Module 1

Introduction
Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus
cited on this presentation conforms to the
ASTM Standards and Specifications.
• The GOAL of this course is to familiarize and train the
students in the standard testing procedures of
common construction materials
• For students to be ready for the DPWH-BRS Materials
Engineering examination, which is an essential
advantage of a Professional Civil Engineer working in
the construction industry.
• To prepare students for Researches related to material
testing especially concrete engineering.
• It is essential to test all the materials such as (cement,
sand, gravel, concrete, masonry, steel and wood) in
order to determine its physical and mechanical
properties.
Construction in the Philippines is usually classified by
these techniques/materials:
1. Reinforced Concrete
2. Structural Steel
3. Masonry
4. Wood/Bamboo
 Reinforced Concrete is the typical
material, technique used for
building in the Philippines
because of its lower cost
compared to other materials.

Made from concrete and steel

reinforcing bars.

Source: https://www.alsina.com
 Structural Steel is the usual the
choice material for construction of
warehouses, refineries/factories,
structures with large area, and
sometimes for tall buildings.

Structural Steel (I beams and C

Channel) are made from hot
rolled steel.

Source: https://www.scottsdalesteelframes.com
 Masonry structures are usually for
bungalow because its weak
against lateral forces created by
high winds, earthquakes, etc.

Most of the time, this structures

are considered non-engineered
and low construction cost.

Source: www.findglocal.com
 Wood as the main construction
material may vary in cost
depending on the type of wood
used. Not a good material for
areas with high winds but safer
from earthquakes.

Wood shall be tested first before

using as the main structural
system.

Source: https://bluprint.onemega.com
1. Testing of materials will identify potential problems
during and after the construction of the project.
2. Ensures the safety of the structure and its occupants.
3. Usage and selling of sub-standard construction materials
is punishable by law.
 Name of Material BPS DESIGNATION NO.
Portland cement – Specification PNS 7:2005
Pozzolan cement – Specification PNS 63:200
Plywood – Specification PNS 196:2000
Re-rolled steel bars for concrete PNS 211:2000
reinforcement – Specification
Sanitary wares- Specification PNS 156:1992
This book from Department of Public Works
and Highways – Bureau of Research and
Standards (DPWH-BRS) is one of the basis for
standard specifications for construction of all
DPWH related projects.

The bureau of Research and Standard is the

governing body that strictly follow the
standards of construction materials
 ASTM is the leading organization that
standardized the testing of materials
specially for construction materials. The
Philippines is following most of the
methodologies and techniques based on
their procedures.

Source: https://www.astm.org/
All necessary equipment needed for all
experiments can be borrowed from our
laboratory during testing/laboratory
experiment.

Handling of certain equipment will be

discussed on the following presentations.
1. Safety is top priority of our school. All unnecessary
task/behavior is prohibited on the laboratory.
2. Turn off all equipment specially electronic devices/heat
related equipment after usage.
3. First aid kits are all available in the laboratory.
4. Call for help if needed.
5. Do not operate UTM and oven without the supervision of
the faculty member or laboratory assistant.
6. No eating allowed in the laboratory
7. Immediately clean all equipment and tools after usage.
• ASTM is the leading organization for standardizing
materials and its testing
• 12,800+ Standards
• 110 Countries Adopted their standards
• Available in English and SI Units
100 Barr Harbor Drive
P.O. Box C700
West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959, USA
ASTM Standard Title
ASTM C136 Determination of the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by
sieving.
ASTM C566 Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying

ASTM C29 Determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate

ASTM C127 Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of
Coarse Aggregate
ASTM C128 Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine
Aggregate
ASTM C131 Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregates by Abrasion and Impact in
Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C187 Standard Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement
ASTM Standard Title
ASTM C191 Time of setting of hydraulic cement by means of the Vicat needle

ASTM C143 Determination of slump of hydraulic-cement concrete, both in the laboratory and in
the field.
ASTM C192 Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory

ASTM C39 Standard Test Method for Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete

ASTM C1314 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms

ASTM D4761 determination of the axial compressive, tensile and bending strength of stress-
graded lumber and other wood-base structural material
ASTM A615 Tensile Strength of Reinforcing Bars
1. Member will identify certain problem, material,
revision of existing standard
2. Members will prepare a draft standard
3. The parent subcommittee will review the proposed
standard.
It is hereby directed that henceforth, the DPWH Standard Specifications
for Public Works and Highways 2004 Edition: Volume II – Highways,
Bridges and Airports shall be adopted in the implementation of all
infrastructure projects of said categories; except for projects which have
already been advertised for bids and for which specifications other than the
above standards have been adopted. Where necessary, these Standard
Specifications shall be supplemented by special provisions.
Department Order No. 098 Series of 2016
1.0 CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITATION

The following criteria shall be applied in the evaluation for accreditation of

Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineers:

1.1 Minimum Requirement

As a minimum requirement for accreditation of materials engineers, the applicant must be a
registered and licensed Civil Engineer. This minimum requirement may be extended to
foreign applicants.

