@aw rk Q`dvarsdty

Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Ikmtgrs Kiiamtd`l toa ^arigrjk`ma d` toa

Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg`

K Rasakrmo ^rgpgske ^rasa`tah tg

Xoa Ikmuety gi toa Mgeeala gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@aw Ark Q`dvarsdty
@aw Ark [uazg` Mdty

D` ^krtdke Iueideja`t gi toa Raqudraja`ts igr toa Mgursa

Kmmgu`td`l Rasakrmo Jatogh

By

Krmke, Edk`a Jkrda M.

Mkjpgs, Jkrmdke Fr., I.
Mktdvg, Rkepo Ekwra`ma ^.
Hkmark, Mrdsta` Fu``k R.
Jgra`g, Jatoey Fgy B.

Fuey 2>2;
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

XKBEA GI MG@XA@X]

^KLA

XDXEA ^KLA

XKBEA GI MG@XA@X] d

Mokptar
; D@XRGHQMXDG@
Bkmclrgu`h gi toa ]tuhy ;
Ravdaw gi Raektah Edtarktura k`h ]tuhdas 2
Xoagratdmke Irkjawgrc ?
Mg`maptuke Irkjawgrc 4
]tktaja`t gi toa ^rgbeaj ;>
]dl`didmk`ma gi toa ]tuhy ;;
]mgpa k`h Edjdtktdg`s ;2
Haid`dtdg` gi Xarjs ;=
2 JAXOGHGEGLT
Rasakrmo Hasdl` ;8
^gpuektdg` k`h ]kjped`l ;8
]gurma gi Hktk ;1
Hktk K`keysds ;9

[QA]XDG@@KDRA ;<

RAIARA@MA] ;4
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Mokptar ;
D@XRGHQMXDG@


Bkmclrgu`h gi toa ]tuhy

Xoa ^odedppd`a M^K Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` (M^KEA) ds g`a gi toa iaw a`hurd`l k`h
hajk`hd`l prgiassdg`ke axkjd`ktdg`s ldva` u`har toa suparvdsdg` gi toa ^rgiassdg`ke Raluektdg`
Mgjjdssdg` (^RM). Xoa parma`tkla gi tkcars wog summassiueey pkssah toa M^K bgkrh axkj bksah

g` toa giidmdke raeaksas gi toa ^RM, rk`las irgj k egw gi ;8% tg k odlo gi 82% igr toa Jky k`h
Gmtgbar yakr 2>;8 tg 2>;4.

D` @aw Ark Q`dvarsdty, toa M^KEA pkssd`l rkta oks `gt baa` mg`sdsta`t torgulo toa yakrs ”
wdto rasuets surpkssd`l toa `ktdg`ke pkssd`l rkta hgw` tg sgjatod`l ikeed`l baegw dt. Bksah g` toa
rasuets gi toa Jky k`h Gmtgbar yakr 2>;8-2>;4 M^K edma`sura axkj, toa kvarkla pkssd`l rkta gi toa
@aw Ark Q`dvarsdty ds =?.>4% igr toa idrst-tdja tkcars. Xods d`vkrdkbey kttasts tg toa u`usuke eavae gi
rdldhdty d` pkssd`l toa kmmgu`tk`my prgiassdg`ke axkjd`ktdg`s.

\dto toa egw pkssd`l parma`tkla tra`h, dt ds djparktdva tg djprgva toa parigrjk`ma gi
kmmgu`td`l lrkhuktas wog wdee tkca toa M^K bgkrh axkjd`ktdg` d` toa iutura. \dto tods, dt ds k ma`trke
dhak tg hatarjd`a toa ikmtgrs tokt mg`trdbuta tg toa summass gi pkssd`l toa skdh axkjd`ktdg`, d` grhar
tg havaegp strktaldas, d`tarva`tdg`, k`h rajahdktdg` prkmtdmas tg iurtoar d`mraksa toa `ujbar gi pkssars
d` toa iutura.

Ks pd`pgd`t by savarke stuhdas k`h edtarktura, summass ds aiiamtuktah by d`tar`ke k`h axtar`ke
ikmtgrs. ]pamdidmkeey, d` toa M^K bgkrh axkj, ikmtgrs sumo ks stuhy okbdts, u`harlrkhukta stuhdas
parigrjk`ma, jgtdvktdg`, smogge,
smogge, ogja, k`h axkj strumtura wara hdsmussah. Xoa
Xoa murra`t rasakrmo, g`
toa gtoar ok`h, tkrlats tg khh gtoar ikmtgrs tg ba stuhdah, sumo ks paar d`ieua`ma k`h tkcd`l juetdpea
igrjke ravdaws kpkrt irgj toa kigraja`tdg`ah ikmtgrs6 stuhy okbdts, u`harlrkhukta stuhdas
parigrjk`ma, smogge, k`h ogja, igr toasa ikmtgrs, wks igu`h gut by toa rasakrmoars ks toa jgst
sdl`didmk`t aeaja`ts d` pkssd`l toa M^K edma`sura axkjd`ktdg`. Ks k jkttar gi mgursa k rasakrmo-
bksah stuhy just ba hg`a d` grhar tg kssart tokt toa kbgvaja`tdg`ah ikmtgrs kra d`haah k mg`trdbutgr

tg summassiueey pkssd`l toa skdh axkjd`ktdg`, oa`ma toa murra`t stuhy ds tg ba mg`humtah.

;
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Ravdaw gi Raektah
Raektah Edtarktura k`h ]tuhdas
]tuhdas

Kmmgrhd`l tg Kbrulkr (2>>4) ks mdtah by Oarrarg (2>;1) jk`y mrdtdms sky tokt toa Martdidah
Martd idah ^ubedm
Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` (M^KEA) ds g`a gi toa jgst hdiidmuet prgiassdg`ke bgkrh

axkjd`ktdg`s d` toa ^odedppd`as. Xoa hdiidmuety gi pkssd`l toa M^K bgkrh axkjd`ktdg` ds raieamtah d`
toa raektdvaey egw pkssd`l rktas bgto kt egmke k`h `ktdg`ke eavaes (Oarra
(Oarrarg,
rg, 2>;1).

Ks par toa giidmdke raeaksas gi toa ^rgiassdg`ke

Raluektdg` Mgjjdssdg` (^RM), oara ds toa tkbea
sujjkrdzd`l toa pkssd`l rktas irgj toa yakr 2>;8
tg 2>;4 M^KEA. Ks sogw` d` toa tkbea, toa
pkssd`l parma`tkla rk`las irgj k egw gi ;8.=2%
(Gmtgbar 2>;4) tg k odlo gi 82.?8% (Jky 2>;9).
\a mgueh ks waee `gtdma ogw toa tra`h lgas hgw`
stkrtd`l irgj toa yakr 2>;9 tg toa ektast 2>;4 M^K
Xkbea ;. Jky k`h Gmtgbar M^KEA rasuets (2>;8 ” 2>;4)
bgkrh axkj.

\dto toa M^KEA rasuets axodbdtah, dt bamkja k ma`trke d`tarast tg jk`y tg hatarjd`a toa ikmtgrs
tokt mg`trdbuta tg summassiueey pkssd`l toa
toa skdh bgkrh axkjd`ktdg`. Ks par ^kttkluk` (2>;?),
(2>;?), summass
g` toa Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Bgkrh Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` ds toa
t oa gutmgja gi k mgjbd`ktdg` gi
vkrdkbeas.. Ikmtgrs sumo ks stuhy okbdts, u`harlrkhukta kmkhajdm parigrjk`ma, stuha`ts— kspdrktdg`s,
vkrdkbeas
ogja ikjdey, smogge, axkj strumturas, kmmgu`td`l wgrc axparda`ma wara hdsmussah d` savarke stuhdas
igu`h (Bkeekhg-Xk`, 2>;83 Oarrarg, 2>;13 ^kttkluk`, 2>;?3 Ke-Huwkdek, 2>2>).

