PE AB OD Y M US E UM

N A
AMERICA RCHA
EOL
OGY AND L
ETHNOO
GY

H AR V AR D U
NIV E R S ITY

MEM OIR S
IT O T
V UM
n u n
U AL“
'
I
A.

C AMBRID G E MAS S, .

P U B LI S H E D B Y TH E M U S E U M

1 89 6 19 02
—
 C p y i gh t
o r ,
—
18 9 6 19 0 2 ,

B D Y M US UM
B Y PE A O E OF AM E R I C AN AR C H AE OLOGY AN D
E T H N OLOG Y , H AR V AR D UI
N VE RS ITY .

UNI R IT Y P R V E S ESS

J OH N WI L ON AN
S S ON C AM BR I D G
D ,
E, U . S . A
.
 M E M OIR S
OF THE

PEA BO D Y M U U
S E M O F A M E R ICAN AR C H A E O LO G Y AN D

E T H NOLO G Y H ARVAR D U
,
NI V E RS I
TY .

V OL I . .
— NO . 1 .

PR E H IS TOR IC R U
INS OF C OPAN ,

H OND UR AS .

A PRE L
IM IN ARY R E P ORT OF TH E E XP L ORATIONS BY TH E M U S E UM ,

18 9 1 — 18 95 .

C AMB RID G E , M AS S

P UB LIS HE D BY TH E M U SE UM .

1 8 96 .
 C ON TE N TS

NOTE .
— Th e p ag i ng of th e vol um e ,
e x ce p t in fi rs t m e mo i r is at bo tt o m of a
p g e .

I . P RE H I S TOR I C R U I NS OF C OPAN , H ON DUR AS . 18 9 6 . A P R E L IMIN AR Y RE O P RT ON

EX PL OR ATI ONS . 1 8 9 1— 9 5 .

d
E i t o r i a l Not e by F . W . Put na m

S ub s c i b e r rs to t h e M us e um E x p e d i t i o ns
G e ne r a l D e s c r i p ti o n Of t h e S i t e
H i s t o r i c a l S k e tc h
P la no f Op er a t i o ns
D e t a i le dD e sc ri p ti o n Of t h e R ui ns

Th e M o no li th i c M o num e nt s
App end i x L e t te r , Of P a la c i o , 1 5 7 6 S
( p a ni s h )
T ra ns l a t i o no f Pa la c i o
’
s L e tt e r

D e s c r i p ti o nOf t h e P l a n Of R ui ns , g i v i ng L ocati o nOf M o und s , S c ul p t ur e s , M o num e nt s

a nd Al t a r s

II . CA VE OF L
OLTU N, Y U C ATAN . BY E D W ARD H . H
T OM P S ON , 1 8 9 7 .

d
E i tor i a l N o te b y F . W . P ut na m

S ub s c r i be rs to th e M us e um E x p l o r a t i o ns
R e por t Of dt
E xp e i i o nOf 1 8 8 8 — 8 9

R e p or t Of E x p ed i t i o n Of 18 90 9
— 1

I TH E C H U
II .LTU
N E S OF L AB NA YUC AT AN
,
. B Y E WA D RD H . TH OM P S ON , 18 9 7 .

E d i to r i a l N o t e b y F IV P ut na m . .

S ub s c r i b e rs t o M us e um E x p e d i t i o ns i nYuc a t a n
d
R e p o r t s Of E x p e i t i o ns Of 1 8 8 8 — 9 1 , Th e C h ul t une s Of L ab na

IV . R E SE A RC H E S IN TH E U LOA VALL EY , H ON DUR AS . G E OR G BYR ON

E G OR D ON ,

d tor i al Not e by
E i F . W . P ut na m

S ub s c r i b e r s t o t h e M us e um E x p lo r a t i o ns i n H o nd ur a s
R eport o n t h e 1 8 9 6 9 7 E x pe d i t i o nt o
—
U l V ll y oa a e

O bj e ct s f r o m t h e E xc av a t i n i nt h U l
o sV ll y e oa a e

P a i nte d D e co r at i o ns o nP tt y f m t h U l
o er V ll y
ro e oa a e

S umm ary a nd C o nclus i ons , R e s e arch es i n loa U V alley

 C ON E N TS
' ‘

V CAV E R NS
. OF C OPAN ,
H ON D U
R AS . B Y GE O RG E BYR ON G ORD ON, 1 8 9 8 .

R e p or t Of E x p e d i t i o n, 18 96 9 7
—

C o nt e nts Of C a ve P o t te r y
No t e o nth e F o r m a t i o n Of S t al a g m i t e

VI . TH E H I E R OG L Y PH I C S TAI R W AY R U
I NS OF , C OPAN . B Y GE O R G E BYR ON
G ORD ON , 1 9 0 2 .

E d i t o r i a l No t e b y F . \V . P ut na m

S ub s c r i b er s t o t h e F und fo r t h e E nc o ur a gem e nt Of C e nt r a l Am e r i ca n R e s e a r c h
Th e H i e r ogly p hi c S t a i r w a y : Arc h i te c tur e
Th e Ins c r i p t i o n
 U
I LLS T R ATI O NS IN TH E T E XT

S c ul p tur e s f ro m T e r r a c e ea s t Of G r e a t P la z a , C opa n
G a r go y l e , nt s h e a d , f r o m d 'b r i s Of Te m p le
’
s e r pe

R e s to r a t i o n Of s c ulp t ur e o na s t e p Of t h e H i er og ly p h i c S t a i r w a y
E x c a v a t i o n und e r i nc l i ne d p la ne , e a s t e r n s i d e Of M o und 9
C r o s s s e c ti o n Of To m b 2
H um a n t e e t h fi le d a nd o r nam e nte d w i t h ja d e i te
V a ul t und e r S tela M
C ro s s s ecti o nOf S t el a C , S h o w i ng v a ul t a nd s to ne w o r k a t b a s e
V a ult und e r S tel a C
S t e l a 1 a nd Al t a r , s h o w i ng p o s i t i o n
Alt a r Of S te l a C
Alt a r Of S t e la C w i t h f a lle n s t e l a
F r o nt Of S c ulp t ur e Z
B a ck Of S c ulp t ur e Z
S i d e Of S c ul p t ur e Z
S i d e Of S c ulp t ure Z
Alta r i nf r o nt Of S tel a D
S c ul p tur e o n s t e p Of H i e r o g ly p h i c S ta i r w a y
Te r r a-c o t t a v a s e VVOl f S h e a d
’

M a p Of a nci e nt c i t i e s i nY uc a t a n
L
V er ti c al s e c t i o ni n C a v e Of o lt un s h o w i ng b a r r i c a d e s
L
,

P la nOf p r i nc i p a l c h a m b e r s i nC a v e o f o l tun
P l a no f Ins c r i p ti o n C h a m be r i n C a v e Of o lt un L
V e r t i c al s e c t i o nOf Ins c r i p t i o n C h a m b e r i n C a v e Of ol t un L
V e r ti cal s e c ti o n s h o w i ng lay e r s i nC a v e Of ol t un L
H al t uno r w a te r-t r o ug h i n C a v e Of o l t un L
R o c k c a r v i ng s i n
S h ell o r na m e nts f r o m
66 66 66

C a rved s to ne p e nd a nt f r om
B one ne e d le s fr o m
F i led h um a nt e e th f r o m
R o ck p ai nt i ng s i n
F r a g m e nt Of a W h i s t le f r o m
B e ad o f i ro n p yr i te s f r o m
C i r c ular p a v e m ent a r o und e ntr a nc e to C h ult un L , ab na
V e r ti c al s ec t i o n t h r o ugh
T er r a -co t t a w h i s t le f r o m
E ngr a ve d s h e ll di sk f ro m
C h i p p d i m pl
e em e nt Of c h al c e d o ny f r om
F l i nt k ni f e f r o m
S to ne i m pl e m e n t u d i npse ng ag av e fi b r e f r o m
rep a r i C h ult un
,

C h i pp d e i m p l e m e nt Of fl i nt f r o m C h ul tun, L a b na
’

F l i nt k ni f e f r o m
C h l d ny k ni f
a ce o e from
C h i pp d i m p l m
e e e nt Of fl i nt f r o m
6 6 66 6 6

M e t at e w i th f o ur f ee t

F or m Of b e d Of lo a Ri verU
S e ct i o nOf b e d o f lo a R i v e r U
Pl a nOf r ui ns e a s t Of l o a R i v er U
 ILLU S TR ATIONS IN THE TE XT
S tone i d ol i n t h e ui ns r

Cr o s s s e c t i o nOf m o u nd i nt h e r ui ns
O rn a m e n Of s to n t e fo u nd i n t h e r ui ns
Po ts h e r d , w i th s e r p e nt h e a d f r o m E nch a nt e d P OOl ,

O b d
s i i a nfl a e kn
k - i fe lo a , U
G r e e n s t o ne c elt lo a , U
B a rk - o u
p n d e r l o a , U
P o tt e r y v e s s e l w i t h h um a n f a c e a nd g ly p h s , lo a U
G ua t e m a l a
w i t h g ly p h s opan C
U
,

T -
e r r a co t ta w h i s t le , l oa
6 6 6 6 6 6

w i t h h um a n fi gur es , t w o v i ew s
m ask , Ul oa

h e a d , p o r t i o n Of w h i s t le , Ul
oa

s ta m p a n d w h i s t le , lo a U
nd r i c a l s t a m p
c y li oa , Ul
e ar or n
- a m en t lo a , U
i m p l e m e nt , U
U
lo a
H e a d c a r v e d i n c a lc i t e lo a , U
D e s i g no n fr a gm e n t Of t e r r a c o tt a fi g ur e , lo a
o np a i n te d v a s e , lo a U
6 6 66 6 6

Ani m al d e s i g n p a i nte d OII f r ag m e nt Of p o t te r y , Ul

U
oa

P a i nt e d d e s i g n On r i m Of ja r lo a U
C r uc i b le li k e O bj c te s n
Of c l a y ( p a i t p Ot s ) ,
- lo a
T ob acco i
p p e Of cl ay , Ul oa

M a p Of t h e o p a n V a lley C
IV OOd e n h a nd le f r o m C a v e 3 , o p a n C
Pla nOf M o und 2 6 s h o w i ng p o s i t i o n Of H i e ro g l y p h i c S t a i r w a y
,
o pa n , C
C r o s s s e c t i o n Of M o u nd 2 6 s h o w i ng l a nd s l i d e a nd H i e r o gl y p h i c S t a i r w a y
.

P l a n Of lo w e r p o r t i o nOf H i er o gly p h i c S t a i r w a y w i t h a lt a r ,

C r o s s s ec t i o n t h r o u h l o w e r p o r t i o n Of H i er o gly p h i c
g
S e a t e d fi g ur e o n H i e r o g ly p h i c S t a i r w a y
D et a i l s Of b a l u s t ra d e

C rou c h ed h u m a nfi g ur e
S e r p e nt o r na m e nt
S e r p e nt s h ea d s
’

G ly p h s s h o w i ng d a t e s , C Op a n
,

6 6 6 6

o n Te m pl e Of t h e S un, Pa le nq ue
s h ow i ng d ate , o p a n C
6 6 6 6 6 6

Ins c r i p t i o no n s m a l l s t o ne t a b l e o pan . C
H i e r og ly p h i c b a nd s at b a s e Of S t e la l\ , C o pa n
Pl a n Of
G ly p h S h o w i ng d a t e , o p a n
, C
Ins c r i p t i o no ns m al l s to ne p i ll a r, o p a n C
 P LATE S
M E M OIR I
PLATE
I P l a no f t h e R ui ns Of o p a n
. C .

II F ig 1
. M a i n S tr uc t ur e f r o m
. . ns i d e Of C Op a n R i ve r e a s t er .

F ig 2 N o r t h e a s t e r n s lo p e Of M a i n S t r uc t ur e
. . .

III F i g 1
. L o o k i ng s outh f r om M o und 2 6
. . .

F ig 2 L o ok i ng nor t h e as t f ro m Py r a m i d 1 6
. . .

IV F ig 1
. L o ok i ng nor t h w es t f r om M o und 2 0
. . .

F ig 2 Look i ng no r th ea s t f ro m M ound 2 0
. . .

V F i g 1 P o r t i o nOf H i er o gly p h i c S t a i r w ay
. . . .

F ig 2 Tw o s te p s Of H i e rogly p h i c S t a i r w a y
. . .

VI F i g 1 L o ok i ng nor t h e as t f r o m G r ea t Pla z a , s h o w i ng S tel a

. . . D
M o und 2 .

F ig 2 Th e G r e a t Pl a z a
. . .

VI I F i gs 1 4
.
— F o ur v i e w s Of S t el a 6
. . .

VI I F i g s 1 4 F o ur v i e w s Of S te la 1 1
I .
— . . .

F i g s 1 -3 S c ul p t ur e s f r o m d 'b r i s Of Te m p l e 2 2
. . .

F ig 4 S cul p t ur e f ro m H i e r ogly ph i c S t a i r w ay
. . .

M E M OIR II
I F ig 1 Pr i nc i p a l ntr ance t o t h e C a v e o f o lt un
e L
Llt un
. . . .

Fig 2 S t a l a c t i t e s i nt h e Ins c r i p t i o n C h a m b e r , C a v e Of o

L
. . .

II . F ig . 1 . I ns c r i pt i on 1 , i n C a ve Of olt un .

F ig 2 . . I ns cr i pti on 6 ,
III . F ig . 1 . Ins c r i p t i o n 2 ,
F ig . 2 . I ns cr i p ti o n 7 ,
IV . F ig . 1 n4 a ,
. In s cr i p ti o

F ig 2 Ins c r i p t i o n 4 b ,
. .

V I ns c r i pt i o n 3
L
.
,

V I B as -r e li e f o nw all ne ar e ntr a nce to C av e Of o lt un

. .

V II F i g 1 ,
. a —
j .T e r -
r a c o t t a Ob je c t s f r o m C a v e Of
. o lt un L
L
.

F g 2,
i a — c
. S to ne i m p le m e nt f r o m C a v e Of o l t un
.

Lltun
.

V III . Fi g l . . T e rr -
a c o tt a o r na m e nt s f r o m C ave Of o

Lltun
.

Fig 2 . . Pot s h er d s f r o m C av e Of o .

M E M OIR III
V nd h o r i z o ntal s e c t i o ns Of C h ul tune s
e r t i c al a ab ni
z L
L
.
,

F ig 1 . H um anh e ad s c ul pt ur ed i ns to ne , C h ult une s , a b nzi

. .

F ig 2 . S t o ne c oll a r f r om Ch ul tune s , L ab n
. a .

O r nam ents o f s h ell , s to ne , a nd c e m e nt , C h ult une s L a b ua ,

.

T e rr a co tta mo uld s and m o ul d e d a ni m al h e ad s , C h ultunes , L a b na

- .

T er r a -c o t ta h u m a n h e a d s , C h ult une s , L a b na .

Fig 1 . T e rr a co tta w h i s tl es a nd p or ti o ns Of m us i ca l i ns tr um e nts , C h ul tunes ,

- .

L a b na .

F ig 2 . P o tt e r y v e s s els , C h ul t une s , L a b n
. a .
 P L AT E S

M E M OI R IV
C ol o r e
p l a d
t e , p o t s h er s f r o m lo ad all e U V y .

d
M a p Of t h e lo w e r w a t e r s h e Of t h e lo a a nd C h e m el i canR i ver s U .

Des i g ns o np a i n d
t e v e s s e ls ( o wl a n d ba t ) , lo a U .

C ol or e d n a va se ( h u
d e s i g ns o m a n fi g u r e s and s e r p e nt s
) .

C o lo r ed d es i g n o n v a s e ( h u m a nfi gur e s ) .

S i t e s Of e xc a v a ti o ns 3 a nd 4 , o nb a nk s Of U loa .

Po t t er y v e s s e ls Of v a r i o us s h a p es , U lo a .

T e r r a-c otta fi gur e s a nd m a s k s , U lo a .

T e rra cot ta wh i s tles a nd i mages , U lo a

-

U
.

P o r ti o ns Of t e a c o tt a s t a t ue t t e s ,
r r - lo a .

T e rr -
a co t ta s t a m p s , Ul oa .

XII . F ig . 1, a , b, c, t er r a -co t t a d b
f a c e s ; d , o u le p a i nt h ol er ; e, t, or na m e nt e v a s e s d d
c alc i t e ; g, h ea d Of a k y
t ur e i n t e rr a -c o t ta ; i t , c up i n s h a p e Of h um a n h e a d .

F ig . 2 . W a te r f all a nd p OOl i n Que b r a d a E nc a nt a d a .

F ig 3 . . E x c av a t i o ns at r ui ns ne ar Que b r a d a E nca nt a d a .

MEM OI R V
I . Po te r t yf r om C a ve r ns Of C Op a n .

MEM OIR V I
I . M o und 2 6 , b e f o r e e x c av a ti o nOf S t a i r w a y , s h owi ng s i t e Of H i e r o g ly p h i c S ta i r w a y ,
a nd p o s i ti o nOf S te la N .

II . R e m o v i ng t h e f all e n s te p s Of H i er o gl ph i c S ta i r w a y y .

III . H i e ro gly p h i c S t a i r w ay a f t e r e x c a v a t i o n .

IV .
6 6 6 6 6 6 66

V . F a lle n s t e p s nge d i n o r d e r
a rr a .

VI . S t ep s i np o s i t i o n .

V II . M i dd l e s e c ti o n Of l ow er p o r ti o n, s h o w i ng a l ta r a nd s ea te d
fi g ur e .

V I II . Al ta r at b as e Of S t a i r w ay .

D e t a i ls Of al t a r . F ig 1 .
, so ut h er nh alf ; F i g . 2, no r th e r nh a lf .

S e a ted fi g ur e a b ov e a lt a r .

To p Of a lt ar a t b a s e Of S ta i r w a y .

Di nne c t ed f r a gm e nts Of t h e i ns c r i p t i o n
s co .

F r a gm e nt s Of i ns c r i pt i o ns a nd o t h e r s c ul p t ur e s .

One Of t h e s e a te d fi gur e s fr o m ce nt r e Of S ta i r way .

V ari ous s cul pt ur e s .

S t el a M , C Op a n . F r o nt b a c k , a nd upp e r p o r ti o n
, .

Alt ar Of S tela M . F i ve V i ew s .

M o und 2 6 , a f t er e x c a va ti onOf S tai rw ay .

 I N D E X TO VO LUME I .

[ Af ter page 48 , th e end of th e fi rst m emoi r , t h e p agi nat i o no f th e volum e i s at t h e bottom Of th e p age .
]

Ad a m s H enr y 52 7 6 B ar k cl o th , i m pl em ent us e d i nm a nufa c tur e , U lo a, 1 1 1

Ll t un 54
, , ,

Aga ve fi b er i ns tr um e nt fo r p r epar i ng L ab na 8 3 8 4
, , , , B a r ri c a d es , C a ve Of o , , 55
Ah a u d ay s i g n 1 7 0 -1 8 4
, ,
B d
a s e or
p t l e es a ,
o f t l t C
s e ae , a op a n 35,

Ak alc h e s na t ur al b as i ns U x m al 7 9
, , , B d y t l L bn 8
ea , cr s a , a a, 2

Ala m o tr ee L ab na 8 4 B d b n L bn 8
ea s, o e, a a, 2

y Lltun 6
, ,

Albone te M o unta i n C op an 2 9 , , b u nt r cl a , o ,
1, 68
All uvi al s tr a ta o nb a nks Of U lo a 9 9 1 0 0 , cr y ne l i me s t o ne , U l oa ,
s ta l li 10 5
L
, ,

Alt a V e r a Paz G ua te m a la 1 1 2 i r o np r i t es , y
ol t u n, 7 0
Lltun
, ,

Altars C op a n g enera l d escr i p ti o n 2 3 33 ; Alta r Q j d a e i te, C opa n 13 2 1, 2 4 2 7, 30 37 ; o

L
, , , , , , , , , ,

5 1 ; 39 ,
20 S t e l a C ,
, 4 41 ;
0 ; of S t e la I , ; of 68 ; a n a, 8 5 ;Lb lo a , 1 2 6 U
Of S t e l a D , 4 3 ; Of S t e la M , 1 6 4 ; Of t h e H i e r o li e c e m e nt ,
m a na, 8 2 —
9 1 Lb
gy
l ph i c S t a i r w a , 1 57 , 1 58 ( s e e p la n o f R u i ns y s h el l , L bn a a, 8 2 —8 9
f oll o wi n p a g g e 48 ) s to ne , C op a n 2 4 38 ; o lt un 66 ;
, , L , L bna a, 88 , 8 9
A l v ar a 7 ( d
n ote) o, 1 2 r r -
te a c o t t a , L
ab n a 83 88 , ,

Am e ri c anAnti ua ri an S oci e t 4 q y , B ed of th e Ul oa, 99

Am e r i c a n M us e um Of Na t ur al H i s to r y , i v, I 17 B d Of t h y i n C p n 39
e s r ac te o a , 1

Ame ri can Ph i lo so ph i cal S o ci e t , 3 1 y B l i n — t L bn 8 9

eet e terr a c o t a, a a,

Am e s F r e d e r i c k L i v 5 2 7 6
,
.
, , , B li nM u um 8
er se ,
11

Am or y C h a r les W i v
,
.
,
B i d i n u 8 4 ; i n ffi gy 8 6 ;
r , st cc o , e ,
i nf o r m Of w h i s tles ,
And ers on J T 7 , . .
, 9 1, 1 14 ; h a n les d o f v as es , 123 ; s ym b o l, 1 59 ,

And re w Jo h n F 52 7 6 ,
.
, , 1 6 1 , 1 67

Ani m al G r o tes q ue s c ulp tur ed C o p a n 39 1 6 4

, , , , , B i s h op LC as as a s , 1 2 6 ( note )
Ani m a l m y th ol o g i cal as wh i s tle U lo a 1 1 4 I I 5
, , , , , Bl ka e, F ra nc i s , i v
Ani m al b o ne s r ui ns Of C o pa n 1 4 2 6 3 1 ca ve rns Of Bl ka e, S ta nt o n, 5 2 7 6
Lltun 6
, , , , ,

C op a n, 1 41 , 1 47 ; o , 0 , 6 1 , 66 ; L ab na , Bg o n G e ne r al o ui s Pr es i e nt Of H o n ur a s , 5
ra ,
L , d d
8 2 -9 1 g
B o ne, f r a m e nt s , p o l i s h e , opan ,
15 d C
Ani m al fig u i n r es, st uc co , L bn a a, 8 2 ; i n p a i nt e d p o t B on e a w ls , ol t u n, 6 6 L
f y Ul
er o a, 1 2 2 — 1 2
5 B on e bea s , abn a 82 d L
L
, ,

Ani m a l h d i nt ea s, e r r a-
c o t ta , L bn a a, 8 2 , 8 7-9 0 ; Ul o a, B on e i m pl e m en ts o p an 2 6 ; oltu n 66 ; ab na , 8 2 C L
L
, , ,

1 15 ; i ns t o ne , C o pa n 167
,
d
B o ne ne e l es C Op a n, I3 30 ; o ltu
,
n 6 6 68 , , ,

Ani m als i nter m ent o f , , 24 B o ne ri n , a bn g L

a, 8 3

Ant i q ui ty of th e r ui ns Of C o pa n , 10 , 1 5 ; O
1f t h e cav B on es ( see H u m a nb o nes a nd Ani m a l b o ne s )
er ns Of C Op a n 1 46 ,
d
B o w i t ch , Ch
P , i v, 5, 6 , 5 1 , 52 , 7 6 , 9 6 ,
ar l e s .
1 52 , 1 68 , 1 7 5

Ar ch , c h a ra c t e r i s t i c , of C e ntral Am e ri ca a nd Yu ca B wd i t
o ch , E r nest VV , 52 , 7 6 , 96 .

t an, 30 B wdit
o J I n ch ,
e r s o l l ,.
5 2 , 76 g
Arch e s C o p a n 1 2 1 7 3 2
, , , , B ri m m er , M ar ti n ,
iv
Ar ch ae ol o g i c al M us e um a t C a m b r i d g e E ngl and , , 5 B ri nt o n, D a ni el G 1 46 .
,

Arti s ti c d e ve lop m ent C o p an 2 6 30 36 ; U loa , , , , , 111 B ri ti sh M us eum, 3

B d g C
ui l i n s , o p a n, 5 0 , 1 3—1 5 ; 19 ,
16

A b sh e d s i nm o un , 36 ; o p an ,
d 26 C d g
B ui l i n m a t e r i al , C op a n 1 9 -2 1 2 3
, , ,
2 6, 2 9 , 34 3 5
, , 1 31 ,

Avi la , Gil G z
o n a les d e , 1 2 6 ( n ote ) , 1 2 7 ( note ) 1 39 , 1 53 ,
1 63 ; L ab na 7
5 8 1 , ,

B ullfro g , f or m Of w h i s tle, Ul I3 o a, 1

B ab n, b la c i n U l o a v alle 1 0 8
oo k y Bur i al , m e th o d Of R ui n Of C p n 6 — 8; s o a 2 2 c av e rns Of
L
, ,

L
, ,

C
B all o ur t Te m p l e a t
B all of c al c i te cr s tal
h i c h e nI t a, 1 6 7 C z C
n, I46 , 1
o pa o 47 ; i n l t un 59 6 ; , , 0 i n ab na ,
ab n a, 8 9 y , L 2
9 ; i n l oa 1 2 8 -1 30 U ,

B al u d
s t r a e , H i er o l p h i c S t a i r wa o p a n 1 59 gy y C , ,
B ur i a l s ec o nd a r
,
abn a 76 y L , ,

B arb as co v i ne u se i n na ti ve m e t h o
, of sh i n d d fi g ,
B k
ur i t t, R o b e r t 7 ,

Ul o a, 1 0 9 B y
ur nt cla , pl atf o rm of, lo a, 1 0 4 U
187
 I NDE X .

C b n d y i gn 8
a a a s 1 1 C h ult unes of L bna a, ci r c ul ar p av e m e nt ar o und e u
C Of Ll t un 66
, ,

C h Of Ob i d i n k ni
ac e s a ves , av e o , tra nces , 77 ; m e th o ; d i f d of c o ns t r ucti o n 77 ,

C d u n p nt
a ce amp d w i th ulpt u d se r e s co a re sc re ser f e r e nt t h e o r i e s a o ut p ur p o s e o f , 7 8 ; v e rt i c a l b
p n t C p n 66 e s, o a , 1 s e c t i o nOf , 7 8 ; m o e o f a pp r o a c h , 7 9 ; e p l o r a d x
C l u f m ti n Y u t n 7 8
a ca r e o s or a o s, ca a ,
ti onOf nu b
m e rs 1 —3 4 , 8 1 — 1 e ntr a nce o r m o ut h 9
f Llt un 6
,

C l i n d li m - k C
a c e 6 e ro c , av e o o , 0 , 1 8 1 , 8 4, 8 8 —9 0 ; s e a l i n o f , 8 8 , 8 9 ; e p o s i t o r i e s g d
C l i t y t l L b n w k d 8 5 ; yli nd
a c e cr f s a ,
a a, or e , c e rs o , 8 9, Of e a , 9 2 co n cl u d d
s i ons r e la t i n t o ,
9 2 g
9 1 b a ll Of, 8 9 C h ul t une s Of m a l and a n Ux
a , S te p h e n s a c co u
’
nt Lb
C a l ci t e o r na m e nt a nd va s es U lo a 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , , 75 of.

