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ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ
ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ:ﻟﻮﻳﺠﻲ ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﻭﺃﻧﻄﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﻴﺶ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻧﻮ ﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﻮ ) 05ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ :(2023ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ .1ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ "ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً" ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ:DOI ،
10.1080/09638288.2023.2169771
ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔhttps://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2023.2169771:
ﻋﺮﺽﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ
ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ1507 :
ﻋﺮﺽﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ Crossmark
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ
ﺃﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ�ﺃ ﺩﻳﺠﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﺩﻱ ﺩﻱ ﻣﻴﻼﻧﻮ ،ﻣﻴﻼﻧﻮ ،ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ؛ﺏﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻮ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ،
ﺃﻭﺳﺒﻴﺪﺍﻝﺳﺎﻥ ﻟﻮﻛﺎ ،ﻣﻴﻼﻧﻮ ،ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ؛ IRCCS،ﺝﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻮﺭﻧﺘﻮ ،ﺗﻮﺭﻭﻧﺘﻮ ،ﺃﻭﻧﺘﺎﺭﻳﻮ ،ﻛﻨﺪﺍ؛ﺩﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻷﻟﻢ،
ﻣﻌﻬﺪﺗﻮﺭﻭﻧﺘﻮ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ،ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺗﻮﺭﻭﻧﺘﻮ ،ﺃﻭﻧﺘﺎﺭﻳﻮ ،ﻛﻨﺪﺍ
ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ
ﺗﻢﺍﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ 26ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ،2022 ﻏﺎﻳﺔ:ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ،ﻭﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ
ﺗﻤﺖﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ 13ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ 2023 ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻭﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ .ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ "ﻛﻜﻞ" ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ
ﻭﺗﻢﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ 13ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ 2023 ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ .ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻲ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ .ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ،
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺭﺍﺵ
ﻭﻣﺎﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ .ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ؛ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻤﺜﻞﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺺ "ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺔ" ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ "ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ"؟ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ
ﻃﺐﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ؛ ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ )ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ( ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺎً ،ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ "ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ" ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﺉﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ )ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ( .ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻢ-
ﻗﻴﺎﺱ؛ﻛﺎﻣﻦ ﺇﻥﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ( ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً ،ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ؛ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ.
ﻋﻠﻢﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ:ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻲ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ .ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺑﺈﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻲ ﻟﻞ
ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ )"ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ"( ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ )"ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ"( ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ-
ﻳﺤﺪﺩﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ
ﻻﺣﻆ.ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ( ﻳﺪﻋﻮ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ .ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ.
ﻳﻮﻓﺮ RAﺣﻼ ًﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺗﻪ
ﻧﻬﺠﻬﺎﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ].4ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺃﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ [، RA
ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ )[1] (RA
ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻔﻬﻢ
ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻻﻟﻸﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻨﺎء ًﻋﻠﻰ RAﻟﻼﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ"( .ﺗﻢ
ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺭﺍﺵ ] :[5-7ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺑﺪءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ .ﺗﺮﺩ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮﺓ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮﺭﺩﺑﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻴﻢ "ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء" ] .([2ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ،ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ
"ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ" .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ،ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ" .ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ )
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺵ )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ( ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺛﻘﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻫﻞ ﺑﻤﺎﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ – (PRMﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎﺕﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ .ﻟﺴﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﻆ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺍﺵ ﺻﻌﺐ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ] .[3ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ،
ﻓﻴﻪﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻫﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻻ
ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺮ.
l.tesio@auxologico.itﻗﺴﻢﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ،Istituto Auxologico Italiano، IRCCS، Ospedale San Luca ،ﻋﺒﺮ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝﻟﻮﻳﺠﻲ ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ
ﻣﻴﺮﻛﺎﻟﻲ 20122 ،32ﻣﻴﻼﻧﻮ ،ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ
ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰhttps://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2023.2169771
� 2023ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ )ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ( .ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ،Informa UK Limitedﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ .Taylor & Francis
ﻫﺬﻩﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻭﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ،(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivativesﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺴﻤﺢﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ،ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ.
ﺇﻝ.ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ. 2
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ .ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍً ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺎً ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ .ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ،
ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ 0.03 ± 0.84ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ " ."1ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ )ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ
ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺎًﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ/5 ، ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ .ﻭﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ
،0ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﺭﺛﻴﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺴﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ.ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ" ) ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ.ﻟﺨﺼﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﻠﻠﺔ ] .[8ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ" ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ :ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ "ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ
ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ)ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺉﻲ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ. ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ .ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ
ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎً،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ،ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ،IRTﺇﻟﻰ "ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ" ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ.ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻤﻘﺎً ].[1
ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ .ﻭﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺔ .ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ،ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ
"ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ" ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ .ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎًﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻣﻼءﻣﺔﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً( .ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ RA ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ :ﻧﻬﺞ "ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ"
ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎًﺷﺎﻣﻼ ًﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺔ .ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ
ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ.[18. ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ؟ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ،ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ" )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ¼0/1 ،ﻏﻴﺎﺏ/
ﺳﻴﺘﻢﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ" ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ RA ﺣﻀﻮﺭﺃﻭ ¼0/1/2/3ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ /ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ /ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ /ﻏﺎﺉﺒﺔ(.
ﺑﺒﺪﻳﻬﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ" ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺔﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ" ﻟﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻲﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ) ،[9-11] (CTTﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻲ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ " ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﺭﺍﺵ" ،ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻑ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً. ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً ] .[12ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ،ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮء ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺗﻤﺜﻞﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍً ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ .ﺇﻥ ﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻣﺎً ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﺍﻝ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻲﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ") 3ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ"( ") 2ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ"( ﻻ
ﻳﻌﻨﻲﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ") 4
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔﺭﺍﺵ :ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﺍء ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ"( ") 3ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ"(.