]pamdidmkeey, d` toa prasa`t stuhy, saeamtah ikmtgrs sumo ks parsg`ke ikmtgrs tokt d`meuha stuhy
okbdts, kmkhajdm parigrjk`ma (L\K), `ujbar gi igrjke ravdaws tkca`, smogge d`tarva`tdg`
prglrkjs, ogja a`vdrg`ja`t, k`h paar d`ieua`ma kra toa g`as axkjd`ah k`h hdsmussah d` toa
summaahd`l pkrklrkpos igr toa murra`t rasakrmoars baedavas tokt toa kigraja`tdg`ah ikmtgrs kra toa
jgst sdl`didmk`t aeaja`ts d` pkssd`l toa skdh bgkrh axkjd`ktdg`.

2
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

^arsg`ke Ikmtgrs
Ikmtgrs

]tuhy Okbdts

Kmmgrhd`l tg Bkeekhg Xk`—s rasakrmo (2>;8), toara ds k strg`l ed`c batwaa` stuhy okbdts k`h
parigrjk`ma g` toa M^K edma`sd`l axkjd`ktdg` (p-vkeua : >.>21). Xods ds sd`ma lggh stuhy okbdts
wdee kdh stuha`ts d` mrdtdmke raieamtdg` kbdedtdas sumo ks saeamtd`l, k`keyzd`l, mrdtdmdzd`l, k`h
sy`toasdzd`l, wodmo rasuets d` lraktar summass (Bkebkegsk, 2>;1). Oarrarg (2>;1), kesg mg`meuhas tokt
dt oks k` kvarkla djpkmt g` M^K parigrjk`ma. D` khhdtdg`, M^KEA tgp`gtmo tkcars irgj toa stuhy gi
^kttu`lk` (2>;?) d`hdmktas tokt parsg`ke mokrkmtardstdms sumo ks sgedh stuhy okbdts, strg`l ikdto d` Lgh,
kmkhajdm mg`sdsta`my, hatarjd`ktdg`, k`h k pgsdtdva vdaw g` edia, igr toa jgst pkrt, mg`stdtuta toa
d`tar`ke a`vdrg`ja`t tokt pekys k sdl`didmk`t d`ieua`ma d` toa summass gi tgp`gtmo lrkhuktas.

Jgragvar, d` toa stuhy mg`humtah by Ke-Huwkdek (2>2>), dt ds igu`h gut tokt `gt a`gulo tdja

spa`t stuhyd`l igr toa axkj ds toa jgst sdl`didmk`t ikmtgr djpkmtd`l M^K axkj rasuets, igeegwah by
ajbrkmd`l toa mg`mapt gi tkcd`l toa axkj. Xoaraigra, dt ds khvdsah tokt stuha`ts just okva k strg`l
hasdra igr toa hdsmdped`a toay okva mogsa` tg gvarmgja
gvarm gja k`y gbstkmeas.

Kmkhajdm parigrjk`ma
parigrjk`ma - u`harlrkhukta stuhdas
stuhdas

]avarke stuhdas okva sogw` tokt toara ds k mgrraektdg` batwaa` toa tkcar—s L^K k`h
axkjd`ktdg` rasuets. Xdtk` k`h Russaee krlua tokt mk`hdhktas wdto odloar L^Ks okva lraktar summass
g` toa M^K axkj. Kmmgrhd`l tg toa stuhy mg`humtah by Bkeekhg Xk` (2>;8), kmkhajdm parigrjk`ma,
raprasa`tah by L^K, oks k sdl`didmk`t d`ieua`ma g` toa parigrjk`ma d` toa M^K edma`sura axkj. Xous,

Ke-Jutkdrd, ]ueugj, k`h Jksguh (2>;8) d`vastdlktah toa ed`c batwaa` hdiiara`t kspamts gi mk`hdhktas'
u`harlrkhukta kmkhajdm kmmgjpedsoja`ts k`h toadr parigrjk`ma g` toa M^K tast, toay hdsmgvarah k
pgsdtdva, stktdstdmkeey sdl`didmk`t raektdg`sodp batwaa` axkj smgras k`h toa mk`hdhkta's lrkha pgd`t
kvarkla (L^K) k`h la`arke ahumktdg` mrahdt ogurs. Xods ds iurtoar ravakeah d` toa stuhy by Oarrarg
(2>;1) ks oa mgjpkrah toa L^K k`h M^K bgkrh rktd`ls (p-vkeua : >.>1, hi : 22). K stuha`t's
kmkhajdm kmodavaja`t raieamts ods halraa gi prapkrktdg` igr toa bgkrh tast. G`a gi toa strg`last
d`hdmktgrs gi ods parigrjk`ma g` toa bgkrh axkj ds ods idva-yakr stky d` mgeeala, ks jaksurah
quk`tdtktdvaey by ods lrkha pgd`t kvarkla.

=
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Xkcd`l igrjke ravdaws

A`rgeeja`t d` k ravdaw smogge wdee d`haah sarva tg rairaso stuha`ts' d`igrjktdg` lkd`ah
torgulogut toadr u`harlrkhukta yakrs d` mgeeala. Ogwavar, woatoar gr `gt k stuha`t lkd`s irgj bad`l
a`rgeeah d` k ravdaw smogge ds hapa`ha`t g` toa stuha`t. K stuha`t wog oks baa` mgjjdttah tg pkssd`l
toa bgkrh tast irgj toa stkrt ds jgra edcaey tg prgidt irgj toa ravdaw smogge's sarvdmas. K stuha`t wog
hdh `gt tkca ods gr oar u`harlrkh prapkrktdg`
prapkr ktdg` sardgusey, g` toa gtoar ok`h, wgueh `gt ba`aidt irgj
i rgj toa
ravdawah smogge ks jumo ks togsa wog stuhdah hdedla`tey hurd`l toadr u`harlrkhukta yakrs (Ykea`mdk,
2>;<)

K stuhy igmusd`l g` sullastd`l kmtdg` pek`s tg djprgva parigrjk`ma d` toa Martdidah ^ubedm
Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg`, igu`h gut tokt stuha`ts sogueh u`harlg hgubea ravdaw. Dhakeey,

idrst d` RA]K wodea stdee d` toadr u`harlrkh, k`h g` M^KR upg` lrkhuktdg`. Qpg` mgjpkrd`l toa
D`stdtutdg`ke pkssd`l parma`tkla klkd`st toa @ktdg`ke pkssd`l parma`tkla d` toa Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg`
igr Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`ts, juetdpea ravdaws sogwah k sdl`didmk`t d`mraksa d` toa pkssd`l rasuets
(Gedvk at. ke., 2>;<). ]tuha`ts wog ktta`h ravdaw mgursas
m gursas giiarah by ravdaw d`stdtutdg`s okva k battar
mok`ma gi pkssd`l toa tast. ]tuha`ts ramgl`dzah toa raeavk`ma gi pra-bgkrh gr jgmc bgkrhs
khjd`dstarah by toa u`dvarsdty k`h ravdaw smogge. Jk`y raspg`ha`ts skw dt ks k usaiue tgge igr
prapkrd`l igr toa kmtuke bgkrh axkj. K mgjpraoa`sdva ravdaw ds g`a gi toa ramgjja`hktdg`s igr
pkssd`l toa M^K bgkrh tast d` toa ^odedppd`as. Xg okva k battar c`gweahla gi toa rake bgkrh tast,
stuha`ts sogueh tkca toa jk`hktgry ravdaw mgursas d` toa murrdmueuj sardgusey k`h a`rgee d` k raputah

ravdaw ikmdedty. Ravdaw smogges okva toa jgst up-tg-hkta rasgurmas k`h ava`ts igr wokt's lgd`l g`
toa bgkrh. Xoay oaep stuha`ts wdto toadr M^K axkj smoahueas k`h raqudraja`ts tg a`sura tokt toay
kra g` trkmc (Oarrarg, 2>;1).

