Chemical Formula

DepartmentChemical
of Education Name
Division of Calamba City
Division Learning Continuity Plan
May 28, 2020 LEMUEL D. DOMINO JR:

September 28, 2023

Vocabulary
Chemical formula indicates the elements present in
the compound and the relative number of atoms or
ions
shorthand of expressing the types and the number of
atoms in a substance.
Empirical formula - the simplest type of formula and
shows the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound.
Molecular formula - shows the actual number of
atoms of each element in a compound.
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Compound

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Compound Molecular Empirical
Formula Formula
Ethane C2H6
Ethylene C2H4
Caffeine C8H10N4O2
Oxalic acid H2C2O4
Aniline C6H7N
Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4
Decane C10H22
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Structural formula - shows the actual number of
atoms and the bonds between them.

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Molecular Models
A molecular model is a more accurate and complete way
to specify a compound.
Ball-and-stick molecular model represents atoms as balls and
chemical bonds as sticks; how the two connect reflects a
molecule’s shape.

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Space-filling molecular model atoms fill the
space between each other to more closely
represent our best estimates for how a molecule
might appear if scaled to visible size

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Create a ball and stick model of the following compounds:

1. water

2. ethane

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Create a ball and stick model of the following compounds:

3. ethyl alcohol / ethanol

4. Cyclohexane
C6H12

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Create a ball and stick model of the following compounds:

5. Glucose C6H12O6

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Chemical name
is the scientific name given to a chemical in
accordance with the nomenclature system
developed by the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry.

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 Ionic Compounds
Naming Ionic Formulas

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 Ionic Compounds
Naming Ionic Formulas

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Ionic Compounds
⚫ Attraction between + ions and - ions
⚫ Electrons go from metals to nonmetals

electron transfer
metal nonmetal ion+
ion–

Electrons lost = Electrons gain

Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Formulas of ionic compounds are determined from the
charges on the ions

atoms ions
•• •• –
Na • + • F : ⎯→ Na+ : F : ⎯→ NaF
•• ••

sodium fluorine sodium fluoride formula

Charge balance: 1+ 1- = 0
Writing a Formula
Write the formula for the ionic compound that will form
between Ba2+ and Cl−.
Solution:
1. Balance charge with + and – ions
2. Write the positive ion of metal first, and the
negative ion Ba2+ Cl−
Cl−
3. Write the number of ions needed as
subscripts BaCl2
Learning Check
Write the correct formula for the compounds
containing the following ions:
A. Na+, S2-
1) NaS 2) Na2S 3) NaS2
B. Al3+, Cl-
1) AlCl3 2) AlCl 3) Al3Cl
C. Mg2+, N3-
1) MgN 2) Mg2N3 3) Mg3N2
Solution

A. Na+, S2-
2) Na2S
B. Al3+, Cl-
1) AlCl3
C. Mg2+, N3-
3) Mg3N2
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
⚫Contain 2 different elements
⚫Name the metal first, then the nonmetal as -ide.
⚫Use name of a metal with a fixed charge
Groups 1A, 2A, 3A
and Ag, Zn, and Cd
Examples:
NaCl sodium chloride
ZnI2 zinc iodide
Al2O3 aluminum oxide
 Learning Check

Complete the names of the following binary compounds:

Na3N sodium ________________

KBr potassium ____________

Al2O3 aluminum ____________

MgS _________________________
 Solution

Complete the names of the following binary compounds:

Na3N sodium nitride
KBr potassium bromide

Al2O3 aluminum oxide

MgS magnesium sulfide

Transition Metals

Many form 2 or more positive ions

1+ 2+ 1+ or 2+ 2+ or 3+
Ag+ Cd2+ Cu+, Cu2+ Fe2+, Fe3+
silver cadmium copper(I) ion iron(II) ion
ion ion copper (II) ion iron(III) ion