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﺗﻌُﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺟﺰءﺍً ﻣﻦ .IRTﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ،ﻋﺎﻟﻢ
ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎﺭﻛﻲ ) .(1980-1901ﺗﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻪ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ،1960ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻠﻔﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ
ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ .[19] 1980ﺭﺑﻤﺎ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ
ﺑﺪﺃﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﻧﺸﺮﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ .[20] 1989ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ،ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ " ﻫﻞﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ؟ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﻥ
ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝﺭﺍﺵ" ،ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﺠﺪﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺭﺑﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ) ﻟﻌﺪﺓﻋﻘﻮﺩ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ،ﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ "ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ" ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍً ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴﺎً
ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ"ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ" ﻭ"ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺉﻲ"( ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ "ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ" ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺍًﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ] .[13-15ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮ (1) :ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ،ﻻﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﻴﻦ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ"ﻣﺨﻔﻲ/ﻛﺎﻣﻦ" ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ؛ ) (2ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ
ﺳﺒﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤِّﻮﻥ( .ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﺮﺳﺔ ﺁﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻧﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ .ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺑﻨﺎء ًﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ ،ﻫﻨﺎﻙ )
].[21 (3ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ] .[16,15,13ﺃﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ) .(IRTﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ،CTTﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ "ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ"
ﻟﺘﻠﻚﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ] .[17ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻳﺘﺒﻨﻰ IRTﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎً ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻴﺎً
ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺎًﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ :ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ] [1ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ .ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ )
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ.ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ( ﻣﻦ "ﺃﻗﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ" ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ،ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻈﻞ
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ)ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ "ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ" ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ(. ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﻃﻴﺔ":ﺷﺪﻳﺪ/ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ/ﺧﻔﻴﻒ/ﻏﺎﺉﺐ" ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ 0/1/2/3ﺃﻭ
،23.5/48/122 /10ﺃﻭ ﺃ/ﺏ/ﺝ/ﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ( ﻫﻲ "ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ" )ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ 0ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ،ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻞ ،ﻣﻦ
1ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺏ( .ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻞﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ.
ﻳﻨﺠﺢﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ :0.94ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻮ ﻓﺸﻞ )ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ(¼(0 ﺗﻌﻤﻞﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ IRTﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ
؟ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺫﻭ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺔ؟ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ. ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ"ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ" .ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﺘﺎﺯ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺯﻫﺎ
ﺷﺨﺺﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ( ،ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞﺻﺤﻴﺢ.
ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ "ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ" ICC -
ﻭﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻼءﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥFﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ " ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ.ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ) IRTﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ (1
ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ" ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ؟ "ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ"Fﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )(1ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺎﺭﻡ ﻓﻲ .RAﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ،ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺾ ،ﺗﻘﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ
ﺣﺪﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ IRTﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺭﺍﺵﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﺎﺉﻠﺔ .IRT
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ].[1
ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ،ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ RAﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺎً :ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ،
ﻓﻲﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ IRTﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ .ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺮﺽ [22.RA
ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝﺭﺍﺵ ﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ
،ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻼﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ]
.[23
ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ] ،[25,19ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ًﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ
ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ) Sﺷﻜﻞ ،1ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ Aﻭ (Bﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ 0
ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺑﺎﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء
ﺃﻭ 1ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ )ﺏ ﺩ(ﻳﺬﻫﺐ -ﺃﻭﺫﺍﻟﻼﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ.ﺷﻜﻞ 1ﻳﻈُﻬﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـ "
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ" .ICCﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) 1ﺃ(ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎً ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ)0/1؛ ﻻ/ﻧﻌﻢ؛ ﻓﺸﻞ/ﻧﺠﺎﺡ( ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻓﻲ ،CTTﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ. ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔﺇﻟﻰ "ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ" ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ )ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻴﻪ
"ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ"( ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻣﻔﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻳﻌﻄﻲﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ 0ﺃﻭ ) 1ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ" ،ﻓﺸﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ "ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻴﻦ
"¼ - 1ﻑ؛ ﺃﻭ "ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ"¼) ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ (Pﺏ ﺩ(، ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻦﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ "ﺃ" ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ .ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) 1ﺏ( ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ICCsﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ "ﺏ" )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ "ﺃ" ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ "ﺏ"(
ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ)ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ "ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ" ﻓﻘﻂ( .ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ،ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ،ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘﺲ" ) ﻋﻨﺪﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ
ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ،ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ(. ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ(.
ﺷﻜﻞ.1ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ) .(ICCﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ICCﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ) .ﺃ( ﺗﻈُﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ) 1ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ P؛ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ(
ﺃﻭ) 0ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ 1ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ P؛ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ،ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ )ﺏ ﺩ(،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ .ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ،ﺯﺍﺩ
ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ،1ﻭﻗﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ .0ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﻥ )ﻛﻼ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ( ﺑـ "ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ" .ﻣﺘﻰﺏ¼ﺩﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ
ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ )ﻫﻨﺎ .(٪50 ،ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ 0ﺃﻭ 1ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺏ) .ﺏ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ 1ﻓﻘﻂ؛ ﻭﻻ
ﺗﻈﻬﺮﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ( .ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ) 2ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ (Aﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ،1ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ 3ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ .2ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ )ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ
ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ( .ﺃﻳﺎً ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ 1ﻳﻘﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ.