C a lp uli s , na t i ve na m e f or m o un s i n U l o a va lle d y , 10 2 C h unt i ch m o o l , r ui n , Yu c a ta n 79

,

( note ) C i b d a y s i n, 1 7 2
, g
C al puli s ,
L os , na m e Of vi lla g Ul e, o a, 1 0 2 ( note) C g
i m i , d ay S i n, 1 7 1 ,
83 84 1 ,
1

C m tn
a o a ,
1 C i nn b C Op n a 4 37 ar, a , 2 1, 2 ,

C p t n Of h C p n
a s o es ar c , o a ,
12 C i l nd d t i n ulp t u t C p n 34
rc e s a o s, sc re a o a ,

C d i n l p i nt 3 5 36
ar a o s, ,
C i ul l t C p n 37 39 4
rc ar a a r, o a , , , 0

C i b 46 ( n t )
ar s, 1 o e C i ul b l k f t n C p n 5
rc ar oc s o s o e, o a , 1

C i b t i t i nn ti p pl Of U l
ar ra ll y s a ve eo es oa va e 10 0 C i ul h m b
rc n Of C p n 4
ar c
44 a e rs , c a ve r s o a 1 2 1

C i ng n k W i Llt un 6 9
, , ,

arv o ro c , a rr o r,
'
o ,
C i ul rc n m nt Of j d i t C p n 3
a r e ar o r a e a e e, o a , 2

C i ng n k ull Of p
arv y C Op n 3 o s e c c ar , a , 0 C i ul p m nt
rc und
ar nt n t C h ultuna ve e a ro e ra ce o ,

C F ni
as as, d l 6 (n t ) ra c sco e as , 1 2 o e L bn 77 a a,

C t f m t
as s, tt m uldro L bn 8 9 9 e t r a-c o a o s, a a, , 0 ; Ul o a, Ci t s er nd L b n S t p h n
n U xm ls, unt 7 5 a a a a, e e s
’
a c co ,

1 16 C l y bu nt p l tf m Of U l
a , r
4 ,
a or , o a, 1 0

C a th e r w o o d , F re d , 5, 1 5, 2 3 Cl y d a , f re4 , co r e o 10

C l y Ob j t h w i ng l Ll t un 6 6
,

C a ua c , d a y gn 7 7 si , 1 a e c s, s o co or , o ,

C a ve c ul t m ng t h M y 46
a o e a a, 1 C l y u d i nf und ti n t C p n 9
a se o a o s a o a

Of Llt un Yu t n 5 7
, ,

C a ve o , ca a , 1— 2 C h n Al x nd i 5 7 6
oc ra e, e a e r, v, 2,

C a ve r n f C p n 3 9 — 48 ; d i ff
s o o a , 1 1 e re nt c ult ure f r o m C d xP
o e67 e re s .
,
1

C p n i t y 9 6 46
o a c , ,
1 C ll Of t n L b n 8 6 8 7
o ar s s o e, a a, ,

C zi qu
a 7 (nt ) es, 1 2 o e C l i n p l t w k 7 3 nd n
o o r, d as e r or , 1 , 2 , a o v as e eco r a

C d -w d h d L b n 8 4
e ar oo c a rr e a a, t i n C Op n 3 3 3 6 o
; n y m b l 6 nd a 0 1, o s o 2. a

Ll un 6 6 ; n t - t t
, , , , , ,

C h m nt h i gn 7
e , o S ,
1 0 n i n n -b u no ce se r er, o t , o e r ra co a

C ib t C p n
e a. r e e, o a , 2 2 w h i tl L bn 9 n p tt y U l s es ,
3 a a, 1 o o er , o a, 11 ,

C lt f t n C p n 3
e o s o e, o a , 2 11 5 , 1 1 9 -1 2
5
C m nt u d t C p n
e e
4 ; L b,n se a o a , 12, 1 a a, 7 7, 8 1 C o m o ta n , ( s ee C a m o ta n)
C m nt b d ( B d )
e e ea s s ee ea s C om a y gua a, H o n ur as , d 1 17

C m nt fl C Op n 5 3 6 3
e e o o r, a , 1 , 2 , 2 , 1 C oma y gua a R i ve r , 10 9
C n t ( n ti n m C n t) w t
e o es a ve a e, o o , a e r c a ve s o r na t ur al C o nve nt i o na l i s m ,
2 2, 3 (
4 1
3 ,note ) , 1 16 -1 1 9 , 1 66

r e s e r vo i r s , Yuc a t a n, 7 8 C o
p a n, Pr e h i s t o r i c rui ns o f : e ne r a l g d e s c ri p ti o nof
C e nt r a l Am e ri c an F und , s ub s c r i be r s to, i v, 9 6, s i t e , 1 —2 ; h i s t o r i c a l s k e t ch , 3 7
—
p l a n Of o pe r
1 52
ns 8 ; e t a i le
a ti o d
e s c r i p t i o n Of r u —
i n 9 32
s d d
C C
, ,

err o M a r i a m o unt a i n , opa n, 1 3 9 m o no l i th i c m o num e nts 3 3-4 3 ; l e t te r Of Pa l a ,

Ch a lc e d ny o i m p l e m e nts , 1 5, 66 , 8 3 , 8 9 ( s ee a ls o Im ci o — 8
45 4 ; , c a ve r ns o f 95 1 —
39 1 48 ; H i e r o ,

n g ly p h i
,

p l e m e t s ) S ta i rw a y 53
-1 8 6
Ll tun 55-6 7 ;
c 1
Ch b C
,

am e rs , a ve o f o , Ins c ri p t i o n h a m C C opa np o t te ry i n U l o a v a lle y , 1 1 1

( s e e a ls o Po t te r y)
be r s , 551 58 : 59
C o pan S i n i n gi rl 18 g g '

C
,

h a m e l e c o n r i ver , 9 8 , 9 9 , 1 0 8 ,
7 (nt ) 12 o e C o a nva l l e y m a O f
L p p 1 40
C db
h a r re on es , o lt u n, 6 1 C E D
, ,

C h d w d Llt un 6 4 L bn 8 4 3
o p e, . .
,
1
ar r e oo , o , a a, C or d ym b l U l p
s o oa o tte r y 120
Ch H n nd d 3 4
, ,

a ve s , er a o e, ,
C or ni C p n 7
ce s , o a 1 23
Ch y p i nt d k ni
, ,

a a Of o e v es ,
11
C or n-m i ll y li nd i l c r ca s to ne Of, L bn a a, 89
C h m l n)
,

C h m i li n(
e co s ee a e e co
C o r te z 10 2 ( note) 12 6, 12 7
C h n ( M y ) w ll 7 9
, ,

e a a , e , C ost um e ( s e e D re s s )
C h n m nth i g n 7 7 8
e , o s ,
1 0 , 1 1, 1 0
C r e m a te d
rem a i n s, h um a n a v er n Of o p an , 1 47
C C
C h i ( M y ) m ut h 7 9
,

a a , o ,
C ros s- le e gg d
h um a n ur e s c a r ve d o an
p , 2
2 , 162 fig C
Chi p 3
, ,

a as, 1 1
C r o s s es o np a i n te p o t t e r , U loa 1 2 1 d y
C h i h n d y i gn 7
, ,

cc a
7 84
, a s ,
1 1, 1 2, 1
C ro u ch i n g h uman ure i ns t o ne o an 1 6 2
p fig C
C h i h n It z m ni ng Of n m 7 8 —79
c e a, ea a e,
C ru k
c i b l e -l i e Ob e c t s i n p o t t e r U lo a 1 2 5 j y
, ,

C h i p p d i m p l m nt L b n 8 3-8 5 ( Imp l m nt
e e e s, a a, s ee e e s ) C ru ci f o r m va u lt s un e r s t e l a a t o p a n, 3 5—38 d
,

C
,

Ch i l t n C p n 9
se , s o e, o a ,
1
C r y s ta l b d L bnea a a, 82
C h l ul t
o t f 9 re e , ro o s o ,
1
C r y s t a l o f c a lc i t e ,
,

wor k d L bne a 8 5, 8 9
a,
C h n l g i l h m h i g lyp h i i n i p ti n
,

ro o o ca sc e e, ero c s cr o s of C r y s ta ll i ne l i m e s to ne , b d ea s, t a bl e t, a nd pe n d a nt of ,
C nt l Am i 68 e ra e r ca . 1
Ul o a, 1 0
5
 I N DE X .

C ub ( note)
a, 1 2 7 F i le d nd a or nam e nte d t e e th ( s e e Te e th )
Cu e va D o nJu ,
a nR , 8 . F i le d t th g Ul
ee 6 , i ni m a e, oa, 1 1

C um h u m o nt h s i n, 1 6 9 ,
,
g 170 , 1 79 , 1 80 Fi s h , ulp t u d C p n 5 6
sc re , o a ,
2 ,
1 2 , 17 1

C g
us h i n , F H , 52 , 7 6 Fis h i ng n t i m th d f U l
a ve e o o o a v al le y 10 9
f Ll un 6
. . , , ,

Cy l pc e, e ri o d ,
1 69 —1 8 6 F i re , t i n Of C
ac o , a ve o o t , 1, 62
Cy li nd er Of c a lc i t e c r s t a l , y L bna a, 8 9, 9 1 F i r e p l a c e s i n p i t s , C Op a n, 2 8
Cy li nd i r ca l s e a l , Ul oa, 1 1 7 F li nt c h i p s , o lt u L
n, 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 4, 6 8
Cy li nd i r ca l s to ne of cor n-m i ll , L bn a a, 89 F l i nt i m p le m e nt s , Ll un 6 6
o t , , 7 2 ; L bn a a, 8 2 -8 5, 8 9 ,
90 ( s e e a ls o m p l e m e nts )
I
D a t es , o n s te l ae ,
1 8 5, a nd o n H i e r o l p h i c S t a i r wa gy y , F lo o d s i nU l o a va ll e y , 9 8
C pn o a ,
1 68 — 1 8 6 Foo d of na t i v e p e o pl e s Of Ul o a va l le y ,
10 0

Da y isg n h i g ly p h
s, i i n i p t
e roi n C p n 68 — 8 6 c s cr o , o a , 1 1 F or b es , Jo h n M i v 96 .
, ,

D ea th h
’
sd C p n 5 4 6 9 54 56 ; U l
ea s, o 8 a ,
1 ,
0 , ,
1 , 1 oa , 1 1 For b e s, \V i lli a m H .
, 5 2 , 7 6
D ea th Off i ng i n h ul t un
er f L bn 9
s, C es o a a, 2 FOrs te m a nn, E . W .
,
1 74

D e c o ra t i nOf p t t o y C p n 3 36 ; U l o -
5er ,
o a , 0 , o a, 1 1 1 12 F o rt r e ss Of 7 ( nOm o a
ote ) , 12

D e e r, b n Of C p n 3 ; L b n 8 6
o es o a 0 a a, F ri e z e , h i e ro l p h i c , gy
o pan 1 6 7 C
L
, , ,

De p osi t l y
s, C or Of al t un 6 e rs , —
63 6 6 7 ; a ve o ,
2 , , 0 F ro g ,
s cu lp t ure o pa n 2 5 d C , ,

L bn a a, 82 ; ca ve r ns of C Op a n, 1 4 1 — 1 4 4 F ro g s, f o rm Of wh i s t le s , Ul o a, 1 1 3

g
D e s i ns , o n s ul l Of k p e c c a r y , 30 ; o n s c ulp t ur e s Of
C Op a n, 33—4 3 ; o n p o t ter y of Ul o a, 10 7, 111

12 5 ( s e e a ls o se p a r a t e r e f e r e nce s ) G a l i nd O, Jua n, 4 1 1 ,
1
3 ,

D ia z ,
B e r nal , 126 ( note) , 12 7 , 128 G a lle r y C ,
o an 1 9 , 2 6
p ,

D i scs of O b i di
s a n ,
C opa n, 1 9 ; of i r o np y r i t es , L bn a a, Gar dn J e r, oh n iv L
88 Gar g yl C
o e, opa n, 7 ,
19

D i vi ni t y , nat i ve i d e a Of , w ors h i p Of , Ul oa, 1 0 6, 10 7 G eo m e t r i c a l d i gn

es s, in d e c o r a ti o n of p o t t e ry , Ul o a,

D o g, na t i v e , s k e le t o n a nd s ull k ,
L bn 8 7
a a, ; t e e th Of , 12
5
i nm o un d at Co p an 2 4 ; at , L bn 8 9 a a, G la z dw
e are, r es e m bl ance t o opa n 2 C 1
“
, ,

D o o r wa y C s, o pa n , 1 6 —1 8 ,
2 2, 23 Go d s,
“lo ng-no s e d and s h or t n
-
os e d C ,
opa n 165
, ,

g
D o u la s ll co e ct i o n, 1 17 ( note) 1 66

D ra g n g ldo , o e n in m
, y th Of E nc h a nt e d Po o l , Ul oa, G ldo e n d g ra o n a nd,
g ld o e n p e b bl es i n m ,
yt h Of E u
10
5 cha nt e d Po o l, Ul oa, 1 0 5
D ra g o n h ea
, d Of ,
ulp t ur e d , C o p a n 1 7 , 4 2 1 6 4
sc , , G o lfo Dul ce , 1 2 7, note
D ra g o ns
’
j aws , g
h o l d i n h um a n h e a d C o p a n 1 6 5 , , G o o m a n,d J T . .
,
168, 16
9 , 1 70 , 1 74

D r es s an d or na m e nts , Of scul p t ur e d h um an ur e s a t fig Go r d o nG B,
. .
,
iii , i v, 6 , 7 , 4 1 , 9 5 9 6 , ,
1 5 1

C op a n -
33 3 6 ,( e
s e H ea dd r es s and H um a n G rea t Cy cle , p e rio d ,
1 6 8 -1 8 6

fig ur e ) G re a t Pla z
n 2 3 , 2 4 1 53 , 1 6 4
a of C o pa , ,

D u k fig
c ,
L ur e o f , a b na 8 2 , G r e a t Tur t le o f ui ri ua 1 6 7 Q g ,

D w i g h t E d m und i, ,
v G re a t W a l l o f o p an 1 0 C ,

q d g
G r e c ue e s i n, ca r ve o nv as e , a nd p a i nte d d o n p ot '

E ar -
orna m ents , Ul o a, 1 1 5 , 1 17 t e ry , Ul oa, 1 1 8 , 1 1 9

E a r t h e nw a re v es s e l s ( see Po t t er y) G r ee k lam p co m p a r e d w i th i nc e ns e- bu n r er fro m

q k C Op n
E a r t h ua es , a , 1 5 1 L bn a a, 90
Ear th w k i n U l or s o a v a lle y , 128 ( note ) G r e ens to ne , p i e c e Of ,
f o un i n m o un d d , C Op a n, 24

E as t nC u t t C p
er n 1 1 , I7 1 8 2 2
o r a o a , , , G r ee ns t o ne ce l t , Ul o a , IIO

d
E i c t Of t h e G o v e r nm e nt Of H o n ur as t o t h e Pe a d G re w , E w a r d dS 1 5 2

dy
bo M us e um 5 9 5 , , G r o tes ue q a ni m a l , sc ul p t ur e d C , op a n, 39 ,
1 64 ; p ai nt e d
d g g
E i nb ur h G e o l o i c a l S o c i e t , Tr a ns a c ti o ns Of, 1 48 y o np o t te r y Ul ,
oa , 1 2 3 , 12 4
d
E i to r i a l N o t e s F W Put na m i i i 5 1 , 7 5 9 5 1 5 1
,
. .
, , , ,
G r o te s q fig
ue ur e s a nd m as s , k sc ul p tur e C Op a n, 3 4 d ,

g
E ffi g i e s i nh i h r e l i e f , o n w a ll Of re s e r vo i r a bna, 8 6 ,
L G ro te s q d
ue h e a s ,
s culp t ure , d C o p an ,
17 18, 2 8, 4 1 , ;
E na m e l w h i t e , us e Of , U l oa , 1 1 6
, Ul oa, 1 18

d
E nch ant e p OOl , U l o a, 1 0 5 G uat e m ala, 1 , 4 , 1 1 1 -1 1 3 , 1 2 7 ( note)
E s p i ri t u S a nt o m o unta i n r a n e 1 g
g Lltun
,

L
,

x
E c ava t i o ns a t o an
p , 2 1 —2
9 , 1 - 1 C
55 57 , 1 6 3 ; oltun, H al t un, or s to ne w a te r tr o u h , o , 54, 6 3 , 6 4,
—6 ;
59 5 Ul oa , 1 0 0 —1 0
5 79
H a mm er s to ne s , Lltun 6 6
o ,

F aja r d o , D o n Ant o ni o , 53, 54 , 66 H ea dd r es s , C Op a n, 34 3 5, 39 , 1 8

5 , 1 60 1 6 5, 1 6 6 ; L bn
a a,

U
, ,

d
F e a t h e r e m o ns ter i n e s i n, lo a , d g U 1 18 82 ; 10 a , 1 1 1 , 1 1 5
F e a th e r e d nt C Op a n, 34 39 ;
s e rp e , lo a 1 2 1 ,
U ,
H ea d s, i n sculp t ur e ( s ee Ani m al h ea d s a nd H um an
F e a th er s and fe a t h er-wo r , i ns c ul p t ure a t o p an, 34
k C ,
h ea d) s

35 H e m e nw a y Aug u tu
,
s s, i v, 1 5 2

F ea th e r s of q u tz e al , s culp t ure d C p n 6 5 66
, o a , 1 ,
1 H e m e nw a y, M r s M a r . y i , v, 5 2 ,
6
7 ; es t a t e of , 96
F e m al e fig u re s s c ulp ture d C p nS i ng i ng gi l
o a r 18 gy
H i e r o l ph i c fr i e z C p e, o a n 1 67
,

18 9
 INDE X .

gy
H i ero l ph i c S ta i rwa , C Op an, ar ch i te cture, 1 5 1 -1 6 7 ; y Jd
a e i te, i mi ta ti onof, L ab na 8 4, 8 5, 8 9 1 16 n
( te )
o

LOU“
, ,

ins c ri p t i o n o n, m e th o Of r e a i n , 1 68 ; no ta d d g Jd
a e i te b d C ea s, op a n, 1 3, 2 1 , 2 4 , 2 7, 30 , 37 ; D ,

ti o n, 1 68 ; s tudy f glyp h o s, 1 68 -1 8 6 ; d a te of 68 L bn a a, 85 loa , 1 2 6 U

i ns cr i p ti o n co mp d wi th are th a t of o th e r s at J d i t n m nt C Op n 7 3 3
a e e or a e s, a , 2 , 1, 2,
36
C p o a n 185 , J g u k l t nOf f und i nm und
a ar s e e o , o o a t C Op an,
24
H i e ro gly p h s, n s to ne s l a b s , 1 5 ; ons t e p s , 1 7 ,
C Op an, o J gu S t i w y 3
a ar a r a ,
1

18 2 1,
-2 4 ; o n p a vi n s t o n e , 2 1 ; o n s te la a n d g J gu
a C p n 35 a rs , o a ,

a l t ar s , 34—43 ; o n H i e r o l p h i c S t a i r w a , 1 6 8 gy y J li ( wi ld p i g ) L b n 8 6 8 8
av a a a,

186 ; L
, ,

o lt u n o nwa lls Of ca ve 58 59 ; U lo a o n, , , ,

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,
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89 ; o a, Ul 10 0 , 10 2 ( see H um a ns e le t o ns ) k
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19

fig ure s o n H i e r o l p h i c S ta i r wa s e a t e 1 58 gy y d L bn
a a, C h ul t une s O 7 5 9 2
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,

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,

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,

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s es at o a ,
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1 0 ,
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n 1 4 1 ; a b na , 8 5 9 1
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a a,

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,

of C Op a n,
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es t o e, e e t ,
a a,

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s

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,

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,

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e s to e e ta e , a a, 1

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,

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te s o s to e, o a ,
1 ; o oo , a ,

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s ts o C nt l Am n n F und i s c ri e rs t o e ra e ca , v, 5 2 ,

d
I ol , s t o ne U
l o a v a l le , 1 0 3 1 0 4 y
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I o ls C
,

o p a n ( s ee S t e l a' )
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t e r ar a e te o o ,
,

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Li i ng n 7
v s to ,

L
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a o ra e, o a 1 ,
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-
5 7 a ve , ca t a , 1 2

90
o , a a,
L ng n d g d C p n 6 5 6 6
o - ose o ,
o a , 1 , 1

d nd p i nt d d i gn Onp tt y U l
Inci s e a a e es s
L p nd i i n ulp u C p
oo s a t es , sc t re a t o a n 34 ,

d d i gn n k ull Of p
Inci s e es y C p n3 o s e c c ar
o er

o
, o a, 1 1 1 , 12 5
L w ll Aug u u i
o e 76,
st s, v, 2,

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a Ri 3 e, oa ve r , 1 0 2 10
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, ,
1 2

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a ui n f
o t S nF d sS ul r s o
,

L w ll M G G i 5
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rs. . .
,
v, 1 2

( note)
, , a a e or a, 12 7
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a ,
rt r .
,
2 ,

d
Ini ti al a tes ( s e e Ini t i al l p h s ) gy
Ini t i al s e r i es ( s e e Ini t i a l l p h s ) gy Mac ,
m o nth s i n, g 1 70 —1 2
7
gy
Ini t i a l l p h s o pa n, 1 6 -
9 1 86
,
C d d
M a r i , D o n a r lo s 7 C
L
,

C C
Ins c r i p ti o n h am e r s , a ve Of o lt un, 55, 58 59 b g d
M a ne ti c ecli nati o na t o p an, 2 9 C
L
,

y
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n 7 0 ; w a s h e r -s h a p e Oh , ,
d M a i n S t r uc t ure a t o p a n, 9 , 1 0 1 6 C , ,
1 7, 1 9,

j ec t, 82, nd d i k Of L b n 8 8
a s , a a, I53, 1 6 4

M al er Te o b er t 1 7 5
, ,

J d (j d
a e a e i te ) o bj e cts , i nt om b C , opa n 31 , M a p o f op a n V a lle C y ,
1 40

J d (j d
a e a ei te ) w h o rl Of a s i
p n le d ,
C op an 2 4 , M a p o f uca t a n, 53 Y
1 90
 I ND E X .

L
M a r i n o ui s , 1 2 7 ( note )
,
Ni c e rson, G eor e A, i v, 1 52
k g .

k
M a s s , i n s c ul p t ur e o p an, 34, 4 2 , C ; i n ter r a co tta, N o m e nc la ture Of r ui ns of o p a n, 9 C
Ul o a, 1 1 4—1 1 6 N o nd es c r i p t c re a t ure i n m e o-r eli e vo , zz o n wa ll of

M a s o n, M i s s E ll e nF i v 96 , 1 52 ,
r e s er vo i r , a bna, 8 7 L
y C
M as o nr , o p an 1 5 1 9 , ,
N o r th S tar , i n l p h s , 1 7 4 gy
M a u sld y
a A P i i i , 5
,
-1 7 , 2 3 , 2 5 33, 3 4, 4 1 ,
. .
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1 54 , 1 6 2 No t a t i o n a o p te i ns t u Of l ph s , 1 6 8
, d d dy gy
1 67 N um er a ti o no f G r e a t cl e p e ri o 1 68 Cy d ,

y d
M a a c o i ce s , 1 1 9
M a a i nfl ue nce i nU lo a v alle , 1 30 -1 33
y , y Oaxaca , s p ec i m e ns fro m , com p ar e d wi t h t h os e fro m
y y
M a a s m b o l i s m o np a i nte p o t t e r lo a , 1 2 2 d y U
, Ul o a va lle y , 11 5
M ea s ur e m e nts Of H i e r o l ph i c S t ai r wa C Op a n, 1 59 gy y , Obs i d i and i scs o a n 1 9 , C p ,

M e n, d a y s i n, 1 8 0 , 1 8 1 g Obs i d i a n i m p le m e nts C op an 1 5 19, 2 6, 2 7, 3 2

Ll un
, , ,

M e r ce r H C , 5 2 , . . o t , 60 , 6 1 , 6 6 , 6 8 ; L bn a a, 82-
9 0 ; U
lo a,
y
M e r c ur b l a c s ulp h i e of, i njar , op an, 36
, k d C 1 10 ( s ee Im plem e nt s )
d Y
M e r i a , uca ta n, 5 1 Obs i d i anOb j ect s i nt o m b 3 C o p a n 3 1 , ,

M e t a te s t o ne, op a n 3 2 ; ab na 9 1
, C , L ,
Oc d a y s i g n 1 7 9 -1 8 1 1 8 4
, , ,

zz
M e o -r e l i e v o s c ulp t ur e o nw alls , a b na 8 7 L ,
Occ up at i o n p e ri o d s o f C o p a n 1 0 1 6 4 ;
, , , , Ul oa V a lle y ,

M i c o m o unt a i nra n e 1 g ,
10 0 ns Of C Op a n 1 4 5
; c a ve r ,

y
M i lle r S l v a nus , 1 1 7 ( note)
, g
Offer i n s t o o l e n r a o n, i nm t h , lo a, 1 0 5 1 0 6 g d d g y U ,

d g
M o e ll i n t h e h um a n ure lo a , 1 1 6 fig ,
U Old E di fi ce a b na 8 5 8 6 , L , ,

M 0 1 m onth s i n, 1 6 9 1 7 0 1 8 1
, g , ,
C
Oli , r i s t o b a l d e , 1 2 6 ( note ) 1 2 7 ( note) , 1 2 8 ,

ky
M o n e fo r m o f wh i s tle
,
a bn a 82 83 ; lo a 1 1 3 ,
L , , U , Om o a , f o r t re s s o f 1 2 7 ( note) ,

ky
M o n e , t e r r a- c o tt a m o u l of h ea , abn a, 9 0 d d L d d g
Or e r o f r ea i n i ns c r i p ti o n o n H i er o l ph i c S tai r gy
ky
M o n e w h i te -fa c e i n l o a va l le 1 0 8
,
d , U y , w ay , I6 9
ky
M o n e s , s c ulp t ure s ull s Of o pan 1 5 d k ,
C , Or i e nta ti o nOf s te l ae , C opa n 35 ,

M o no li th i c M o num e nts ( s te l a; o r i o ls ) Of o p an 33 d C Ori gi nOf r e m a i ns i nU lo a V a lle y 1 26

Ll
, ,

43 Orna m ent s p ers o nal C o p a n 1 3 , , , ,

2 4, 2 7 , 30 , 3 1 ; o

M o nth s i g n h i gl y p h i i n i p t i
s, e ro c scr o n, C o pa n, 1 6 7 —1 8 6 tun, 6 5, 6 6 , 6 8 ; a n a, 8 2 - 1 ;
9 Lb U l o a , 1 0 5, 126

M o o re ,
Cl n B iare ce .
, v Owe n M r , . an d M rs W i lli a m , 7 .