1.2 Written Examination

A written examination shall be administered to all the applicants. The raw score obtained in
the examination shall be converted to percentage (100% maximum) to obtain the total score
for accreditation.
1.0 CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITATION

1.3 Practical Examination

Practical examination shall be administered to an accredited Materials Engineer I applying
for upgrading to Materials Engineer II. It shall be conducted at the Bureau of Research and
Standards (BRS) Office in Quezon City or at a selectedjidentified DPWH Regional Office.

1.4 DPWH Engineers and other government engineers are prohibited from taking the
examination for the accreditation of Contractors’jConsultants Materials Engineers to prevent
private entities from engaging the servicesof the former while still employed by the
government.
4.0 CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS’/CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS
ENGINEERS

4.1 Materials Engineers shall be classified according to the results of

Written and Practical Examinations.

4.1.1 Written Examination

Applicants who got a score of 60% and above are automatically accredited
as Materials Engineer I.
4.1.2 Practical Examinations
(For upgrading from Materials Engineer I to Materials II only)
a. Laboratory
The applicants will be required to demonstrate the actual sampling and testing procedures
of construction materials in accordance with the existing standards to determine their testing
capability.
b. Field
The applicants will be required to demonstrate the actual implementation of quality control
supervision and decision making in the project.
4.2 Accredited Materials Engineer I may be upgraded to Materials Engineer II by
undergoing only a Practical Examination and not a written examination. Applicants must
obtain a total score of at least 75% in the Practical Examination to qualify as Materials
Engineer II.
4.3 Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for upgrading but failed to
be upgraded to Materials Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is
barred from taking the Practical Examination for one (1) year and should
take a refresher course related to Materials Quality Control.

4.4 An accredited Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineer who enters

the government service and wishes to be accredited as DPWH Materials
Engineer may apply for accreditation. His/her score in the written
examination will be considered and he/she must undergo the practical
examination. However, in the case of upgraded Materials Engineer II who
have undergone practical examination, he/she will be automatically
conferred the same rank.
4.5 DPWH engineers who took the DPWH Materials Engineers examination
and got a score of 60% and above but are separated from government
service can be accredited as Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineers
I, without undergoing practical examination for Contractors’/Consultants’
Materials Engineers.
5.0 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTORS’ /
CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS ENGINEERS

Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to DPWH projects, subject

to the following limits of assignment:
Classification Limits of Assignment
a. Materials Engineer I – One (1) project costing not more than P150M, or
– Two (2) projects, with an aggregate cost of not more than P250M, or
– Three (3) projects, with an aggregate cost of not more than P200M.
5.0 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTORS’ /
CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS ENGINEERS

Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to DPWH projects, subject

to the following limits of assignment:
Classification Limits of Assignment

b. Materials Engineer II – One (1) project, no cost limit, or

– Two (2) projects, with an aggregate cost of not more than P300M, or
– Three (3) projects, with an aggregate cost of not more than P250M.
Non-accredited materials engineers may be assigned to three (3) projects,
with an aggregate cost of P150M or below
ASTM stands for?
Why is Reinforced Concrete
the choice material for most
of the construction in the
Philippines?
 END OF PRESENTATION
THANKS FOR LISTENING!
 Module 2
Laboratory Apparatus, Equipment
and Standards
Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus
cited on this presentation conforms to the
ASTM Standards and Specifications.
• It is essential to student to get familiarized with the
proper use each equipment and apparatus in the
Matcons Lab for the following reasons:
• Safety
• Accuracy of the Test Results
• Not to damage the equipment and apparatus
Source: https://otvod.org/ Source: https://pavementinteractive.org/
Source: https://civilread.com/
Source: https://www.indiamart.com
 Concrete Beam Mold, Lightweight, 6" x 6" x 22"

Concrete Beam Molds, Lightweight, 4" x 4" x 14"