Zn2+
zinc ion
Learning Check

A. The formula for the ionic compound of

Na+ and O2- is
1) NaO 2) Na2O 3) NaO2

B. The formula of a compound of aluminum and chlorine is

1) Al3Cl 2) AlCl2 3) AlCl3

C. The formula of Fe3+ and O2- is

1) Fe3O2 2) FeO3 3) Fe2O3
Solution
A. The formula for the ionic compound of
Na+ and O2- is
2) Na2O
B. The formula of a compound of aluminum and chlorine is
3) AlCl3
C. The formula of Fe3+ and O2- is
3) Fe2O3
Names of Variable Ions
Use a roman number after the name of a metal that
forms two or more ions
Transition metals and the metals in groups 4A and 5A
FeCl3 (Fe3+) iron (III) chloride
CuCl (Cu+ ) copper (I) chloride
SnF4 (Sn4+) tin (IV) fluoride
PbCl2 (Pb2+) lead (II) chloride
Fe2S3 (Fe3+) iron (III) sulfide
 Multiple charges: Latin naming
• When the metal in an ionic compound is multi-charges there are
2 methods: Latin or IUPAC
• Latin is older (not useful for some compounds)
• As before, the name ends in -ide & +ve is first
• The metal is named with it’s Latin or English root and ends in -ic
or –ous to denote charges
• E.g. Cu1 is cuprous, E.g. Cu2 is cupric
• Lower = ous, Higher = ic
• Give formulas and Latin names for:
Cu2 + Cl = Cu2Cl1 = CuCl2 = cupric chloride
Co2 + Cl = Co2Cl1 = CoCl2 = cobaltous chloride
• For latin naming: know rules, remember Hg is an exception, do
not memorize Latin names
 Element English Latin Name Higher Lower
(valence) name valence valence
Metals that have and use latin names
Cu (1,2) Copper Cuprum Cupric Cuprous
Fe (2,3) Iron Ferrum Ferric Ferrous
Pb (2,4) Lead Plumbum Plumbic Plumbous
Sn (2,4) Tin Stannum Stannic Stannous
Metals that do not have latin names
Co (2,3) Cobalt - Cobaltic Cobaltous
Cr (2,3) Chromium - Chromic Chromous
Mn (2,3) Manganese - Manganic Manganous
Metals that have latin names but use english root
Hg (1,2) Mercury Hydrargyrum Mercuric Mercurous
Complete the names of the following binary
compounds with variable metal ions:
FeBr2 iron (_____) bromide
Cu2O copper (_____) oxide
SnCl4 ___(_____ ) ______________
Fe2O3 ________________________
CuS ________________________
Solution
Complete the names of the following binary compounds
with variable metal ions:
FeBr2 iron ( II ) bromide
Cu2O copper ( I ) oxide
SnCl4 tin (IV) chloride
Fe2O3 iron (III) oxide
CuS copper (II) sulfide
Learning Check
Name the following compounds:
A. CaO
1) calcium oxide 2) calcium(I) oxide
3) calcium (II) oxide
B. SnCl4
1) tin tetrachloride 2) tin(II) chloride
3) tin(IV) chloride
C. Co2O3
1) cobalt oxide 2) cobalt (III) oxide
3) cobalt trioxide
Solution

Name the following compounds:

A. CaO 1) calcium oxide

B. SnCl4 3) tin(IV) chloride

C. Co2O3 2) cobalt (III) oxide

Compounds containing polyatomic ions
• So far we have given charges to single atoms
Li + O Li1O2 → Li2O
• Groups of atoms can also have oxidation number
• “Polyatomic ions” are groups of atoms that interact as a single unit. For
valence
• E.g. Ba3(PO4)2 barium phosphate
• Naming compounds with polyatomic ions is similar to naming
other ionic compounds
• You should note that compounds with polyatomic ions have
names ending in -ate or -ite not -ide
• Note that most are negative, except ammonium
• Name: Ca(OH)2, CuSO4, NH4NO3, Co2(CO3)3
Compounds containing polyatomic ions