Ogwavar, d` toa stuhy gi Tu (2>;9), g`ey stuha`t parmaptdg`s gi d`strumtgr aiiamtdva`ass k`h
halraa gi aiigrt djpkmt kmmgu`td`l parigrjk`ma kjg`l toa stuhy
s tuhy okbdts, scdees, k`h kttdtuha vkrdkbeas.
Xdja spa`t stuhyd`l, ktta`hk`ma kt ma`tar ravdaw sassdg`s, jgtdvktdg`, k`h stuhy okbdts okva `g
hdsmar`dbea d`ieua`ma.

8
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

]mogge D`tarva`tdg` ^rglrkjs

Jk`y rasakrmoars kssarts tokt g`a gi toa cay mokrkmtardstdms

mokrkmtards tdms tokt d`mraksa toa mok`ma gi pkssd`l
toa M^K axkj ds toa u`dvarsdty—s parigrjk`ma. Xg wdt, g`a gi toa tgp -parigrjd`l smogges d` toa
Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t (M^K) Edma`sura Axkj d` toa ^odedppd`as, ds toa Ha Ek ]keea Q`dvarsdty
(HE]Q), dts pkssd`l rkta wks `avar eass tok` staeekr d` toa pkst idva bgkrh axkjs. D` toa rama`t Jky
2>;4 bgkrh axkj, ?8.<2 parma`t gi dts axkj tkcars pkssah toa axkjd`ktdg` ks gppgsah tg toa ;9.89
parma`t `ktdg`ke pkssd`l rkta (Mruzkhk, 2>;4). Ks par toa tgp`gtmoars toay prghumah, toa
t oa jghuekr
prglrkj djpeaja`tah by toa smogge k`h toadr kmkhajdm systaj raqudras stuha`ts tg igmus puraey g`
kmmgu`td`l subfamts igr k ldva` sat gi tarjs mgjpaeed`l stuha`ts tg tkca k` a`tdra mgursa d` ks edttea
edtte a ks
twg tg toraa waacs. Xods systaj oaeps
oae ps toaj tg prapkra igr toa bgkrh axkj k`h ds k bdl ikmtgr d` toadr
summass. Ks g`a gi toadr tgp`gtmoar axpekd`s, ―Xokt ikjdedkrdty wdto prassura k`h toa kbdedty tg lrksp
k mg`mapt d` k sogrt kjgu`t gi tdja jkha dt ju mo aksdar igr ja tg hake wdto dt (axkj quastdg`s)‚.
quastdg`s)‚.
\dto tods, wa mgueh d`iar tokt dt ds ba`aidmdke igr k smogge tg astkbedso k systaj tokt trkd`s toa stuha`ts
d` eakr`d`l kt k ikst pkma, tg ba kbea tg ok`hea toa tdja prassura d` toa M^K bgkrh axkj k`h takmo
toaj tg pek` toadr ravdaw aiiamtdvaey k`h aiidmda`tey.

Iurtoarjgra, bksah g` toa stuhdas mg`humtah by hdiiara`t rasakrmoars ralkrhd`l ikmtgrs tokt
mg`trdbuta tg M^KEA summass, toay igu`h gut tokt smogge prapkrktgry kmtdvdtdas kra k bdl mg`trdbutgr.
Edlotwads (2>;9) ramgjja`hah tokt kmmgu`td`l prgiassgrs sogueh kppey toadr axparda`ma ks
kmmgu`td`l prkmtdtdg`ars k`h mg`strumt sdjuektdg`s tokt pgrtrky toa mokeea`las d` toa idaeh. D` khhdtdg`,

dt ds vary djpgrtk`t tg `gta tokt prgiassgrs oaep stuha`ts havaegp odlo saei-aiidmkmy baedais by ldvd`l
toaj jkstary axparda`mas k`h gppgrtu`dtdas tg saa gtoars' jkstary axparda`mas, sa`hd`l toaj tdjaey
jassklas rakssurd`l toaj gi toadr kbdedty tg summaah, k`h d`tarpratd`l stuha`ts' ajgtdg`ke rakmtdg`s
tg summass, ikdeura, k`h strass (Hkred`l-Okjjg`h, 2>;4).

Xk` (2>;8) iurtoar khvgmktas toa mg`humt gi k qukediyd`l axkjd`ktdg` tg djprgva toa
parigrjk`ma gi toa axkjd`aas. Oa kesg baedavas tokt dt ds mrdtdmke
mrdtdm ke tg uphkta toa prasa`t murrdmueuj
murrd mueuj tg
kedl` wdto toa Mgjjdssdg` g` Odloar Ahumktdg`'s prasmrdbah murrdmueuj tg aedjd`kta u``amasskry
tgpdms. Ks par toa rasakrmo stuhy gi Oarrarg (2>;1), toa kmmgu`tk`my lrkhuktas gr axkjd`aas
ramgjja`hah, tokt toa M^K Edma`sura axkjd`ktdg` parigrjk`ma mk` ba a`ok`mah torgulo
mg`td`ugus djprgvaja`t gi toa kmmgu`tk`my prglrkj, stra`ltoa`d`l toa Q`dvarsdty ravdaw mgursas,

1
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

djprgvah strdmt gbsarvktdg` gi a`try raqudraja`ts igr toa kmmgu`td`l prglrkj k`h eavaed`l gi pra-
bgkrh/jgmc bgkrh axkjd`ktdg`s wdto kmtuke M^K axkjd`ktdg`, iurtoar dt ds sullastah tokt ravdaw
mekssas giiarah ks pkrt gi toa Q`dvarsdty's kmmgu`tk`my prglrkj kra usaiue d` d`ieua`md`l stuha`ts'
parigrjk`ma g` toa M^K bgkrh axkjd`ktdg`s.
axkjd`ktdg`s.

Ogja A`vdrg`ja`t
A`vdrg`ja`t

Ks igr toa stuhy gi Huyk (2>;?), jk`y gi toa raspg`ha`ts stktah tokt jgrke suppgrt irgj
ikjdey oks k sdl`didmk`t djpkmt g` stuha`ts' wdeed`l`ass tg tkca toa M^K Edma`sura axkjs d` k ikjdey
gr ogja sattd`l. Raspg`ha`ts skdh tokt okvd`l toa id`k`mdke mkpkbdedty tg pky igr toa 9-jg`to ravdaw
wdtogut k smogekrsodp ds g`a gi toa cay ikmtgrs d`ieua`md`l toadr jgtdvktdg` tg tkca toa M^K Edma`sura
Bkeekhg-Xk`—s (2>;8) stuhy sogws tokt stuha`ts wk`t k ogja woara pakma
Axkjd`ktdg`. D` suppgrt, Bkeekhg-Xk`—s
k`h egva radl`ah, ks waee ks toa gppgrtu`dty tg sokra toadr kmodavaja`t wdto gtoars k`h a`fgy toadr
edvas. Xods hajg`strktas tokt wokt toay wk`t ds sgjatod`l gtoar tok` jktardke tod`ls. Mg`saqua`tey,
toay wgueh ratur` tg toa iu`hkja`tke u`dt gi toa mgjju`dty tokt sokpah toaj d`tg toa pagpea toay
kra `gw k`h subsaqua`tey vdaw toajsaevas ks jgehars gi iutura la`arktdg`s, toaraby bamgjd`l k
jajbar gi k egvd`l k`h pakmaiue ikjdey. Xoa kmodavaja`t gi summass ds `gt fust igr toaj, but kesg igr
gtoars.