Source: https://myerstest.com/
Source: https://www.amazon.com
Source: https://www.socotec.co.uk
 Source: https://ph.rs-online.com
Source: https://sunlabtech.com/
Source: civil-online2010.blogspot.com
Source: https://www.slideshare.net Source: https://civiconcepts.com
Source: https://concretecivil.com Source: https://www.fprimec.com
 https://sites.google.com

https://newcastlebeach.org
Source: shopee.com
Source: https://theconstructor.org
Source: https://www.indiamart.com/
https://soyouwanttobeanenvironmentalscientist.wordpress.com
https://goldapextools.com
Source: https://theconstructor.org/
Source: https://shopee.ph/
Source: https://www.mybenta.com
Source: sangmeshwar.com Source: https://cnzjtg.en.made-in-china.com
What is the apparatus used to
determine the compressive
strength of concrete and tensile
strength of steel?
Vicat Apparatus is an
equipment used to test
the?
 END OF PRESENTATION
THANKS FOR LISTENING!
 Module 3
Material Properties
Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus
cited on this presentation conforms to the
ASTM Standards and Specifications.
• Aggregates – it is important to test the properties of both fine and
coarse aggregates since it is one of the key ingredients of concrete.
• Cement – the properties of cement powder is essential in
stablishing the strength of hardened concrete.
• Concrete- workability and strength of concrete is essential in the
design of reinforced concrete structures
• Steel – same with concrete, the strength of steel is essential in
designing all reinforced concrete structures
• Wood – strength of wood materials is essential to the design of
wood structures.
• Masonry – determining the strength of masonry is an requirement
for safe design of masonry structures.
Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete. Concrete is formed
when portland cement creates a paste with water that binds with sand and
rock to harden.
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination
of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients.
Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells,
and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica
sand, and iron ore. These ingredients, when heated at high temperatures
form a rock-like substance that is ground into the fine powder that we
commonly think of as cement.

Source: https://www.cement.org/
Source: https://gharpedia.com/

Source: https://www.eaglecement.com.ph
Source: https://theconstructor.org
Source: https://www.researchgate.net
 Source: https://republiccement.com

Source: https://slideplayer.com
Source: https://www.ques10.com/
Air-entrained concrete contains billions of
microscopic air cells per cubic foot. These air pockets
relieve internal pressure on the concrete by providing
tiny chambers for water to expand into when it freezes.
Air-entrained concrete is produced using air-entraining
portland cement, or by the introduction of air-
entraining agents, under careful engineering
supervision, as the concrete is mixed on the job. The
amount of entrained air is usually between four
and seven percent of the volume of the concrete, but
may be varied as required by special conditions.
Source: https://www.cement.org
Water-reducing admixtures usually reduce the required water content for a
concrete mixture by about 5 to 10 percent. Consequently, concrete
containing a water-reducing admixture needs less water to reach a required
slump than untreated concrete. The treated concrete can have a lower
water-cement ratio. This usually indicates that a higher strength concrete
can be produced without increasing the amount of cement. Recent
advancements in admixture technology have led to the development of mid-
range water reducers. These admixtures reduce water content by at least 8
percent and tend to be more stable over a wider range of temperatures. Mid-
range water reducers provide more consistent setting times than standard
water reducers
Source: https://www.cement.org
Retarding admixtures, which slow the setting rate of concrete, are used to
counteract the accelerating effect of hot weather on concrete setting. High
temperatures often cause an increased rate of hardening which makes
placing and finishing difficult. Retarders keep concrete workable during
placement and delay the initial set of concrete. Most retarders also function
as water reducers and may entrain some air in concrete.

Source: https://www.cement.org
Accelerating admixtures increase the rate of early strength development,
reduce the time required for proper curing and protection, and speed up the
start of finishing operations. Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for
modifying the properties of concrete in cold weather.

Source: https://www.cement.org
Superplasticizers, also known as plasticizers or high-range water reducers
(HRWR), reduce water content by 12 to 30 percent and can be added to
concrete with a low-to-normal slump and water-cement ratio to make high-
slump flowing concrete. Flowing concrete is a highly fluid but workable
concrete that can be placed with little or no vibration or compaction. The
effect of superplasticizers lasts only 30 to 60 minutes, depending on the
brand and dosage rate, and is followed by a rapid loss in workability. As a
result of the slump loss, superplasticizers are usually added to concrete at
the jobsite.

Source: https://www.cement.org
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category
and are used to slow corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. Corrosion
inhibitors can be used as a defensive strategy for concrete structures, such
as marine facilities, highway bridges, and parking garages, that will be
exposed to high concentrations of chloride. Other specialty admixtures
include shrinkage-reducing admixtures and alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors.
The shrinkage reducers are used to control drying shrinkage and minimize
cracking, while ASR inhibitors control durability problems associated with
alkali-silica reactivity.

