1 & 2
1 1
p1  V 1 z1  p2  V 2 z 2
2 2

2 2
1 2
 gh  V 2 V 2 2 gh V 2 2  9.81 0.2
2
V 2 1.98 m/s
d 2  0.01d 2
Q  A 2V 2 Q V2 Q 1.98
4 4
 Q  1.55  10 4 m 3 s
Wrong since A1V 1 A2V 2

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Fluid Mechanics - I 53

3-Nov-23
Example 3.7
Bernoulli’s Eq. between 1 & 2
1 1
p1  V 1 z1  p2  V 2 z 2
2 2

2 2
1 2 1 2
 V 1  gh  V 2 V 1 2 gh V 2
2 2

2 2
From conservation of mass.
D 2 d 2
A1V 1 A2V 2  V 1 V 2  V12  d 2 D 2 2 V22
4 4
Putting in previous equation.
 V22  V22 d 2 D 2   2 gh  V2  2 gh
1  d 2 D 2 
2
2

Fluid Mechanics - I 54
3-Nov-23

Example 3.7
 V2  2 gh

1 d 2 D2 
2

 V2  2  9.81 0.2

1  0.012 0.2 2 
2

 V2  3.924
0.9975
 V2  1.98 m/s
Now, the flowrate is.  0.01d 2
Q  A1V 1 A2V 2  Q  d V  Q 
2
1.98
2 4
4  Q  1.55  10 4 m 3 s

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Fluid Mechanics - I 56

3-Nov-23 Cavitation
• When a fluid's operational pressure drops below
it's vapor pressure causing bubbles.
• Hydrodynamic cavitation is the vaporisation,
bubble generation and bubble implosion which
occurs in a flowing liquid as a result of a
decrease and subsequent increase in pressure.
• In pipe systems, cavitation occurs as the result
of an increase in the kinetic energy (through an
area constriction) or an increase in the pipe
elevation.

Fluid Mechanics - I 57
3-Nov-23

Problem 3.64
• Water flows through the pipe shown. The 10cm
diameter section will collapse if the pressure
within it becomes less than 69 kPa below
atmospheric pressure.

• Determine the maximum value that h can have

without causing collapse of the tubing.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 58

3-Nov-23 Problem 3.64

1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2
2 2
Q  A2V 2 A3V 3
1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p3  V 3 2 z3
2 2

Answer : h  0.42 m

Fluid Mechanics - I 59
3-Nov-23

Problem 3.47
• Water flows steadily in the vertical
variable-area pipe shown.
• Determine the flowrate.
1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2
2 2
Q  A1V 1 A2V 2

Answer : Q  11.36 m 3 /s

25
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Fluid Mechanics - I 60

3-Nov-23 Problem 3.59

• A smooth 10 m long plastic, hose with an
inner diameter of 20 mm is used to drain a
pool.
• What is the flow rate from the pool?

1 1
p1  V 1 z1  p2  V 2 z2
2 2

2 2
Q  A1V 1 A2V 2
Answer : Q  9.11 10 4 m 3 /s

Fluid Mechanics - I 61
3-Nov-23

Problem 3.92
• Water flows through a
horizontal branching pipe.
• Determine the pressure
at section (3).
Q Q
Q1 Q 2 Q 3 V 3 1 2
A3
1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2
2 2
1 1
p1  V 1 z1  p3  V 3 z3
2 2

2 2
Answer : p  404.5 kPa

26
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Fluid Mechanics - I 62

3-Nov-23 Flowrate measurement

• To measure flowrate within a pipe, place a
restriction to flow and measure pressure loss.
– Orifice meter
– Nozzle meter
– Venturi meter
• For horizontal, incompressible, steady and
inviscid flow b/w two points:
1 1
V 12  p2  V 2 2   p1  p2  V 12 V 2 2
2
p1 
2 2 
2
2 p1  p2 
Q  A1V1  A2V2  V1   2  V2
A
Q  A2
 
2 2

 A1  1   A2 A1 
2

Fluid Mechanics - I 63
3-Nov-23

Example
• Air flows steadily
through the
variable area
pipe shown in.
• Determine the
flowrate if
viscous and
compressibility
effects are
negligible.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 64

3-Nov-23 Solution (1) (2)

h
p1   air h   H 2O h1   air h  h1   p2
 
h1 =
p1   H 2O   air h1  p2
1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2
2 2
1
 1

p1  V 1  0  p1   H 2O   air h1   0 2   0
2
2

V1 
2 
2  H 2O   air h1 
 air
Answer : Q  1.25 m 3 /s
Q  A1V 1

Fluid Mechanics - I 65
3-Nov-23

Sluice gate
• Flowrate is function of:
– Gate width, b
– Gate opening, a and
– Upstream water depth, z1
• Application
1 of Bernoulli
1 2 & Continuity eq.
p1  V 1 z1  p2  V 2 z 2
2
yields.
2 2
   z1  z 2  V 1 V 2 2 g z1  z2 
2 2 2

 Q  z 2b
1  z2 z1 
2
Q  A1V1  A2V2
z 
 bz1V1  bz 2V2  V1  V2  2 
 z1 

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Fluid Mechanics - I 66

3-Nov-23 Sharp crested weir

• Flowrate is function of:
– Width of channel, b
– Weir height, PW
– Head, H of water above the top of the weir.
• Nonuniform velocity profile exists across
section a-a due to irregular pressure
distribution, streamline curvature and gravity
effects.
• More detail in later chapters.