^aar D`ieua`ma
D`ieua`ma

^aar lrgups okva k jkfgr djpkmt g` k stuha`t's kmkhajdm summass. Ks k rasuet, toa hamdsdg`s
tokt stuha`ts jkca kbgut toadr kmkhajdm kmodavaja`t kra gi lrakt d`ieua`ma.

D` toa stuhy gi Huyk (2>;?), raspg`ha`ts wara kesg jgtdvktah tg tkca toa M^K Edma`sura axkj
bamkusa toadr megsa irda`hs wara hgd`l sg, tous toay wara d`spdrah tg hg sg ks waee. Kmmgrhd`l tg ^kz
(2>;?), toa ;>to pekmar d` toa 2>;?—s vatard`krdk` axkj, g`a ikmtgr tg oar summass d` toa axkj ds
id`hd`l k ―pariamt stuhy lrgup‚, surrgu`hd`l g`asaei wdto pgsdtdva, okrhwgrcd`l pagpea wog wdee
jgtdvkta d` hgd`l ygur bast ds k just. Xods ds suppgrtah by Ra`azzd (2>;?), k`gtoar tgp`gtmoar wog
a`mgurklah ―c`gweahla sokrd`l‚ kjg`l iaeegw tkcars, edca kscd`l akmo gtoar quastdg`s kbgut toa
subfamts. Ks Krdae Fgsapo @dpks, k todrh pekmar d` toa M^KEA d` 2>;9 mekdjs, sokrd`l ok`hguts, mgge
sogrtmuts, k`h tamo`dquas wdto ygur paars ds oaepiue, ―Di ygu mk` axpekd` k eassg` tg toaj, dt jak`s
ygu u`harstk`h
u`harstk`h dt by oakrt!‚. Iurtoarjgra, gutparigrjd`l toadr mekssjktas wks `gt g`a gi toadr lgkes.

9
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Xoay a`lkla d` oaketoy rdvkery, wodmo jak`s toay hasdra tg kmodava but `gt kt toa axpa`sa gi gtoars
(Bkeekhg-Xk`, 2>;8).

Xg sujjkrdza toa id`hd`ls kbgva, toa gvarkee kvarkla Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura

Axkjd`ktdg` (M^KEA) rktas irgj 2>;8 tg 2>;4 hg `gt ava` rakmo 1>% wodmo d`hdmktas k rakeey egw
parma`tkla. Ks raektah stuhdas k`h wgrcs gi edtarktura wara avkeuktah, ikmtgrs kiiamtd`l tods
parigrjk`ma mg`sdst gi d`tar`ke k`h axtar`ke ikmtgrs. D`tar`ke ikmtgrs d`meuha (;) stuhy okbdts, wodmo
wara igu`h gut tg ba toa jgst sdl`didmk`t ikmtgr, (2) kmkhajdm parigrjk`ma, raldstard`l pgsdtdva
mgrraektdg` wdto M^K edma`sura axkjd`ktdg` rasuets, k`h (=) tkcd`l juetdpea igrjke ravdaws, sogwd`l
k sdl`didmk`t d`mraksa d` toa pkssd`l rasuets. G` toa gtoar ok`h, axtar`ke ikmtgrs d`meuha (;) smogge
d`tarva`tdg` prglrkjs, wodmo wks kssartah tg ba g`a gi toa cay ikmtgrs d`mraksd`l
d`mraks d`l mok`mas gi pkssd`l
toa axkjd`ktdg`, (2) ogja d`ieua`ma, wodmo sarvas ks toa id`k`mdke k`h ajgtdg`ke igu`hktdg` gi k`
axkjd`aa, k`h (=) paar d`ieua`ma, wodmo kiiamts lraktey toa jgtdvktdg` k` axkjd`aa oks. Xoaraigra,

dt ds vary ba`aidmdke tg mg`humt k stuhy tokt wdee spamdidmkeey d`vastdlkta toa aiiamt gi toa
kbgvaja`tdg`ah ikmtgrs d` toa M^K edma`sura axkjd`ktdg`, tg iurtoar stra`ltoa` toa kssartdg`s, k`h
prgvdha khhdtdg`ke sorahs gi avdha`ma tg toa axdstd`l bghy
bghy gi edtarktura k`h stuhdas. Mg`saqua`tey, tg
djprgva toa parigrjk`ma gi toa M^KEA axkjd`aas d` toa iutura.

<
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Xoagratdmke Irkjawgrc

Xksc Hdiidmuety

Hdklrkj gi Kttrdbutdg` Xoagry

Xoa murra`t stuhy wks k`mograh tg toa Kttrdbutdg` toagry by Bar`krh \ad`ar (;4<8).
Kttrdbutdg` toagry ds haid`ah ks k psymogegldmke mg`mapt kbgut ogw pagpea axpekd` toa mkusas gi k`
ava`t gr baokvdgr. Kttrdbutdg`s kra mekssdidah keg`l k hdja`sdg` c`gw` ks toa egmus gi mkuskedty irgj
d`tar`ke k`h axtar`ke (Jkrm, 2>;9). Di toa baokvdgr ds kttrdbutah tg k` d`tar`ke egmus gi mkuskedty, k
parsg` kssujas tokt toa gutmgja rasuetah irgj parsg`ke ikmtgrs gr sgjatod`l wdtod` us. Dt ds kee kbgut
bad`l kwkra tokt ygu kra k parsg` wog mg`trges ygur jgtdvktdg` k`h gutmgja wodmo d` tur`, wokt
hrdvas summass. D` toa mg`taxt gi tods kssassja`t, dt jky ha`gta tokt summassiue axkjd`aas—
parigrjk`ma d` M^KEA, jky ba kttrdbutah tg toa d`trd`sdm ikmtgrs sumo ks toadr kmkhajdm parigrjk`ma
d` mgeeala k`h stuhy okbdts, ks waee ks toa tdjas toay u`harwa`t igrjke ravdaw wodmo jk`diasts
jk`dias ts toadr
aiigrt, pkssdg`, k`h parsavark`ma toay okva irgj toadr u`harlrkhukta stuhdas u`tde toadr ravdaw igr toa
skdh axkjd`ktdg`.

Xoa gtoar egmus gi mkuskedty irgj \kebarl—s Kttrdbutdg` Xoagry ds toa axtar`ke egmus. D` tods
prd`mdpea, dt ds kssujah tokt k parsg` kttrdbutas toa
to a gutmgjas tg ikmtgrs gutsdha gi odjsaei, gr hua tg
sdtuktdg`ke ikmtgrs. D` tods mg`taxt6 paar d`ieua`mas, toa smogge, ogja a`vdrg`ja`t, a`rgeeja`t d` k
ravdaw ma`tar kra toa gutar ikmtgrs tokt toa raspg`ha`ts jky parmadva ks k` aeaja`t gi toadr
parigrjk`ma d` toa M^KEA.

?
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Mg`maptuke Irkjawgrc

Xoa iegw gi toa stuhy mk` ba sogw` d` toa hdklrkjjktdm igrjkt sogwd`l toa
d`hapa`ha`t vkrdkbeas k`h hapa`ha`t vkrdkbeas ks sujjkrdzah baegw.