Source: https://www.cement.org
Source: www.civilengineeringforum.me
In its simplest form, concrete is
a mixture of paste and
aggregates, or rocks. The
paste, composed of portland
cement and water, coats the
surface of the fine (small) and
coarse (larger) aggregates.
Through a chemical reaction
called hydration, the paste
hardens and gains strength to
form the rock-like mass known
as concrete Source: https://theconstructor.org
Source: https://www.cement.org
The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in the careful
proportioning and mixing of the ingredients. A mixture that does not have
enough paste to fill all the voids between the aggregates will be difficult to
place and will produce rough surfaces and porous concrete. A mixture with
an excess of cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth
surface; however, the resulting concrete is not cost-effective and can more
easily crack.

Portland cement's chemistry comes to life in the presence of water. Cement

and water form a paste that coats each particle of stone and sand—the
aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the cement paste
hardens and gains strength.
Source: https://www.cement.org
The quality of the paste determines the character of the concrete. The
strength of the paste, in turn, depends on the ratio of water to cement. The
water-cement ratio is the weight of the mixing water divided by the weight of
the cement. High-quality concrete is produced by lowering the water-cement
ratio as much as possible without sacrificing the workability of fresh
concrete, allowing it to be properly placed, consolidated, and cured.

A properly designed mixture possesses the desired workability for the fresh
concrete and the required durability and strength for the hardened concrete.
Typically, a mix is about 10 to 15 percent cement, 60 to 75 percent
aggregate and 15 to 20 percent water. Entrained air in many concrete mixes
may also take up another 5 to 8 percent.
Source: https://www.cement.org
Almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no pronounced taste or odor may be
used as mixing water for concrete. Excessive impurities in mixing water not only may affect
setting time and concrete strength, but can also cause efflorescence, staining, corrosion of
reinforcement, volume instability, and reduced durability. Concrete mixture specifications
usually set limits on chlorides, sulfates, alkalis, and solids in mixing water unless tests can
be performed to determine the effect the impurity has on the final concrete.

Although most drinking water is suitable for mixing concrete, aggregates are chosen
carefully. Aggregates comprise 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete. The type
and size of aggregate used depends on the thickness and purpose of the final concrete
product.

Source: https://www.cement.org
Types
Normal Strength Concrete
Plain or Ordinary Concrete
High-Strength Concrete
Self – Consolidated Concrete
Shotcrete Concrete
Pervious Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Application
General Application
Finishing
Structural Members of Tall
Buildings, Bridges etc.
Structural Members with congested
rebar, buildings
Walls, uneven surface, tunnels etc.
Roads, parking areas
Girders, decks, slabs
Composition
Cement, sand, gravel, water
Cement, sand, water
Cement, sand, gravel, less-water,
water reducing agent
Cement, sand, smaller gravel sizes,
water, superplasticizer
Cement, sand, smaller gravel sizes,
water
Cement, sand, gravel, less-water
Cement, sand, gravel, water,
admixtures
 Types
Light – Weight Concrete Walls, non-structural members
High-Density Concrete
Air Entrained Concrete
Roller Compacted Concrete
Rapid Strength Concrete
Application Composition
Cement, lightweight sand,
lightweight gravel, water
Dams Cement, sand, high density gravel,
water
Cold climates Cement, sand, gravel, water, air
entraining admixture
Roads Cement, sand, gravel, less water
Roads Cement, sand, gravel, water,
admixture for rapid curing
 Property Test Equipment
Workability of Fresh Concrete Slump Test Slump Cone

Hardened Concrete Compressive Strength UTM

Tensile Strength UTM
Flexural Strength UTM
Permeability
• Fiber Reinforced Concrete
• Geo-Polymer Concrete
• Bacterial Concrete

Source: https://theconstructor.org

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com Source: www.marocmorocco.com

Source: https://www.reinforcing-bar.com/
The tensile strength of rebar steel and
the tensile rebar-concrete bond
strength are extremely important
properties of rebar. Tensile tests are
the most popular type of test for testing
rebar. Other tests include bend tests
and fatigue tests. Tensile testing of
rebar is relatively straightforward
Source: https://www.instron.us/
 Source: https://www.instructables.com