ﻋﻨﺼﺮ،ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺯﻩ ،ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ "ﻗﺪﺭﺓ" ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ. ﺿﻊﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ .ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ
ﺃﻥﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ 3ﺇﻟﻰ 1ﻟﻮﺟﻴﺖ .ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ
ﺗﺤﺴﻦﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ 6ﺇﻟﻰ 4ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ .ﺗﻌﻤﻞ Logitsﻣﺜﻞ�ﺝ ﻭ�(.ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻢ
ﻓﻬﻢﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ" :ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ" ﻭﻛﺠﻢ) F
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ.2ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ) .ﺃ( ﻓﻴﻢTMﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 18ﺑﻨﺪﺍً ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ .ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ 1ﺇﻟﻰ ،7ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ
ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ .ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ Aﺇﻟﻰ Mﻛﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ "ﻣﺤﺮﻙ" )ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ 13 :ﺇﻟﻰ (91؛ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ Nﺇﻟﻰ
Rﻛﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ "ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ" )ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ :ﻣﻦ 5ﺇﻟﻰ ) .[26] (35ﺏ( ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ .FIMﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ nﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ )ﻓﺉﺎﺕ( ،ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ " 6¼1 - 7¼n - 1ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ" )
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ( .ﺗﻢ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ" ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ )ﻣﻦ Aﺇﻟﻰ Mﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ (Aﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﻟﺪﻯ 300ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ ) 157ﺭﺟﻼ(ً ،ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ 69ﻋﺎﻣﺎً )ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ (14 :ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﻴﻦ )ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( .ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ )ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ "ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ" ﻷﻧﺪﺭﻳﺦ ،ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ( .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ( ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ )ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ( .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ
)"ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ"( ﻋﻨﺪ 0ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ.
ﺃﻱﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ "ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺩ ،ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ.1ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ) FIMﺍﻧﻈﺮﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .(2
ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ .ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ
ﻗﺒﻞﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﻴﻦ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ،ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻮء )ﺳﺠﻼﺕ( )ﺳﺠﻼﺕ( ﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﻓﺉﺔ
ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ" ،ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً¼" "2ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ 3.66 - - 1
ﻗﺒﻞﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ "ﺃﻛﺜﺮ" ﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ "ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً""1¼.؟ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ 2.38 2.14 1-2 2
ﻓﺉﺔ"ﻻ ﺃﻋﺮﻑ" )ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺉﻌﺔ( ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ؟ 1.56 1.99 2-3 3
0.69 1.38 3-4 4
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻝ" ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ. 0.64 0.33 4-5 5
2.96 1.40 5-6 6
5.58 4.45 6-7 7
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ:ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ،ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ،
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ) 3ﺃ(ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮﺓ ) (CPCﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺉﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ" ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ( ،ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺟﻮﺩﺓﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻝ ) ،AS-20ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺤﺔ( ] ،[28ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ.
ﻋﻠﻰ 584ﺷﺨﺼﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎً.
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ 20ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍً :ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ "ﺃﺷﻌﺮ
ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ )ﻣﻦ 1ﺇﻟﻰ (7ﺃﻛﺜﺮ "ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ" ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ "ﺃﻛﺜﺮ"
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺺﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ" ﻭ"ﺃﺣﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً "ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ"
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺓﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ" .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ¼ ،0ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ¼،1
ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ.ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ 1ﻭ 2ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ
ﻓﻲﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ¼ ،2ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ¼ ،3ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎ¼ .4ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ
2ﻭ ،3ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ .ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ "ﺗﻈﻬﺮ" ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ،ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ .ﺷﻲء ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﻨﺒﺜﻖ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ )ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻟـ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ،2
ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) 3ﺃ( .ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ -1ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ )ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺃ( .ﺗﺸﻴﺮ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺉﺔ ،6ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ(.
ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍً )) (1-0ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ) (2-1ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ.
ﻭﻓﻲﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻟـﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) 2ﺏ( .ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺠﻴﺒﻮﻥ ﺑـ " "0ﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻰﺃﻥ "ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ" ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺠﻴﺒﻮﻥ ﺑـ " ،"1ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺨﺘﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﻓﺉﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ )ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ .(1ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ
ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺠﻴﺒﻮﻥ ﺑـ " ،"2ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ.
ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ "ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ" ،ﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ.ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ "ﺃﻛﺜﺮ" ﺃﻭ "ﺃﻗﻞ" ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ.3ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ .20-ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) (20ﻣﻦ 0ﺇﻟﻰ 4؛ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﻏﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ 1
ﺑﺤﻴﺚﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﺦ 1-0ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ .2-1ﺑﻌﺪ ﻃﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ )ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ 01234ﺇﻟﻰ
،(01122ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ )ﺑﻌﺪ ] .([28ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
ﺏ.ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ .ﺗﺸﻴﺮ "ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ" ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ
ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ(.
ﺗﺸﻴﺮﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﺑﺪﺍً ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺨﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ )ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ .(1ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ :ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ
ﺝ.ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ )ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ( ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ
ﻟﻴﺴﺖﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ ﺃﺑﺪﺍً .ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻣﻌﻈﻢﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ،ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ
ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﺉﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ )"ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ"( ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ "ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ"
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺩﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﻳﻈُﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ )ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ( .ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ
ﻓﻲﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍً ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ FIM
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ"3ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ" ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ 2ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ .1ﺗﻢ "ﻃﻲ" ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺘﻴﻦ
ﻓﻲﺣﺪﻭﺩ 5ﺇﻟﻰ 8ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 2ﺇﻟﻰ 3ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ.