M o r ta r ce m nt u d t C p n 9
e , se a o a , , IO, 1 1, 1
5, 19, 2 1, Owe ns J G , . .
, i i i, 6 , 7, 1 2 , 1 3, 1 5 , 1 7, 2 2 , 2 6, 2 9, 8
3 , 1 5 ,
1

2 3 53 59
, ; 1 p i ng,t fl 1 as av o o or s , 1 1 ,

M os a i c o r , o a w k C p n 33 ,

g
M o ta ua Ri ve r 1 , Pai g C H e, . .
, 5 ,
1 53 56 ,

M o t h e r a nd c h i l , p o tte r i m a e lo a , 1 1 5 1 1 6d y g U , , Pa in C h le, ar es J , 52 , 7 6
.

d
M o ul s Of t e r r a c o t ta , a b na 8 5 9 0 ; lo a 1 1 6 , 1 1 7 L , , U , Pa i ne , R o Tr e a t i v b ert ,

d k
M o ul s t a e nb M us e um e p e i ti o ns 1 5 1 1 56 y x d , , Pa i nt h o ld e r i nt e rr a co t ta U l o a 1 1 7
-
, , ,

M o un s d Co p an 2 3 5 24 ; 6 , 7 8 2 5 ; 9 2 1 ; 1 0 , g
Pa i nt i n i n C o p a n o np l as t er w o r 2 1 o ns e l e t o n k k
L
, , , , , , , , , , ,

20 ; 16 ,
18, 11 ; 20 ,
19 ; 21 , 22, 18 ; 26, 1
53 j g
Of a uar 2 4 ; on p o tter y 36 ; i n o lt un o n , , ,

1
57 , 1 63 ; 30 , 31 , 3 2 , 3 3, 34, 5 2 9 , 26 ; 32, 2 , ro c k
6 9 ; i n a b na o n t e rr a c o t t a 8 5 9 1 ; i n
,
L , , ,

; 336,
7 ,
3 8 , 3 9 , 40 26 , 2 8 ; 4 1 , 4 3 , 44 , 4 5 , U l o a o np o tte r y 1 0 7 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 9 -1 2 5
, , , , ,

2 8 ; 46, 47, 48, 49 , 51 , 5 2, 5 3, 2 5 Pa la c e r ui ne d

,
r ou p Of a b na 7 7 8 5 9 0
— g L , ,

d U
M o un s i n lo a a ll e , 9 5, 1 0 2 —1 0 4 V y Pa la c e Pa l enq ue 1 7 3 1 74
Lltun 54 ;
, , ,

M o uth or e nt r a nc e to C a ve Of o , to C h ul ,
g
Pa lac i o D i e o G a r ci a d e i m p o r t a nt d o c um e nts b y , ,

tune s Of L bn a a, 8 1 , 8 4, 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 0 g
r e l a ti n t o C op a n 3 4, I I , 33 4 5 4 8 1 5 1- 1 55 , , , , ,

M ua n m o nt h s i n, 1 7 0 1 7 2 , 1 7 5—1 77
, g ,
Pal e nq ue 1 7 3 1 7 4 , ,

M ul uc d a y s i g n 1 7 5— 1 7 7
, , Pa r r o t o r m ac a w s c ul p t ur e d C o p a n 1 6 7 , , ,

y
M um m i n s c ulp tur e Y uc a t a n, 59 6 0
, , , Pa ve m e nt Of s to ne C o p a n 1 9 - 21 , ,

M us e um a t M e r i a 6 8 d g
Pa v i n Of m o r ta r c e m e nt C o p a n 1 1 , 1 9 2 3 1 59
Llt un
, , , , ,

M us i c a l i ns tr um e nts , op an , 3 ;
0 C o ,
-
6 8 70 ; F ax m o nth s i n 1 7 0 1 7 1 1 7 3 1 7 8
,
g , , , ,

ab n L
a , 8 2 —9 1 ; U l o a , 1 1 -
3 1 1 6 ,
1 2 6, 1 32 , 1 3 5, Pe a b o d y M us e um c o nc e s s i o n f ro m o ve r nm e nt of g
1 36 H o nd ur a s 5
L Q u b d E n nt d U l Pe a r l o r na m e nt s L
,

M y th of a e ra a ca a a, oa, 1 0 5 olt un 66, 68 , ,

M y th o lo g i l f m i np t t y U l
ca or s o er , o a , 1 1 4 -1 1 6 Pe a r l o y s t e r s h e ll o r na m e nt C o p an 2 4 , , ,

Pe a rls f o und i nm o und C o p a n, 2 4

, ,

N a co ,
’

Ul o a va lle y ,
126 ( note) , 12 7 Pe bb les w a t e r -w o r n as f o und a ti o nfo r c e m e n
, t e d fl o o r, ,

N a gua l i s ts , 1 46 C Op an 2 6 ,

N a h ua tl w o r s i n l o a d U v a ll e y ,
10 2 n
( ote) Pe cc a r y s u ll s ,
o f , c a r v e k
d 3 ; j w b o ne o f, 30 ;
0 a -
,

N a t i vi a d d
1 2 7 (note) ,
k
s e l e to n o f 8 6 ,

k
N e c l a c e Of a e ea s , o p a n, 2 4 j d b d C Pe d e s tals Of s te l ae , C o p an, 36 42 ,

g
N e r o e l e m e nt i np eo p les o f l o a v alle 1 0 0 U y Pe nd a nts o l tu L
n 66 6 7 68 ; L ab na 8 2 , 8 3 8 7 , 8 9, ,

L
, , , , , , ,

N i c h e s i nw a ll o p an, 1 4, 1 8 , 3 1 ; o ltu, n, 59 C 90 ; Ul o a, 1 0 5 , 126

N i c h o , na t i ve In i a no f l oa v al l e , 1 0 2 , 1 0 5d U y , 10 7, 10 9 Pe o p l es Of th e ca ve r ns of C Op an, 1 4 5

191
 I ND E X .

Per i o d h i gly ph i
s, e ro c i ns cr i p t i on,
C op a n 1 6 8—1 8 6
, R e d p o t te r , o p an, 1 1 y C
Pe rr y E W 5
, . .
, d
R e e s us e i nC Op a nf o r d us p ur p os es 1 4 1 v ar i o

L bn
,

Ph a lli c em bl em , a a, 87 R ef u s e h e a p i nm o u n 3 6 , opan 2 6 d C ,

Ph o t o g ra p h s , d r a wi ns g a nd m o ul d s, Pe a b dy M uo se um R e s e r vo i rs , na t ur a l a nd ar t i c i a l Yucata n, 7 8 -8 0 fi ,

e xp d i i e t ons, 1 5 1 , 1 57 g
R i n Of b o ne L ab na , 8 3 ,

Pi c k er i g
n , H e nr , i v, 9 6 ; M r a nd M rs y . .
, 1 5 2 R i o B la nc o , 1 0 8 , 1 0 9
d
Pi e r a s N eg ra s , 1 7 5 R i o D ulc e 1 2 6 ( note) , 1 2 7 ( note)
,

g
Pi m ent, r e d o pa n 6 2 ; U l o a, 1 1 7 C R o b e r ts o n, 4
L
, ,

g
Pi m e nt s , p o c e t Of o an
p 3 6 k , C , k
R o c car v i n s, a v e Of g C
o lt u n 64 6 9 , ,

Pi p e s to ne , f r o m S a lva o r 1 1 7 ( note )
, d ,
R o of Of s to ne a nd c e m e nt opan 1 9 C , ,

Pi p e , t e r r a co tta , f ro m Ul oa, 1 1 7, 1
33 R oof s t o ne s
- o pa n 1 6 , C ,

Pi t s , un d er m o un 4 1 d ,
C n 28
o pa ,
R o ute o f Pe a b o dy
M us e um H o n uras e p e i ti o ns 7 d x d ,

Pl a n o f o p e ra t i o ns i ne x p l o r a t i o nOf C op a n, 8 R ui ns Of C
o a n 1 —48
p ,

Pla n Of m o un 2 6 , d C op a n , 1 53 R ui ns a t S a n Pe ro S ul a 1 2 7 ( note ) d ,

Pl a nOf R ui ns at C opa n f o llo w i n p a

, g g e 48 R ui ns Of a b na L uc atan, 5 1 , Y
Pla n o f R ui ns at Ul oa , 1 0 3
Pla ns , C a ve Llt un 56 —6
Of o , 0

Pla nta i na s f d oo ,
10 0 S al i s urb y S te ph e n, i v, 52 , 7 6 , 9 6 ,
,
1
52

Pla s t e r wo r k C p n9
, o a , , 1 2 , 1 7, 2 1 , 2 3 d
S a n o v a l , 1 2 7 ( note ) , 1 2 8
P la t f o r m s , C pn 5 9
o a , I ,
1 S a nG i l d e B u n Vi e a sta, 1 2 6 ( note ) , 127 ( note )
Pla y a d e l os M uer to s ( S h o r e of th e D e a d) , 97 , 10 1, 10 8 S a nta B b ar ara, 10 8, 10 9
Pl um e d
nt C Op a n 2 5 3 9 ;
s e rp e lo a , , , , U 12 1 S alv a d o r, s t o ne p i p e f ro m , 1 17 ( note)
Po lo c h i c R i ve r 1 2 7 ( note ) , S a nta na , v i ll a g e o f, 1 0 0 , 10 8
Po p m o nt h s i n 1 7 0 1 7 4 1 7 9 -1 8 1
, g , , , S a n Pe d ro Sul a , 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 7 ( note)
Po r t ra i t -l i k e h ea d
8 , 34 , 1 6 5
s, 2 S a nt a R i t a , m o e r n vi l la e a t d opa n , 2 9 g C
Po ts h e r d C s, o pan ,
1
3 2 6 ; c a v e r ns , of C op a n 1 41 , S a nt a R o s a , 1 55

4 ; L
,

1 2 o l tun, 5 5 ; a na , 8 2 ; Lb Ul o a, 10 8 S a v i l le , M . H . iii, 6 , 1
3 ,
1
5 1 7 ,
2 9, 3 1 , 5 ,
2 6 5,
L
, ,

Po t t e r y inC p , o a n , 2 6, 2 7, 30 , 1
3 ,
—
35 3 7 ; i n o l t un,
69
6 0 —68 ; in U xm a l, 75 ; in Lb
a n a, 8 2 —
91 in S ch e r z e r, C l
55 ar 1

U
,

l o a, 1 0 04, , 10 10 7
-1 2
5 1
34
-1
3 6 S c r o ll -w o r k C
o p a n 1 7 , 34 3 9

L
, , , ,

Po tt e r y i nca v e r ns Of
n, 1 4 3 ; C op a d i ffe r e nt f ro m t h a t S c upl t u r e, i nb a s r e l i e f o nw a l l Of c a v e o f
- o l tu n 52 , ,

C
Of o p a n, 1 4 5 c o nt e nts Of 1 47 , zz
i n m e o -r e l i e vo , o nw a lls Of r es e r vo i r , a bn a, L
y g
Po t te r i m a e , m o t h e r a nd c h i l lo a 1 1 5, 1 1 6 d U , , d
8 6 , 8 7 ; r u e s to ne i o l U l o a , 9 5 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 d , ,

y k g g d
Po t t e r -m a i n h i h e v e lo p m e nt i n U l o a v a l le
, y , 1 30 S c ul p t ur e s o pan,
C
, S cu l p t ur e 0 2
5 ; X 4 2 ; Y , , ,

( s e e a ls o l i s t, 1 34— 1
3 )
6 Z 1
, 3 4 1 4 2 ;
,
Ol e s t i n
,
h a s -
r e li e f 4 2 , 4 3 ( s ee d ,

Po t t e r y w i t h p e r f o r a te
v e ss e l o t to m , a n a, 8 3 db Lb Al tar s , Ani m al, a r vi n G ro tes q ue H i er o C g , ,

y
Po t t e r v e s s e ls w i t h e s i ns i n r e lje f a nd h i e r o l p h s , d g gy gy
l p h s , H um a n, S e r p e nt S t e l ae , Tu r tle ) ,

f r o m G ua t e m a l a , l o a , a nd o p an, c
o m p a re , U C d g
S e a l i n Of C h ult unes ab n a 7 7, 8 1 , 8 2 , 8
5 , L ,

1 1 1, 1 1 2 , 1 1 3, 1 3 1 S e a-s h e l l p e n a nt , a b na , 8 2 d L
Po t t er y wh i ( s e e W h i s tl e s )
s tl es S e a-s h el l , w o r e , a b na 8 6 , 8 9 kd L ,

Po t t s , M r . and M rs T J 7 . . .
, S e al s ( s e e S ta m ps )
Puer t o C b ll a a os , 1 2 7 ( note ) S e a r s , M rs Ph i li p H . .
, 5 2, 76
Pue r t o 9 7 ,C tz
1 2 7
or e , S e a rs , Ph i l i p H iv
P ut na m , F W , i i i , 6 , 5 1 , 7 5, 9 5, 1 5 1
. . S e a te d h um nfig u a re , c ar v e d in s to ne , C op a n22
, ,
1
58
y d
P ra m i a l f o un a t i o ns , o p a n, 9 d C 1 60

Py ra mid al m o un d Ul , o a, 1 0
3 S e l e r , E ua r d d , 1 70 , 1 74

Py ra mid al mo und C s, o
pa n 1, ,
2 5 ; 4 , ; 16,
23 ; 9, 20 S e r p e nt , f e a th e re d C p n 3 4 39 ; U l
, o a , , o a, 1 2 1

10 , 1
3
-1 6
,
8
3 ; 26 , 20 , 2 1, 1 53—1 57 ; 5 4 , 5 5 , 5 6 , S e r p e nt , re
p r e s e nt d b y H i
e g ly p h i e ro c S t ai r w a y a nd
2 5 Al t a r n 1 58 ,
C op a ,

S er p ent h e a scu lptu re d , d C p n7

,
o a , , 2 2 , 2 3, 1 8
5 , 1 66 ;
Qu z l f h
et a , ea t e rs Of, sc ulp t ur e d C , o pa n 165 ,
on in ce n b ur ne r
s e- C pn 3
,
o a ,
2 ; p a i nt e d o n
Q ui k i l C
c s ve r , o pa n 24 , p o t te r y v e s s e l, Ul o a, 1 0 7
Q ui ni s ta n, 7 ( note ) 12 S e rp e nt s y m b ls C p n 59 6 o , o a ,
1 , 1 0

Q gui r i ua m o ul s o f m o no li th s , 6 , 7
, d S e rp e nt s , C d u n m p d w i th
a cea , co are sc ulp tur e d s er

p e nt C p n 66
s, o a , 1

Ra bbi t b o nes , L bn a a, 88 S er p e nts , ulp t u d C p n 34 39

sc re ,
o a , , , 1 56 , 1 6 5, 1 66 ;
R a i n, h o w p r e i c t e , d
l o a , 1 0 5, 1 0 6 d U L bn a a, 87
k
R a t tl e s na e , s c ul p t ur e , o p an , 1 56 ,
d C 1 6 5, 1 66 S e s es m i l R i v er , C op a n 1 39
,

g
R ec li ni n h um a nfig u i n re s to ne ,
C opa n 1 62 , S h ell b d C
ea s, o pa n , 27 L a b na 8 —8
3 5 , 88 , 89 ,

Re d l y c a , c o r e of, 1 0 4 S h e ll di k C
s n, 2 7
s, ,o pa L a bn a 82 89 ,

Re d p i gm e nt use d i n uca tan

, Y , Q ui i g u r a, a nd C opa n , S h e l l li p o r na m ent a bna, 8 2 , L
62 ; Ul oa , 1 1 7 j
S h e ll Ob e c t s , i n to m b, o p an , 82 C
1 92
 I ND E X .

S h e ll or nam ent s ,
C o pa n 1 3 30 3 1
, , ,
Llt un 6 5 6 6
o , , , 68 S t o ne i m ple m ent s , C o
p a n , 19, 2 4, 3 2 ( s ee Im ple
L bna a, 8 5-9 1 m e nts )
S h e l l s , S p ond y l us eo l eif e r f o un a t opan , d C 2 1, 3 6 , 37 S t o ne m e t a t e , C op a n 32 ; L bn a a, 9 1

Llt un 68
,

d
S h i e l s , i n p a i nte e c o ra t i o n o f p o tt e r , dd y Ul o a, 1 2 0 S t o ne ne c k-p nd e a nt , o ,

; i ns c u
122 lp t ur e , C op a n, 1 58 S t o ne p i p e f r o m S a l v a o r , 1 1 o e) d 7 ( n t

S h o rk le y , G e o r e , 6 g q
S t o ne ua r ri e s , o p an , 2 9 C
S h o r t-no s e go d , 1 6 5 d S t o ne s t e p s , C h ul t une s , a n a, 79 Lb
S k e l e to ns
ni m al o f a a ua ra o pan , 2 4 of n ati ve j g C S t o ne ( c a lc i te ) va s e s , loa , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 U
Llt un 6 3
, , ,

dog abn a 8 7 ( s ee A
, L
ni m a l b one s ) ,
S to ne wa t er-t r o u h , g C a ve Of o , , 64
k
S e le t o ns h um a n o p a n 2 6 —2 8 30 —3 2 c a v e rns of C S to ne w o r n k C
9 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 8
o pa 2 3 2
5 3 5 53,
1

L
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

C
o p a n 1 43
5
14 ; ab n a , 8 8 ; U loa , 1 0 2 ( s e e
, ,
L 1 6 3 , 1 68 ; oltu n 5 5 ; a b na , 7 7 9 1 , L ,

H um a nb o nes ) S to ne s w i t h s c ul p t ur e h um a n ur e 2 2 4
, d fig , ,

S u k
ll s c a r ve i ns t o ne
, o p an 1 7d , C ,
S t ucc o w o r o p an 1 k C
9 , 5
1 9 ; a bn a , 7 5, 7 7 8 2 8 4, , ,
L , ,

k
S ul ls o f m o n e s cu lp t ur e o p anky
,
1 5 ( s e e a ls o
, d C,
8 9 , 90
D eath
’
s h ea d s ) b b
S u s c r i e r s t o F un d f o r th e e nc o ur a g em e nt Of te

k
S ulls of th e p ecc ar y b ,
ea ut i full y c a r ve d ,
C Op a n, 30 s e a r ch in C e nt r a l Am e ri ca , Li st o f, i v, 52 , 7 6 ,
S na k e i nm e zz o-r e l i e vo o nw a l l Of r es e r v o i r , L bn a a, 87
S o c i 't' d e s Am 'r i c a ni s t e s d e Pa r i s , 1 17 b
S u t er r ane a n Ch am b er s , C opa n IO 1 6 , , , 19, 2 1, 2 6,
S o ut h K e ns i n t o n M us e um , 5 g cr uc i f o r m 3 5—38 ( s e e , a ls o To m b s )

d
S p ani a r , a s o ne a nt e c e e nt o f p e o p les d of Ul o a v a ll e y , S ula c o R i ve r ,
10 8, 10 9
10 0 S uns h i e l d in d e c o ra t i o nOf p a i nt e dp o tt e r y Ul o a, 1 2 2

Lltun
, ,

S p e ar-p o i nt s , C opa n , 19 ; o , 66 ( s e e a ls o Im S wee t , H 5 53 5 . 6 N .

,
1, ,

p l e m e nt s ) y b
S m o l i s m , i n e c o ra t i o n Of p o t te r d y , 30 ,
-
1 1 1 12 5 ; i n
S p e c i m e ns c o ll e c t e d i n th e Ul oa v a l le y 1 10 ; com C
o p a ns c ulp t ur e , 33—4 3
Ll t un 6
,

p a re d w i th th o s e f ro m Oa x a ca , 1 1
5; o ri gi n of y b ,
k
S m o l s un no w n, Y uc a t a n, 59 ; o ,
2, 6 9 (s ee
a nd h i s to ri ca l r el a t i o no f, 1 2 6 -1 33 ( s ee li s t 1 34 B ir dC d
, or ,
F e a t h e re dS e rp e nt S e r p e nt
, , e tc .
)
1 36 )
q
S ua r e C p n
Alt a r ,
o a ,
20

S qu ar e M und U l
o 4 , o a, 1 0 ,
d
Ta b i h a c i e n a Of Y uc a ta n 53 54 , , ,

S qu are Py m i d ( I) C p n
ra ,
o a ,
2
5 Tab le o r b e nch o f m o r t a r c e m e nt o p an 1 8 , C ,

S qu a re d t n b ui ld i ng m
s o e, as a t e r i al , C opa n 35
,
Ta b le s s t o ne ( s ee Alta rs )
,

S q ui n 1 17
e r c o l l e c ti o ,
y
Ta b le t o f c r s t a l l i ne l i m e s t o ne U l o a 1 0 5 , ,

S t a i r wa s y C o p an
,,
1
3
—2 1
,
2
5 , 39 H
2 6,
i e r o l p h i c , 1 53; gy y
Tee th o f c l a i m a e le U lo a 1 1 6 g fi d , , ,

S t a la c t i te s C o pa n c a ve rns of o pa n , 14
1, 14 ;
5 C Tee t h o f d o g o p an 2 4 ; a b na 8 9 C , L ,

L
, , ,

o l tun 59 6 4 Te e th Of h o r s e o pan
3 1 C
Llt un 58 -6
, , , ,

S t a la gm i t C e, a ve Of o , 0 , 6 3, 6 7 cave r no f j g
Te e th Of a ua r p a i nt e r e d 2 4 , d ,

C pn o a , 14
3 , 1 4 5. 1 47 . I4S Te e t h h um a n a b na 8 2 8 3 8 5 8 8 8 9
, , L , , , , ,

S t ar , N o r t h , i n l p h s , 1 7 4 gy Tee th , h um a n le and o r na m e nte w i th a fi d d j d e i te ,

L
,

S t a t ue t te s i nt e r r a c o t t a , lo a, U 1 16 C p a n, 6 3 2 ; Y uc a t a n, 5 2 ;
O 2 — o lt un 67 , , 68 ;
S te l a: at C opa n 33—4 3 ; 1 36 , 3 9 ,
, , 1 7 4, 1 7 6 ; 3 , 36 ; 4, Ul oa, 10 2

g g
Te uci a l p a 9 7 ,

3 8 ; 1 2 ,
2 9 ; A ,
171 ; B , 167 ; C , 3
6 - o 16
4 , 9 Te m p l es o p an 1 1
,
C , ,
22 ; 20 ,
10 , 16 ; 21, C opa n 17, ,

D, B, 2 4 ; J , 2 4. 4 ; M 19 ; 22, 10 1 7 ;
3 , ,

18 5 ; N ,
18
5 ; P ,
1
5, 1 74 Te m pl e o f t h e S un Pa l e n ue 1 7 3, 1 7 4 , q ,

( see p l a n O f R ui ns , f o llo w i n p a g g e 48 ) Te rra c e s o f s t o ne s e a t s a t o p a n 1 1 , C ,

S te l ae , d b o u l e-fa c e 35 d Te rr a c e s o p a n 1 6 C
— 2 0 22 24 2 5 28 , , , , , 1 53 , 1
59 163 ;
Ll t un
, , , ,

S ta m p s or s e a ls , i n t er ra c o tt a , in o , 62 ; in Ul oa, 99 ,
126

L bn a a, 83 ; in Ul o a, 1 1 6 , 1 1 7 , 1 2
3 1 36 Te r r a c o t ta p p e r fo r a te d c y l i nd ri ca l i
p e c es o f, L bn a a,

L
,

S te p h e ns ,J . .
,
1, 4 , 5, 7 , I5 2 3 , 2 5 7 5, 1 54 1 5 5, 1 6 5 , , ,
8 3 ; fr a m e nt s g o f, 90
S te p d in
s , ca r ve co nve n ti o na l p a t te rn, op a n, 3 1 (see
C Te rr a-c o t ta b ll L b
a s, a na , 8 9
St i w y ) a r a s Te r r a -c o t t a b d L b n 8 3 8 8 ( e B ads )
ea s, a a, , s e e

S to k Mi C
es , ss a ro l i ne P i v, 1 5 2 Ter r a-c o t ta be tl L b n 8 9
e e, a a,

S to k es, th e M i s s e s 52 7 6 , ,
Te r r a-c o t t a cru i bl Ul 7c es oa, 1 1

S to ne b ll La , abn a, 8 2 8 6 ,
Te r r a -c o t t a - n m nt U l
ea r o r 7 a e , oa, 1 1

S t o ne b d C ea s, o
p a n, 2 4, 38 ; L bna a, 88 , 8 9 ( s ee al s o Te r r a-c o tt a fig u L b n 8 7 U l 1 1 6 r es , a a, o a, ,
1
35,
B d ea s ) 1 36

S to ne b na 8 1 8 6 8 7
co lla r s , L a , , ,
Te r r a-c o t t a h e a d s, h um ana nd a ni m a l, L bn a a, 8 2 —9 1

S to ne c o l um ns a s s upp or t t o r o o f , C opa n, 1 9 Ul oa, 11

5 ,
1 16

d
S t o ne -c o v e r e m o un s lo a 9 5 d U , , ,
10 2 —1 0 4 T e r ra -c o t ta i m p le m e nt U lo a , , 1 17

g
S t o ne -c ut t i n a r t Of U l o a 1 30 , , ,
Te r r a-c o t t a m a s s U lo a 1 1 5 k , , , 1 1 6 , 1 36

d
S t o ne f o un a t i o ns opan 2
9 ,
C ,
Te r ra-c o t t a ca s ts a nd m o ul d s , L bn a a, 8 5, 8 9 , 90 ; Ul o a,

S t o ne i ol, d U
l o a v alle , 1 0 3 1 0 4 y ,
 IND E X .

Te r ra - co tt a m u s i cal i ns tr um en ts ( s ee M u s i ca l i n s tr u V g bl f m i nd
e eta e or ec o ra t i o nof v ase , 1 2 5
m e nts ) V n zu l 3
e e e a, 1 2

Te rr a-co tta Ob e c ts ab n a, 8 6 —9 1 ; j o l t un, li s t o f ,7 2 L L , V nu i gn 7 4 8 4

e s s , 1 , 1

Te r ra-c o tt a p a i nt-h o l e r , U lo a 1 1 7 d ,
V C uz 6 ( n )
e ra r ,
12 ote

Te r ra-c o t ta p i p e , U lo a 1 1 7 , 1 33 V P 6e ra az , 1 2

L
,

Te rr a c o tta s ta m p s , o l t un 6 2 ; a b na 8 3 ; U lo a 1 1 6 ,
L , , , V i ll g f n i p p l
a es o at v e eo es o f th e Ul o a v a lle y ,
10 0

1 1 7 ; M e i co a n x
d V e ne ue la 1 3 2 ( s ee a ls o 1 36 ) z ,

Te r r a -c o t t a vas e i nf o r m o f wo lf s h e a o p a n 48
’
d C , , W a re M rs C h arles E i v 5 2 7 6 9 6
W a r e M i s s M ar y L i v 52 7 6 9 6 1 52
.
, .
, , , ,

Te rra-co t ta ves s el re s e m b l i n G r e e la m p , a b na , 9 0 g k L , .
, , , , ,

( s e e als o Po t te r ) y W a r r e n M rs S a m ue l D 5 2 7 6
,
. .
, ,

Te r ra -c o t t a w h i s tl e s , C p o a n, 30 ; L ab na 8 2 -
9 1 U l o a
, , W a ter s ca r c i ty of nat ura l a nd ar t i fi ci a l
, , r es e r vo i rs f o r,
1 1 3-1 1 6 , 1 2 6 ; Ul oa an d C q
h i r i ui 1 3 2 1 3 5, 1 36 , , 78 , 79
x
Te t i l e f ab r i c s o pa n 3
5 , C , W a te r-go d , fa c e o f, 1 7 4 ( note)
y
Th a e r N a t h a ni e l , i v 52 7 6 , 1 52 , , W a te r-p la nt , repres e ntat i o no f 1 6 2
L
, ,

d
Th o m p s o n E wa r H , 5 1 53 6 5 7 5 7 6 , 1 1 6 d . VVa te r-
sh e d C s, a ve o f o lt u n 62
Ll tun 54
, , , , , ,

Ti c ul Y uc a t a n 53 54 W a t e r-t ro s C ugh ( H a l t unes ) a v e o f o 6 3, 6 4

k L
, , , , ,

g
Ti e r s h e a s , c a r ve i nr oc
’
d ol t un 6 9 ; s c ulp t ure , d , , d W e ld W i ll i a m F i v
, .
,

op a n 1 6 7C , W e s te rnC o ur t C o p a n 1 3 1 5 , 16

W h i s tle s C o p a n 30 ; L
, , ,

k d
Ti a l , w o o e n l i nt e l f r o m 34 ,
o lt un , , , 6 8 -7 0 ; L bn
a a, 8 2 -9 1 ;
d - zz
To a , i n m e o r e l i e vo o n w a ll o f r e se r vo i r , a b na , L , Ul o a , 1 1 3 -1 1 6, 12 6 ,
1
3 2 ,
1
3 5, 1 36

W h i t e e na m e l us e Of U lo a 1 1 6 , , ,

To b a c c o p i pe o f c l a , U lo a 1 33 y , W i ll o ug h by C C i v 52 ,
. .
, ,

b
To m s no s 1 4 ,
7 a nd 1 0. o p a n,
,
2 —
9 3 2 , , ,
C W i ng-s t o nes C o p an 1 7 , ,

y
Tr a c h t e r o c , us e f o r k
o p a ns c u d
l p t ur es a nd b ui l C d W o l c o t t M r s J H unti ng t o n i v
, . .
,

i ng m a te r i a l , 34, 1 3 1 1 39 1 6 3 W o lf h ea d o f r e p r e s e nte d i nv a s e C Op a n 30 48
U
, ,

L
, , , , ,

Tri p o vas es d o pan 2 1 o ltu

,
n 67 C m al 7 5 , ,
x , W o o d e nax e h a nd le C a ve r no f C o p a n 1 4 2 ,

Tr i unfo d e l a r u 1 2 6 ( note) C z , W o o d e nli nt e l f ro m Ti al d e s c r i b e d b y M a ud s l a y k , , 34

x
Tr u i llo, 1 2 7 ( note ) W o rl d s C ol um bi a nE p o s i ti o n 6
’
x ,

Tun p e r o ,
i 1 -
68 1 8 6 d ,

Tunne l fr o m E a s t e r n o ur t to f a ce o f cli fl o p an , C '

,
C Xi c a q ue In i a ns d as a ntece d e nts of nat i ve p e o p l es of

G a li nd o s a c c o unt o f 1 1 ; Owe ns
’
es c r i p t i o n ,
’
d Ul o a va ll e y ,
10 0

of, 1 2 , 1 3 Xi ca q ue s p ur e-b lo o , d d Ind i

e a ns o f m o untai ns o f Y oro ,

Turtle , ul p t ur e , i n o p a n 39 1 6 7 ; i n a b na 8 6
sc d C , ,
L , ,
1 28

8 7 ; i n h i ch e n I t a 1 67 C
i n ui r i ua 1 6 7 ; i n z , Q g , i chui ns 7 9 no o k , r ,

p i c t ur e w r i t i n o e Pe r es 1 6 7 i n s t uc c o g C dx
, .
, , Xul, m o nth s i n, 1 7 0 g
ab n a 89 L ,

ky
Twi nm o n e s w h i s tl e U lo a 1 1 3 , , , Ya x, m o nth si gn ,
1 70

z
T e c , m o nt h s i n 1 7 0 , 1 8 1 1 8 3 1 8 4 g , , Ya xk i n m nt h S i n, 1 7 0 , 1 8 3
o g
L
, ,

Y e ll o w s to ne p e bb le s o lt un 66 , ,

U y b d
a e ,
ay si gn , 1 76 Yo j oa Lk a e, 1 0 8
U in l p a , eri o d , 1 68 - 1 8 6 Y o r o , m o unt a i ns , 128 ( note )

Ul oa R i v e r, 9 8 , 9 9 , 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 2 7 Y uca t a n, M a p o f, 5 ,
1 53 ; e xp l or a t i o ns i n 7 5
,

Ul oa V y
a lle , res e ar c h e s i n , 95
-1 6
3 Y z ab al , 1 , 7
U m nh i gn
0 ,
o t s ,
1 80 Y z a b al Lk a e, 1 2 7 ( note )

U xm l 7 5 79 a , ,

Z a c , m o nt h Si gn , 1 70

V nda a li s m , 8 Z a h c a b na t i ve na m e fo r
,
k i nd o f ear t h us e d f or s t ucc o,
V as e r e p r e s e nti n h ea g d of w ol f, C Op a n, 30 a n Lb
a 7 , 8 1 , 8 4,
5 8 8 -
9 1 ,

V a s es o f c a l c i te , Ul oa, 1 17 Z e i ts ch ri ft fur E t h no l o i e, 1 7 4 g
V a ul ts , cr uc if o rm , un d tl C er s e a , opa n, 3 5 38 ( s ee al s o — Z i p , m o nt h si gn , 1 70

b
S u t e r ra nea nC h m b ) a ers Z ot z ,
m o nt h S ig n, 1 6 9 , 1 7 7

E R RATA .