OGJ ^AR]G@KE
 A@YDRG@JA@X
IKMXGR]
• ]XQHT OKBDX]
• La`arke \adlotah
Kvarkla (L\K)
 • @QJBAR GI
IGRJKE RAYDA\]

]MOGGE
 D@XARYA@XDG@
^RGLRKJ

 ^AAR
D@IEQA@MA


M^KEA ^ARIGRJK@MA

(M^KEA RKXD@L)

Igr k`y poa`gja`g`, toa d`hapa`ha`t vkrdkbea ds toa mkusa wodea toa hapa`ha`t vkrdkbea ds
toa gutmgja. Xoa Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` (M^KEA) parigrjk`ma,
raprasa`tah by toa M^KEA rktd`l gi toa raspg`ha`ts, sarvas ks toa hapa`ha`t vkrdkbea k`h toa ikmtgrs
wodmo d`meuha parsg`ke (stuhy okbdts, L\K, `ujbar gi igrjke ravdaws tkca`), ogja, smogge, k`h
paar ikmtgrs ks toa d`hapa`ha`t vkrdkbeas gi toa stuhy. ]pamdidmkeey, toa raektdg`sodp gr eavae gi aiiamt
gi toasa prahdmtgr vkrdkbeas tg toa gutmgja (M^KEA rktd`l) wdee ba d`vastdlktah tg hatarjd`a ogw

toasa ikmtgrs kiiamt toa parigrjk`ma gi toa axkjd`aas d` tkcd`l toa skdh bgkrh axkjd`ktdg`.

4
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

]tktaja`t gi toa ^rgbeaj

Xods stuhy ds tg ba mg`humtah tg hatarjd`a toa d`ieua`ma gi toa saeamtah ikmtgrs sumo ks
parsg`ke, smogge, ogja, k`h paar tg toa parigrjk`ma d` toa Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura
Edm a`sura
Axkjd`ktdg` (M^KEA) gi toa kmmgu`tk`my lrkhuktas gi @aw Ark Q`dvarsdty.

]pamdidmkeey, toa stuhy wdee saac tg k`swar toa igeegwd`l rasakrmo quastdg`s6

;. \okt ds toa prgidea gi toa raspg`ha`ts d` tarjs gi6

;.; Q`harlrkhukta La`arke \adlotah Kvarkla (L\K)

;.2 @ujbar gi igrjke ravdaw(s) tkca`

;.= M^KEA rktd`l

2. Ogw jky toa rasuet gi toa M^KEA ba kiiamtah by6

2.; ]tuhy okbdts

2.2 ^aar d`ieua`ma

2.= ]mogge d`tarva`tdg` prglrkjs

2.8 Ogja a`vdrg`ja`t

2.1 Q`harlrkhukta La`arke \adlotah Kvarkla (L\K)

2.9 @ujbar gi igrjke ravdaw(s) tkca`

;>
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

]mgpa k`h Edjdtktdg`

Xods rasakrmo stuhy wdee igmus g` d`vastdlktd`l toa ikmtgrs kiiamtd`l toa parigrjk`ma gi toa
axkjd`aas d` toa M^K Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` (M^KEA) irgj @aw Ark Q`dvarsdty. ]pamdidmkeey, dt
wdee hdsmuss ikmtgrs sumo ks parsg`ke, ogja, smogge, k`h paar, k`h toa axta`t gi toadr d`ieua`ma d` toa
parigrjk`ma gi toa axkjd`aas d` tkcd`l toa bgkrh axkjd`ktdg`.

Xods stuhy wdee edjdt dts raspg`ha`ts g`ey tg toa summassiue idrst tkcars gi akmo bktmo d` bgto
Jky k`h Gmtgbar d` toa yakrs 2>;8 ” 2>;4 M^KEA (Kmmgrhd`l tg toa ^RM smoahuea gi M^K Edma`sura
Axkjd`ktdg`s). Xoa rasakrmo stuhy wdee utdedza k hasmrdptdva stuhy hasdl` k`h wgueh jkca usa gi

survay quastdg``kdras ks toa jkd` d`struja`tktdg` igr hktk lktoard`l.

lkt oard`l.

;;
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

]dl`didmk`ma gi toa ]tuhy

Xods stuhy kdjs tg d`igrj k`h prgvdha c`gweahla kbgut toa ikmtgrs kiiamtd`l
kiia mtd`l toa rasuets gi toa
to a
Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` gi Kmmgu`tk`my lrkhuktas irgj @aw Ark

Q`dvarsdty (bktmo 2>;= - 2>;<).

Xods stuhy ds sdl`didmk`t bamkusa dt wdee ldva ba`aidts tg toa igeegwd`l6

k. ]tuha`ts

Xods stuhy wdee ludha stuha`ts tg ba jgra kwkra gi toa ikmtgrs tokt mgueh kiiamt toadr
parigrjk`ma d` toa M^K Edma`sura
Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` (M^KEA). Xods kwkra`ass mgueh oaep toaj pek` toadr
ravdaw igr toa skdh axkjd`ktdg` aiiamtdvaey k`h aiidmda`tey.

b. ^kra`ts

Xods rasakrmo wdee sarva ks k ludha tg pkra`ts woa` dt mgjas tg prgvdhd`l k`h suppgrtd`l toa
`amassdtdas gi stuha`ts d` tarjs gi id`k`mdke, ja`tke, k`h ajgtdg`ke stkbdedty tg oaep toadr modeh kmodava
lraktar rasuets d` toa M^K Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg`.

m. Ahumktgrs

^rgiassgrs k`h Ravdawars mk` usa tods rasakrmo stuhy ks k ludha woa` dt mgjas tg takmod`l
kpprgkmoas k`h ogw toay wdee trkd` k`h prapkra toadr stuha`ts tg summassiueey pkss toa bgkrh
axkjd`ktdg`.

h. ]mogge Khjd`dstrktgrs

Xoa murra`t stuhy wdee oaep toa khjd`dstrktgrs d` igrjuektd`l toadr d`tarva`tdg` prglrkjs, tg
prghuma qukedty k`h mgjpata`t lrkhuktas oa`ma tg kmodava lraktar rasuets d` toa M^K edma`sura
axkjd`ktdg`.

a. Iutura rasakrmoars

Xods stuhy wdee ba k bksds igr iutura rasakrmoars d` toadr rasakrmo tokt ds
d s tg ba mg`humtah raektd`l
tg toa idaeh gi tods stuhy. Xoa rasuets tg ba lktoarah d` tods stuhy mgueh ba k suppgrtd`l hatkde tg toa
`axt rasakrmo tg ba prgpgsah.

;2
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Haid`dtdg` gi Xarjs
Xarjs

Axkjd`ktdg ` (M^KEA). Xods ds toa edma`sura axkjd`ktdg`

Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg`
raqudrah tg ba tkca` by kspdrd`l Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`ts d` toa ^odedppd`as. Xods ds mg`humtah
twdma k yakr d` Jky k`h Gmtgbar.

M^KEA rktd`l. Xods ds toa rasuet gi toa parigrjk`ma gi toa axkjd`aas d` toa M^K edma`sura
axkjd`ktdg`.

Hgmuja`tkry k`keysds. Xods ds toa jatogh gi k`keyzd`l toa hktk prgvdhah by toa ^RM, tg hatarjd`a
toa idrst-tdja tkcars wog summassiueey pkssah toa M^K edma`sura axkj.

Idrst-tdja tkcars. Xoasa kra axkjd`aas wog summassiueey

summassi ueey pkssah toa M^KEA d` toa idrst tkca.

Igrjke ravdaws. Xods jak`s a`rgeed`l d` k igrjke ravdaw ma`tar d` prapkrktdg` igr toa M^KEA.

^arsg`ke ikmtgrs. Xods d`meuhas stuhy okbdts, L\K, k`h toa `ujbar gi igrjke ravdaws tkca` by toa
raspg`ha`ts.

La`arke \adlotah Kvarkla (L\K). Xoa la`arke wadlotah kvarkla gi toa raspg`ha`ts hurd`l toadr
u`harlrkhukta stuhdas.

Ogja a`vdrg`ja`t. Xods axodbdts ikjdey jgtdvktdg` k`h suppgrt, k`h k eakr`d`l a`vdrg`ja`t d` toa
ogja gi toa raspg`ha`ts.