1ﻭ 2ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ
ﻣﻦ 01234ﺇﻟﻰ .01123ﻭﻟﺴﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﻆ ،ﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ) 2ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ 3
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ( ﻟﻠﻐﻤﺮ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ( .ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ -2ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً
ﻭ-3ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً :ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ،ﻏﻴﺮﺕ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ 01234ﺇﻟﻰ 0) 01122
ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ :ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ¼ﺃﺑﺪﺍ؛ً ¼1ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ; ¼2ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎ( .ﻇﻠﺖ
ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﻝﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ " ،4ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺉﺔ" ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ )ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ(،
ﻣﻦﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ .ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ "ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ" ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) 3ﺏ((.
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ .ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ
ﺭﺍﺵﻋﺘﺒﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ )ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺫﺍﺕ
ﻓﺉﺎﺕﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ( ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ".4ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺭﺍﺵ"" .ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ" ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ FIMﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺧﺮﺟﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﻴﻦ )ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺵ ) ،(www.winsteps.com،4.4.5ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ -Rasch ana ( .ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ Winstepsﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
ﻳﺘﻢﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ .ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮﻯ .ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ٍﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ) FIMﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ :ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ
ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ؛ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ :ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻋﺎﻝ(ٍ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻃﺮ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ )ﻣﻦ 4ﻝﺫ (6ﺣﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺟﻴﺴﺘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ.
ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ )ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ( ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ) (.ﻭﺛﻼﺛﺔ ) (#ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ .ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ.
ﻳﻌﻄﻲﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ " "Mﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ "S" .ﻭ" "Tﻳﻌﻄﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ،ﻓﺈﻥ " "Mﻭ" "Sﻭ
" "Tﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ .ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ 0ﺳﺠﻞ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ .ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ
ﻣﻦ Aﺇﻟﻰ Mﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ FIMﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ )ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻬﺎ" ،ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ؛ ﺍﻧﻈﺮﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 2ﻟﻸﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ( .ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ .ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺠﺰءﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ )ﻣﻦ 0ﺇﻟﻰ 6ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ( ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﺗﺸﻴﺮ H.6ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ 6ﻭ 7ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ " ،Hﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء" .ﺗﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ
269ﺷﺨﺼﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ .300ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ 31ﺷﺨﺼﺎً ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﺣﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ )ﺃﻱ 13ﺃﻭ ،91ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ(.
ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ.ﻛﺮﻭﻧﺒﺎﺥ-ﺃ،ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻬﻢﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ
ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ )ﺃﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢﺫﺧﻄﺄ(
ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ] ،[30ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺧﻔﺎء ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً( .ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ] .[17ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ "ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲﻟﻼﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻓﻲ ،RAﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ)ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ "ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ" ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ SE 3ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ "ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ" ،ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻧﺒﺎﺥ-ﺃﻣﺆﺷﺮ
ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰﻉ > .(0.05ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ< 0.7ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ
ﺇﻝ.ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ. 8
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻳﻞSE ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻳﻞSE ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ
0.37 1.07 13 67 448 0.08 1.46 300 970 ﻙ 8.7 0.98 6.3 ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ
0.35 0.68 13 64 557 0.08 1.37 300 985 ﻡ 17.5 0.99 12.8 ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ
0.33 0.45 13 62 464 0.08 0.91 300 1060 ﻩ
0.33 0.34 13 61 493 0.08 0.89 300 1063 F
0.31 0.04 13 58 412 0.08 0.82 300 1074 ﺝ
0.30 0.15 13 56 499 0.08 0.38 300 1146 ﻝ
ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﻮﻥ31 : 0.08 0.22 300 1172 ﺩ
0.08 0.38 300 1265 ﺝ
0.08 0.42 300 1271 ﺏ
0.08 0.88 300 1340 ﺃﻧﺎ
0.08 1.25 300 1393 ﺯ
0.08 1.38 300 1412 ﺡ
0.09 1.72 300 1459 ﺃ
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ0 :
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ:ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ( :ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﺣﻘﻘﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﻓﻲ ،A
ﻳﺘﻢﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ( .ﻓﻲ )ﺏ( ،ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ .ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ:
ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ )ﻣﻦ Aﺇﻟﻰ ،Mﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) 2ﺃ( ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ( .ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ¼ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻢ
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﻢ.ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ :ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ )ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ "ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻑ" ،ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ( .ﻳﻘﻴﺲ¼ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ) RAﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ( .ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ :SEﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ .ﻓﻲ ،Cﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ (Bﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ .ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ¼ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ)ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ "ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ" ،ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ( .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ.
ﺳﻴﺘﻢﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻼءﻣﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ "ﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ] ،[32,31ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﻓﺾ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ. ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ،FIM
ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ).(0.98
ﻗﺪﻳﺘﺴﺎءﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ RAﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ "ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ"
"ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ "ogiveﻭﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﻒ
ﺩﻭﻥﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ ،ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺮﻭﻧﺒﺎﺥ-
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ) 5ﺃ(ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ .Rasch ﺃ،ﺗﻢ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ .3
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ.5ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ FIMﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ 2ﻭ .(4ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ )ﺃ( ،ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ" ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ
ﺣﺮﻑ Sﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ )ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ 13ﺇﻟﻰ ،91ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ( ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ ( .ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺍﻟﺨﻂ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ( ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﺔ( .ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ .ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ
ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻌﺐ .ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ 1ﺇﻟﻰ
.7ﻱ"ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ .ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ 2ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 2ﺏ( ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ "ﻱ"ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺭﻣﺰ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ )ﺏ( ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﻟـ "ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ" ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺠﻞ 46ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ (0.28 ±) 0.96ﺳﺠﻞ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ(
.ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ .R، 3.6.2
ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ "ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺉﺔ" ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭ/ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﻌﺾﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ CTTﻫﺮﺍء .ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ RA
ﺳﻘﻒﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ) (2ﺗﻜﻮﻥ "ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺉﺔ" ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ .ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ،ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ].[1
ﻫﺬﺍﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ
ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ]) [36,35ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .(3ﻳﺘﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ ،ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﻢﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ؟
ﻳﺜﻘﻞﻛﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ )ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ]،[37ﺷﻜﻞ ،1ﻭ ]،[8ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .(3
ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﻮ ﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﻦ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎءﻣﺘﻤﺴﻜﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ "ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻳﺔ" ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ )ﻭ/ﺃﻭ ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺕ( ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺪ ) (1ﻳﺰﻳﺪ
ﺇﻝ.ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ. 10
ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ .ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻧﻔﺲ
ﻋﻠﻰﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ "ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ" ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ "ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﺘﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ( .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ" ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ،ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ(. ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ.