C o m a t an, read C m t n ( Ind x ) a o a s ee e

C h e m i li c o n ,d C h m li n ( Ind x )
re a a e co s ee e

Yo h o a , re a d Y j ( Ind x )o oa see e

Pa g e 1 8 4, 4t h li ne fr o m b tt m f p g f
o 8 d8 o o a e, or 1 , r ea

Page 1 8 4 , ad li ne fro m b tt m f p g
o nd w d fo o a e , s e co or ,
or th i r d ,
r ea df o ur th
 M E M OIR S
OF TH E

PE A B O D Y UU
M S E M OF AME RI CAN A R C H AE OLO GY AND
E T H NOLO G Y H ARVAR D U
,
NI VERS IT Y .

V OL . I—. NO 1 . .

P R E H IS TOR IC R U
INS OF C OPAN .

H ON D UR AS .

A PR E L IM INARY R E PORT OF TH E E XP L ORATIONS BY THE MU

S E UM ,

18 91 — 1895 .

C AMB RID GE , M AS S

P UB L IS HE D BY TH E M U S E UM .

1 896 .
 C op y r i gh t, 1 8 9 6 ,

B D Y M US UM
B Y PE A O E OF AM E R I C AN AR C H AE OL OGY AN D
E T H N OL OGY , HA R V AR D UI N VE R IT Y
S .

UIN V E RS TI Y PR E S S
JOHN W I LS ON AND S ON C A , MB IR DGE U . S . A .
 E D IT ORI A LNOT E .

WITH th i s M em oi r i s b egun a ser i es of publi ca t i ons of quar t o si ze ,

i n or d er t o pr ov i d e for l ar g er plat e s t h an ca n be gi v en i n th e oc t a vo
A rch aeologi ca l and E th nologi cal P a per s of th e P ea b ody M useum
'
.

T h i s pr eli m i na r y r epor t of t h e explor at i ons a t t h e R ui ns of C o pan

i s i nt e nd e d t o g i v e onl y a g ener al des cr i p t i on of t h e r ui ns a nd a sum

m ar y o f t h e w or k of th e sev e r al Mus eum e xp ed i t i ons t o H o nd ur a s f r o m

1 8 9 1 to 1 8 9 5 . I t w i ll be follo w ed by speci al pap er s r ela ti ng t o di scov e r i es

m a d e d ur i ng t h e expl or a t i ons .

Th e f ollo w i ng pa g es h a ve b ee n co m pi led f r o m t h e fi el d not es of

M a r sh all H S a v i lle Joh n G O w ens a nd Geo r ge By r on Gor d on w h o
.
,
.
, ,

a t d i ffe re n t ti m es h av e ca r r i ed on t h e explo r a t i ons und er th e d i rec ti on

of t h e M u seu m .

Th e c om pi la t i on of t h e r e por t w a s i ntr ust e d t o Mr G or d on w h o.

, ,

si n ce t h e l a m e n t e d d ea th of Mr O w ens w h i ch occ ur r e d a t C opan on

.
,

F eb r ua r y 2 1 1 8 9 3 h a s b ee n i n c h a r ge Of t h e fi eld w or k a t t h e r ui ns
, , .

Pr ev i ous t o th e explor a t i ons by t h e Museum Alfr ed P M a ud sl ay, .

,

o f L on d on h a d car r i ed on ext ensi ve r e search es a m ong t h e r ui ns of t h i s

,

r em a r k a b l e p r eh i st o r i c c i ty a n
,
d h a d b eg un t h e p ub l i ca ti o n of h i s w or k on

t h e A r ch a eo logy of C ent r al A m e r i ca Hi s el a b or a t e a nd i m po r ta nt m e m oi r
.

h a s b e en cont i nued ; a nd fr ee use h a s b e en m a d e of i t i n t h e pr e pa r a t i on

Of th i s r e por t . Mr Ma ud sl ay h a s m os t h ea r t i ly coo pe r a t e d w i th th e
.

Museum i n th e cont i nua ti on Of th e w or k at C opan and dur i ng th e ,

ye a r 1 8 9 3 9 4 h e w a s th e r epresent a ti v e of th e Mus eum at th e R ui ns

— .

AS Mr Maud slay h ad gi v en na m es w i th r efer ence by letter s and fi gur es

.
, ,

t o t h e v a r i ous p or t i o ns o f t h e R ui ns a nd t o pr o m i ne nt scul tur e s t h e

p ,

s a m e d e si g n at i o n s a r e g i v en i n t h i s r e p o r t a nd o n th e a ccom p a ny i ng p la n .

A d d i ti onal f e a tur es h av e b e en i nd i ca t e d b y cont i nui ng i n sequence th e

l ett er s and fi gur es t h us av oi d i ng d upli ca t i on and confusi on
,
.
iv E DITO R I AL NOT E .

Th e a cco m pa ny i ng pla n o f t h e p r i nci pa l p a r t of th e Rui ns i s f ro m

a s ur v ey by Mr . G or d on , wh o m ade th e d r a w i ng s fo r se v er al of th e

i ll ust r a t i ons i n t h e t e xt . O t h er
by C Ci l lus t r a t i ons are f r o m d r a w i ng s . .

W i llo ugh by w h o h a s a l so a ss i s te d i n t h e pr e pa r a t i on of th e r epo r t

, .

T h i s i m por t a nt r e s ea r ch a t t h e R ui ns Of C opa n h a s b een m a d e pos

s i bl e by t h e gene rous cont r i b ut i ons of t h e pa t r ons of sci e nce w h ose
na m es a r e g i v en i n t h e fo llo w i ng li s t .

F W . P U
TNAM ,

Cur a tor f
o th e P ea bod y Jtl us eum .

CA M B I DGE R , M As s .
,

June 1 , 18 9 6 .

S UB S C R I B E R S
TO TH E PE A BODY M U S E U M H O NDU R AS E XPE D ITIO N S FOR TH E

E XPLO RATIO N O F THE R U INS OF CO PAN .

18 9 —
1 189 5 .

FREDERI
CK L AMES
. AUGUSTUS L OW ELL
C HAR ES L W AM ORY . M i ss E LL EN F MAS ON
.

A
FR NC I
S B L AKE C L ARENC E B M OORE .

C HARL ES P BO WDITC H . G EORG E A NIC KERSON .

MARTI M M ER
N BRI ROBERT TREAT PAI
NE .

ALEXANDER COC HRANE HENRY PI

C KERI
N G
ED M UND D W IG HT STEPHEN S A I
SB R L UY
JOHN M . FORB ES PHI IL
P H S E RS . A
JOHN L G ARDNER
. M i ss C AROL INE P STOKES .

AUGUSTUS HEM ENWAY NATHA EL THA

NI YER

M r s MA
. RY HEM ENW AY M rs C HA
. RL ES E . W ARE
FRA S L HI
NC I GG INSON . M i ss M AR Y L WARE .

HENR Y L
EE W ILLIAM F . W ELD
M rs . G G L OW EL
. L . . . NG TON
M rs J H NTI . U W OL C OTT .

THE AMERIC AN MUSEUM OF NAT RA

U L HISTORY OF NEW YORK

COOPERATE D N THE
I EXPEDITI
ON OF 1 8 9 4—9 5 .
 E XP L
OR ATION OF C OPAN .

G E N E RA LD E S C R IPTI ON OF THE S I TE .

W ITHIN th et err i t or y of H ond ura s a b out tw elv e m i l es fr om t h e fr ont i er

,

Of G ua t e m ala i n a b ea ut i ful v al ley w a t er ed b y a r api d w i nd i ng st r ea m a nd

, , ,

sh u t i n by m ou nt a i ns t h a t r i s e i n r i dg e s t o a h ei g h t of t h r e e t h ousa nd fe e t ,

a r e S i tu a t ed t h e R u i ns Of C opa n ( la t 1 4 5 1 Th e only r o a d s l ea d i ng
° '
.

t o t h e r ui ns a r e r ou gh m ule t ra ck s ov er t h e m ounta i ns ; t h e S h or t est r o ut e

-

fr o m t h e A tl ant i c coa st i s t h a t fr om Yza bal cr ossi ng t h e m ounta i n r a nges

,

of M i co a n d E s pi r i t u S a nt o b e tw een w h i ch t h e r i v e r M ot a g ua fl ow s i n
,

a ci r c u i t o us cour se t o t h e s e a .

Aft e r l ea v i ng C om ot a n t h e la s t t ow n w i th i n t h e t er r i tory of G ua t em al a
,

t o w h i c h t h e a c co unt g i v en by St e ph e ns i n 1 8 3 9 a ppl i e s t od a y t h e r oa d ,

c r oss es t h e r i v er C opa n o n i t s w a y t o j oi n th e M o t a g u a an d a scend s a m o un

t ai n r i dge from w h ose s um m i t gl i m pse s ca n be caugh t of t h e s tr eam w i nd
, ,

i ng i n a nd out b et w e en pr e ci p i t o us b a nk s t um bl i ng ov er l e dg e s a nd l e a p i ng
,

a m on g t h e r oc k s a pe r fe c t ca t a r a c t not na v i ga bl e e ve n t o t h e l i gh t est c a noe

, ,
.

Th e r oa d r each e s a h ei gh t of f ee t a nd t h en d e scend s a b r upt ly i nt o t h e

,

C opa n v a lley w h i ch h a s a n e le v a ti on o f
,
f ee t a b ov e t h e s ea Th e .

uppe r S lop es Of t h e sur r ound i ng m ount a i ns a r e co v er e d w i t h op en pi ne

for e st s but t h e f oot h i ll s a nd t h e pla i n of t h e v all ey a r e cl o th e d i n a n
,
-

i m pene t r a ble t h i c k e t of low t r e es a nd b r ush .

S t eph ens s t a t e s th a t a t t h e ti m e o f h i s vi si t i n 1 8 3 9 t h e w h ol e v all ey

, ,

w a s b ur i e d i n a h e av y f or e st M onk ey s st ar e d a t h i m fr om t h e b r a nch es
.

Of th e t r e e s a nd pa s se d t o a nd fr o h i gh a b o ve h i s h ea d
,
To d ay t h e r e a r e
- .

no m onk ey s i n t h e v i ci ni ty a nd t h e d eep g lo o m y f or e s t w h er e t h ey l i k e t o
, ,

r oa m i s w a n t i ng .

Accor d i ng t o i nfo r m at i on ob t a i ned fr om th e Old est i nh a b i tants of t h e

m od e r nv i lla g e of C o pa n t h e for e st o f g i ga nt i c t r e es t h a t clot h e d t h e pl a ce i n
,

St eph ens d ay w a s cut d ow n a b out t h i r ty y ear s a go by a colony f r o m Gua t e

’

m al a w h o ca m e t o pla nt cor n a nd t ob a c co i n t h e fer t i le land s Of t h e v a lley .

T h ey l ef t t h e t r ee s t h a t gr ew on t h e h i gh er st r uctur es of t h e r ui ns m a k i ng ,

i t u q u g r em n ant f w h i c h s t i ll r em a i n f w ed a r s a nd
a
p c r e s e ro v e a ,
o s a e ,c

cei b a s o f g i a n t i t i o n cl ust e r e d a b o u t t h e ru i ns O f t h e t e m pl e s
g c p pr o o r s , ,

ME M .
P AB O Y M U UM
E D SE I— l
.
2 E XPLO R ATION OF COPAN .

sh r o ud i ng t h em in a som br e sh a de ,
and se nd i ng th ei r h uge r oot s i nto th e
cr ev i ces a nd unexpl or ed ch am b er s and va ul t s and g all er i e s of th e vast
e d i fi ces .

Th e valley i n w h i ch t h e r ui ns a re si tua te d h a s th e fo r m of a level plai n,

a b out one and a h alf m i les w i d e and sev en or ei gh t m iles l ong, enclosed on all
si d es by t h e m oun a i ns , w h i ch
t i n gent le sl ope s i n f r ont , and fa r t h e r back
r i se

i n m or e p r eci pi t o us ri dges t er m i na ti ng i n r ound e d pea k s a nd l e vel t a bl e-t ops .

Th e r i v er fl ow s in a so uth w est er l y
d i r ect i on I t em er ges by a na r r ow .

p a s sa g e fr o m t h e m o u n t ain s fl ow s w i t h m a n
, y w i nd i ng s th r oug h t h e
p l a i n ,

an d d i s a ppe a r s th r ough a g or g e t o t h e w e s t Th e pr i nci pal r ui ns are si t u

.

a t e d on th e r i gh t b a n k near t h e ce nt r e Of t h e v a lle y w h er e t h e r i v e r r uns ,

cl os e t o t h e e a s t e r n f oo t h i ll s
- T a k i ng a n ab rupt b end to th e w est t h e r i ver
.
,

fl o w s d i r ectl y a g a i ns t t h e r ui ns by w h i ch i t s cour se i s a gai n tur ne d a b r uptl y

,

t o t h e sout h As w ould be expect e d i n a l evel v all ey li k e th at Of C opan

.
,

t h e r i v er i s c onst a nt ly ch a ng i ng t h e po si t i o n Of i t s be d For a l ong t i m e i t .

h a s b een m a k i ng enc r oa ch m ent s on t h e r ui ns a nd t h e e nt i r e e a s t e r n S i d e Of,

t h e g r ea t p i le k no w n a s t h e Ma i nS t r uc t ure h a s b e en ca r r i e d a w ay by i t l ea v ,

i ng t h e i nt e r i o r e xp o se d i n t h e fo r m of a cl i fi o ne h und r e d a nd t w e nty fe e t
h i gh . Th e w h ole of t h i s el ev a ti on i s a rt i fi ci al ; p i eces Of pott er y and Ob si d i a n
k ni v e s c a n be p i ck e d o ut o f i t e v en a t t h e w a t e r s e dg e Th e r i v er i s s ubj ec t
’

t o a nn ua l fr esh e t s d ur i ng w h i ch a n i m m ense b ody Of w a t er i s t h r ow n w i t h

,

gr ea t for ce d i r ec tly a ga i ns t th e opposi ng cli fi fr om w h ose fa ce a fr esh por t i on

,

fa l l s i n ea c h s ucceed i ng y ea r S O sw i ft i s t h e cur r ent t h a t li ttl e of t h i s

.

fall en m a t er i a l i s l e ft w h e n t h e w a t er sub si d e s .

S C U LPT U R E S F R OM TE R R AC E E AS T OF TH E G R AT PL A A
E Z .
( S ee p g
a e
 HIS TORI C A LS K E T C H .

C OPAN h as b een v i si t ed i n for mer t i m es by

tr av el ler s and ex
s ev er al

p l o r e r s w h o h ave g i ven m or e or l ess a ccurat e i nfor m a t i on r esp ect i ng w h a t

t h ey sa w .

I n 1 5 3 0 H er nand o d e C h av es m a d e a n exp ed i t i on i nt o t h e nei gh b or

h ood , f r om t h e ca pi t a l ci ty of G uat em a la , and conquer e d a n Ind i a n st r ong
h ol d d C opan; but nei th er be nor any of h i s a ssoci a t es ont h e exped i t i on
ca lle

l ef t a ny a c count s o f a r a s i s k now n of t h e peopl e o r t ow ns

, ,
.

Th e l a t er h i st or i a ns of th e count r y h a v e m a d e a n a tt em pt t o i d ent i fy
t h e p la c e ca l le d C o pa n co nq uer e d by C h a v es w i t h t h e r u
,
i ns w h i ch S i nce ,

t h ei r fi r st m ent i on h a ve b een k nown by th at nam e ; but t h er e i s noth i ng

w i t h i nt h e r a ng e of ou r pr esen t k nowl e dg e of th e fact s t o j ust i fy su ch a con

el u si o n .T h er e a r e o n t h e cont rar y h i st or i cal ev i d enc es w h i ch s eem t o pr ov e

, ,

a l m o s t b ey o n d a d oubt th a t t h e pla ce conq uer ed by C h a v es w a s v er y i nfer i or

t o a nd m o r e m o d e r n t h a n t h e r ui ne d ci ty ca l le d C opa n t o d a y conce r n
, ,
-
, ,

i ng w h i ch h i st or y i s si lent I t i s now t h e ge ner al Opi ni on of s t ud ent s

.

t h a t th i s c i ty of a nt i q ui ty w a s a co m plet e r ui n l ong b efor e t h e a r r i v a l of

t h e S pa ni a r d s ; a ll t r a d i t i on concer ni ng i t w a s los t a nd i t s na m e f o r g o tt en , .

In 1 5 7 6 D i eg o G ar ci a d e P a l aci o Just i ce Of t h e R oya l Aud i enci a Of

,

G ua t e m a l a t r a v el li ng i n a ccor d a nce w i t h h i s d ut i es p a ssed t h r oug h t h e

, ,

ru i ns a nd i n a lett er t o Ki ng Ph i li p II Of Sp ai n gi ves a d escr i pt i on of

,
.

w h a t h e Ob ser v e d T h i s d ocum ent w h i ch i s pr e ser v e d i n th e Muri o s c ollec

‘

.
,

t i on Of S pani sh m a nus cr i pt s i n t h e B r i t i sh M us eum i s of g r ea t v a lue , ,

c on t a i ni ng a s i t d oes t h e only m ent i on m a d e by th e ear ly S pani sh w r i t er s

c on c er n i ng t h es e r ui ns Pa la ci o d e scr i b es w h a t h e sa w a s r ui ns a nd
.

v es t i g e s of a g r ea t p op u la t i on a nd of sup er b ed i fi ces of such s k i ll a nd ,

s l en
p d or th at i t a
pp e a rs t h a t th ey cou l d nev e r h a v e b een b u i l t by t h e

na t i v es of t h a t p rovi nce After a d escr i pt i on th a t cor r espond s v er y

'
.

w el l so f ar a s i t g oes w i t h w h a t i s S een t od a y h e g oes o n t o s ay : I ,

en d eav our ed w i th a ll possi ble ca r e t o ascer t ai n fr om th e I nd i ans t h rough ,

t h e t r a d i t i ons d er i v e d f r om t h e a nci ent s w h a t pe opl e l i v e d h er e or w h a t

, ,

th ey k new or h a d h ea r d fr om th ei r a ncest or s concerni ng th em B ut t h ey .

h a d no b ook s r ela t i ng t o th ei r a nt i qui t i e s nor d o I b eli ev e t h a t i n al l th i s ,

A l ett er f r om t h e L i cen i ad D i eg Ga
c o o r ci a d e Pal aci o to Ph i li p II . of S p ai n;
dat d Gu t
e a e m al a, 8 th M a r ch , 1 5 7 6 . M aud sl ay ’
s t r anslat i on .
4 E XPL OR ATION OF CO PAN .

d i str i ct t h er e i s m or e t h a n one w h i ch I po ssess T h ey say t h a t i n a nci ent

, .

t i m es th er e c a m e fr om Y ucat an a g r ea t l or d w h o bui l t th ese ed i fi ce s but th a t ,

a t t h e en d of so m e y ea r s h e r e t ur ned t o h i s na t i v e c ount r y lea v i ng t h em ,

en ti rely d eser t ed .
'

H er e i s a n a ccount w r i tt en ony o r ty s i x y ea r s a ft e r t h e exp ed i t i on of

l f -

C h a v e s a nd y et fr o m t h e w o r d s use d i t i s pla i n t h a t t h e s t r uc tur es w er e i n

, ,

a n a d va n ce d s t a t e o f r u i n Pa la ci o i s k no w nt o h a v e b ee n a n i nt el li g e nt a nd
.

fa i t h f ul i nq ui r er a ft er h i s t o r i ca l fa ct s a nd y e t t h e o nly s t or y h e w a s a b le ,

t o ge t fr o m t h e na t i v e s w a s Of t h e v a g u es t
p o ss i b l e c h ar a c t e r a n d s o u n d s ,

m or e li k e t h ei r ow n i nv ent i on t h a n a r e a l t r a d i t i on .

If t h e pla c e h a d r eally b een d e st r oy e d by C h a v es t h er e m ust h a v e b een ,

e y e w i tn e s s e s Of t h e e v e n t s t i ll li v i ng a t t h e t i m e Of Pa laci o s v i si t I t ’
.

i s concei v a bl e t h at t h e I nd i a ns m i g h t h a v e i nv ent ed t h e st or y t h ey g a v e
h i m i n o r d er t o a v oi d t ell i ng t h e t r ut h but i t i s sca r cel y p ossi b l e t h a t ,

Pa lac i o coul d h a v e b een S O d ec e i v e d .

F r om t h e ti m e of Pala ci o s v i si t unt i l t h e y ear 1 8 3 5 a l apse of m o r e

’

th a n t w o c ent ur i es a nd a h a lf t h e r ui ns r e m a i ne d i n t ot a l d a r k nes s b ur i e d
, ,

i n t h e d ept h s of a t r opi cal fo r e st a nd unk now n e xc e pt t o t h e i nd i fi er e nt

,

na t i v es ,
s o t h a t t h e h i s t o r i a n R ob e r t son w r i t i n g i n 1 7 7 7 quot es t h e st a t e , ,

m ent m a d e t o h i m t h a t i n all New S pa i n t h er e i s not “ an m n u m n t

y o e o r

v e s t i g e of a n b ui l d i ng or e a n c i ent t h an th e C on q u T t '

y m es t ' h e r e p o r O f
C olonel Juan G a li nd o w h o w a s com m i ssi one d by t h e G o ve r nm ent Of Gua t e
,

m ala i n 1 8 3 4 t o exam i ne t h e r ui ns h as nev er b een pub li sh e d i n full but a

“
,

l e tt er w r i tt en by h i m t o t h e e d i t o r of t h e Li t e r a r y Ga z e tt e of L ond on i s ,

i nt d i n t h a t J ou rn a l for 1 8 3 5 an d a s i m i la r l e tt e r i s rin t ed i n t h e
p r e , p
T r a nsa c ti ons Of t h e Am er i ca nAnt i qua r i a n S o ci ety V ol 11 T h es e l ett e r s ,
. .
,

al t h o u gh th ey m ak e th e r ui ns k now nfor t h e fi r st t i m e t o t h e ci vi l i z ed w or ld ,

a d d l i tt l e t o o u r kn o w l e dg e of C o a n::
p l .

It r em ai ne d for Mr J oh n L S t eph ens — w h o i n 1 8 3 9 w a s s ent on a

tr al Am er i ca by th e P r esi d ent Of th e U
. .

s pec i a l comm i ssi on t o C en ni t e d St a t es ,

an d w h o i nh i s ch a s e a f t er a g ov e r n m ent i m pr ov e d h i s t i m e by e xpl or i ng
'
, ,

S ee Ap pendi x f or S qui er ’
s r ep r i nt and t ransl ati onOf Pal aci o s l ett er ’
.

TR o b e r t s o n H i s t or y
,
of Am er i ca ,
v ol . II .
,
no t e l v i i i t o p 2 9 8 In t h e s a
. m e not e ,
.

h ow ev e r , h e r e f er s t o i nf or m at i on r ecei v e d of a tem pl e near C uer navaca, com p osed of l ar ge

s to nes fi tt e d ni c el y to ea ch o t h er .

1 Th er e is a n acc ount of C
n i n a m anuscr i p t h i st or y of Guat e m al a
t h e R ui ns of op a

w r i tt eni nt h e s ev enteen th centur y, and p r eser ved i nth e C i ty of Guat em al a It i s enti tl ed .

H i s t or i a d e G uat em al a : R ec or d aci on F l or i d a, es cr i t a e l s i gl o xv i i , by F r anci sco Ant oni o

'

d e F uent e s y G uz m an Th e acc ount of C op an h er e gi v en i s q uot e d by J nar r os i n h i s

.

his to y of Guatemal a ( C ompend i o d e la H i sto i a de l a C i udad

r r de Guatem ala , p or El Se n
o r

Do nD m i ng J n
o o Gu te m l
a r r os but f m i t
. a a a, ro s er r o ne ous a nd a b sur d ch ar a ct e r ,

a nd t h e f a ct t h at i t i s d i r ectl y be en d esc i bed by oth e r w r i ter s

co nt r a d i ct e d by w h at h a s r

an d by w h at i s s eent od ay i t s e e m s ev i dent t h at i t coul d nev er h av e b een w r i tten f r om

,

e s onal k no w l e dg e Th e w r i ti ngs of F u ent es m us t b e r e gar d e d as o f l i t tl e v al ue

p r . .
 H S I T OR ICAL S KE TC H .
5

th e ant i q ui t i es o f t h e count r y , t o a w a k en t h e g ener a l i nt er es t o f t h e s c i en

—

t i fi c w or l d co nce r ni ng t h e r ui ns .

St eph ens w a s so for t una t e a s t o h av e w i th h i m an Engl i sh a r t i st , Fr ed .

C a t h e r woo d , w h os e penci l d ra w i ng s, e xecut e d w i t h m os t a d m i r a b le fi d el i ty ,

a dd gr ea tly t o t h e a r ch aeol ogi ca l va l ue Of St eph e ns w o r o th e
’
kf’“ O w i ng t
d ens e t r opi cal for est t h a t h i d th e r ui ns i n h i s d ay t h e pl a n a s w ell a s t h e ,

d escr i p t i on by St eph ens i s of necessi ty i nco m pl et e and i n m a ny pa r ti cula r s ,

e r r on e ou s ; h e fel l i n t o an er ror t h a t w ould see m t o h av e b een m a d e by

,

Palaci o near ly t h r ee h und r e d y ea r s b efor e i n m i st a k i ng fa llen b ui ld i ng s fo r ,

ru i ne d ci ty w al ls and i n d eny i ng t h e exi st ence of i nt er i o r ch a m b er s and

,

s t on e r o of e d s t r u
- c tu res .

Th e r eal ch ar a ct er of t h e pr i nci pa l s tr uct ur es w a s fi r s t und e r s t oo d by

Mr Alfr ed P Ma ud slay of E ngl a nd w h o pr epar ed t h e fi r st m a p of th e r ui ns
. .
,

h a v i ng a ny cla i m s t o exa ct ness .

In 1 8 8 5 M aud slay V i si t e d t h e r ui ns a nd m a d e t h e fi r s t a tt em pt a t a n
e x t en si ve an d ca r e ful e xpl o r a t i o n H a v i ng b r o ugh t t ool s for e xca va t i ng
.
,

an d m a t er i a l s f o r t a k i ng i m pr es si ons o f t h e s cul pt ur e d m o num ent s h e m a d e ,

a n um b er of excav a t i ons a m ong th e r ui ns a nd t ook w i t h h i m t o E ngl and a ,

set Of m ou l d s o f t h e pr i nci pa l m onum ent s f r o m w h i ch ca st s h a v e b ee n m a d e

an d exh i b i t ed i n t h e S outh Kensi ngt on Museum and i n t h e A r ch a eol ogi ca l
M useum a t C a m b r i dge .