Source: https://www.engineeringcivil.com
Source: https://www.engineeringcivil.com
Source: https://www.reinforcing-bar.com/
Concrete is stronger in
________ strength and
weaker in _______strength.
What is the name of
Chemical admixture
needed for concrete for
cold environment?
 END OF PRESENTATION
THANKS FOR LISTENING!
 DPWH Blue Book Item List Part E. Surface Courses

Item 300 Aggregate Surface Course

301 Bituminous Prime Coat
Part A. Facilities for Engineer 302 Bituminous Tack Coat
Part B. Other General Requirements 303 Bituminous Seal Coat
304 Bituminous Surface Treatment
Part C. Earthworks 304A Slurry System for Road Surface Treatment
305 Bituminous Penetration MacAdam Pavement
Item 100 Clearing & Grubbing
306 Bituminous Road-mix Surface Course
101 Removal of Structures & Obstructions
307 Bituminous Plant-mix Surface Course - General
102 Excavation
308 Bituminous Plant-mix Surface Course – Cold Laid
103 Structure Excavation
309 Bituminous Plant-mix (Stockpile Maintenance
104 Embankment
Mixture)
105 Subgrade Preparation
310 Bituminous Concrete Surface Course – Hot Laid
106 Compaction Equipment & Density Control
311 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Strips
313 Rock Asphalt – Hot Laid
107 Overhaul

Part F. Bridge Construction

Part D. Subbase and Base Course
Item 400 Piling
Item 200 Aggregate Subbase Course
401 Railings
201 Aggregate Base Course
402 Timber Structures
202 Crushed Aggregate Base Course
403 Metal Structures
203 Lime Stabilized Base Course
404 Reinforcing Steel
204 Portland Cement Stabilized Base Course
405 Structural Concrete
205 Asphalt Stabilized Base Course
406 Prestressed Concrete
206 Chemically Stabilized Sub/Base Course
407 Concrete Structures
207 Portland Cement Treated Plant-mix Base
408 Steel Bridges
Course
409 Welded Structural Steel
208 Aggregate Stockpile
410 Treated & Untreated Timber
411 Paint
 412 Elastomeric Part H. Miscellaneous Structures
413 Pre-molded Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving &
Structural Concrete Item 600 Curb & Gutter
414 Forms & Falseworks 601 Sidewalk
415 Elastomeric, Hot-Applied Joint Sealant w/ Single- 602 Monuments, Markers & Guideposts
sized Aggregates for Bridge Expansion Joints 603 Guardrail
416 Carbon Fiber 604 Fencing
605 Road Signs
606 Pavement Markings
Part G. Drainage & Slope Protection Structures 607 Reflective Pavement Studs
608 Topsoil
Item 500 Pipe Culvert & Storm Drains
609 Sprigging
501 Underdrains
610 Sodding
502 Manholes, Inlets & Catch Basins
611 Tree Planting
503 Drainage Steel Grating w/ Frame
612 Reflective Thermoplastic Stripping Material (Solid
504 Cleaning & Reconditioning of Existing Drainage Form)
Structures
613 Concrete Joint Sealant (Hot-poured Elastic & Cold-
505 Riprap & Grouted Riprap Applied)
506 Stone Masonry 614 Water Stops
507 Rubble Concrete 618 Reflectorized Thermoplastic Rumble Strips
508 Hand-Laid Rock Embankment 620 Chevron Signs
509 Sheet Piles 622 Coconut Bio-Engineering Solutions
510 Concrete Slope Protection
511 Gabions & Mattresses
512 Erosion Control Mats, Roving & Cellular
Confinement Systems
513 Permanent Ground Anchors
514 Shotcrete (Concrete Spray)
515 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining
Wall
516 Wet Masonry (Cobble Stone)
517 Drain Pipe
520 Hydroseeding
Part I. Materials Details

Item 700 Hydraulic Cement

701 Construction Lime
702 Bituminous Materials
703 Aggregates
703A Mineral Filler
704 Masonry Units
705 Joint Materials
706 Concrete, Clay, Plastic & Fiber Pipe
707 Metal Pipe
708 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
709 Paint
710 Reinforcing Steel & Wire Rope
711 Fence & Guardrails
712 Structural Metal
713 Treated & Untreated Timber
714 Water
715 Geotextiles
716 Drilling Slurry
719 Epoxy-Resin Base Bonding Systems for Concrete
726 Coal Tar Surface Treatment
727 Non-Shrink Grout
729 Protective Coating for Concrete
733 Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coating on Iron & Steel
Products
734 Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)
735 Porous Asphalt Mixture
743 Geofoam