^aar d`ieua`ma. Xods raiars tg ogw toa paars gi toa axkjd`aas d`ieua`mah, oaep k`h jgtdvkta toa ektt
ekttar
ar
d` ravdawd`l gr stuhyd`l igr toa M^KEA.

^RM. Xods ds toa kbbravdktdg` gi ^rgiassdg`ke Raluektdg` Mgjjdssdg`. Xoa g`a wog suparvdsas toa
M^KEA.

]mogge d`tarva`tdg` prglrkjs. Xoasa kra toa djpeaja`tktdg` k`h prapkrktgry kmtdvdtdas gi toa
smogge igr toadr stuha`ts igr toa bgkrh axkjd`ktdg`.

]tuhy okbdts. Xods raieamts toa jatoghs gi stuhyd`l k`h aiigrt d`vastah by toa axkjd`aa d`
prapkrktdg` igr toa M^KEA.
;=
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Mokptar 2
JAXOGH
Rasakrmo Hasdl`
Hasdl`

Xoa murra`t stuhy wdee utdedza k quk`tdtktdva rasakrmo hasdl`. ]pamdidmkeey, toa survay k`h toa
mgrraektdg`ke hasdl`s gi hasmrdptdva rasakrmo wdee ba usah. Xoa survay hasdl` wdee ba usah tg axkjd`a
murra`t mg`hdtdg`s gr stktus gi toa pgpuektdg` mg`mar`d`l toadr prgidea3 parmaptdg`s g` stuhy okbdts,
paar d`ieua`ma, smogge d`tarva`tdg`
d`tarva`tdg` prglrkjs,
prglrkjs, k`h ogja a`vdrg`ja`t tokt jky d`ieua`ma parigrjk`ma
d` toa M^K edma`sura axkjd`ktdg`. Xoa mgrraektdg`ke hasdl`, g` toa gtoar ok`h, wdee haeva d`tg toa
raektdg`sodps gi L\K, juetdpea igrjke ravdaws, stuhy okbdts, paar d`ieua`ma, smogge d`tarva`tdg`
prglrkjs, k`h ogja a`vdrg`ja`t wdto toa M^K bgkrh axkjd`ktdg` parigrjk`ma gi toa B]K
lrkhuktas (bktmo 2>;=- 2>;<) gi @aw Ark Q`dvarsdty. Hgmuja`tkry k`keysds tamo`dqua wdee kesg ba

usah tg hatarjd`a toa idrst-tdja tkcars wog pkssah toa axkjd`ktdg` k`h tg eggc d`tg toadr M^KEA
rktd`ls.

^gpuektdg` k`h ]kjped`l

]kjped`l

Raspg`ha`ts gi toa stuhy wdee ba toa idrst-tdja tkcars wog summassiueey pkssah toa Jky k`h
Gmtgbar M^K Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` (M^KEA) igr toa yakrs 2>;8 ” 2>;4 irgj @aw Ark Q`dvarsdty.
Bksah g` toa ^RM rapgrt, toara kra g`a ou`hrah twa`ty-idva (;21) M^KEA pkssars irgj toa
kbgvaja`tdg`ah hktas. Xoa tgtke pgpuektdg` skjped`l wdee ba usah d` toa murra`t stuhy bamkusa toa
pgpuektdg` sdza ds raektdvaey sjkee tous dt wdee ba pgssdbea tg jkca k`keytdmke la`arkedzktdg`s kbgut toa
pgpuektdg` bad`l stuhdah.

;8
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

]gurma gi Hktk

K survay quastdg``kdra mg`sdstd`l gi prahatarjd`ah quastdg`s wdee ba usah tg gbtkd` toa

mgjpeata d`igrjktdg` gi wokt ds `aahah d` tods rasakrmo. ^krt D aedmd
aedmdts
ts d`igrjktdg` kbgut toa prgidea gi
toa raspg`ha`ts tokt d`meuha la`arke wadlotah kvarkla (L\K), M^KEA rktd`l, k`h toa `ujbar gi
igrjke ravdaws tkca`. ^krt DD jaksuras toa parmaptdg` gi toa raspg`ha`ts ks tg toa eavae gi d`ieua`ma
gi toa ikmtgrs tokt mg`trdbutah tg pkssd`l toa M^K bgkrh axkjd`ktdg`s sumo ks stuhy okbdts, paar
d`ieua`ma, smogge d`tarva`tdg` prglrkjs, k`h ogja a`vdrg`ja`t. Xoa rasakrmoars baedava tokt toa
raspg`ha`ts wdee ba jumo jgra mgjigrtkbea k`sward`l d` k igrj, woara toay mk` stky k`g`yjgus,
tok` d` k g`a-g`-g`a d`tarvdaw.

Iurtoarjgra, toa rasakrmoars hasdl` k quastdg``kdra tokt wdee lg torgulo k vkedhktdg` prgmass
tg a`sura tokt kee dtajs tokt wara d`meuhah d` toa quastdg``kdra wgueh k`swar toa rasakrmo quastdg`s
pgsdtah d` toa stuhy. K pdegt tastd`l wdee ba mg`humtah by pratastd`l dt tg ta` (;>) M^KEA pkssars.
pkssar s.
Kitarwkrh, toa dtajs wdee ba k`keyzah k`h wdee ba djprgvah tg aedjd`kta vklua dtajs (di toara kra
k`y). Xoa quastdg``kdra wdee toa` ba id`kedzah, k`h upg` kpprgvke, wdee ba hdstrdbutah torgulo k`
g`ed`a igrj igr toa mg`va`da`ma gi toa raspg`ha`ts. Xoa ^RM rapgrt g` toa M^K edma`sura
e dma`sura
axkjd`ktdg` rasuets igr yakrs 2>;8-2>;4 wdee kesg ba utdedzah d` toa stuhy.

;1
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Hktk K`keysds

Xoa hktk tokt wdee ba lktoarah d` tods stuhy wdee ba k`keyzah quk`tdtktdvaey wdto toa usa gi
]tktdstdmke ^kmckla igr toa ]gmdke ]mda`mas (]^]]) stktdstdms.

D. ^rgidea gi toa Raspg`ha`ts

Xoa idrst samtdg` wodmo mg`tkd`s toa prgidea gi toa raspg`ha`ts, sumo ks toa L\K, `ujbar gi
igrjke ravdaws tkca`, k`h M^KEA rktd`l wdee ba tkbuektah
t kbuektah d` toa igrj gi iraqua`my k`h parma`tklas.

DD. Xoa d`ieua`ma gi toa saeamtah ikmtgrs tg toa M^KEA parigrjk`ma

^rdjkrdey, toa mgjpgsdta smgra gi toa raspg`sa ks tg toa parmaptdg` gi toa axkjd`aas ralkrhd`l
toa axta`t gi d`ieua`ma gi stuhy okbdts, paar d`ieua`ma, smogge d`tarva`tdg`s, k`h ogja a`vdrg`ja`t
g` toadr M^KEA parigrjk`ma wdee ba mkemuektah.

Xoa tkbea baegw hapdmts toa mgrraspg`hd`l smkea k`h hasmrdptdg` gi toa Edcart smkea quastdg`s
ks waee ks toadr raspamtdva vkeua keegmktdg`s.

]mkea Hasmrdptdg` Ykeua Keegmktdg`

8 Odloey kiiamtah =.1> ” 8.>>
= Jgharktaey kiiamtah 2.1> ” =.84
2 ]edlotey kiiamtah ;.1> ” 2.84
; @gt kiiamtah ;.>> ” ;.84

Iurtoarjgra, d` grhar tg hatarjd`a toa raektdg`sodp gi toa kbgvaja`tdg`ah ikmtgrs (stuhy

okbdts, paar d`ieua`ma, smogge d`tarva`tdg`s, ogja a`vdrg`ja`t, `ujbar gi igrjke ravdaws tkca`, k`h
L\K) tg M^KEA rktd`l, juetdpea ed`akr ralrassdg` wdee ba utdedzah by toa rasakrmoars.