.3ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ)ﺍﻧﻈﺮﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ 2ﻭ .(3ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ،ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﻞﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ
ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟـ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ،2ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ،Bﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻻ ً
ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ .ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪﻭﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ "ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ][38
ﻳﺨﺘﺎﺭﻭﻥﺃﻱ ﻓﺉﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ :ﺗﺘﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍً
( ،ﻭ SEﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻬﻢ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ. ﻣﻦ"ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺉﺔ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ)ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ( .ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ
ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻀﺔ ].[39
.4ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻋﺪﺍً ،ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺄﻝ :ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﻲ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ Rasch؟ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺟﻴﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲﻭﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ "ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ .ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﺵﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ
ﻫﻮﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ .ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ
ﻗﺪﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﻼﺉﻤﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺉﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻬﺪﺍً
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .5ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ،ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎًﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﺉﺪﺓ .ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ
ﻋﻠﻰ"ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ" ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ SEﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ .ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ
ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎء .ﺳﺘﺤﻈﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ Sﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔﻋﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،5ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﻤﻦ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ
ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ( ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ "ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ" ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ. .1ﻳﻮﻓﺮ RAﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ )ﺧﻄﻴﺔ( ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ .ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ
ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ "ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ" ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ )ﺃﻱ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ( ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ
ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ].[40-44,36,35
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔﻳﻠﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺭﺍﺵ.
.2ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ RAﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ.
.3ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟـ RAﺃﻥ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻙ ﺑﻤﺪﻯ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ )ﺃﻱ "ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ"( ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ .ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ.ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ )ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ "ﻏﻴﺮ
ﻣﻼﺉﻢ"( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻦ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ.
-ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ .ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺳﻮء ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ. ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕﺻﺤﻔﻴﺔ
ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﻃﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﻧﻤﺎﺫﺟﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ
].[48
ﺷﻜﺮﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﻢﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﻬﺞ "ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ" ﻓﻲ ] .[13ﺗﻢ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ
ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ].[10
ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥﻣﺪﻳﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﻜﻮ ﺏ .ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻓﻲ ] .[49,37ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ
ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺗﻬﻢﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻄﻮﻃﺔ. ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕﺭﺍﺵ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ.[50-52.
ﺑﻴﺎﻥﺍﻹﻓﺼﺎﺡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ].[53,52,43
ﻳﻌﻠﻦﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺅﻩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ
ﺃﻧﻬﺎﺗﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ. ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ].[54-59
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻼﺕﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ
ﻫﺬﻩﻫﻲﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺵ.
ﺩﻋﻤﺖﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ) Ricerca Corrente 2021 ،ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ
(RESETﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ ) ،(FISMﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ، 2012
(.CORESETS )PROMOPRO-MS
ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔﻭﻳﺐ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0980-1587 ﻟﻮﻳﺠﻲﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3051-1031 ﺃﻧﻄﻮﻧﻴﻮﻛﺎﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-4117 ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺶﻛﻮﻣﺒﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ:
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-7557 ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻧﻮﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﻮ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﺦ ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺵ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻧﻴﻮﺑﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ :ﺳﻴﺞ
ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ.1988،
ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﺦﺩ ،ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻪ ﺁﻱ .ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺵ.
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ .ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ :ﺳﺒﺮﻳﻨﻐﺮ ﻧﻴﺘﺸﺮ
] [1ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ ،ﻛﺎﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺃ ،ﺳﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺃ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ .2 ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ.2019،
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ .ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ :ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ Bond T، Yan Z، Heene M.
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻗﻴﻦ.ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ/10.1080: ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ .ﻟﻨﺪﻥ/ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ :ﺭﻭﺗﻠﻴﺪﺝ.2021 ،
09638288.2023.2169772
] [2ﺑﻴﻜﺮ ﻛﺎ .ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻪ :ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﻥﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ ﺟﻴﻪ ،ﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﺮ ﺟﻲ ﺁﺭ ،ﻳﻴﻞ ﺇﻡ ﺇﻝ .ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.ﻓﻲ :ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎء .ﺇﺗﺎﺳﻜﺎ )ﺇﻟﻴﻨﻮﻱ( :ﺭﻳﻔﺮﺳﺎﻳﺪ؛ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ.ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺭﻳﺨﺖ :ﺳﺒﺮﻳﻨﻐﺮ.2014 ،
.2003 ﺑﺎﻧﺞﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻨﺴﻦ ﻙ ،ﻛﺮﻳﻨﺮ ﺇﺱ ،ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻡ )ﻣﺤﺮﺭﻭﻥ( .ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻓﻲ
] [3ﺑﻮﺭﺗﺮ ﺇﻡ ﺇﻱ ،ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻥ ﺇﻝ ،ﻟﻲ ﺗﻲ ﺇﺗﺶ .ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ .ﻥ ﺻﺤﺔ.ﻫﻮﺑﻮﻛﻴﻦ ،ﻧﻴﻮﺟﻴﺮﺳﻲ :ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻳﻠﻲ ﻭﺃﻭﻻﺩﻩ.2013 ،
ﺇﻧﺠﻞﻱ ﻣﻴﺪ.506-504:(6)374;2016 .