Th e r e sul t of M aud sl a y s w or k so far a s r el a t es t o C opa n h a s no w

’

, ,

b een g i ven t o th e w or l d i n a fo r m w h i ch m a k e s i t a t t h i s d a t e t h e m ost

v al u a b l e co n tr i b ut i on t o th e ar ch a eol ogy of C ent r al Am er i ca r .
’

In 1 8 8 9 Mr E W Per r y Obt a i ne d f r om t h e G o v e r nm ent of H ond ur a s a

. . .

c on c e ss i on w i th t h e Obj ect Of fou ndi ng a Na t i o na l M useum of Ant i q ui t i e s

a t C opa n t o be u ,
nder t h e m ana g em ent of a S o c i e ty of A nt i q ua r i a ns of ,

w h i ch M r P e r r y w a s t o be p e r m a ne nt p r e s i d ent
. Th e sch e m e i nv ol v e d th e .

e xpl or a t i on of t h e r u i ns of H ond ur a s a nd t h e d i sposi t i on of t h e coll ec t i ons

t h us Obtai ne d i n a M useum a t C opa n Th e pla n w a s nev er r ea l i z ed ; a nd .

i n 1 8 9 1 Mr C h a r l es P B ow d i t ch of B ost on Obt a i ned f r o m M r P er r y all t h e

. .
, , .

r i gh t s p e r t a i n i ng t o h i m t h r ough t h e a b ov e m ent i one d concessi on i n t h e

-
,

i nt er e s t of t h e P eab o dy M useum of A r ch a e ol ogy and E th nol ogy of H a r v ar d

U ni v e r si ty Th e sch e m e out li ne d i n th i s conce ss i on p r o v e d unsa t i sfac t or y
.
,

an d a p l a n o f oper a t i ons w a s p r opose d t o Ge ne r al Lui s B og r a n t h e n P r e si ,

d ent Of H ondura s b y w h i ch t h e i nt er est s Of sci ence w oul d be b ett er ser ved

, ,

an d w h i ch P r es i d e nt B og r a n w i th a pr a i sew or th y z e al f or t h e pr o m ot i o n of
,

s ci en t i fi c r e sear ch r ead i ly a g r eed t o Th e r esul t w a s a n e d i c t of t h e G ov er n

,
.

m ent of H ond ur as by w h i ch t h e Peab ody M useum a cqui r ed t h e ca r e of

I n i d nts
c e of T r av e l C
in e nt r al Am er i ca, Ch i ap as a nd Yucat an B y J oh nL S t e ph ens
. . .

1 8 41 . 2 v ol s . 8 v0 .

B
T i ol ogi a C ent Am er i cana ed i t ed by F Ducane Godm an and O sber t
r al i - ,
. S al vi n .

Ar ch aeology by A P . . M aud sl ay Par t s I t o IV

. L ond on R H Por t er
. . . . .
6 E XPLO R ATI ON OF CO PAN .

th e nt i q ui t i es of th a t count r y for a per i od Of t en y ear s, w i t h t h e r i gh t of

a

expl or i n g th e r ui ns a nd t a k i ng a w ay one h a lf of t h e Obj ects found i n th e

exca v a t i on s Th e Peab ody M useum t h us a cq ui r ed an unp r eced ent e d oppor
.

t uni t y fo r m a k i ng t h e i nves t i g a t i ons , S O long d el ay e d but Of such va s t

i m por t a nce t h a t a r e need e d t o t h r ow li gh t on th e ea r l y i nh ab i t ant s of t h e
,

A m er i can cont i nent .

I t w a s pr o po se d t o send a n expe d i t i on t o C opan ea ch y ear t o r e m a i n

d ur i ng t h e dr y s ea son; a nd for th i s pur pose a com m i ttee w a s a ppoi nt e d con ,

si s t i n g of Mr C h a rles P B ow d i t ch Mr F r anci s C Low ell a nd Pr ofessor

. .
,
. .
,

F W P ut nam Th e com m i tte e i s i nd ebt ed t o M r M aud sl ay for valuable

. . . .

su ggest i ons w h i ch f r om h i s e x per i ence i n explor i ng C ent r a l A m er i ca n r ui ns

,

h e i s i n a pos i t i on t o g i v e a nd t h roug h h i m a ls o w e r e Obt a i ne d t h e s er v i ces o f

,

s k i ll e d w o r k m e n w h o h a d b e en h i s a ssi st a nt s i n m a k i ng c opi es of t h e

m onum e nt s .

Th e fi rs t e xped i ti on l ef t C a m b r i dge i n O ct ob er 1 8 9 1 i n ch ar g e o f Mr ,
.

Ma r s h a ll H S a vi lle a nd Mr J oh n G O w ens w h o h a d b een P r ofessor

. . .
,

P ut na m s a ssi st a nt s i n t h e Muse um a nd und er h i m h a d a c qui r ed a t r a i ni ng

’

t h a t m ad e t h em w ell fi tt ed for th e w or k B e i ng pr event ed by h i s d ut i es .

fr om le a v i ng C a m b r i dg e h i m self Pr ofe s s or P ut na m d i r e ct e d t h e oper a t i ons i n

,

t h e fi el d by l e tt e r s Of i nst r u ct i o n Th e exp ed i t i o n w a s t h o r o ug h ly e q ui pped

.

w i t h t ool s fo r m a k i ng exca v a t i ons and w i t h m a t er i a l s f or t a k i ng ph o t og r a ph s

,

an d i m p r e ssi o ns Of t h e m onum e nt s a nd o t h e r s culp tur e s I m p or ta nt r esult s .

w e r e Obt a i ne d by t h e fi r s t s e a sons w or k w h i ch ar e r efer r ed t o i n t h e s um

’

m a r y g i v en f ur th er o n .

Th e s eco nd e xpe d i t i o n left i n O c t ob er 1 8 9 2 i nch a r g e Of Mr J oh n G , ,

. .

O w ens a s d i r ec to r o f t h e e x ped i t i on a nd a l so a s a s peci al com m i ssi oner

for t h e Wor l d s C ol um b i a n E xpo si t i o n Mr O w ens t ook w i t h h i m Mr
’
. . .

G B y r on G or d on as sur v eyor and Mr E d m und L i ncoln and Mr G eor ge

.
, . .

S h or k l ey as a ssi s t a nts S eld o m h as an a r ch a e olog i ca l e xpedi t i on gone t o

.

t h e fi el d w i t h su ch b r i ll i a nt prospect s or und er so e ner g et i c and enth us i ast i c

a lea d e r .

Th e pa r ty ar r i v e d a t th e r ui ns on th e 1 st of D ecem b er a nd for t h e fi r st ,

t w o m o nt h s t h e w o r k w e nt o n v e r y sa t i s fa ct o r i ly Th e pr i nci p a l p a r t of t h e .

ru i ns w a s clea r e d of b r ush ; a sur v ey w a s b e i ng m a d e ; m oul d s w er e

m a d e of all th e m onol i t h s th a t h ad not b een m oul d e d i n t h e pr ev i ous
y ear ; sever a l e xcav a t i ons w er e begun w h i ch gav e m ost i m por tant r e
su lt s a nd a r r ang em ent s w er e m a d e f or ob t ai ni ng m oul d s Of t h e g rea t
,

m onoli t h s of Qui ri g u a i n t h e coa st r eg i on o f G ua t e m a l a

, I t wa s t o m ak e .

t h ese ar r a ng em ent s t h a t Mr O w ens m ad e a j our ney t o t h e coa st t ow ar d s

.

t h e end o f J a nua r y Tw o d ay s a ft e r h i s r e t ur n h e fell v i olently i ll w i t h

.

a m al i g n an t fe ve r Of t h e co unt r y a nd not w i th st and i ng t h e efi or t s of a

,

m i nd na t ur al ly ch ee r ful a const i t ut i on a l w ay s r ob us t a nd a spi ri t never

, ,

d a unt e d t o c op e w i t h t h e vi ol ence of t h e d i sea se h e g re w s t ea d i ly w or se a nd

, , ,
 H S I TO R IC AL S KE TC H .
7

di e d ont h e 1 7t h of Febr uary aft er t w enty ,

d ay s of suff eri ng He w as on
- e .

b ur i ed a t t h e r ui ns b esi d e one of th e g r ea t m onoli th s i n t h e pl az a

, .

Mr G or d on t h en t ook ch a r g e of th e w or k a nd ca r r i ed out so fa r a s
.
,

M n n n r l os M a d r i d epr esen t t
’

p o s s i b l e , r O.w e s pl a s D o C a . a s r a i v e o f t h e ,

H ondur as g over nm ent w a s sent t o C opan t o t a k e pa r t i n t h e d i v i si on of t h e

,

obj e ct s fou nd ; a nd t h ose consti tut i ng t h e M useum s sh ar e w er e t r a nspor t e d

’

t o t h e co a s t a nd sh i ppe d t o C a m b r i d ge Th e m o ul d s of t h e Qui r i g ua m ono

.

li th s w er e com plet ed and fr om som e of t h e m ca st s h a ve s i nce b e enm ad e

,
.

In th e w i nt er of 1 8 9 3 9 4 Mr A P M aud slay w ent to C opan a s t h e

— . . .
,

r epr esen tati v e of t h e P eab ody Museum and w h i le th er e m ad e sever al exca ,

v a t i on s an, d b r ough t b ack a num b er of m ould s In O ct ob er 1 8 9 4 a four t h .

, ,

e xp e d i t i on w a s e q u i p pe d a nd Mr G eor ge B y r on Go r d on w a s a ppo i nt e d
,
.

d i r e ct or .He a r r i ved a t th e r ui ns i n D ece m b e r a nd w a s joi ne d i n M a r ch ,

by Mr Rob e r t B ur k i tt w h o w a s s ent out w i t h sup pli es

.
,
Th e par ty r em a i ne d .

i n t h e fi el d unt i l t h e end of June 1 8 9 5 ,

.

Th e r out e t a k en by t h ese e xp e d i t i ons h a s b e en a s foll ow s F r om Ne w

O r lea ns t o Li vi ng st on i n Gua t em al a by th e st ea m er s Of t h e R oy al M ai l li ne
,

fr o m L i v i ng s t on t o Yz a ba l by t h e s t ea m er of t h e R i o D ul ce Na v i g a t i on C o m
an y an d f r om Yza ba l t o C opa n by m u l es o v e r t h e sa m e r ou t e a s w a s fol
p
low e d by St eph e ns i n 1 8 3 9 A t Yza bal th e m em b er s Of ea ch expe d i t i onh a ve
.

b een pl ac e d und er d eep Obli g a ti on t o M r a nd Mr s T J P ott s t h e only . . . .

,

Am er i ca n people li vi ng a t th a t pl ac e Mr Pott s fr o m h i s i nt i m a t e k now l . .

,

e dg e Of t h e cou nt r y a c qui r e d d ur i ng a r e s i d e nc e of ov er t h i r ty y ea r s a nd
, ,

fr om h i s i nt er est i n i t s a nt i q ui t i e s a s i n all m a tt er s r el a t i v e t o sci ent i fi c

,

r e sear ch h a s b e en a bl e t o r en
,
d e r m ost v al ua b le ser vi ces a nd th e Museum h a s ,

b e e n g l a d t o a v a i l i t se l f o f h i s k i nd c O-o
p e r a t i o n T h e m e m b e rs O f t h e s e .

e xp e d i t i ons w i ll a l w a y s ch e r i sh t h e m e m or y of t h o se h a p py occa s i o n s at h i s

h ospi t a b l e b o a r d w h en a ft er l ong a nd w e ar y j our ney i ng s a nd m ont h s of

, ,

h a r d sh i p a nd exposur e th ey w er e m a d e so w el co m e t h er e a nd so t end erly

, ,

ca r e d for by t h e k i n d es t of h ost e sse s Mr s P ott s ,

. .

I n L i v i ng st on v alua b l e ser vi ces w er e r ender e d t o th e fi r s t exp ed i ti ons by

Mr Joh n T A
. . nd er son w h o w a s t h en C ons ul of t h e U
,
ni t e d S t a t e s a t th a t
or t T h e l a t er exp e d i t i o n s a r e g r e a t ly i n d ebt e d t o Mr W i l l i am O we n
p . .
,

m a na g er of t h e Nor t h er n Tr anspor t a t i on C om pany a t L i v i ng st on a nd a l so ,

t o Mr s O w e n w h o e xt end e d such k i nd ly h o s pi t al i t i e s t o t h e m e m b er s o f th e
.
,

expe d i t i on s a s t o w i n t h e i r l a st i n g gr at i tud e .

GA R G OY L E ( S E RP N T SE
’
H E AD ) F R OM D EBR I S OF TE M PL E . S ee page 19 .
 P LAN OF OPE RATI ONS .

IT i s th e o bj ec t of t h e Pea b ody M useum to p reser ve th e r u i ns f r o m t h e

in j ur i es t o w h i ch t h ey h a v e b een subj ect ed i n t h e p ast a nd fr om wh i ch t h ey ,

h av e suffer e d g r ea t ly s i nce S teph e ns d a y Th e ch i ef sour ce of th ese i nj ur i es

’
.

i s i nt h e i ndi fi ere nce of t h e na t i v e s w h o a tt r a ct e d t o t h e v al l ey b y i t s f er t i li ty

, , ,

d o not h es i t a t e t o b r ea k up a s tr uct ur e o r m onum ent t o get m a te r i a l for t h e i r

f ences a nd h ous es . Th e m o num e nt s h av e suff er e d a l s o fr o m fi r es b ui l t near
t h em by t h e na t i v e s i n b u rn i ng b r ush To pr event fur th e r d es t r uc ti on fr o m
.

t h es e a nd si m i la r ca uses a s t one w all h as b een b ui lt ar o und t h e pr i nci p al

,

g r oup of r ui ns and t h ey h ave been placed i n th e c h a r ge of a k e eper Ca p

, ,

t a i n D on J ua n R C ueva t h e fa i t hful c om pani on Of th e explor i ng par t i es

.
, ,

w h o i n t h i s c a pa ci ty r e si d es a t t h e r ui ns t h r o ug h out t h e y e a r
, ,
.

Th e r a i ny sea son at C o pa n b eg i ns a b out t h e m i dd le Of J une a nd l a s t s ,

“

t i ll t h e e nd Of D ece m b er D ur i ng t h e i nt er veni ng m ont h s t h e e xca v a t i o ns

.

ca n no t be succe ssf ully ca r r i e d on Th e s ea son op ens w i t h a ser i es of v i olent

.

t h und er st or m s w h i ch cont i nue w i th i ncr ea s i ng r ecur r ence unti l th e end

-
,

of J u l y w h en t h e r a i ns b ecom e less v i ol ent but fall c onst a ntly

, ,
D ur i ng t h e .

m ont h s of M ar ch A p r i l a nd M a y th e h ea t i s i nt ense d ur i ng t h e m i dd le of
, ,

t h e d ay but t h e m or ni ng s a nd e v e ni ng s a r e c ool a nd pl ea sa nt
,
.

Th e pla n Of o per a t i ons a d opt ed i n t h e fi el d i s a s foll o w s : Th e w h ol e

a r e a on w h i ch a n y r em ai ns a r e fou n d h a s b e e n d i v i d ed i n t o s q u a r e s e c t i o n s .

B efor e a d et a i le d exa m i na t i on i s b eg un on a ny p ar ti cul ar g roup of r ui ns or

l o ca li ty i t i s car ef ully sur vey e d a nd l o ca t e d on a n o ut li ne m a p Of a ll t h e
,

ru i ns . E ach g r o up of st r uct ur es i s i n th i s w ay a ssi g ne d t o i t s p r op er pl ace

o n t h e m a p w h i c h w i ll t h u
, s r e r e se n
p t w i t h a b s ol u t e e x a c t ne s s t h e w h o l e s i t e

Of t h e ci ty w i t h t h e sh a pe a nd ch a r ac t er of i t s st r uct ur es a s w ell a s t h e
, ,

na t ur al t o pog ra ph y Of t h e v alley If t h e g r oup c onsi st s Of b ui ld i ng s th ey

.
,

ar e en t i r ely cl ea r e d of d eb r i s a nd t h en ca r efully m ea sur e d a nd dr a w nuponan

,

en l ar g e d p lan of i t s cor r espond i ng sect i on W h erev er s cul p tur e d m o num ent s

.

Or h i er og ly ph i c i ns cr i pt i ons a r e f ound t h ey a r e b o th ph o t o g r a ph e d a nd
,

m oul d e d i n paper o r pla st e r t o be r e pr oduced i n t h e M useum at C a m b r i dge

,

for f ur t h e r i nv e s t i ga ti on a nd s t udy .

T R TI
R E S O A ON or SC ULPT UR E ON A S T E P OF HI E R OG L Y PH I C S T AI R WAY .
( S e e p age
 D E T AI L
ED D E S C RIPTI ON OF TH E R U
I NS .

TH E plan ( Pla t e s h o w s t h e c en tr al gr oup of r ui ns a nd t h e c ont i guous

p a r ts . T h e n o m e ncl a t ur e o f t h e d i ff e r en t p a r t s so f a r a s g i v e nb y M a u d s l a y
h a s b e en a d o p t e d Th e p r i nci p al r ui ns a r e g r ouped a b o ut w h a t h a s b e en
.

c al l e d t h e M a i n St r u ct u r e P la t e
( a v a s t i r r e gu l a r p i l e r i si n g f r o m t h e ,

p l a i n i n s t e p s a nd te rr ac es an d t er m i na t
, i n g i n g r ea t t e r r a c e d el e v a t i o n s

ea ch t o e d by t h e r e m a i n s of a t e m l e S n 6 2 2 2 2
pp p ( ee p l a , 1 1 .1 0 1 , , , , ,

Th e sum m i t of th e h i gh est of th ese i s ab out a h und r ed a nd t h i r ty feet a b o v e

t h e l ev el of th e Of t h e t em pl e w i th w h i ch ea ch of t h ese el e va t i ons w as
r i v er .
'

cr ow n e d on ly th e found a ti ons a nd par t s of th e l o w er w a lls now r em ai n i n

p o s i t i on T.h e p l a c e w h er e e a ch s t o o d i s a h e a
p O f f r a
g m e nt s a nd t h e ,

sl opes of t h e py r a m i d s a n d t h e t err a ces and p a v e m ent s b el ow a r e s t r e w n

w i t h t h e r ui ns o f t h e se s upe r b e d i fi ce s Th e w a lls Of t h e b ui l d i ng s a nd
.

t h e ou t er casi ng of t h e py r a m i d s a nd t er r ace s a r e b ui l t of s t one nea tly ,

cu t i n fl a t fa c ed ob long b loc k s a nd la i d i n p a r a l lel r ow s o cca s i o na lly w i t h

-
, ,

m or t a r but gene r a lly w i t h o ut

, All th e se st one w a lls a nd ca s i ng s a ppea r
.

t o h av e b e en pl a s t e r ed a nd t h e pl a st er d eco r a t e d w i t h p a i nt i ng s ; but o nl y
,

S li g h t t r a c e s O f t h e se r e m a i n .

Li tt l e att ent i on seem s t o h ave b een gi v en t o b r ea k i ng j oi nt s i n t h e

st on e w or k an d w h i le g ener al ly so m e ca r e se e m s t o h a v e b een t a k en t o
r e v en t t h e j oi n t s i n con t i g u ou s r o w s f r o m f a ll i ng t o ge t h er n o d efi ni t e
p ,

sy s t e m O f b r ea k i ng j oi nt s w a s a d h e r e d t o T h i s i s r a th er sur pr i si ng w h en
.

w e c ons i d er t h e ni cety w i t h w h i ch t h e b lo c k s w er e cut a nd t h e p er fe ct ,

r e gu la r i ty of th e r ow s Th e slo pes of th e py ra m i d al founda t i ons a r e b ui lt

.

i n t er r a c es a b out fi v e f ee t h i g h a nd fi v e fe et b r o a d or i n st e p s c onsi s t i ng Of ,

si n gle or double r ow s o f s t ones th e step or t er r a ce b ei ng genera lly i f not

, ,

a l w a y s co v er e d o n t op w i t h a l a y er o f m or t a r c e m ent
,
.

Th e i nt er i or s of a ll t h e r ai sed found a ti ons a nd py r am i d s so far a s .

,

k no w n f r o m exca v a t i ons m a d e a r e fi ll e d w i t h r ough s t o nes a nd c lay w h i c h

, ,

S h ow s i g n s of h a v i n g b een v er y car efully la i d for soli d i ty a nd str ength I t .

i s not unus ual t o fi nd i n t h e i nt er i or of t h e py r a m i d s a second casi ng or a t ,

l ea st s eco nd ar y w all s a nd t er r a ce s ; but w h e th e r th ese f or m i n a ny i ns t a nce

co m pl e t e i n ter i or ca si ng or w h eth er th ey a r e confi ned to one S i d e o r pa r t Of
,

a si de h a s n, ot b e en d e t e r m i n ed Th e q ues ti on Of th ei r m ea ni ng h as been
.

at
Th e s am e num b er i s use d t o desi gnate a m ound or th e t em pl e oni t s s um m i t .

MEM . P AB O Y M U UM
E D SE 1 .
— 2
 10 E XPL O R ATION OF C O PAN .

co m pli ca et d by t h e d i scov ery Of S i m i lar w alls b elo w t h e found a t i ons of

so m e o f t h e py r am i d s T h ese und er g r ound w a lls ca n b es t be see n on t h e
.

r i ve r f r on t ( P la t e w h er e th e fa ce of t h e exposed cli ff fo r m e d by t h e
a ct i on of t h e r i ver pr esen t s pa t c es O fa ced w all m or e th an h alf w ay d ow n
h f - .

I t w a s pr ob a b ly th e e xi s t enc e Of t h e se w a ll s t h a t l e d t o t h e e r r o ne ous b eli e f

i n w h a t h a s b e en call ed t h e g r e at w all of C opan .

Mr M a ud sl a y see m s t o h a v e b ee n Of t h e op i ni on t h a t th e meet o f
.

t h ese i nt e ri or w all s w as to st r engt h en t h e str uct ur e and b i nd i t t og et h er .

B ut t h e co nd i ti ons und er w h i ch t h ey ar e found see m t o pr ecl ud e t h i s t h eor y

f r om g ener a l a ppl i ca t i on a l th oug h i t m ay v er y w ell a pply t o p a r t i cul a r
,

c a se s .

Mr O w ens, . who ga ve a good d ea l of a tt ent i on t o t h e p roble m s pr e

sen t ed by th e r i ver fr ont w a s i ncli ned to bel i e ve t h at t h ese und er g r ound
,

w a lls m a r k e d d i ffe r e nt s t a g es i n t h e d e v el op m e nt o f t h e s t r uc t ur e a nd w e r e ,

i n fa ct t h e r em a i ns Of Ol d e r b ui l d i ng s t h a t h a d b ee n o ccupi e d f or a t i m e a nd
a ban d one d i n t h e gr a dua l bui l d i ng up o f t h e gr ea t co m pl ex st r uc tur e t o
i t s ul t i m a t e for m Th e cause of t h i s a b and onm ent Of b ui ld i ng s now b eneath
.

t h e f o und a t i ons o f o t h e r s ca n be r e a d i ly a sc r i b e d e i t h e r t o t h e ch a ng i ng
t ast es and r equi r em ent s Of th e people or t o t h e pr i d e Of r ule r s fo r w h o se
glor i fi ca t i on th e w or k s a nd d w elli ng s of th ei r pr e de ce ssor s h a d t o be
sa cr i fi ce d t o g i v e pla c e t o t e m pl es i n th ei r h o nor . T h er e i s som e
a ct u al ev i d en ce i n t h e con d i t i on of th e bui ld i ng s a s w e fi nd th e m on t h e
,

su r fa c e t o supp o r t t h e t h e or y Of a g r a d ua l a l t er a t i o n i n t h e s h a p e a nd
,

S i ze O f th e b ui l d i ng s : T e m ple 5 0 w a s bui lt a ga i ns t t h e s i d e o f Py ra m i d
1 6 i t s w a l l r e s t i ng on t h e t e r r a c e s
,
I n th e e a s t e r n e nd o f T em pl e 2 2 a
.

d oor way w a s fo und w a lle d up Tw o low er ch am b er s i n T em pl e 2 0 w er e

.

f o und fi ll e d w i t h c la y a nd r ubb le a nd t h e i r d o o r w ay s cl ose d by w a lls

,
. Al l
t h i s w oul d see m t o i nd i ca t e a g r a d ua l a dd i ti on of new featur es a cco m pa ni ed
by a b a nd onm ent Of Ol d er pa r t s I t ca n r ea d i ly be seen h ow a p r ocess Of
.

th i s k i nd ca r r i ed on fo r cent ur i es w i t h o ut a ny w el l de si gned pl a n t o a d h er e
,
-

t o or a n y d e fi n i t e i d e a t o c ar r y ou t w ou ,
l d r e su l t i n a g r e a t com l e x m as s
p
of s t r u c tu r e s l i k e t h a t of C o a n t o u zz l an d e r l e x t h e e x l o r er
p p e p p p .

T h e r e a r e oth er e vi d e nce s th a t poi nt t o sev er al successi v e p er i od s o f

o cc u a t i o n
p T h. e r i v er f r o n t p r e s e n t s w h a t l o o k s l i k e a t l e a s t t h r e e gr e a t

s t r a t a d i v i d e d by fl oo r s or
, p a v em e n t s O f m o r t a r ce m e n t
. I f t h es e fl oo r s

m ar k t h e v a r i ous l e vel s c or r espond i ng t o d i ff e r ent epoch s i n t h e h i st ory

o f t h e c i ty th e que s t i o n o f t h e a ge of t h e r ui ns b e c om es s t ill m o r e c o m
,

p l i ca t e d ; f or b e t w e e n e a ch s u c ce s s i v e p e r i o d O f o c cu p a nc y t h er e i s t h e
pe r i o d
Of s i lence t h e l engt h o f w h i ch ca n o nl y be i nf err e d f r om th e t h i c k ne s s Of
,

t h e sup er i m po se d st r a t um Th e quest i ons t h us r ai s ed by t h e r e sult s of

.

t h e fi r st i nv est i g a t i ons ca n only be sett l e d a ft er e x t end e d exp l o r a t i o n a n d

st u dy .
 DE TAIL E D DES R P C I TIO N OF THE R U I NS .
11

In t h e i nt er i o r M a i n St r uct ur e a r e t w o encl ose d c our t s th ei r

of th e ,

fl oor s pa ve d w i t h m o r ta r cem ent b ei ng si xty fi v e feet a b ove t h e l ev el of

,
-
,

t h e r i v er One o f t h es e t h e E ast er n C our t i s ent er e d f r om t h e south by a

.
, ,

na r r ow pa ssag e b et w een M ounds 1 6 a nd 1 8 for m er ly closed at i t s south er n

, ,

en d by a t h i c k w a l l no w b r o k e n d o w n i n t h e c ent r e
,
Th e si d e s of t h e co ur t .

ar e bu i l t up w i t h sol i d s t one w or k i n sea t s or t er r a c es a s i n a n a m ph i

-

t h ea tr e About t h e c ent r e of i t s ea st er n s i d e t h e t er r a ces h a v e b een t or n

.

a way a n d a d e ep pi t m a d e und er nea t h r ev ea li ng t h e end of a t unnel w h i ch ,

l e a d s t o t h e v e r t i ca l face of t h e cli ff ov e r h a ng i ng th e r i v er T h i s pi t a l so .

gi v es access t o a sm a ll ch a m b er d i r e ct ly b e neath t h e i nner e nd of t h e tunnel .

Th e fo llo w i ng i s q uo te d fr o m M aud slay ( pa ge 3 1 )

“Pal aci o i nh i s d es cr i pti on m enti ons th e ‘
tw o c a ve s or p a ss a ges
’
t h e o peni ng s

of wh i c h ca n be n onth e
s ee fac e of th e r i ver w al l
-
, a nd wh i ch h a ve gi ven t o th e r ui ns
th e na m e of as L V entanas or
Th e W i nd ows ,
’
.
’
Th e fl oor of t h e p as sa ge i s le vel ,
an d th e i nt er i or i s fa c ed w i th s t one , a nd i s j us t l ar ge enough for a m a n t o c r a wl
th r ough Th e t op of th e pass age i s a li ttle b elow th e le vel of th e c our t ; i t w as
.

cl os e d o n th e l an d si d e a nd I th i nk not i nte nd ed agai n t o be opened Ad eep pi t

,
.

w a s d ug h e r e by C ol onel Gal i nd o , sh o w n i n th e pla n w h i ch no w gi ves a cces s t o th e ,

as s a ge
p .