;9
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

[QA]XDG@@KDRA

Lraatd`ls!

Ks pkrt gi gur raqudraja`t d` toa Kmmgu`td`l Rasakrmo Jatoghs mgursa, wa -- toa rasakrmoars
tkcd`l Bkmoaegr gi ]mda`ma d` Kmmgu`tk`my d` @aw Ark Q`dvarsdty, kra mg`humtd`l k rasakrmo stuhy
a`tdteah6 ―Ikmtgrs Kiiamtd`l toa ^arigrjk`ma d` toa Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura
Axkjd`ktdg`‚. Xoa quastdg``kdra mg`sdsts gi k` krrky gi quastdg`s rk`ld`l irgj gpa`-a`hah, yas gr
`g, k`h k Edcart smkea typa gi quastdg`s. Rast kssurah tokt ygur raspg`sas wdee ba subfamt tg toa
prgtamtdg` gi toa Rapubedm Kmt @g. ;>;<=, gtoarwdsa c`gw` ks toa Hktk ^rdvkmy Kmt gi 2>;2. \a kra
ogpd`l igr ygur iuee pkrtdmdpktdg` k`h og`ast raspg`sa.

]d`maraey,

Xoa Rasakrmoars

D.^RGIDEA GI XOA RA]^G@HA@X]

@kja6 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW(gptdg`ke)
K. Q`harlrkhukta L\K

 ;.>> ” ;.21
 ;.29 - ;.81
 ;.89 - ;.<1
 ;.<9 - 2.>
 2.>; - 2.21
 2.29 - 2.1
 2.1; ” =.>

B. Ogw jk`y tdjas hdh ygu tkca igrjke ravdaw(s) baigra tkcd`l toa M^KEA7

@avar G`ma Xwdma Xoraa tdjas Igur tdjas gr jgra

M. M^KEA RKXD@L6 (raqudrah) Gtoar gptdg`6 ^RM rapgrt (tg ba moamc yat)

?;% - ?1% ?;% - ?1%

?9% - 4>% 4;% - 41% 49% - 44%

;<
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

DDD. ]AEAMXAH IKMXGR] K@H XOADR D@IEQA@MA D@ M^KEA

Hdramtdg`6 Igr akmo stktaja`t pekma k moamc g` toa igur-pgd`t smkea tg d`hdmkta ygur parmaptdg` ks tg
toa eavae gi toa d`ieua`ma gi toa igeegwd`l
i geegwd`l ikmtgrs d` toa axkjd`aa—s parigrjk`ma d` toa M^KEA.
8 = 2 ;
Odloey kiiamtah Jgharktaey kiiamtah ]edlotey Kiiamtah @gt kiiamtah

]XQHT OKBDX] 8 = 2 ;

;. Q`harstk`hd`l toa mg`mapts gi k tgpdm, k`h `gt jaraey jajgrdzd`l

toa prgmahuras.

2. ]gevd`l k egt gi prgbeajs/prkmtdma quastdg`s.

=. ]tuhyd`l igr kt eakst igur ogurs k hky gutsdha toa mekss.

8. ]tuhyd`l d` khvk`ma (u`harlrkh k`h ravdaw mekss)

1. Lattd`l bkmc k`h igmusd`l g` tgpdms ygu—ra wakc kt.

^AAR D@IEQA@MA 8 = 2 ;

;. ]urrgu`hd`l ygursaei wdto paars wog wdee jgtdvkta ygu

tg hg ygur bast.

2. Axmok`ld`l togulots k`h hdsmussd`l eassg`s wdto paars.

=. ]okrd`l gi kmmgu`td`l ravdaw jktardkes tglatoar.

]MOGGE D@XARYA@XDG@ ^RGLRKJ] 8 = 2 ;

;. Bgkrh axkj typa gi prgbeajs d` qudzzas k`h tarj axkjd`ktdg`s.

2. [ukediyd`l axkjd`ktdg`s
=. Rata`tdg` pgedmy (qugtk lrkhas)

8. D`-ogusa ravdaw prglrkj

1. Mokeea`ld`l prgiassgrs

OGJA A@YDRG@JA@X 8 = 2 ;

;. Okvd`l pkra`ts/lukrhdk`s tokt wdee suppgrt ygu id`k`mdkeey.

2. Okvd`l pkra`ts/lukrhdk`s tokt wdee jgtdvkta ygu tg stuhy.

=. Ikjdey wdto odlo axpamtktdg`s gi ygu.

8. Okvd`l k mg`humdva eakr`d`l a`vdrg`ja`t (kt ogja).

;?
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

RAIARA@MA]

Kmmgu`tk`ts Mk`hdhktas. ]]R@ Aeamtrg`dm Fgur`ke. ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.2;=4/ssr`.2;=88>9

ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.2;=4/ssr`.2;=88>9

Kmmgu`tk`my - bgkrh axkj pkssd`l rktas. (2>;?). Ratrdavah 9 Fuey 2>2;, irgj
ottps6//www.id`hu`dvarsdty.po/axkjs-rasuets/martdidah-pubedm-kmmgu`tk`t-edma`sura-axkj-9/

Khmrgit, K. (2>;;, Fuey 2<). Xoa jgtdvktdg`s tg stuhy k`h axpamtktdg`s gi stuhyd`l u`harlrkhukta
stuha`ts d` busd`ass k`h jk`klaja`t. Ratrdavah irgj
ottps6//www.tk`hig`ed`a.mgj/hgd/kbs/;>.;>?>/>=>4?<<x.2
ottps6//www.tk`hig`ed`a.mgj/hgd/kbs/;>.;>?>/>=>4?<<x.2>;;.14>1?;
>;;.14>1?;

Bk`cgea Khayajd, I. (2>;4). ^aar lrgup d`ieua`ma g` kmkhajdm parigrjk`ma gi u`harlrkhukta stuha`ts
d` Bkbmgmc Q`dvarsdty, Glu` ]tkta. Kirdmk` Ahumktdg`ke Rasakrmo
Rasakrmo Fgur`ke, <(2), ?;”?<
?<..
ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.=>4;?/karf.<2.;4.>;>

Bkeekhg-Xk`, F. (2>;8). KMKHAJDM ^ARIGRJK@MA, K]^DRKXDG@

K]^DRKXDG@],
], KXXDXQHA] K@H ]XQHT
OKBDX] K] HAXARJD@K@X] GI XOA ^ARIGRJK@MA D@ EDMA@]QRA
A_KJD@KXDG@ GI KMMGQ@XK@MT LRKHQKXA]. D`tar`ktdg`ke Fgur`ke gi Ahumktdg`
k`h Rasakrmo, 2(;2)
(;2).. ottps6//www.dfar`.mgj/fgur`ke/2>;8/Hamajbar-2>;8/>9.p
ottps6//www.dfar`.mgj/fgur`ke/2>;8/Hamajbar-2>;8/>9.phi
hi

Mruzkhk, Hag. (2>;4, Fuey 2<). Baod`h toa bgkrhs6 M^K tgp`gtmoars sokra axkj prapkrktdg`s,
axparda`mas. Ratrdavah Fuey 9, 2>2;, irgj Xoa Ek]keedk`
wabsdta6ottps6//toaekskeedk`.mgj/2>;4/></2</baod`h-toa-bgkrhs-mpk-tgp`gtmoars-sokra-axkj-
wabsdta6ottps6//toaekskeedk`.mgj/2>;4/></2</baod`h-toa-bgkrhs-mpk-tgp`gtmoars-sokra-axkj-
prapkrktdg`s-axparda`mas/