] [4ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﺦ ﺩ .ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ:
ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ
ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ .ﻱ ﺃﺑﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﺱ.359–3:325;2002 .
ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ .Raschﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ
] [5ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﻭﻳﻨﻜﻞ ﺃ ،ﻛﻮﺯﻟﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ ﺇﻳﻪ ﺟﻴﻪ ،ﺟﻮﻧﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺇﻡ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓﺑﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ) Raschﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺍﺟﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻟـ :RULERﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ،rasch.org/software.htmﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ 12ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ .(2022ﻳﺘﻢ
ﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ :ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ. ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ.
ﻗﻮﺱﻓﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺪ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ .1498–1487:(7)103;2022 .ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
] [6ﺳﻤﻴﺚ ﺁﺭ ﺇﻡ ،ﻟﻴﻨﺎﻛﺮ ﺟﻲ ﺇﻡ ،ﺳﻤﻴﺚ ﺇﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻴﻪ .ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎﺕ.ﻱ ﺃﺑﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﺱ.204–4:198;2003 . ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ
] [7ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﺗﻲ ،ﻛﻮﺯﻟﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ ﺇﻳﻪ ﺟﻴﻪ ،ﺟﻮﻧﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﺇﻡ ﻓﻲ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ
ﺭﺍﺵﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ) :(RULERﺑﻴﺎﻥ .RULERﻗﻮﺱ ﻓﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻪ ﺣﻼ ًﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎً ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ
ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ.1486–1477:(7)103;2022. ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺎً ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻳﺔ
] [8ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ ،ﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﻮ ﺇﺱ ،ﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﺱ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ.ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎً ﺻﻌﺒﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﻪ:
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ :ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ .ﺃﻧﺎ Jﻓﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺪ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ. ﻓﺎﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹﻳﻘﻴﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ،ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ
.82–75:(1)102;2023 ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻗﺪ
] [9ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻮﻙ .ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ .ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﺄﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻏﻔﺎﻝ
.Meas. 1997;16:21–33 ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ
] [10ﻛﺎﺭﻟﺴﻮﻥ ﺟﻲ ﺇﻱ ،ﻓﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﻴﺮ ﺇﻡ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ .ﻓﻲ :ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ
.ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﺭﻳﻦ.ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ .ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ .ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎً)ﺍﻧﻈﺮﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ 4ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء "
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ .ﺑﺮﻳﻨﺴﺘﻮﻥ )ﻧﻴﻮ ﺟﻴﺮﺳﻲ( :ﺳﺒﺮﻳﻨﻐﺮ؛ .2017ﺹ. ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ"( .ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ )ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ( ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ
M، 178-133ﻓﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﻴﺮ R، ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﻭﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ .ﺳﺘﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ Rasch
] [11ﺭﻳﺲ ﺇﺱ ﺑﻲ ،ﺃﻳﻨﺴﻮﺭﺙ ﺇﻳﻪ ﺗﻲ ،ﻫﺎﻓﻴﻼﻧﺪ ﺇﻡ ﺟﻲ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ. ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ–101 .
.Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2005;14:95
ﺇﻝ.ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ. 12
] [34ﺳﺘﻴﻨﺮ ﺇﻳﻪ ﺟﻴﻪ ،ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺇﻡ ﺇﺗﺶ ،ﺑﻮﺭﺩﻳﻚ ﺩﻱ ﺇﺱ .ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ .ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ :ﻫﻞ ﺣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻹﻧﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺵ .ﺭﺍﺵ ﻣﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ:22;200 . ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻃﺉﺔ؟ﻱ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺪG, Tennant A, Tesio L. 98-97:(2)44;2012 .
.1177-1176 ]12[ Grimby
] [35ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ ،ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎﻟﻮ ﺃ .ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ) (FAMﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ] [13ﻫﺎﻣﺒﻠﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﺭ ﻛﻴﻪ ،ﻛﻮﻙ ﺇﻝ ﺇﻝ .ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﻴﻦﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ :ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ .ﻱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﺎﺱ197 .؛.96-75 :14
ﻋﻠﻰﺭﺍﺵ J .ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ.96-79:(2)2 ;1998 .
] [14ﺑﻮﺭﺳﺒﻮﻡ ﺩ ،ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻨﺒﻴﺮﺝ ﺟﻲ ﺟﻲ ،ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﻴﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻴﻪ .ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ
] [36ﻟﻴﻦ ﺁﺭ ،ﺑﻠﻴﺮ ﺁﺭ ،ﺟﺮﺍﻧﺠﺮ ﺳﻲ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻫﻞ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ .ﺍﻟﻘﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ200 .؛.219–203:(2)110
) (FAMﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ )(FIM؟ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ ] [15ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻑ ﺍﻡ .ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﺍء ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ .ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ
ﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰﺍﻟﺴﻜﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ J .ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ.359-339:(4)3;199 . ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ.548–13:517;1953 .