Fluid Mechanics - I 67
3-Nov-23

Problem 3.106
• Determine the flowrate through the Venturi
meter shown

1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2
2 2
Q  A1V 1 A2V 2
Answer : Q  6.1 10 3 m 3 /s

29
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Fluid Mechanics - I 68

3-Nov-23 Energy line & Hydraulic grade line

• The hydraulic grade line (HGL) and energy line
(EL) are graphical forms of Bernoulli eq.
• Divide Bernoulli eq by  = g.
• Sum of pressure head, velocity head
1 2 p
V zH
and elevation head is constant along 
a streamline. 2g 
• EL represents the total head available to the fluid
– EL = H = p /  + v2 / 2 g + z
• HGL represents the total head available to the
fluid - minus the velocity head.
– HGL = p /  + z

Fluid Mechanics - I 69
3-Nov-23

Energy line & Hydraulic grade line

• EL and HGL for
flow from a large
tank is:
• For flow below the
HGL, pressure is
positive.

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Fluid Mechanics - I 70

3-Nov-23 Energy line & Hydraulic grade line

• It is often convenient to plot mechanical
energy graphically using heights while
taking frictional losses into account.

Fluid Mechanics - I 71
3-Nov-23

Problem 3.116
• Draw the energy line and hydraulic grade
line for the flow shown in Problem 3.64

p = -69 kPa

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Fluid Mechanics - I 72

3-Nov-23 Problem 3.116

• Draw EL and HGL for the flow configuration shown.
• z1 = 1.2 m,
• z2 = 0,
• z3 = -h = -0.42m,
• p1 = 0, V32
 1.62 m
• v1 = 0, 2g
• p2= -69kPa
• v2 = 12.7 m/s
• p3 = 0, V22
 8.22 m
• v3 = 5.644 m/s, 2g
• h = 0.42 m
• EL = H* = p/ + v2/2g + z
• HGL = p/ + z

Fluid Mechanics - I 73
3-Nov-23

Restrictions on use of Bernoulli Eq

• Compressibility effects
– For compressible fluids error associated with
assuming incompressibility increases with the square
of the velocity.
• Unsteady effects
– Velocity and acceleration are a function of time as
well as location along streamline.
• Rotational effects
– Bernoulli’s eq may be used across streamlines if flow
is irrotational, fluid particles don’t spin.
• Other restrictions
– Inviscid flow
– No mechanical devices

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Fluid Mechanics - I 74

3-Nov-23 Compressibility
• In order to account for compressibility
effects, correctly integrate dp/, when  is
not constant:
dp 1
  V 2  gz  constant along streamline.
 2

• Use an equation of state to define  as a

function of other state variables.

Fluid Mechanics - II 75
3-Nov-23

END OF CHAPTER

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Fluid Mechanics - I 76

3-Nov-23 Problem 3.33

• Water flows from the faucet
on the first floor of the
building shown with a
maximum velocity of 6 m/s.
• For steady inviscid flow,
determine the maximum
water velocity from the
basement faucet and from
the faucet on the second
floor (assume each floor is
3.6 m tall).
1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2
2 2

Fluid Mechanics - I 77
3-Nov-23

Problem 3.37
• An inviscid, incompressible
liquid flows steadily from the 69 kPa

large pressurized tank shown.

• The velocity at the exit is 12 1.5 m

m/s.
• Determine the specific gravity 3m

of the liquid in the tank.

1 1 12 m/s
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2
2 2 S.G = 2.48 , Rho = 2477.1 kg/m3

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Fluid Mechanics - I 78

3-Nov-23 Problem 3.51

• Water flows through the pipe

contraction shown.
• For the given 0.2 m
difference in manometer
level, determine the flowrate
as a function of the diameter
of the small pipe, D.
• What1
is flow rate 1
for D = 0.05
p1  V 1 z1  p2  V 2 z 2
m Q  A1V 1 A2V 2
2 2

2 2
D = 0.0039 m3/s

Fluid Mechanics - I 79
3-Nov-23

Problem 3.59
• A smooth 10 m long plastic, hose with an
inner diameter of 20 mm is used to drain a
pool.
• What is the flow rate from the pool?

1 1
p1  V 1 z1  p2  V 2 z2
2 2

2 2
Q  A1V 1 A2V 2
Q = 9.11E-4 m3/s

35
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Fluid Mechanics - I 80

3-Nov-23 Problem 3.92

• Water flows
through a
horizontal
branching pipe.
• Determine the
pressure at
section (3).
1 1
p1  V 12 z1  p2  V 2 2 z 2 p3 = 404.5 kPa.
2 2
Q  A1V 1 A2V 2

36