Afe w t
fee f r om th e e nd of th i s p as sage but at a , g r ea etd epth b el ow th e level
r

of th e co ur t , i s th e s ub te r r a ne a nv ault ,
w h i ch w a s b r ok e n i nto by C ol onel G al i nd o .

Th e va ult
nd p as sa ge d o not seem t o h ave h ad any c onnecti onw i th one anoth er
a .

Th e f oll owi ng i s Gali nd o s d es c r i pti on of h i s d i s cover y

’

‘
T h r ough a ga lle r y s c a r c ely 4 feet h i gh a nd 2 5 feet b r oad one c an c r a wl
f r om th i s s q ua r e th r ough a m o r e el e vate d pa r t Of th e te m pl e over h angi ng th e r i ve r ,
a nd h av e f r om th e fa ce of th e pr eci pi ce an i nte r est i ng vi ew Am ong m any e xcava .

ti ons I m ad e o ne at th e poi nt wh er e th i s galle r y c om es out i nto th e s q ua r e I

, .

fi r s t ope ne d i nto th e e nt r a nc e of th e ga ll e r y i t s elf a nd d i ggi ng l ow er d ow n I b r ok e ,

i nto a s e pul ch r a l vault w h os e floor i s 1 2 f eet b el ow th e l e vel of t h e s q ua r e It i s m or e .

th an 6 feet h i gh , and 1 0 feet long, and 5 4 feet b r oa d , and l i es d ue nor th and s outh ,
a cco r d i ng t o t h e com p as s It h as t w o n i c h es on e.a c h s i d e ,
a nd b oth th e s e a nd t h e

fl oor of th e vault wer e full of r ed ear th enwar e d i sh es and pots I found m or e th an .

fi fty m any of th em full of h um an b ones p ack e d i n l i m e ; al s o s eve r al sh a r p-ed ged

,

a nd p oi nt e d k ni ves of y a ( a b r i ttl e stone c alled i tt

ch a by th e Mexi cans ) a nd a ,

s m al l h e a d , a p pa r entl y r es e m b l i n
g d e ath i t s ey es b e i ng nea r,l y c l os e d a nd i t s l o w e r

t
fea ur es d i st o r t e d . Th e b ack of th e h e a d i s sy m m etr i cally pe r for at ed by h ol e s ; th e
w h ol e i s of m os t q ui s i te w o
ns h i p , a nd c ut out or ca st f r om a fi ne gr ee ns tone ,
ex rkma

as a r e al s o t w o h ead s I found
i n th e v a ult , w i th q ua nti ti es of oy ste r a nd p e r i w i nkl e
sh el l s b r oug h t f r o m th e s eas h o r e i n f ul fi l m en t of s om e s up e r s ti t i on T h e r e w e r e al s o .

st al a cti tes t ak en f r om s om e caves All th e b ottom of th e vault w as str ewn w i th

.

f r agm ent s of b one s a nd und e r neath th es e a coat of li m e on a sol i d fl oor

’
.
,

T h er e i s anoth e r s i m i l a r pass age l ower d ow nth e cl i ff and fur th er to th e nor th .

We m ad e a l add er a nd suc ceeded i n enter i ng th i s pas sage and c r awli ng t o th e

t
f ur h er e nd , w h i ch we f oun d cl osed wi h t a s ot ne w all . I
t is a b out th e s am e t
l eng h
as th e fi r s t p a s s age d es cr i b ed .
'
12 E XPL O R ATION OF C OPAN .

On th e pl a n ( P l ate th e tunnel i s i nd i ca t e d b y d ott ed li nes and ,

th e va ult i s sh o w n i n t h e s am e w ay i n i t s p l a c e b eneat h t h e t er r aces,

w h i ch ar e sh ow n co nti nuous a b ov e th e va ul t , a nd not b rok en as t h ey
are at p r ese nt .

All th e t h i s tunnel cont ai n s ever al err or s It s r ea l di m en

a cco unt s of .

s i on s ar e : He i gh t 3 f eet ; b r ea dt h a t b ott om 2 5 f ee t ; lengt h 6 5 4 f ee t

, , ,
.

Th e fl oo r i s no t l ev el but h a s a d ow nw a r d s lo pe t o w a r d t h e r i v er of a b out
,

t h r ee fe et i n t h e w h ol e length th e floor at t h e i nner end b ei ng on a l ev el ,

w i t h t h e floor of t h e cou rt .

Th e follo w i ng d es cr i pt i on of t h e t unnel i s fr om Mr O w ens fi el d not es

’
.

Th e w a ll s of th i s p as sage a re bui lt of w el d r es se d
l - s o t nes of th e s am e k i nd as

h ad b een us ed for b ui ld i ng pur poses th r oug h out th e r ui ns Inth e constr ucti onof th e .

tunnel a found ati onof th r ee r ows of stones cem ented togeth er w as fi r st l ai d th e stones ,

o f th e ce n tr al r o w b ei ng flat and und r es se d and Of gr eater l ength th an t h e stones

f o r m i ng th e r o w up onei th er s i d e w h i ch s upp or t th e s i d e wa lls of th e tunnel Th r ough .

ou t nea r ly th e enti r e l e ngth of th e pas s age each S i d e w al l up t o th e S p r i ng of t h e ,

a r ch c ons i s ts of f o u
,
r co u r s es of s t o ne of n ear ly eq u al th i ck n es s At th e w ester n end .

Of t h e pa ss a ge h ow ever but th r ee c our se s of l a r ger s tones a r e em pl oy ed a nd th e s o uth

, , ,

w all a t th i s po i nt b e gi ns w i th onl y t w o cour ses o ne l a r ge st one ta k i ng t h e pl a c e of ,

two . Th e so uth w all ch a nges fr om th r ee to fou r u

c o r s es , t
8 } fee f r om th e w e s t end .

A cor r es pond i ng ch a nge i n th e nor th wall t ak e s p l a c e 1 5 f ee f r o m t h e s a m e t

e nd .

Th e a r c h s pr i ngi ng fr om t h e s i d e w all s i s of th e t
h or i z ont al y pe , a nd h er e i s no h i ng t t
p e c uli a r i n i tsnstr ucti on co .

“All th e s i d e stone s ar e l ai d i n c em ent, but I coul d not see th at th ei r surface

h ad e ver b ee n pl a ste r ed , o t t
r h a a ny ce m e nt h a d b een use d t o s ec ur e t h e c a p
-s t o ne s

w h i ch cons i ste d of l a r ge fi at s to nes a bout a fo ot th i ck , a nd l ong enough t o r ea ch

al m os t t o th e o uter e d ge of th e wi d es t Si de w al ls .

fl oo of th e p assage w as of ce m ent sli gh tly con ex and ab out th ee and a

Th e r ,
v r

h alf i nch e s th i ck m i d way b et ween th e wall s .

Th e cent l ow of ston s f o m i ng a p a t of th e f ound ati on h as b e en e m e d

ra r e r r r ov

for th e d i st a nce of s e enteen f eet fr om th e e ast end and only el even feet of t h e
v ,

c em e n te d fl oo at th e w e ste n end of th e p ass age i s i n pl ace

r r .

Ma ud slay s aut h or i ty for th e st at em ent t h at th e tunnel w a s close d at

’

t h e i nne r end ( o r l a nd S i d e ) and not i nt end e d t o b e Op e ne d a g a i n i s not

, ,

a p ar e n t b u h b b y d n t t n t t h t h
’

p ; t e p r o a l e r i v e s i t f ro m G a l i d o s s a e m e a e

fi r s t ope ne d i nt o t h e ent r a nc e t o t h e g all e r y i t sel f w h i ch th er efo r e m ust

'

h av e b ee ncl ose d pr ev i ous t o h i s exca v a t i on T h i s w a s undoubt e d ly t h e c a se .

an d t h e low e r r o w Of st ones f or m i ng t h e fi rs t sea t or t er r a ce r i si ng f r o m t h e

fl oo r of t h e cour t st i ll r em a i ns I t i s h o w ev er by no m eans ce r t a i n th at .
, ,

a s m a l le r a e r t u d i d n t n n t t h h f t w i t h t h u t t h i g h
p r e o co e c e s a e c o r a a er

l ev el A ca se a ppar ently of th i s k i nd exi st s i nt h e second tunnel r efer r e d t o

.

by M a ud slay T h i s i s som e di sta nce far th er nor th and low er d ow n and i s

.
,

t h us d e sc r i b e d by Mr O w ens .
 DE TAILE D DE S C R IPTION OF TH E R UI NS .
13

As d i t th i s tunnel wa s Open a b out 4 0 feet th e end b ei ng cl osed by

w e foun , ,

r ou g h s t on es i m b edd ed i n c e m en t S m a l l b oy s w e r e e m p l oy ed t o en
. t e r an d r e m ove

th e fi ll i ng As th e cem ent w a s v er y h a r d th e w or k pr og r e s s e d v e r y s l owly ; but after

.
,

fol l ow i ng th e s i d e w al l s for a b out fi fteen fee t th ey w e r e r ewa r d ed by c om i ng t o th e

en d of th i s fi l li ng and f or 6 5 f eet b ey ond th e t unnel w as pr acti cal ly e m pty
, Th e .

en tr anc e t o th i s i nner p ar t w as s car cely l ar ge enough for a m a n to c r a w l t h r ough ,

b ei ng only 1 7 i nch es w i d e and 1 3 i nch es h i gh Th e w i dth r em ai ned th e s am e

.

t h r ough out t h e en ti r e l ength ; but th e h ei gh t a nd ch ar acter of t h e r o of c h anged

r em a r k ably an d th er e w a s a c onsta nt d o wnw a r d m pe t ow a r d t h e r i ve r
,
At one .

p l a ce w h a t a pp e a r e d t o b e a t r i an u
g l a r w ate r cou r s e c a m e d o w n t h r ou gh t h e r oo f
at a n a n gl e o f 3 0 d e g r ees On th e fl o o r w e r e f ou
. n d a f e w p o t s h e r d s s o m e b o n e ,

need le s j a d e b ead s and sh el l or nam ent s

, ,
T h i s i nner end of th e tunnel i s ab out
.

1 1 5 f ee t fr om t h e f ace of th e c li fi a nd a b out 4 0 feet b el o w th e s ur face

,
I a m not .

a b l e to s ay po si ti ve ly f o r w h at i t w as or i gi n ally i n tend ed but i t w as pr ob ab ly a w ate r

,

c ou r s e a s i t s fl oo r i s l e ve l w i th w h at s ee m s t o h ave b een an ol d l a z a n o w b ur i ed
, p
4 0 feet b e l ow th e s ur fa c e .

D i r ect ly opposi e t th e pi t dug

, n t h e w e s t e r n
by Ga l i nd o
s i d e o o f t h e

co urt i s t h e s t a i r w a y r efer r ed t o On pa g e 2 9 a nd fi g ur e d o n p ag e 1 7 of
,

M aud slay s w ork and cal led by h i m t h e Jag uar st ai r w ay A b r oa d fl i g h t

’
.

of s t e p s l e a d s t o a n ar r o w
pl a t fo r m At a sh o r t d i s t a n c e. f r om e i t h e r e n d i s

a la r ge fi g u r e of a j a g u ar ram an t i u d by M u d l y i n t e d i n
p ,
a s s s pp o
, s e a s a s e r ,

t h e w a ll Ab o v e th e p lat for m t w o s t ep s ext e nd t h e e nt i r e lengt h of t h e c o ur t

.
,

an d a b ov e t h es e a na r r o w st a i r w a y of si x s t ep s l ea d s t o t h e el e v a te d pl a t for m
th a t s e pa r a te s th e ea st ern cour t fr om th e w ester n In t h e c ent r e of t h i s .

stai r w a y i s a st ru ctu r e ca r v e d o n t h e f a ce i n to a h u ge d r a gons or s er pe nt s ’ ’

h ea d h ol d i ng i n t h e ext end e d j a w s a l a r g e g r o t e s q ue h um an fa ce
U
.
,

o n t h e pla t fo r m a b ov e i s w h a t l o o k s l i k e t h e s t one found a t i on ( 2 5 f

p ) o

a n o b l on g b ui ld i ng but th er e ar e no si gns of a ny b ui ld i ng h av i ng st ood upon

,

it . To t h e w e s t Of t h i s d i r ect ly a b ov e th e W est er n C our t a r e t h e r ui ns Of a

, ,

b ui l d i ng cl ose t o t h e e a st er nw a ll of w h i ch i s S cul pt ur e Z d i sc ov er e d i nA pr i l
, , ,

18 93 At a sh or t d i s ta nce t o th e sout h cl ose t o t h e s i d e Of Py ra m i d

.
,

1 6 a r e t h e r e m a i ns o f a b ui l d i ng
, expl or e d by S a v i ll e a n d O w e ns
in 1 8 9 1 92
— .

Th e foll o w i ng a cco unt of t h i s bui ld i ng ( P la t e 1 11 1 ) i s

. ta k en fr om
Mr S a v i ll e s ’
. r epor t

Two m ound s a r e r epr esente d onMaud s lay s m a p, but b efor e e xc a vati onth ey ’

p r e se nt e d a n -s h a p e d m a L
s s o f e ar t h a nd c ut s t on es a t t h e b a s e o f t h e p y r a m i d T h e .

p ar t w h i c h i s c a ll e d t h e e a s t er n w i n g ex t e nd s f r o m e a st t o w e s t a t t h e b as e O f Py ra

m i d 1 6 , a nd l ook s m or e l i k e a m a s s of d e b r i s , f alle n f r om t h e b ui l d i ng ab ove , th an th e

r em ai n s o f a s e p a r at e s t r u c tu re Th e w e ste r n w i ng extend s nor th f r om th e w e ster n
.

en d of th e easter nw i ng , r unni ng p a r al lel w i t h , a nd cl os e t o , t h e e d ge of th e t er r ac e

a b ove S tel a P i nth e W e st e r n C ou rt .

Th e tr ees w er e fi r st felled and b ur ned , and th e m ound w as clear ed of th e m as s of

s t on es on th e s u r f ace wh i ch w e r e th e n th r own d own t h e t er r ace i n to th e south w est
I4 E XPLO R ATION OF C O PAN .

cor ner of th e E ast e r n C our t and th ence car r i e d to th e s outh er nend of Mound 1 8 and
,

th r owni nto th e r i ve r Th e s am e planwas ad opted wi th th e ear th , w h i ch w as car r i ed

.

a w ay i n w h eel b a r r ow s .

Th e easter nw i ng pr oved to be a b ui l d i ng c ons i sti ng of two r oom s , 24 4 feet l ong

an d 1 7 f eet w i d e Th e south e r n or b ac k w all r e s ts onone of th e ter r a ces of Py r am i d
.

16 . Th e nor th er n w all , f eet i n th i c k nes s , th r ough w h i ch a d oor w ay feet i n

w i d th gi v es a c ce s s t o th e fi r s t ch a m b e r , i s a l m ost d e s t r oy e d only th e b as e st one s ,

r em ai n i ng i n pl a c e Th e e a ste r n a nd w e ste r n w al ls ar e a b out 2 feet i n th i ck ness

.
.

“Th e nor th er n ch a m b er i s 2 0 feet 6 i nch es long a nd 5 feet 8 i nch es w i d e Its .

fl oor i s r ai s ed by a s i ngle step i n t h e entr a nce t o a h ei gh t of 1 foot ab ove th e pave

m ent o ut s i d e In e i th e r e nd of t h e ch a m b e r s m all ni ch es a b out 2 f eet i n w i d th a nd
. ,

a b ou t 3 feet a b ove th e floo r h ad b eenl eft i nth e w alls Inth e cent r e of th e s outh e r n
,
.

s i d e a d oo r w a y 7 fe e t w i d e g i ves a c ces s t o a s ec on d c h am b e r w h ose fl oor i s r a i s e d ,

9 i nch e s ab ove th e fl oor of C h am b e r 1 C h a m b er 2 i s of th e s am e l ength a s th at of

.

t h e fi r s t r oom a nd 6 4 feet w i d e
,
Inth e e as ter nw all i s a ni ch e 2 feet 1 0 i nch es ab ove
.

t h e fl oo r a nd f eet w i d e Ab o v e t h e fl o or of t h e ni ch e wh i ch i s c em e nte d t o a d e pth

.
,

o f 2 i nc h e s , th e w all i s d es t r oy e d In th e wester n w all i s a ni c h e 2 f e et 1 i nch ab ove

.

t h e fl oor th i s i s 2 fe et 1 i nch w i d e , 1 foot 7 i nc h e s h i gh , a n d 1 0 i nch es d eep .

“A few f r agm ents of ani m al b ones w er e found r esti ng onth e cem ent i n th i s

Th e h e i gh t of th e ter r ace of Py r a m i d 1 6 on w h i ch th e s out h e r n w all of t h e

,

b ui l d i ng r ests ab ove t h e fl oor of R oom 2 i s 2 feet 9 i nch es a nd i s c over e d w i th 4 4

, , ,

i nc h es of ce m e nt m a k i ng a total h ei gh t of 3 feet 1 5 i nch es

,
It h a s a s l ant of 4 i nch es .

f r om t h e b ase .

Th e h ei gh t of C h a m b er 2 fr om th e fl oor t o w h er e th e r oof-st ones b egi n i s 6 feet

, ,

3 i nc h es Th e w e ster n w a ll of t h e r o om , at pr es ent i s 5 feet 8 i nc h es i n h ei gh t

.
,
.

Ad j oi ni ng th e w ester n w all of th i s b ui ld i ng th er e i s a s i ngle ch am b er th e s outh e r n ,

wall b ei ng b ui lt agai ns t and par tly r esti ng on th e terr ace of Py r am i d 1 6 T h i s .

C h a m b e r 3 i s 1 1 feet 9 i nch es l ong and 5 feet 7 i nch es w i d e Th e d oor way i s 3 feet .

9 i nch e s w i d e a nd th e nor th e r n w all i s 1 f oot 7 i nch es i n t h i c k nes s

,
.

In t h e s o uth e r nw a ll a r e th r e e ni ch es 2 fee t 8 i nch e s f r o m th e fl o or ; th ey a v e r a ge

2 feet i n wi d th 1 f oot 7 i nc h es i n h ei gh t and a r e 1 f oot 4 i nch e s d eep a t th e b a s e
, , ,

an d 3 i nch es d eepe r a t th e top ow i ng t o th e s la nt of th e ter r ace a gai nst w h i ch th e

,

l ow er p ar t of t h e w all i s b ui lt .

Int h e w ester ne nd of th e r oom a r e tw o l ed ges r unni ng th e w i dth of th e ch am b e r .

Th e fi r s t i s 2 f e et 1 0 i nch es h i gh a nd 1 f oot 3 i nch es w i d e ; th e s econd i s 3 f eet ab ove

,

t h e fi r s t and i s of th e sam e w i d th
,
b oth a r e cover e d w i th cem ent Th e w all a ga i ns t .

w h i ch th ese l e d ges a r e b u i lt i s 3 fe et 3 i nch es i nth i ck nes s Th e stone s of th e r oof at .

th e w e st e r n e nd of th e ch am b er a r e sti ll i n pos i ti on bu t ar e s om ew h at s unk en t h e

, ,

h ei gh t f r om th e fl oor t o th e b ase of th e c a p st one b ei ng ab out ei gh t fe et Th e top of .

th e r oof at th e no r th w es t e r n cor ner i s st i ll i nta ct ; i t i s cove r e d w i th t wo i nch es of

ce m e n ,t and i s 9 feet 3 i nch es ab ove th e floor of th e ch am b er .

Th e w est er nw i ng i s f eet l ong and cons i sts of a s i ngl e ch am b er w i th an

, ,

en t r a nce ab out 1 0 fe et w i d e on th e e ast In th e d oor w ay t w o st eps l ea d d own t o a

.

p l at f o r m or t e r r ac e f ee t w i d e r un ni ng th e wh ol e l e,ngt h o f th e f r ont ; a fl i gh t of
four s teps lea d s f r om th e pl atfor m to th e pavem ent b el ow Th e w all s of th e ch am b er .

ar e n ea r l y al l d estr oy ed ; i n t h e south er n end th e fl oor i s r ai sed f ee t Th e .

 DE TAILE D DE S C R I PTION OF TH E R UIN S . 15

nor th e r nwi ng seem s to h ave b een b ui lt l ater th an t h e e aster n A ll th e fl oor s i nth i s .

b ui l d i ng a r e m ad e of m o r ta r cem ent .

Th e s culptur es f o und i nth e d i ggi ng w er e few a nd uni m por tant In th e ch a m .

be r b etween th e t wo wi ngs w er e f ound a s m all s h a llow b owl a fi ne ch al ced ony ,

s p e a r p oi n
- t two b r ok en Ob s d i an spea r poi nts a few Ob s i d i an k ni ves and fl ak es s om e
,
i -
, ,

f r agm ents of pol i sh e d b one a nd a s m all potter y f ace NO l i ntel s of any k i nd w e r e

, .

f ound a b out th e d oor w ay s a nd th er e w a s noth i ng t o i nd i c at e t h e pur p os e f o r w h i ch

,

t h e r oom s w er e use d
'
.

Fr om th e elev a t i ononw h i ch t h i s s tr uctur e i s b ui lt th e West er n C our t i s ,

r e a c h e d by a fi n e fl i g h t o f st ep s o f s oli d m a s on r y w ell e r ve d At
p res ,

a sh o r t d i s t a n ce t o t h e so u th of t h i s s t a i r w ay i n t h e W est er n C our t s tand s , ,

St ela P fa ci ng t h e w e st C a th er w oo d s d r a w i ng Of t h i s fa ce i s gi v en oppo si t e
,
’

g ol I of S teph e n I n ci d e nt s o f T r a v el i n C e n t r al A m e r i c a
’

V
'

p a e 1 4 0 ,
. . s .

Far th er south a t a fe w fee t fr om t h e b a se o f Pyr a m i d 1 6 i s Al t a r Q

, ,
.

T h i s i s d escr i b ed by St eph e ns pag es 1 4 1 2 V ol I w i th r ep r od uct i ons o f

—
, ,
. .
,

C a t h e r w ood s d ra w i ng s D i r ect ly w est f r om t h i s i s a fl i gh t Of st eps w i th a

’
.
,

p l a i n ci r cu l ar s t on e a t i t s b a s e a s cen d i ng t h e r a i se d
, p l a t f o r m o n w h i c h
a r e s t r e w n s om e br o k en f r a g m e n t s Of scul pt ur e a nd a q ua nt i ty Of l oose b ui ld
i ng s t o ne At t h e sout h e r n end of t h i s cour t i s t h e s tr uc tur e d e si gna t e d 1 4
.
,

a r tl y e xpl o r e d by M a u d sl a y i n 1 8 8 5 a n d a g a i n by S a v i l l e a n d O w en s in
p ,

18 9 1 92 — . I t r e sem b l es t h e found a t i on Of a b ui l d i ng but d o e s no t s e e m ,

t o h av e su pp o r t e d a bu i l d i ng of a n y k i n d In f ron t O f i t s n o r t h er n w a ll i s a
.

l a t f o r m r a i se d i n t h r e e s t e p s r u n ni ng n e a r ly t h e e n t i r e len gt h of t h e st r u c
p ,

t ur e Two ci r cular block s of st one each pi er c e d by a h ole i nt h e cent r e ar e

.
, ,

l ace d sy m m e t r i c a l ly a t ei t h e r e n d of t h e pl a t f o r m t h ei r u se i s n ot a p p a r ent
p ,

but t h ey m a y h a v e b een us e d t o suppor t pol e s f o r a n a w ni ng Onth e nor th .

si d e O f t h e m ound o ppo si t e t h e cor ne r s a r e la r g e fl a t sl a b s ea ch w i th a n

, , ,

i nsc r i p t i o n a r ound t h r e e S i d e s T h ey a r e no w d i spla ce d a nd b r ok e n A

. .

num b e r o f l oose scul pt ur e s w h i ch ar e d e scr i b e d by M a ud sla y ( p ag es 2 3 a nd

,

a r e ly i n g ab out t h e fl oor of t h e cour t .

D i r ectly a b ove Alt a r Q o n t h e sl op e of Py r a m i d 1 6 th e st ai r w a y by ,

w h i ch t h e S l ope i s a scend e d i s d i v i d e d fr om t h e t w ent i e t h s t e p by a r a i se d

st r u c tu r e f or m e d of l a r g e s t e ps h a v i n g i n h i gh r eli ef i nfr ont r ow s of w h a t, ,

h a v e b een c all e d “ d ea th s h ea d s T h ey l ook l i k e t h e s k ulls of m onk ey s

’
.
'

a s St e ph e n s su ggest s b a r e of fl esh but w i t h t h e eye b all s glar i ng i n th ei r

,

s o ck e t s .

M a ud sl ay m a d e an excav a ti on i nt o t h e t op of th e m ound w h e r e the

t em pl e st ood a nd found por t i ons of th e w alls of a low er ch a m b er and pa r t of
, ,

a s t a i r w ay w h i ch l e d t o u pp er c h a m b er s o f w h i c h n o th i n g r em a i n s A m on g .

o th er s cu l p t ur e s ly i ng i n t h e i nt er i or Of t h e c h a m b er m ent i oned M a ud sl ay ,

de scr i b es ( pa ge 2 5) a num b er of sm all h um an and gr ot esque h ea d s w h i ch

'

“for m e d t h e or na m ent s of a cor ni ce r ound th e w a ll a b out seven feet ab ov e

th e cem ent fl oor
'
.
16 E XP LO R ATION OF COPAN .

Fr om t h e We st er n C our t a passag e or ga t ew ay l ead s i nt o t h e narr ow

cou rt j u s t s ou t h of Py r a m i d 1 6 On th e r i gh t h a nd a re t h e r em ai ns of som e
.

l ong st one h ouses and d i re ct ly b ack of t h ese t h e t e r r a ce t er m i na t es i n th e

,

sou t h e r n slo pe Of t h e M a i n St r uc tur e b r o k en by t h e t er r ace o n w h i ch i s ,

M ound 2 9 T h i s t er r ace fo r m s t h e s out h er n t er m i na ti on of th e M a i nS t r uc

.

t ur e An i ncl i ne d pla ne ( 4 2 ) lea d s f ro m i t t o t h e g r ound b elo w w h i ch i s

.
,

c o v e r e d w i th t h e r e m a i ns O f s t o ne h o us es F rom th e pa ssa ge w ay l e a d i ng
- .

t o t h e E a st e r n C our t a st eep fl i gh t o f st ep s l ea d s t o t h e t er r a c e
,

b o und ed o n t h e e a s t by a l o ng r a ng e of st eps or s ea t s lea d i ng t o a no th e r t e r

r a ce w h i ch t er m i n
,
a t e s i n t h e i r r eg u la r cont our of t h e cli ff at a h e i gh t of a
h und r e d fe e t a b ov e t h e r i v e r On t h e nor th e r n h a lf of t h i s t e r r a ce t h e r e
.

s t i ll r em a i n s
p a r t Of a b u i l d i n g m o s t Of w h i c h h a s f a l l en d ow n t h e fa ce

o f t h e c l i ff S t i ll fa r t h er nor t h a r e t h e r em a i ns Of a h i gh t o w e r o r t e m ple
.

a r tly e xpl o r e d by M a u d s la y A or t i o n of i t h a s fa ll e n a w a y i nt
p p . o

t h e r i v e r b e l o w a nd t h e r e m a i nd e r o v er h an
, gs t h e v er y b r i nk of th e pr e
c i pi ce . M a ud slay on pa g es 2 6 2 7 g i ves th e follow i ng account Of h i s di s
,
—
,

c o v e r i e s a t t h i s po i nt:
T h i s l i ne of t um l e b d sto nes ( No . 1 9) I e xam i ned t
w i h gr ea t car e, a nd was s uc
c es sf ul i n m a k i ng o ut th a t i t w as t h e r em ai ns of a r ow of h ouses w h i ch h a d t nd ed
ex e

near ly t h e w h ol e leng h t of th e t er r a ce , th e g r e a te r p a r t of w h i ch h a d fa llena w ay i nto

th e r i v er b elow . At th e nor th
nd of th i s r ow of h ous es , th er e st and s , faci ng th e
e

E a ste r n C our t a noth e r r ai s e d found ati on ( NO

, w h i ch s upp o r t e d t h e m o s t.c u r i o us

b ui l d i ng th e e xc avati ons b r ough t to l i gh t no d oub t th e s a m e b ui l d i ng w h i c h

,

Pal aci o d es c r i b es a s a t owe r S uch a m a s s Of s tone h ad fallen d own i nt o t h e

.

c ou r t b el ow th at th e stone S l ope and step s le ad i ng up to th e b ui ld i ng w er e c o m

,

p l et e l y h i dd e n O n .t h e s i d e t ow ar d s t h e r i ve r t r aces of a w a l l w e r e f ou n d a l m os t
,

o ve r h a n i
g g n t h e c li fi ,
w h i ch h e r e m e a s ur e s 1 0 7 f ee t i n h e i g h t f r o m t h e l e v e l of
'
th e r i ve r .