] [16ﺑﻮﺭﺳﺒﻮﻡ ﺩ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ .ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ Interdiscipﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ
] [37ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ .ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ :ﺭﺍﺵ ﺃﻧﺎ- ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ.53–6:25;2008.
ﺗﺤﻠﻞﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ .ﻱ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺪ(3)35;2003 . ] [17ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ .ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ :ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ
.115-105: ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ .ﺇﻧﺖ Jﺭﻳﻬﺎﺑﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ.
] [38ﻫﺴﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻱ ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ ،ﻫﺴﻮﻳﻪ ﺁﻱ ﺑﻲ ،ﺗﺸﻮ ﻭﺍﻱ ﺗﻲ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ .12–1:(1)35;2012
ﺷﻜﻞﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ Fugl-Meyerﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ] [18ﻓﺮﻳﺞ ﺁﺭ ،ﻫﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﺱ .ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ .ﻓﻲ :ﺯﺍﻟﺘﺎ ﺇﻥ ،ﻣﺤﺮﺭ .ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺘﺔﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ .ﺳﻜﺘﺔ ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ.3054–38:3052;2007 . ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮﺭﺩﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ] .ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ 2022
ﺗﻘﺼﻴﺮﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻢ 14ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ[ .ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ/archives/spr2020/entries/models-science/:
ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻪﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ https://plato.stanford.edu
ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ .ﻓﻴﺰ M، Giordano A، Franchignoni F. ] [19ﺭﺍﺵ ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ .ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ )
]39[ Monticone ﺇﻟﻴﻨﻮﻱ( :ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ؛ .1980
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ.10–101:1;2021. ] [20ﺭﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻲ ﺩﻱ ،ﻟﻴﻨﺎﻛﺮ ﺟﻲ ﺇﻡ .ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ
] [40ﺗﻴﺮﻧﺮ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﺲ ﺇﻝ ،ﻣﻴﺪﻓﻴﺪﻳﻒ ﺃﻭﻥ ،ﺳﻴﺠﻴﺮﺕ ﺁﺭ ﺟﻴﻪ .ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ .ﻗﻮﺱ ﻓﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺪ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ–857:(12)70;1989 .
ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ .860
ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ] [21ﺃﺭﻳﺎﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻑ ،ﺗﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻩ ،ﺇﻥ ﺟﻲ ﻟﻲ .ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺵ :ﺻﻌﻮﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ .ﻱ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺪ.574–51:566;2019 . ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺﻭﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ.
] [41ﺑﻴﺘﺮﻳﻠﻮ ﺟﻴﻪ ،ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﺇﺱ ﺟﻴﻪ ،ﻣﺎﻛﻠﻮﻳﺪ ﺇﻝ ﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.10:2197;2019 .
ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ] [22ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﺦ ﺩ .ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ-
ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ :ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ .ﺻﺤﺔ ﺇﻥﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺉﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺪﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ "
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ.34–25:(1)18;2015. ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ" .ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ.124-73:78 ;2013 .
:e99485.ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﻟﻸﻟﻢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ؟
ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ .ﺑﻠﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪTennant A. (6)9;2014 . ] [23ﺑﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺏ .ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻟﻼﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ.
]42[ Kersten P، White PJ، ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ).602–134:596;1961 .(1979
] [43ﻫﻮﺑﺎﺭﺕ ﺝ ،ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﺇﺱ .ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ] [24ﺭﺍﺵ ﺟﻲ .ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻼﺕﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ :ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻲﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ .ﻓﻲ :ﻧﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻲ ،ﻣﺤﺮﺭ .ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺑﻴﺮﻛﻠﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎء
ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ.ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ2009 .؛:(12)13ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ – ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ، ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ .ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ .4.4 .ﺑﻴﺮﻛﻠﻲ )ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ( :ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
.177-1 ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ؛ .1961ﺹ.333-321 .
] [44ﺑﻴﻜﺮ ﻙ ،ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺇﻝ ،ﺑﻼﻳﻔﻮﺭﺩ ﺇﻱ ﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ] [25ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﺦ ﺩ .ﺭﺍﺵ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻧﻴﻮﺑﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﻙ )ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ( :ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺞ؛
ﻓﻲﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ :ﻫﻞ DASHﺟﻴﺪ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ؟ Jﻧﻴﻮﺭﻭﻝ .1988
ﻧﻴﻮﺭﻭﺳﻮﺭﺝﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ.610-604:(6)87;2016 . ] [26ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ ،ﺟﺮﺍﻧﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻛﺎ ﺇﻝ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻢTMﺃﺩﺍﺓ
] [45ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ .ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ :ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ :ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ .ﺃﻧﺎ Jﻓﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺪ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ.
ﺭﺍﺵﻛﺠﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻉ .ﻱ ﺃﺑﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﺱ. .176–81:168;2002
.366–362:(4)5;2004 ] [27ﻟﻴﻨﺎﻛﺮﻱ ﺟﻲ ﺇﻡ ،ﻫﺎﻳﻨﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻳﻪ ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ ،ﺭﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻲ ﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ
] [46ﺑﻨﺪﺭﻳﻞ ﺇﻝ ﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ J .ﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ.35–9:24;2014 . ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ .ﻗﻮﺱ
ﻓﻴﺰﻣﻴﺪ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ.132-127:(2)75;1994 .
.ﻗﻴﺎﺱﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻮﻧﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ .ﺷﺎﻡ: ] [28ﺟﻮﺛﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻪ ،ﺑﻬﺎﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺇﺱ ،ﻛﻴﻜﻮﻧﺎﻳﺎ ﺁﺭ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺳﺒﺮﻳﻨﻐﺮﻟﻴﻨﻚ؛ ]47[ Pendrill L. 2019 ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻝ :ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ AS-20) 20-
] [48ﺑﻨﺪﺭﻳﻞ ﺇﻝ ﺁﺭ .ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ .ﺑﻠﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.19–10:1;2015 .
ﺗﺮﻳﺪﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ .ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ.29:034003;2018 .
] [49ﻛﻴﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻲ ،ﻛﺎﻳﺲ ﺇﻥ ﺇﻡ .ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ ،ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ .ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﺟﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ .ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ.
ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺎﺕ .ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﻱ ﻱ .Physiother. 2011;39:92–100 ]29[ Adams RJ, Wu ML, Wilson M. 573–72:547;2012
] [50ﻫﻮﺑﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﻲ ﺳﻲ ،ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﺇﺱ ﺟﻴﻪ ،ﺯﺍﺟﻴﺴﻚ ﺟﻲ ﺑﻲ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ] [30ﺃﻏﺒﻮ ﺃ.ﺃ .ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻛﺮﻭﻧﺒﺎﺥ :ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ .ﻱ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢﻛﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ :ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﻓﺮ.239–20:233;2010.
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ .ﻻﻧﺴﻴﺖ ﻧﻴﻮﺭﻭﻝ.1105-1094 :(12)6;2007 . .ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ،ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ .ﺭﺍﺵ ﻣﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲJr. 6:238;1992 .
]31[ WF
] [51ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎﻭﺕ ﺇﻱ ﻛﻴﻪ ،ﻫﻴﺮﻣﺎﻧﺰ ﺇﻡ ﺳﻲ ﺇﻱ ،ﻓﺎﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﺟﻲ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥRasch-ionale . ] [32ﺭﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻲ ﺩﻱ .ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ .ﺭﺍﺵ ﻣﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ.9:472;1996 .
ﻷﻃﺒﺎءﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ J .ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ.268–260:(3)20;2015 .
] [52ﺗﻴﻨﺎﻧﺖ ﺃ ،ﻛﻮﻧﺎﻏﺎﻥ ﺑﻲ ﺟﻲ .ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺵ ] [33ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻞ ﺗﻲ ،ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﺇﺱ ﺟﻴﻪ .ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ -ﺗﺄﻣﻼﺕ
ﻓﻲﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺰﻡ :ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ؟ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻲﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ IRDiRCﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺭﺍﺵ؟ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ.ﺍﻟﻴﺘﻴﻢ Jﻧﺎﺩﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ.1362–57:1358;2007. ﺩﻳﺲ.171:(1)12;2017.
13 ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ 1
ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ :ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻐﺮ .ﻱ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺪ2010 .؛ .331-323:(4)42 ] [53ﻛﺎﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺃ ،ﺳﺴﻴﻮﻡ�ﻩ ،Lﺩﻭﻧﺰﻳﻠﻲ ،Sﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ :ISYQOL .ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﻖ
ﻣﻊﺭﺍﺵ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻫﻘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ
] [57ﺑﻨﺘﺎ ﺇﻡ ،ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ ،ﺃﺭﻧﻮﻟﺪ ﺳﻲ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ABILHANDﻛﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ .ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ J. 2017؛ (9)17
ﻟﻠﻘﺪﺭﺓﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻣﻨﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ .1372-1364:
ﻋﻠﻰﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ .ﺳﻜﺘﺔ ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ. ] [54ﺑﺎﻳﻠﻮﺭ ﺳﻲ ،ﻫﻮﻻ ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ ،ﺩﻭﻧﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺟﻴﺮﺳﻲ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ
.1634–1627:(7)32;200 ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻷﺧﺼﺎﺉﻴﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ .ﺃﻧﺎ J
] [58ﻻ ﺑﻮﺭﺗﺎ ﺇﻑ ،ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﺴﻜﻴﻨﻲ ﺇﻡ ،ﻛﺎﺳﻴﻠﻲ ﺇﺱ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺧﻄﺎﺏﻻﻧﺞ ﺑﺎﺛﻮﻝ2011 .؛.259-243 :(3)20
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ:ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺵ .ﻱ ﺭﺣﺒﻴﻞ ] [55ﺗﻴﺴﻴﻮ ﺇﻝ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻴﺘﺸﻲ ﺇﻡ ﺁﺭ ،ﺳﺎﻻ ﺇﻡ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﺓ
ﻣﻴﺪ.444–43:435;2011. ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ/ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ) :(LAPMERﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ
] [59ﺧﻮﺭﻱ ﺟﻲ ﺇﻱ ،ﺑﺎﺭﺑﻴﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ،ﻟﻴﺒﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﺇﻛﺲ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻦﺭﺍﺵ .ﻱ ﺃﺑﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﺱ.84–50:(1)3;2002 .
ﻣﺮﺿﻰﺟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ :ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺑﻴﻠﻬﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ] [56ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻨﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺇﻑ ،ﻫﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﺇﻑ ،ﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﺇﻡ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ-
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ .ﺑﻠﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.17–15:1;2020 . ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ricﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