Ca(OH)2 - calcium hydroxide

CuSO4 - copper(II) sulfate
NH4NO3 - ammonium nitrate
Co2(CO3)3 - cobalt(III) carbonate
1 mono Naming covalent compounds
2 di • -ide ending, each element has “prefix”
3 tri • prefix refers to # of atoms - not valence
N2O4 = dinitrogen tetroxide
4 tetra • Exception: drop mono for first element
5 penta CO2 = carbon dioxide
• The first vowel is often dropped to avoid the
6 hexa
combination of “ao” or “oo”.
7 hepta CO = carbon monoxide (monooxide)
8 octa P4O10= tetraphosphorus decoxide
SO2= sulfur dioxide (doxide)
9 nona
• Name: CCl4, P2O3, IF7
10 deca
Write and name the following covalent
compounds (IUPAC)
CCl4
carbon tetrachloride
P2O3
diphosporus trioxide
IF7
iodine heptafluoride
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 Learning Check

Fill in the blanks to complete the following

names of covalent compounds.
CO carbon ______oxide
CO2 carbon _______________
PCl3 phosphorus _______chloride
CCl4 carbon ________chloride
N2O _____nitrogen _____oxide

LecturePLUS Timberlake 36
 Solution

CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
PCl3 phosphorus trichloride
CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
N2O dinitrogen monoxide

LecturePLUS Timberlake 37
 Learning Check
A. P2O5 1) phosphorus oxide
2) phosphorus pentoxide
3) diphosphorus pentoxide

B. Cl2O7 1) dichlorine heptoxide

2) dichlorine oxide
3) chlorine heptoxide

C. Cl2 1) chlorine
2) dichlorine
3) dichloride
LecturePLUS Timberlake 38
 Solution

A. P2O5 3) diphosphorus pentoxide

B. Cl2O7 1) dichlorine heptoxide

C. Cl2 1) chlorine

LecturePLUS Timberlake 39
 Formulas of Acids
• An acid is a substance that when dissolved in water,
dissociates or breaks apart into a hydrogen ion (H+) and an
anion.
• Acids always have hydrogen as the first element in the
formula,
• HCl (aq), HNO3 (aq), H2SO4 (aq), etc.
 Naming Binary Acids
• Binary acids contain only two elements, hydrogen and a monatomic
anion whose name ends in the suffix -ide.
• To name a binary acid like HCl
– Begin the name with the prefix hydro-
– Next use the root of the second elements name, e.g. chlor
– Replace the suffix of the anion with the suffix -ic
– Add the word acid
• HCl is hydrochloric acid
 Examples
• HF
• H 2S
• HBr
• hydroiodic acid
• hydronitric acid
• hydroselenic acid
 Ternary Acids
• Ternary acids contain three elements, with
hydrogen being the first element in the formula
and oxygen being the last.
• To name a ternary acid such as H2SO4
– Remove the hydrogen ion(s) and determine the formula
of the anion
– Replace the suffix
• -ate becomes -ic acid
• -ite becomes -ous acid

• H2SO4 anion SO42- sulfuric acid

 Polyatomic Ions
• Have you memorized the polyatomic ions yet?

NH4+ ammonium PO43- phosphate

CO32- carbonate SO42- sulfate

ClO- hypochlorite SO32- sulfite

ClO2- chlorite CN- cynaide

ClO3- chlorate NO3- nitrate

ClO4- perchlorate NO2- nitrite

OH- hydroxide C 2H 3O 2- acetate

 Examples
• HClO4
• H3PO4
• HNO3
• HNO2
• Acetic acid
• Hypochlorous acid
• Carbonic acid
 Summary
• Binary Acids
hydro ___ic acid
• Ternary Acids
If the anion is -ate it becomes _____ic acid
If the anion is -ite it becomes _____ous acid