“Th e centr al d oor w ay i s appr oach ed f r om th e E aster n C our t by a fl i gh t of steps ;

on e a ch S i d e of t h e d oo r w ay a pl atf o r m o r t e r r ac e 9 f eet w i d e r u ns i n f ont of th e r

b ui l di ng ; 7 or 8 feet i nsi d e th e d oor way anoth er fl i gh t of steps com m ence s and ,

ru ns th r ough t o th e b a ck w all of t h e b ui l d i ng r i si ng a b out 1 4 f eet At t h e d i st a nce , .

of 4 f eet 9 i nc h es f r om th e b a ck w al l oth e r s tep s t u n to th e no r th a nd l e a d ,

r ,

up t o a nar r ow land i ng w h i ch gi ves a cces s t o wh at s eem s t o h ave b een a n upper

c h a m b er ; o n ly a s m a ll p or ti on of th e s ur fa ce of th e w a ll and th e ce m e nt of th e
fl oor of th i s ch am b er can now be t aced Th e stai w ay s w er e co er ed b y pa r allel r . r v

l ai d st one v aul t s Th e m ost cur i ous feat ur e of th i s b ui l d i ng i s th e e xi st e nce of

.

ch a m b e r s w h i c h h ave b e en pu pos el y b l o ck e d u p b e f o rre t h e ui n c o m m e n c e d I r .

c le a r e d ou t th e r ough b l ock s of st one and ear th w h i ch fi l le d up t h e l ow er ch a m b e r on

t h e south s i d e of t h e s te ps a nd found th e w a ll s a nd ce m ent fl oor a l m os t per fect
, .

Th e f r ont w all w as p i er c ed 3 feet ab ove th e fl oor by tw o nar r o w sl i t s 6 i nch es

w i d e w h i ch app ea r e d t o e xt end t o t h e t o p of th e w a ll i n w h i ch w e r e found s om e
, ,

fr a g m ent s of r ough p otter y It di d not appear as i f th i s ch a m b er h ad ever b een

.

r oof e d i n Id i d not r em ove th e stones at th e ope ni ng t owa r d s t h e st ai r w ay as th ese

.
,

h ad eenb b ui l t up i nt o a f a ced w a l l a nd s till s upp or t e d som e of

, t h e r oo f-s t on e s of t h e
 D E TAILE D D E S C R I PTIO N OF TH E R U
I NS . 17

ru i ne d v a u l t o v e r t h e s t e p s I n th e s a m e w a y t
. h e s t ep s l ea d i n g t o t h e u pp e r ch a m b e r

ha d b e e n b l oc k e d u p a n d t h e f a c e d ,
w a l l us e d a s a s upp o r t f o r t h e v a u l t i n g .

Th e o nly s ugge sti on I c an Off e r i n expla nati on of th i s state of th i ngs i s th at th e

b ui ld e r s w e r e not s at i s fi e d w i th t h e s tab i li ty Of th e p ar allel lai d vaulti ng o ve r s uc h-

a l a r
ge S p a ce a n d h a d s a c
,
r i fi c e d t h e c h a m b e r s i n o r d e r t o s t r en g th e n t h e r o of o v e r

th e s t a i r w a y .

Pr oj e c t i ng f r om t h e w a l l o n e a ch S i d e of t h e st e ps w e r e t w o gr ot e s q uely c a r ve d
h ea d s w h i c h p r o ba b ly s up po r t e d a r ope f r om w h i ch a cur tai n w a s s us pend ed
,
.

Ala r ge m a s s of b r o k e n s cul ptur ed stones ly i ng nea r to or b ur i e d i nt h e r ubb i sh

su r r ou nd i ng th i s b ui l d i ng s h o ws h o w el a b or ate i t s e xt e r i or or nam e ntati on m ust h a ve
b een Am ongst th ese r em a i ns a r e por ti ons of a gr ea t h um a nfi gur e w h i ch w as pr ob
.
,

a b ly s e a t e d c r o s s l e gge d o ve r th e d oor w ay
'
- .

To t h i s i s T e m pl e 2 1 w h i c h w a s expl or e d a nd cl ear e d
th e nor t h of ,

Of d eb r i s by O w ens a nd S a v i lle i n 1 8 9 1 9 2 I t r i se s f r o m t h e el e va t ed t err a ce — .

P t 111 a t th e n or t h si d e of t h e E a st er n C ou r t an d t og e t h e r w i t h t h e
( l a e 2 ) .
, ,

G r e a t T e m pl e e x l o r e d by M a u d s l a y i n 1 8 8 5 co m m a n d s th e n or t h er n
p ,

si d e of th e M a i n St r u ct u r e a b ov e t h e E a s t e r n C ou rt NO 2 2 one of t h e . .
,

la r g e s t b ui l d i ng s t h a t h a v e so f a r b e en e x p lor e d i s t h us d esc r i b e d by ,

M a ud slay ( pa g es 2 7 t o
A ve ry w e l l-l a i d fl i gh t of s e p s , t f o r m e d Of l a r ge bl ock s of s o t ne l ea d s
, to a pl a t
f or m i n f r on t of th e ce nt r e d oor w a y . Th i s
p l a f o t
rm ru n s a l o ng th e f r o n t of th e
b ui ld i ng , a nd , a t e a ch e nd of th e t e m pl e , i s c ar r i e d ou t a t r i gh a ngl es a s fa r t as th e
l i ne of th e co m m e nce m ent of t h e t
s e ps . Tw o l ar ge gr otes q ue f a ce s a nd s om e h a nd
som e c a r ve d w i ng -
t
s o nes ext e nd l
ac r os s
p a f o r m t th i s
o t h e h e a d of t h e s t e
p s t
on
ei th e r si de
d oor w ay of th e . Th e w y it
d oo r a s elf i s 9 fe e w i d e , a nd w a s pr ob ab ly t
c over ed w i th a v a ult e d r o o f . t
In f r on of th e d oor way l ead i ng t o a n i nner ch am b e r
is a s ep ,t 2 fe e t h i gh a nd 1 5 f e et l o ng , c a r ve d o n i ts fa ce wi h t h i e r ogly ph s a nd
sk ull s . At e a ch e nd of th i s st e p is a h um a n fi g ur e se at e d n a h uge s k ul l , s up
o

p o r ti ng i h i t s h a nd th e h e a d of a d r a gon w h ose b od y
, is tu ned r upw ar d s , and i s l ost
am o ng t h e s c r o l w o rk
l - a nd fi gur e s o f a c or ni ce wh i ch r uns o ver th e d oor w a y . Ab out
f our f e e t ab o ve th e flo or in e ac h of th e t w o pos i i ons m ar k e t d X , a stone i n th e
m a s onr y of t h e w a l l i s pi e r c e d by a h ol e t h r ough w h i ch a r op e c oul d be p a s s e d , a nd
h ol e s m a y als o be noti c e d a b ove b a b ly
t h e h i e r o gl ph s y o n th e t
s ep, w h i ch w e r e pr o
need ed fo r th e s uppo r t of c urt ai ns H ow th e r oof of th e pass age b etweenone c h am b er .

an d t h e oth e r w a s s uppor t e d i s a m y ste r y It w a s c ove r ed by a num b er of bl ock s of .

st o ne an d not by a s i ngl e s t one s l a b ; a nd y et th es e b l oc k s a r e s q ua r e a t th ei r e d ge s

, ,

an d co d ul n ot h a e fo r m e d p a r t of a t ru
v e no r Of a p a r a ll e l a i d a r c h
l - Po s s i bl y .

w ood e n j a m b s a nd a r c h i tr a v es s u pp o r t e d t h e s e b l o c k s of s t one ; but i f s o al l t r a c e ,

Of th em h a s d i s a ppea r e d .

Th e fl oo r a nd w a ll s of th e o ute r ch am b er as w ell as th e sur face of t h e ste ps ,

an d ter r ace out s i d e th e h ous e b ea r t r aces of a c oati ng of seve r al l ay er s of pla ster

, ,

each l ay e r d i ffe r e n t ly c ol or e d s h ow i ng th at th e pl as t e r h a d b een f r eq uentl y r enew e d

, ,

an d th i s pl a s t e r c oati ng ap p e a r s a l s o t o h av e extend ed ov er th e c a r ve d s ur face

'

Th e i nne r ch am b e r i s wi th out o r na m e nt Two s tone i ncens e b ur ner s sh aped .

-

M M P AB O Y M U U
E . EM —3 D SE 1 .
18 E XP L O RATI ON OF C OPAN .

t t q
i no gr o es ue h ead s , and s om e pa ch es of t ch ar coal , w er e foun d ab ove th e cem ent fl oor .

Th e b ack w all of th e h ous e w as o nly j us t tr ac eable Th e outer sur face of th e fr ont .

w a ll fac i ng t h e E aste r n C ou t h a d a lm ost d i sappea r e d ; bu r t t h t i t m ust onc e h a v e a

b een elab o ately o nam ented i s p o ed by th e num b er of h ead less b usts and oth er
r r r v

f a gm e nts f s c ul pt u e d tone ly i ng ne a i t i n a ll d i ecti ons

r o r s r r .

Onth e Outs i d e w ll f th e b ui ld i ng t th e s outh w es t co ne a e th e em ai ns of

a o a r r r r

a h ug e g t s q ue fa ce m a d e up of s e er al stone s m u
ro e ch th e s am e i n d e s i gn a s th e
v ,

f ces w h i c h fo m th e p i n i pal d ec o ati o n of s m e of th e b ui ld i ngs i nY ucat an H OW

a r r c r o .

e e v r, th e t unk l i k e nos e wh i ch h a s th e e s o g eatly exe ci s e d th e s pec ul ati e pow e s

- r ,
r r r v r

o f t a e l le s i f i t e x i s te d h e e c a n
r v r ,
n t now b e t aced r I opened a pas s age ab out 4
o r .

f eet w i d b et weenth e w e s t end of th i s h ouse a nd an th e m uch - ui ne d b ui ld i ng nd

e o r r ,
a

o nt h i s w es t w al l Iw a s ab l e t o s ee s om e of th e o r n am en t i f not exactly i n posi ti on , ,

a t l st gi i ng e i d enc e w h e n
ea v v c e i t h a d f ll e n a .

T h ee fem ale fi gur es stand i ng out i n full eli ef f om th e w ai st upwa d s w i th

r , r r r ,

t h e left a r m h e l d ac r os s th e b ody a nd th e i gh t h a nd e xt end e d i nf r ont p a lm o u r t wa d s ,

r ,

a s i f a b ou t to cl ap h and s wh eni nt h e ct Of s i ngi ng h ad b een anged along th e upp er a ,

r

p a r t o f th i s w a l l ; a n d b o k en p i e c es O f S i m
r i l a r fi g ur es fo u n d i n ot h e r p l a c es l e a d m e t o , ,

su pp os e th a t t h i s d e c o a ti o n w a s co n tri nu e d a ll r oun d t h e t e m p l e ( S ee Pl at e I X 1 .
'
.
,

Th e t i on of M ound 2 1 br ough t t o li gh t a n i nt er esti ng b ui ld i ng

e x ca v a

oc c u y i ng t h e s a ce b et w ee n M o u n d s 2 1 an d 2 2 i t w l l s a butt i ng t h ose of
p p s a

th e t w o m ound s Alt h o ugh nei th er so l ar ge nor so el ab o ra t e a s T e m ple 2 2

.
,

an d a p p a r e ntly of l e s s i m p o r t a nc e i t i s o ne Of t h e l a r g es t a nd m os t p r om i ne nt
,

of t h e t e m ple s .

Fr om t h e m anne r of cont a ct of i t s w al ls w i t h th ose of th e m ound s i t ,

se em s t o h a v e b e en of l a t er c o n str u c t i on .

Fr om th e floor of t h e ter r a ce th a t runs al ong t h e nor th er n si d e of th e

E a s te r n C our t a b ov e th e ra ng e of sea t s fo ur st eps ( 2 1 a ) lea d up to a t e r ra ce ,

i n fr o nt o f t h e e nt r a nc e t o t h i s t e m pl e ( P l a t e I V A d oor w ay 7 fe et .
,

w i d e l ea d s t o a n o ut er c h a m b e r 2 5 f e e t l ong by 7 f ee t w i d e w i t h fl o or 1 2
, , ,

i nch es h i g h e r t h a n t h e t er r a c e out s i d e Acr oss t h e eastern end i s a r a i sed .

b ench or t ab le 5 feet w i d e cove r e d on t op w i th m or t ar cem e nt and i n fr o nt

, , ,

of i t i s a s t ep 8 i n ch e s w i d e In t h e w e st er n end t h e r e i s a squa r e ni ch e i n
.

t h e w a ll I n t h e ce nt r e o f t h e nor th e r n w a ll i s a d oo r w a y 8 f ee t w i d e
.
, ,

l ea d i ng to t h e s eco nd ch a m b er Th e fl oor of t h i s second ch a m b er i s a bout

.

2 fee t a b o ve th e fl oor of th e o ut er .

Th e r ow of s t one s com pos i ng t h e t h r e sh ol d pr oj ec t s t h ree i nch e s i n f ront

of t h e w a l l o n t h e o u tsi d e a nd t h i s pr oj ect i on cont i nues t h e w h ol e l ength of
,

t h e w a ll A r o w of ca r efully cut h i er ogly ph s r uns a long t h e fa ce of t h i s st ep

.
,

an d cont i nue s t o a d i st ance of t w enty i nch e s on e i t h er si d e of th e d oor w a y

U
.

nd er th e cent r e o f t h e d o or w a y a nd a l so a t ea ch si d e t h e gl y ph s ar e , ,

r e pla ce d by t w o ci r cu la r d e pr e s si o ns connect ed by a l oo p I
n t h e f a ce o f .

t h e s t one s b e l o w i s a s q ua r e d e pr e ssi o n cor re s pond i ng i n posi t i o n a nd w i dt h ,

to t h e m ar k on t h e cent r e of t h e t h r esh ol d a nd on ei t h e r si d e of i t a sm aller ,

 DE TAILE D DE S C R I PTI ON OF TH E R UI NS . 19

s qua r e t
w i h th e d i a gonal s r unni ng v er ti cally a nd h or i z ont ally ; at a sh or t
d i s t a nc e on e i t h e r s i d e of t h i s i s a ci r c ula r d e pr e ss i o n .

No th i ng i n th e sh a pe of l i ntels w a s found a b o ut ei t h er of t h e ent r ances .

Th e i nner ch a m b er h a s t h e sa m e d i m ensi ons a s th e out er and l i k e i t i s ,

fl oor e d w i th a la y e r of m or ta r cem ent si x i nch es t h i ck Th e south ern w all .

i s t h r e e feet t h i ck t h e w a ll d i vi d i ng t h e t w o ch a m b er s t h r ee fee t a nd a
,

h al f a nd t h e nor t h er n w a l l fo ur f e e t a nd a h al f
. .

O ut si d e t h e ea st e r n w a ll o f t h ese ch a m b er s a na r r o w g all er y r unni ng

f r o m no r t h t o sout h d i v i d e s t h e b ui l d i ng i nt o t w o pa r t s ; t h e fl oo r of t h i s
ga ller y i s sev er al fee t a b ove t h e level of t h e fl oor of t h e i nner ch a m b er s and ,

t h e r e m a i ns o f t h e b ui l d i ng t o t h e e a s t o f t h i s a r e a t a h i g h er el ev a t i on .

A sta i r w a y lead s up fr o m th e floor nor th of M ound 2 0 t o a la ndi ng wi th

a s m all c h a m b er i n T e m pl e 2 1 ( P la t e F r om t h e nor th S i d e of t h i s
l a nd i ng a cl o s e d s t a i r w a y of w h i c h o nly f our s t e p s r e m a i n p r ob a b ly l ed t o a
, ,

h i gh er ch a m b er o r set of ch a m b er s Th e st a i r w ay lead i ng f r o m t h e fl oor

.

b elow i s v er y s t ee p t h e st eps co nsi st i ng of t w o r o w s of s t one s of w h i ch t h e

, ,

upper p r oj e c t s t wo i nch es o v er t h e fr ont of t h e lo w er At e i th er si d e a r e a .

num b e r Of li ttl e pl a tf o r m s a t d i fi e r e nt el e v a t i ons Th e upper p a r t of t h e

.

s t a i r w ay w h e r e i t pa s s e d o ve r a t r a n
,
s v e r s e g a ll er y i s g o n e an d th e m et h o d
, ,

i s not a ppa r e nt by w h i ch t h e s t e ps w e r e s uppor t e d a b ov e t h e ga ll e r y .

To t h e e a s t of t h i s s t a i r w a y o n t h e l e v el of t h e pav em ent i s a l o w ch a m
ber or v a ult r oofe d o v e r w i t h s tone cov er ed w i th sev er a l lay ers of cem e nt
, , .

I t h a s t w o o pe ni ng s i n fr ont w i t h li nt els of s t o ne and a s m all p a ssa ge l ea d s ,

fr o m i t t o t h e fa c e o f t h e r i ve r f ront On t h e fr ont pa r t of t h e r oof w a s a

.

t er r a ce or pla tfor m t er m i na t e d 0 11 t h e nor th by t w o colum ns b ui l t of s q ua r e

,

b loc k s of s t one a nd a ppa r ently use d t o suppor t t h e r oof of ano th er ch a m b er

,

or v a u l t w h i c h i s g one Pla t e I V Fi g 2 sh ow s t h e m a sonr y a b out t h es e

. . .
,

v au l t s a nd t h e openi ng s t o t h e l ow e r v a ul t
,
A fl i gh t of fo ur st eps ( se en on
.

t h e r i gh t i n t h e i l l us t r a t i on) fa ci ng t h e w est l e a d s u
, p f r o m th e p av e m e n
,
t
d i r ec tl y i n fr ont Of t h i s v a ul t t o a pla t for m i n f ront of a r ui ne d w a ll i n
, ,

w h i c h a d oor w a y ope ns upon t h e r em a i ns of a c e m ent e d fl oor ov e r h a ng i ng

t h e r i ve r . Th e w al l t o t h e r i g h t of t h e se st ep s h a s a p anel fo r m e d by a
roj e c t i n g b o r d e r of s t o n es an d i n t h e b ott om of t h e w a ll a s m a ll o pen i ng
p ,

l ea d s t o t h e fa ce of t h e c li ff In t h e exca va ti on Of t h i s t e m ple m a ny pi eces

.

of sc u l pt ur e f a ll e n fr om t h e r ui ne d f a ga d e s w er e r em ov e d d ur i ng t h e pr og
r e ss of t h e w o r k In t h e i nt er i or of t h e ch a m b er s w er e found t w o fa ce s
.

i n st ucco s om e ob si d i a n sp ear poi nt s a nd d i scs of ob si d i a n a nd a b eaut i ful

, , ,

s ton e ch i se l .

I m m ed i a t ely no r t h of t h es e r ui ne d tem ples th e nor th er n slop e of th e

M a i nStr uctur e ( Pla t e 11 2 ) d escend s a b r uptly by la r ge st eps or t er r a ces no w
.
,

m uch b r ok ena nd b ur i e d b ene a t h q ua nt i t i es of b ui l d i ng s t one a nd b r ok e n scul p

t ur e s f all en fr o m t h e t em pl e s a b ov e ( P l ate I X .1 2 A t t h e f o o t of t h e
.
, ,
20 E XPL O R ATIO N OF CO PAN .

sl op e i s a l ow t err a ce t
co v e r e d g w i h f r a m en s
t of sculp tur ed st one F rom i t s .

w est er n end th e sl ope of Py r a m i d 2 6 r i se s t o a h ei gh t of ov er a h und r ed feet ,

s t r e w nw i th s cu l pt ur ed fr a g m e nt s a nd b ui l d i ng s t o ne S O co m pl e t ely h a s t h e
.

ru i n b eena cco m pl i sh ed a t t h i s poi nt th a t not a t r a ce r e m a i ns of t h e t e m pl e

w h i c h cr o w ne d t h e sum m i t ; but th e exc elle nce o f t h e s cul pt ur e s h eap ed on
ev e r y h a n d b ea r s t es t i m ony t o th e h i gh a r t i st i c m er i t of i t s ar ch i t ect ur e .

At t a ch e d t o t h e nor t h w est cor ner of M ound 2 6 i s t h e low oblong st r uct ure ,

M ound 1 0 I t a p pear s t o h a v e th e r em a i ns Of a b ui l d i ng on t op A t er r a ce
. .

r oj e c t s f r om i t s n o r t h er n e nd an d t urn s a t r i gh t a n g l t t h w t n t h
p , e s o e es ; o e

t o p of i t s w e s t er n w i ng i s t h e s q ua r e A l t a r L W e s t e r ly fr om M ound 1 0 i s
.

Py r a m i d 9 ab out for ty feet i n h ei gh t h a vi ng ch a m b er s on th e t op ; at th e

, ,

b o tt om of i ts ea st er n slope i s a n i ncl i ne d pla ne pa ved w i t h squa r e fl a t

sto n es a n, d on t h e w es t er n sl ope o f M ound 1 0 opp o si t e i s a si m i lar i ncl i ne d

pl a ne .

In t h e s pa ce b et w een M ound s 9 a nd 1 0 a st one pa v em e nt w a s d i scov er ed ,

c ov e r e d wi h t a foot of b la ck v eg et a b le m oul d Th e st ones of t h e pav em ent

.

F IG l — E X AV A ON
. . C TI UND ER IN C L I N E D PLAN E AT E AS T E R N S I D E OF M OU N D 9 .
 DE TAI LE D DE S C R I PTIO N OF TH E R UI NS . 21

va r y i nSi ze a nd sh ape . S om e a re s q ua re
nd m ea sur e fr o m ei g h t i nch e s t o
, a

t h r ee fee t on a s i d e ; o t h e r s a r e Ob l o ng a nd s o m e t i m e s a s m uch a s fo u
, r f ee t

i n l engt h Al l a re ni cely cut a nd fi t te d toge th er and t h e up pe r s urfa ce i s

.
,

s m oot h a s i f w o r n b y u se In r em ovi ng som e of th e s t ones fo r m i ng t h e

.

p a v e m e n t o f t h e in c li ne d p l a ne o n t h e e ast s i d e o f M ou n d 9 , one w a s f o und

h a v i ng t w o gly ph s on i t s und er si d e I t appea r ed t o h av e b een c ut f r o m
.

a l a r g e r p i ece h a v i n g a n i nscr i pt i on B enea th t h i s pav e m ent an excava t i on

.

w as m ad e ( Fi g . On a l e vel w i t h th e pave m ent of th e cour t t h e t op of a

w a l l w a s f ou
. nd r unni ng a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t h e e dg e of t h e m ound ; i t i s fa ce d
t o w a r d t h e no r t h a nd w a s pl a s t er e d ; a t a d e p t h of one f o o t f r o m i t s t o p a
,

m or t ar fl oor w a s r ea ch ed , ext e nd i ng i nf r ont of t h e w al l t o a nunk no wn d i s

t ance B elow t h i s th e w a ll cont i nued t o a d ep th of th r ee fee t a nd a t t h e b ott o m
.
,

i s a no th er fl oor Th e space b et ween t h e fl oor s w a s w alle d up w i th r ed cla y

.

an d l a r g e pebbl e s Th e e xca va t i o n w a s cont i nued , f ollow i ng t h e w al l a nd

.

t h e l o w e r fl oo r t o w a r d th e c e nt r e of t h e m ound a t a d i st a nce o f fi f t ee n fe e t

i nw a r d s t h e w a ll t ur ne d a t r i g h t a ngl e s a nd r a n th r ee fee t t o t h e south , t h en

t ur ne d a ga i n a t r i gh t angle s a nd cont i nued t o w a r d t h e cent r e of t h e m ound
a di s t a n ce of fi ft e e n f ee t a n d ag a i n tur ne d a t r i gh t a ngl es t o w a r d t h e so ut h
,
.

At th i s poi nt t h e excava t i o n w a s d i sco nt i nue d i n or d er t o d o o th er w o r k

d eem e d m or e ur g ent NO explana t i o n can at pr e sent be gi v en of t h es e
.

und er g r ound w a ll s a nd fl oor s T h ey a r e ent i r e ly b el o w t h e sur fa ce of t h e

.

su rr o u nd i ng pla z a ; t h e uppe r par t s of th e w alls a re b ro k e n a nd i r r eg ular a s ,

i f pa r t h a d b een t or n d o w n a nd t h ey a r e co m pl et ely bur i e d by t h e und e r

,

fi ll i ng of t h e m o und ; t h e e nt i r e fa c e w a s pla st e r ed and t h e pl a st er a t t h e ,

co r n e r s s h o w e d t r a ce s of pa i n t T h er e seem s t o be only one r easona b le con

.

cl u s i on ,
— t h a t t h ey a r e th e r e m a i ns of Old er b ui ld i ng s t h a t h a d b een con
d e m ned or w ere i n r ui ns b efo r e t h e l a t er st r uct ur es w er e b ui lt .

A t a d i st ance o f ei g h t ee n feet i nwar d f r o m t h e edg e of t h e i ncli ne d

p l a n e a n d t w o f ee t b e lo w t h e l e vel of t h e
p l a z a a s h e ll S on
( p y d lu s ca lcf er
, ) w as

f ound cl ose t o t h e w all T h i s S h ell cont ai ned a l ar g e b ea d o f p oli sh e d j a d ei te ;

.

t h e r em a i nd e r o f t h e s pace w i th i n t h e sh el l w a s fi ll ed w i t h ci nna b a r .

Th e nor t h si d e Of th i s m ound ( 9 ) w a s clear e d also ; i t consi s t s of s t e ps

l i k e a st ai r w ay a nd i s i na v e r y g oo d s t a t e of pr e s er va t i o n
U
.
,

n t h e t o p of M o u n d 9 a r e a s er i es of c h a m b e r s w h i ch h a v e b e e n
p o

a r t l y cl e a r e d
p .
H e r e wa s f o u n d a s m a ll a r w i t h a w a sh r e s e m b l i n
j g a gla z e
,
.

I t st and s ont h ree h ollow leg s i neach Of w h i ch i s a sm all loose b all Of cl ay

,
.

On th e w est er n slope of Py r am i d 2 6 ( Pla t e V r e a ch i ng fr o m t h e .

fl oor of t h e pl a za t o i t s sum m i t a d i s tance of m ore t h a n a h und r e d fee t

, ,

w a s a gr and s ta i r w ay th e r u ,
i ns of w h i ch i m p r e ss upon th e b eh ol d er a d e ep
s en se o f i t s v a s t n e ss an d com pl e xi ty a nd for ce upon h i m a co nv i ct i on
,

of w h a t m u st h a v e b een fr om t h e b ea u ,
ty of i t s si t uati on and t h e bar b ar i c
gr a nd eur of i t s a r ch i t ect ur e t h e effect of t h e ci ty i n i ts pr i m e I t i s i n
,
.
 E XPL O R ATION OF C OPAN .

com ple e r t nd, b efor e excava ti on w as b eg un, i t w a s so d e e ply b ur i ed

ui n; a

b e nea t h th e a ccum ula t e d so i l a nd r ubb i sh th a t one m i gh t easi ly pass i t b y

w i th out susp ec ti n g i t s ch a r a ct er T h e d i scove r y of i t s r e al ch a ract er i s du
. e

t o Mr J o h n G O w ens , w h o i n J anua ry 1 8 9 3 b eg a n a n e xca v a t i on i n t h i s

. .
, ,

l a c e w h i ch , th ou g h h e di d n o t l i v e t o se e i t co m le t e d , r e s u l t ed i n t h i s
p , p
i m po r ta nt d i s co v e r y Th e w h ole s t r uct ur e i s b e i ng t h o r ough ly e xp lo r e d a nd
.
,

i t i s h o pe d t h a t a ll t h e scul p t ur e , o r e nough of i t t o i nd i c a t e i t s ch a r a ct e r
an d d e s i g n, w i ll be pr e s e r ve d fo r t h e ult i m a t e r e s t or a t i on of t h e s t a i r w a y .

