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Descent with
Modification
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Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Show patterns of descent with

modification from common ancestors
to produce the organismal diversity
observed today. STEM_BIO11/12-
• IIIc-g-10
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“The origin of species is the

source of biological diversity”

What is a speciation?
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Appearance isn’t
everything
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Appearance
isn’t
everything

5
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Biological species
concept

- from the latin, “kind” or

“appearance” or “form”

Western Eastern
meadowlark meadowlark
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Different species are unable to interbreed

and produce healthy, fertile offspring due
to barriers called mechanisms of
reproductive isolation.
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2 Kinds of Isolating Mechanism

Pre-zygotic Isolation Post-zygotic Isolation

mechanism mechanism

mechanism that mechanism that

prevents the prevents formation
fertilization of eggs. of fertile offspring.
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1. Gametic Isolation
2. Hybrid Breakdown
3. Reduced Fertility
4. Geographical Isolation
5. Mechanical Isolation
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Pre-zygotic Barrier
Ecological Isolation - “Lack of encounter”
- Individuals mate in their preferred
habitat, and therefore do not meet
individuals of other species with different
ecological preferences.

Temporal isolation
- Individuals of different species do not
mate because they are active at different
times of day or in different seasons.
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Pre-zygotic Barrier
Behavioral isolation
- Potential mates meet, but choose
members of their own species.
- Failure to send or receive appropriate
signals.

Mechanical isolation
- Copulation is attempted, but transfer of
sperm does not take place.
- Physical incompatibility of reproductive
parts.
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Pre-zygotic Barrier
Gametic isolation
- Molecular
incompatibility of eggs
and sperm or pollen
and stigma.
Sea urchins release their gametes into the water.
Surface proteins prevent the gametes of different
species from binding to each other.
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Post-zygotic Barrier
Zygotic mortality
- mating and fertilization are
possible, but genetic Hybrid Inviability
differences result in zygote - A hybrid individual develops
unable to develop properly. but either dies before birth or;
- Death of zygote - if born alive, cannot survive
to maturity.
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Post-zygotic Barrier

Hybrid sterility Hybrid breakdown

- A hybrid offspring remain healthy - First generation
and viable but are sterile. (F1) hybrids are
- gonads develop abnormally viable and fertile,
but further hybrid
generations (F2
and backcrosses)
may be inviable or
sterile.
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Allopatric Speciation
- allo “other”, patric “place”
- occurs when populations
are separated by a
Allopatric speciation
in snapping shrimp: geographical barrier and
2 of the 15 pairs of
shrimp species that then diverge genetically.
are separated by the
Isthmus of Panama
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Peripatric Speciation
-takes place in a large
population, when the members
on the boundary or at the
periphery get separated from
the main group and, with time,
form a separate species.
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Is it possible for two different species

to have reproductive offspring?

Hybrid “Pizzly” /
Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus
“Grolar” Bears
(Grizzly bear) (Polar bear)
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