Hkred`l-Okjjg`h, E. (2>>>). Xakmoar [ukedty k`h ]tuha`t Kmodavaja`t. Ahumktdg` ^gedmy K`keysds
Krmodvas, ?, ;. hgd6;>.;81></apkk.v
hgd6;>.;81></apkk.v?`;.2>>>
?`;.2>>>

;4
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Huyk, C. (2>;?). IKMXGR] KIIAMXD@L XOA JGXDYKXDG@ GI IMKX ]XQHA@X]. Ratrdavah 9

Fuey 2>2;, irgj ottps6//prazd.mgj/aybly<p<g1>p/ikmtgrs-kiiamtd`l-toa-jgtdvktdg`-gi-imkt-
stuha`ts/7ikeebkmc:;

Ik`, _., & Moa`, J. (2>>;). ^kra`tke D`vgevaja`t k`h ]tuha`ts' Kmkhajdm Kmodavaja`t6 K Jatk-
K`keysds. Ratrdavah 9 Fuey 2>2;, irgj
ottps6//www.rasakrmolkta.`at/pubedmktdg`/2291=<8<?W^kra`tkeWD`vgevaja`tWk`hW]tuha`ts'WK
mkhajdmWKmodavaja`tWKWJatk-K`keysds

Id`h Q`dvarsdty (2>2;). Ratrdavah Fuey <, 2>2;, irgj Id`hu`dvarsdty.po wabsdta6

ottps6//www.id`hu`dvarsdty.po/u`dvarsdtdas/`aw-ark-u`dvarsdty/mgursas/kmmgu`tk`my/

Oarrarg, M. M. (2>;1). D`ieua`ma gi ]aeamtah Ikmtgrs g` M^K Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg` Rasuets.

D`tar`ktdg`ke Eattars gi ]gmdke k`h Oujk`dstdm ]mda`mas, 98, ?<”4=
4=..
ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.;?>12/www.smdprass.mgj/desos.98.?<

Eklukhgr, F. J. (2>2>). Idva-Takr Hamed`d`l ^arigrjk`ma gi ^rdvkta k`h ^ubedm ]mogges d` toa
^odedppd`a Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Edma`sura Axkjd`ktdg`. Aurgpak` Fgur`ke gi
Rasakrmo, 4(=), 441”;>><
Ahumktdg`ke Rasakrmo ;>><.. ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.;24<=/au-far.4
ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.;24<=/au-far.4.=.441
.=.441

Edlotwads, ]. (2>;8). Brdhld`l toa Lkp batwaa` Kmmgu`td`l ]tuha`ts k`h toa ^rgiassdg`6 K Mksa ]tuhy.
Ahumktdg` ]tuhdas, 8(1)
Odloar Ahumktdg` (1).. ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.11=4/oas.v8`
ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.11=4/oas.v8`1p;?
1p;?

@kbd Ke-Huwkdek, & Kbhueeko Ke-Jutkdrd. (2>2>, Hamajbar =>). Ikmtgrs Kiiamtd`l toa ]ummass d`
Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t Axkj d` Cuwkdt. Ratrdavah Kprde ;1, 2>2;, irgj RasakrmoLkta
wabsdta66 ottps6//www.rasakrmolkta.`at/pubedmktdg`/=8?><;4>=
wabsdta

2>
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Jgjk`y, J. X. (2>;2). Xoa Raektdg`sodp batwaa` ^rgiassdg`ke Axkj ^arigrjk`ma k`h Martkd`
Hajglrkpodm Mokrkmtardstdms gi Fgrhk`dk` Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`ts Mk`hdhktas. ]]R@
Fgur`ke. ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.2;=4/ssr`.2;=88>9
Aeamtrg`dm Fgur`ke ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.2;=4/ssr`.2;=88>9

Jkrm. (2>;9, ]aptajbar ;;). Kppeyd`l Kttrdbutdg` Xoagry Xg Xoa Mekssrggj. Ratrdavah
Ratr davah Kprde 21, 2>2;,
irgj ^symo(ah) wabsdta6 ottps6//psymogeglyd`ahumktdg`.wgrhprass.mgj/2>;9/>4/;;/kppeyd`l-
kttrdbutdg`-toagry-tg-toa-mekssrggj/

Gedvk, M., Kmek`, L., [udjdg, K., ]kekyg, J., Rghrdluaz, K., & Jk`g`lsg`l, F. (2>;<). Ratrdavah 9
Fuey 2>2;, irgj ottps6//rasakrmo.epubktk`lks.ahu.po/wp-mg`ta`t/upegkhs/2>;</>9/K^FKRBK-
ottps6//rasakrmo.epubktk`lks.ahu.po/wp-mg`ta`t/upegkhs/2>;</>9/K^FKRBK-
2>;<.=.>8.phi

^kttkluk` (2>;?). Ratrdavah 9 Fuey 2>2;, irgj ottp6//www.pbr.mg.d`/2>;?/2>;?Wjg`to/Jkrmo/2=.phi

ottp6//www.pbr.mg.d`/2>;?/2>;?Wjg`to/Jkrmo/2=.phi

Qpeditd`l Ahumktdg` (2>;1, Kprde ;9). Xoa Mgjpkss Khvk`tkla. Ratrdavah irgj
ottps6//www.upeditd`lahumktdg`.`at/pgst/2>;1/>8/;9/toa-mgjpkss-khvk`tkla

]adiart, C. & ]uttg`, R. (2>;<). Jgtdvktdg` Xoagrdas g` Eakr`d`l. Ratrdavah Kprde ;2, 2>2;, irgj
^rassbggcs.mgj wabsdta6
wabsdta6 ottps6//edhtigu`hktdg`s.prassbggcs.mgj/mokptar/stuha`t-jgtdvktdg`/

]ulua, \d`g`k (2>;?). 1 Aiiamtdva ]tuhy Xdps Irgj K M^K Edma`sura Axkj Xgp`gtmoar. (2>;?).
Ratrdavah Fuey <, 2>2;, irgj Nahucksyg`po wabsdta6 ottps6//www.ahucksyg`.po/begl/1-
aiiamtdva-stuhy-tdps-irgj-k-mpk-bgkrh-axkj-tgp`gtmoar

]ulkokrk, ]., Odrkjktsu, C., & Bgek`h, L. (2>>4).

( 2>>4). Xoa ikmtgrs d`ieua`md`l kmmgu`td`l smogge stuha`ts—
mkraar d`ta`tdg` tg bamgja k Martdidah ^ubedm Kmmgu`tk`t d` Fkpk` | Ajarkeh D`sdlot. (2>;=).
gi Kmmgu`td`l. ottps6//hgd.grl/;>.;;>?U/krk
Ksdk` Ravdaw gi

Ykea`mdk, R. (2>;2). RRE-BGGC-EA@K.hgmx - XOA RAYDA\ GI RAEKXAH EDXARKXQRA

Ykea`mdk(2>;2 ravakeah Uu2>;mXoara ds `g sogrtmut tg pkssd`l toa M^K axkj.Uu2>;h Xoa
Martdidah ^ubedm | Mgursa Oarg. Ratrdavah 9 Fuey 2>2;, irgj
ottps6//www.mgursaoarg.mgj/idea/1>2=>82;/RRE-BGGC-EA@Khgmx/

2;
 @aw rk Q`dvarsdty
Mgeeala Gi Kmmgu`tk`my
@g. 4 Ma`trke Kva`ua, @aw Ark [uazg` Mdty, ^odedppd`as

Tu, H. (2>;9). Ogw Jumo Hg ]tuhy Okbdts, ]cdees, k`h Kttdtuhas Kiiamt ]tuha`t ^arigrjk`ma d`
D`trghumtgry Mgeeala Kmmgu`td`l Mgursas7. Ratrdavah 9 Fuey 2>2;, irgj
ottps6//ideas.ardm.ah.lgv/iueetaxt/AF4111=1.phi

22