E a ch s t ep h a s a r ow Of h i er og ly ph s r unni ng t h e e nt i r e leng th of i t s fa c e , fo r
w h i ch r ea s o b eencall e d t h e Hi e rogly ph i c S ta i r w ay ; and by th i s nam e
n i t h as
i t w i l l be h e r e a ft e r d esi g na t e d i n our w or k S ev e r al of t h e st one s w h i ch .

for m ed a por t i on of t h i s st a i r w a y a r e s h ow n on Pla t e V F i g 2 A s ea t e d . . .

h um a n fi g ur e ( P la t e I X 4 ) w a s d i scover e d a m ong t h e d eb r i s
. A d escr i pt i on .

of t h i s s t a i r w a y i s d efe r r e d u nt i l i t s fur t h er e xplor a t i on l ea d s to a b e tte r

und er s t a nd i ng of i t s s tr uctur e .

To t h e sout h w e s t a br oa d fl i g h t of s teps fo r m i ng t h e no r t h er n t er m i na ,

t i on of th e Mai n S t r uctur e a t th at par t r i se s f rom th e pla za T w enty ni ne -

,
.

g r ea t st eps le a d t o a na r r ow la nd i ng at t h e w est er n end of w h i ch a t a , ,

sl i g h t ly g r ea t e r el e v at i on i s a fl a t l t f rm F o m th i s la n d i n g t h e st a i r w ay
p a o , r .

a s ce n d s a ga i n t h e w es ter n end lead i ng t o a n eleva t ed pl at for m cov er e d wi t h

,

f r a g m e nt s of sculp t ur e fal l en f r o m T e m ple 1 1 Th e ea st e r n end of t h e sam e .

s t a i r w a y l e a d s t o t h e l e v el h ei g h t a t t h e ea s t of T e m pl e 1 1 o n t h e sa m e ,

p l a n e a s t h e t e r r a c e s su r r o un di n g t h e E a s t er n C ou r t T h e ce nt r al
p or t i o n .

o f t h e s t ai r w a y r ob a b ly a s cen d t t h n t nc e of th e el ev a t e d T e m pl e
p s o e e r a

1 1 f r o m w h i ch s uch a q uant i ty of m a t er i al h a s f all en a s t o b ur y t h e s t a i r

,

m an y f t d T m l 1 1 w n f t h l g t n d m t l v t d
y e e e e p e p e . a s o e o e ar e s a o s e e a e

i n t h e g r oup I t w a s pr ob ab ly a t ow er a nd m ust h a ve b een of c onsi d e r able

.
,

h e i gh t j udg i ng fr om t h e qua nt i ty of st o ne ly i ng a r ound i t s b a se i n e ver y

,

d i r e c t i o n I t h a s ne ver b e en t h or ough ly explor ed a lth ough M aud slay

.
,

m a d e som e ex ca v a t i ons i nt o t h e lo w es t c h a m b er s w h i c h w er e s t i ll s t a nd i ng .

On pa ges 2 1 2 2 of h i s v ol um e h e gi ves t h e r esult of t h i s i nvest i g a t i on

—

as follo w s :

T h i s b ui l d i ng pr esented th e appea ance of a for m l ess h eap of stones out of r ,

w h i ch a h uge cei b a t ee w as g o wi ng S om e po t i ons of th e ch a m b e s w e e e xc a

r r . r r r

v at e d .Th e po ch es oneach Si d e pr ob ab ly extend e d s om e d i stance b ey ond th e l i ne of

r

th e w a ll of th e b ui l d i ng
s Th e oof and s uper str uctur e h ad enti ely d i s appear ed but
. r r ,

th e i nne w al l w as i npl a ces per fect up t o t h e s pr i ng of th e vaul t

r .

Astep ab out ei gh teeni nch e s h i gh and ei gh teenfeet long f or m ed of two b lock s of ,

s t on e p oj e cte d i nf on
,
r t of th e i nne d oo w ay th e face of th i s step i s o nam ented wi th
r r r r

a n um b er O f fi gur e s s eated c oss l egged a nd c ove e d w i th el a b or at e b eastpl ates a nd

- r r r

oth e r o n a m en ts i nsh a p and w ell-p ese ved car i ng Ac ar e d o nam ent m ad e up

r r r r v . v r ,

of s e ve al st onr es l et i n t o th e w l l i ses f om th i s s tep onea ch s i d e of th e d oor way

a ,
r r , ,

an d r each es to th e top of th e wall T h i s car vi ng i s Ib el i eve m eant to r epr esent a

.
,
 DE TAILE D D E S C R I PTION OF TH E R UI N S . 23

h uge s er pe nt ’
s h ead w i h ou t t a lowe ja w ; r b ut th e d esi gni s t d i na conventi onal
e xec u e

f or m , a nd i ts m e a ni ng ca n only be m a d e o ut by c om pa r i s on w i th m any oth e s culp r

t ur es of a si m i l a r k i nd .

Th e eff ect of th i s or nam ent m ust h av e b een cons i d er ab ly m ar r ed by th e con

t i nuat i onof th e w all of th e p as s age t o th e f ac e of th e step .

Ab ove th i s cur i ous or nam ent , and exte nd i ng t o a d i sta nce of sevenfeet one ach
s i d e of t h e d oo r w ay ( a n d p r ob a b ly c onti nued o ve r t h e d oo r w ay i ts elf alth ough a ll ,

t r ace of i t h as d i s appear ed ) r ananelab or ate cor ni ce, or nam ented wi th seated h um an

,

fi gur es and h i e r ogly ph s car ve d i n m e d i um r el i e f Th e h ei g h t of th e w all fr om th e

.

fl oor to th e cor ni ce i s ab out ni ne feet O r nam ents s i m i lar to th e ser pent s h ead
.
’

al r eady m e n ti one d occur w h er e a step d es cend s i nt o th e s outh er n p or ch ; but i n

th i s cas e th e face of th e step i s o rnam ented w i th a r ow of teeth , and i t for m s an
und er ja w com m onto th e s er pent s h ea d on ea c h s i d e U nfo r tunately no c opy of t h i s
’
.

d es i gn coul d be m ad e as th e ca r ve d stones c o m pr i si ng i t w er e so m uch b r ok ena nd

,

d i s pl aced by th e pr es s ur e fr om a b ove and th e gr owth of th e r oots of tr ees th at th ey

fell t o pi eces a s th e excavati on pr oceed ed .

Th e i nte r i or w alls of b oth th e outer por ch e s w er e or nam ent ed w i th h i er o

g p ly h i c a nd o th e r c a r vi n s ; bu
g t h e r e al s o t h e s t o n e s w e r e s o m u c h w or n and d i s

l a c e d by t h e r oot s of t r ee s th a t n ot h i n c u l d b r e s e r v e d o r c o pi e d
p g o e p .

Th e w all s of th e h ous e ar e b ui lt of bl ock s of s tone aver agi ng i nm eas ur em ent

1 foot X 1 foot X 6 i nch es .

Th e w all s ur faces r et ai ne d tr aces of a coati ng of pl aster wh i ch h ad p r ob ably

-

b een or nam entally col our ed , and th e fl oor was cover ed w i th s ever al l ay er s of cem ent .

To t h e nor th th i s i s th e Gr ea t Pla z a of C o pa n; a nd t h e w h ole spa ce

of

fr o m th e pl a ce w h er e S t ela N st a nd s t o th e nor t h e nd of th e P la za a ppear s t o

h a v e b ee n pa v e d w i t h m or t a r ce m e nt now ne a r ly a ll b r ok e nup by t h e v ege
,

t at i on a nd m i ngl e d w i t h th e soi l
, In pa t ch es w h er e i t i s s ti ll enti r e i t i s
.
,

co ver e d w i t h a b o u t a foot of b lac k veg et a ble m oul d .

In th e Pl a z a a r e t h i r t een S t elae e a ch h a v i ng i n fr ont of i t a s cul ptur e d

,

“
b lock of st one t o w h i ch t h e na m e of Al t a r h a s b een a ppli ed E xcellent '
.

d r a wi ng s of th e pr i nci pal st elae m a d e by C a th er w ood i n 1 8 3 9 a r e gi v en i n

S teph ens Inci d ent s of T r a vel i n C ent r a l A m e ri ca Vol I; a nd i n M a ud sla y s
’

,
. .
’

w o r k ph o t o g r a ph s of t h e or i g i na l s a nd d ra w i ng s m a d e f r o m pla s t e r ca s t s o f
near ly a l l t h ese st elae a r e r epr od uced w i t h a d m i r able fi d eli ty O f t h e p la z a .

group of st elae si x ( A B D F H N) a r e st a nd i ng t h e oth er s ar e fa llen a nd

, , , , , , ,

b r o k e n ( P la t e V I .

In t h e pla z a i s a Py r a m i d al M ound ( 4 ) w i th s t o ne ca si ng i n th e fo r m
of st ep s ; i t r u ns up al m ost t o a poi nt a nd h a d no b ui l d i ng o nt op ,
M aud s .

lay m a d e a n exca v a ti oni nt o i t s sout h er n S i d e a nd found th e i nt er i or to be ,

b ui l t of r ough s t ones and h ar d r am m ed e ar th .

Th e upper par t w as c om p os ebl ock s of stone and m ud

d of r o ugh unwo r k e d ,

wi th occa s i onal l ay er s of cem ent a nd s a nd ; th e l ow er t w o th i r d s of s tone a nd m ud onl y .

Th e excavati onw a s th enconti nue d b el ow th e level of th e pl ai n th r ough ab out t wel ve ,

f eet of h a d r a m m ed e ar th fr ee fr om ston
r - es b el ow w h i ch th e n
,
at ur al s oi l a p pe a r e d t o
,
24 E X PLO R ATI ON OF C O PAN .

h a ve b een und i stur b ed In th e centr e of th e m ound ab out si x feet fr om th e to p a n

.
, ,

e a r t h e n p ot w as f o und co n t a i n i n g a b ea d - s h a p e d p i e ce of g r e e ns t on e p i er c ed d i a m e t e r , ,

t w o a nd t h r ee q ua r te r s i nch e s t h e j a d e w h or l of a s pi nd le t h e r e m a i ns of a ne ck l a c e of
, ,

ni ne j a d e b ead s four pear ls s om e s m a ll r ough fi gur es and oth e r o rna m ent s c ut o ut of

, ,

p e a r l o y s t e r -s h el l ,a nd ot h e r i r r e g ul a r pi e c e s o f r o u g h ly c a r v e d p e a r l -sh e ll At t h e b o t .

t om of t h e pot w a s s om e r ed po wd e r ( w h i ch p r oved to be fi nely gr ound c i nnab a r ) a nd ,

s e ve r al o u nc es of q ui c k s i l ve r E i gh t een i nc h es a b o ve th i s pot s om e t r a c e s of b one w e r e

.

f o und m i xe d w i th sa nd
,
At th e le vel of t h e g r o und m or e tr a ces of b ones w e r e fo und
.
, ,

m i xed w i th r ed c nn b a powd e
i a r r a n d s and a nd one l a r ge p i e r c ed b ead sh aped st one
,
-
,

d i a m ete r th r ee i nch es Ab out ei gh t to ni ne feet b el o w th e level of th e pl ai n a S k eleton

.
,

of a j agu a r w as f ou nd ly i ng und e r a lay e r o f c h a r coal I w as a bl e t o pr e s er ve s om e o f

.

t h e t ee th a nd s o m e p a r t Of t h e ja w a s w ell a s a f e w s m all pi eces Of th e oth e r b ones

, ,

by d r oppi ng t h e m i nto glue Th e teeth and pa r t of th e s k eletonh ad b e en pai nted r ed

. .

Ab out 1 0 0 y ar d s alm ost d i r ectly to th e s outh of th i s m ound I sh or tly after w a r d s ,

Opened a noth e r ve ry m uch s m a lle r and m uch m or e r ui ne d m ound ( NO an d .

,

und er a t h i c k lay e r of ce m ent a t th e le vel of th e gr ound found a fe w s m al l fr a g ,

m ents of h um anb o nes t w o s m a ll s t one a xes a nd por ti ons of anoth er j a gua r s s k el eton
’
, , ,

an d s o m e d og s t eeth s h o w i ng th at s uch an i nter m ent of a ni m al s w a s not a m atte r

’
,

Of ch a nc e . MAU
DS L AY p a e 2 0
g , .

Th i s p l a z a h a s th e a
pp e ar a nce of a n a m ph i t h e a tr e ; ra ng e s o f sea s o r t
t
s ep s encl o s e i t o n t h e e a s ert n, nor t h er n, a nd
t e r n s i d e s w h i le t h e w es ,

so u t h e r n S i d e i s o p en Ab ov e th e st e ps on t h e e a st er n s i d e a le vel a r ea
.

e xt en d s ea st w a r d t o M ound 3 On i t s nor th ern si d e t h i s a r ea i s b ound ed by

.

a r an ge of s t e ps lea d i ng up t o a m or e el ev a t e d t e r r a ce on w h i ch a r e w h a t ,

a p ea r t o be t h e r e m a i n
p s o f s t o n e h ou se s At a d i s ta n ce o f fi ft e e n f e e t i n
.

f r ont of t h ese s t e ps a nd 1 5 0 f eet fr o m t h e t op o f th e r a ng e Of s ea t s fa ci ng

,

t h e pla z a t w o fl a t s t ones w e r e d i sco v e r e d i n 1 8 9 5 ly i ng s i d e by S i d e

,
T h ey
,
.

h a d b e en b ur i e d by t h e s o i l a nd r ubbi sh t o a d ept h of s ev e r a l i nch e s ,

an d r e s t e d o n a l a y er of b r o k e n st one w i th w h i c h t h e a r ea w a s pa v e d .

E a ch of t h e se s t one s m ea sur e s 2 f ee t 9 i nch e s by 1 fo ot 5 i nch e s a nd ea ch h a s ,

a fu ll l e ngth fi g ur e ca r ve d i n h i gh r el i e f on th e upper si d e
- R
( pe r o d uc e d .

fr o m p h o t og r a ph s o n p ag e
A fallen St ela E li es on th e t err a ce t o t h e w est of th e Gr ea t Pla za .

S tela J s ta nd s by i t self som e d i st ance to t h e ea s t near M ound 3 To t h e .

nor t h i n t h e cent r e of th e el ev a t ed t er r a ce i s a sm all py r am i d ( M ound 2 )

, ,

w h i ch h a s a d e pr e s s i on i n t h e t op a nd j us t w est of i t i s a l o ng l o w m o u
,
nd ,

w i t h a S i m i l a r d e pr e s si o n .

Jus t nor th of St ela D t w o st eps le a d t o a na r r ow t er r a ce f r om w h i ch a

, ,

fl i g h t of steps lea d s up t h e si d e of Mound 2 Int h e cent r e of t h e fi r st st ep .

i n t h i s fl i gh t i s a st one w i t h e i gh t gly p h s i n a r o w on i t s fa ce Th e c e nt r e .

of t h e n e xt s t e b i u i d by b l k l i g h t l y h t t h n t h fi t
p a o v e s o c c p e a o c s s or e r a e r s ,

wi t h t w e nty t w o gly ph s ca r ve d i n t w o r o w s on t h e fa ce
-
( P la t e V I 1 w h i c h . .
,

a l so sh o w s St el a D
) .

M ound 5 i s not num b er ed ont h e p lan, Pl ate I, but i s th er e sh ow nw est of Mound 9 . .

 DE TAILE D DE S C R I PTIO N OF TH E R UI N S . 25

Th e Squa r e Py r a m i d ng n th e
t e r r a c e t o t h e w e s t of t h e
r i si o

l a z a w a s fa c e d w i t h s t o n e i n t h e for m of s t e p s c on si s t i n g o f si n g l w f
p , e r o s o

st on es a n
,
d see m s t o h ave r i s en nea r ly t o a p oi nt h avi ng a s quar e fl at s pace
o n t op . S o m e v i si t o r h as d ug i nt o t h e fo und a t i on but a p pa r e ntly d i scov er e d ,

noth i ng of i nt er est A s ta i r wa y i n w h i ch t h e st eps a re ele va t ed sli g h t ly

.

a b ov e t h e c as i n g r an up t h e cent re of t h e eas t si d e W es t of th i s m ound

, .

i s a b r oa d fl a t t e r r ac e w h i c h a ppea r s ne ver t o h a v e b e en com pl et ed a nd

, ,

i s i n a v er y a d vance d st a t e of r ui n St i ll far t h e r w est on th e pl ai n

.
, ,

t h e t h r e e py r a m i d a l s t r uc t ur es No s 5 4 5 5 a nd 5 6 a l so p r ese nt a n unfi ni sh e d
,
.
, , ,

a ppe ar a n ce a n d a r e v er y m uch d e s t r oy ed
, F r o m t h e w e s t s i d e of N O 5 4 t h e
. .

f r ont o f a t e r r a ce fo r m er ly fa ce d w i t h s t one r uns t o th e w e s t a nd c ont i nue s ,

t h r ee o r four h undr ed y a r d s i na s t ra i gh t l i ne t o ano th er g r oup o f b ui l d i ng s

b ur i e d i n a t h i ck et Th e di fi e re nce of l e ve l i s a b out four fe et a nd pr ob a bly
.
,

c or r espo n d s to a na t ur a l S lope sh ap ed a r t i fi ci al ly .

A fe w y a r d s south i s t h e i rr eg ular edge of a not h er t er r ace also sh a ped ,

a r t i fi c i ally t o s o m e e xt ent bu t not f a ce d w i t h st one ; i t e xt end s ea s t w a r d t o

,

M ound 5 1 w h i ch w i t h Mo und s 4 8 5 2 5 3 a nd se veral s m aller m ound s

, , , , , ,

for m s a n i nt e re st i ng g r o up a rr a ng e d a r ound t h e fo ur S i d e s of a c o ur t .

No 4 9 i s a d et a c h ed py r a m i d b a d ly d e st r oy ed
. No 6 s eem s t o be th e . .

r em a i n s o f a lon g h ouse w i t h a num b er of ch a m ber s NO 7 h a s som e . .

ch a m b er s o n t op r each e d f r o m t h e pl a z a by a st a i r w a y i n f r on t of w h i ch ,

i s t h e S culpt ur e 0 a n obl ong pi ece t a pe r i ng t ow a r d t h e t op

, ,
Th i s w a s ov er .

l oo k e d by S t e ph e ns but i s d e sc r i b e d w i t h d ra w i ng s by M a ud slay
, , Ont h e ,
.

w e st si d e of t h i s scul pt ur e i s t h e c onv ent i ona l d es i g n w h i ch M aud slay call s

t h e plum e d s er pe nt On th e ea st si d e ar e t w o si m i lar ser pent s i nt er t w i ne d ;
.

on t h e n or t h e n d a r e a f r og and a fi sh and on th e sou th end t w o h um an

,

fi g ur e s a nd a fi sh .

No 8 h a s t h e a ppea ra nce of a r ough h ea p Of b ui l d i ng st one fr om t h e

.
,

s t e ep s i d e s Of w h i ch t r ees a r e g r ow i n r ou 7 of
g C l ose b
y i s th e .
g p ( 4 )
st o n e h ou se s a r r an ed on th e fou i d f u e c u t T h e m os t n or th
g, r s e s o a s q a r o r .

erl y b u i l di ng of th e gr ou p s e e m s t o h a ve b e en c o n s i d e r a b ly la r ger t h a n t h e

o t h er s . G ro up 46 p r e sent s t h e a pp ea r a nc e of r ound e d h e a ps o f r oug h s tone s .

I m m edi a t ely sout h of th e M ai nS tr uctur e th e gr ound r i ses fr o m th e r i v er

be d i n t h e for m Of a d oub l e t er r a c e r unni ng s out h w ar d i n a s t r ai gh t l i ne
,
.

On t h e fi r s t el ev a ti on near est th e r i v er th er e ar e no b uil di ng s On th e .

s e co nd c o r r es on
, p d i ng t o t h e l e v el o f t h e pl a i n a r e m a n y s t r u c t u r e s of d i ffer
,

en t s i z e s a nd s h a pe s a r r a ng e d for t h e m os t ar t i n g r ou s en clo s i n g a c ou rt
, p p
or s q u ar e Of t h ese only a few h av e b een e xplor e d
. .

At th e south ea st c or ner of t h e Mai nStr uc tur e w h er e t h e pla i nt er m i na t es ,

i nt h e t er r a ce j us t d e scr i b e d i s a g r oup of b ui l d i ng s w h i ch com pr i ses Nos 3 0

,
.
,

3 1 3 2 3 3 a nd 3 4
, , . Of th ese only one ( 3 2 ) h as b een e xplor ed ; i t s ch a m b er s
. ,

of w h i c h o n ly t h e lo we r pa r t s Of th e w a ll s r e m ai ne d i n pos i t i on w er e cle a r e d ,

MEM . P AB O Y M U UM
E D SE 1 .
— 4
 E XPL O RATION OF COPAN .

i n 18 9 2 . A s ta i r w ay lea d s f r om t h e co ur t o n t h e nor t h si de to a narr ow

land i ng i nf r ont of a t h i ck w a l l i nw h i ch
d oor way g i v es a ccess t o a gallery a

w h i ch r u ns a r o und t h e e as ter n nor t h er n a nd w e st er n si d es , Th e south er n ,

.

si d e of t h e s t r u c tu r e i s b ro k en a w ay a n d i t i s unce r t a i n w h e th e r o r not t h e ,

galler y cont i nued on t h a t S i d e I t w as prob a bly r oofed and i t h a s a t h i ck .

,

fl oor of ce m e nt Th e i nne r ch a m b er sepa r a t e d f r om t h e g a ll ery by th i ck

.
,

w alls h as a ce m ent fl oor r a i s e d a foot a b ove t h e fl oo r of th e g all ery

,
S om e .

of t h e b l oc k s f o r m i n g t h e st eps i n t h e st ai r w a y al r ea dy r efe r r e d t o h a d b een

, ,

r e m ov e d by s om e f or m er v i s i t o r d i sc los i n g a deep va ul t b enea th , .

Th e oth er m em b e r s of t h i s g roup seem t o be oblo ng found a t i o ns of th e

p y r a m i d a l ty p e w i t h c a si n g ,
i n t h e f o r m of s t e s a n
p d ap a r e n
p t ly s u pp o r t e d ,

bui ld i ngs of som e k i nd .

M ound 3 6 w a s e x ca v a t e d i n 1 8 9 2 Th e follow i ng a ccount i s c o m pi l ed .

fr om not es m a d e b y Mr O w ens .

B efo e exca ati on t h e m ound pr esente d a ve y i nsi gni fi c ant appea r ance
r v It w as r .

q ui te i m po si b le to say exactly w h e e th e m ound b egan and th e gene al level of

s r r

t h e Pl a e nd e d ; bu
az t appr oxi m at ely i t w a s 1 3 0 f eet l ong by 3 0 feet w i d e .

Th e S l ope of th e m ound r os e e y r eg ul a r ly f om th e s i d es and end s t o th e c ent e v r r r ,

wh e e t w a s
r i b o u t 3 4 f e
a e t h i gh ; i t s s u f a c e w a s c o e e d w i t h l a g e c bb l e -
rs t o n e s v r r o .

Th e e xca ati ons e e al e d pi eces of c em ent e d fl oo s l a i d ab o e a found ati onof

v r v r ,
v

w at e w or n pebb l es
r- On th ese low w alls w er e found w h i ch di d not appea e ver to
.
, , r

h a e uppor ted oofs

v s U pon th ese fl oo s w er e pi led wh at appear ed t o be a h eap of
r . r

r e f u s e m i n gl e d w i th c o bb l e -s t on e s a n d e a th ; l a g e q u a n t i t i e s of p o t s h e d s b s i dri a n r r ,
o

k ni es s om e
v ,
w h o l e p o t s a r o w -
p o i n t s a n d e m a i
,
n s orf h u m a n s k e l e t on s , w e r e s c att err e d
th r ough out th e enti r e m ound Am ong t h e p otsh e d s ar e speci m ens of ever y quali ty . r

of C opa np otte r y f r om th e r ou g h
,
e s t u nd ec o r a t e d w e r e t o th a t o f t h e fi n e s t q u a li ty a n d
w o k m ansh i p
r S om e of th e f a gm ent s a e b e auti ful and S h o w a h i gh d eg ee of a ti sti c
. r r , r r

me itr .

Th e s k el etons w e e so nea ly d est r oy e d th at only a fe w f ragm ent s coul d be pr e

r r

se rv ed Ash b ed s w e e f ound t d i ffe ent p i nt a nd i n th em m ny b ones Of d ee

. r a r o s, a r

an d oth er ani m al s a s w ell as a num b e of b one i m pl em ent s

,
r .

S om e of th e b od i e s seem e d t o h a e b een th own i nd i s c r i m i nately a m ong th e v r

r e fu s e w h i l e i n ot h e
,
c as e s s om e ttenti on woul d seem to h a e b een gi en t o b u i al
r a v v r

r i t es . Of th e fi r st th ee sk elet ns only sli gh t t aces w e e found Th e foll owi ng i s a

r o r r .

li s t of s uch w e e f ai l y w el l p e se ve d o of e p ci al i nt es t w i th a d e s c i pt i onof
as r r r r ,
r s e er ,
r

e a ch a n, d th e c ond i t i ons und e wh i ch i t w a s found r .

S k eleton No 4 Found at a d epth of 5 feet ; ly i ng on l eft si d e faci ng eas t ;

. .
,

f eet uth ; k nee s d oubl e d t o c h i n; h nd nea h e d

so S om e of th e teeth w e e fi l eda s r a . r ,

an d coul d be e m oved onl y i nf a gm ents

r Noth i ng of i nte est w a s found w i th i t
r . r .

NO 5 D e pth . . f eet ; on l eft s i d e f ac i ng o uth ; s k ul l c ush ed p o ti ns fa i l y

, , s r ,
r o r

w ell p es e e d r nd e y th i c k
rv ,
a Tw o of th e teeth w e e fi l ed
v r . S om e f a gm ent s of r . r

wh at seem ed to be a ch i l d s s k ull w er e f ound w i th i t togeth er w i th a sm all pai nted

’
,

v as e .

No 8 . . B a d ly d i si ntegr ate d ; one t ooth h as a se tti ng of gr eenj ad e ; t w o h ave l os t

si m i l ar se tti ngs , and t w o oth er s a r e fi led .
 DE TAI L
E D D E S C R I PTI O N OF TH E R UI NS . 27

No 1 3 . Only a few f r agm ents of th e sk ull and b ones wer e pr eser ved B y th e
. .

sk u ll w a s a r ud e e ar th enwa r e vas e and b etw eenth e j aws w er e found sever al sm all d i sk ,

l i k e j a d e i te b e a d s .

No 1 6 Appa r ently pl a ced i n a s i tti ng postur e ; th e l egs al m os t upr i gh t and th e

. .
,

sk u l l c r ush e d d ow n upont h e pelvi s Nea r by w as a s m all vase of d a r k b r ow nc ol or . .

No 1 7 D e pth 4 fe et ; s k ul l bad ly d ecom pose d one of th e teeth wh i ch ar e v e r y

. .
, ,

l ar ge h as a s etti ng of j ad ei te
, .

No 1 9 D ept h
. feet ; h ead to th e wes t l y i ng o n r i gh t s i d e ; h and s at th e
.
, ,

h e a d ; s k el eton a l m os t ent i r el y d i s i nte gr a te d and fe w t eeth c oul d b e f ound At th e , .

feet w e r e por ti ons of a ch i l d s sk eleton W i th th e sk el etonw er e found ei gh t pe r fect

’
.

va s es a n d p a r t of a noth e r B e ne ath th e b one s w er e a s h es and ch ar coal i n w h i ch w e r e

.
,

f o und a j ad ei te b ead s om e ob s i d i an k ni ves a nd a pi ece of antl er

,
Ab ove th e sk ull , .

w er e t w o fl at ston es s upp or t e d by t w o r u d e s t one w al l s r unni ng e as t a nd w es t on e , ,

at e i th e r s i d e of th e s k eleton .

No 2 0 D epth 4 feet ; found as s oci ated wi th a num b er of b ones of d ee r and a

. .
, ,

si ngl e ea r th e nw a r e ve s s e l .

No 2 1 . . t
D ep h , 3 fee ; h ea d t towar d th e eas t ; ly i ng o n th e b a ck ; ar m s fol d e d
o ve r c h es t , a nd k nees d oub led up a b ove ch es t . Th e s k el e o t n l ay o n a bed of b ur nt
cla y , s ur r ound ed by a r o w of l a r ge r i ver s o t nes .

No 2 4 . . Alm os t
nti r ely d i s i ntegr at e d ; w as sur r ound e d by a r ow of l ar ge st ones
e . .

It s ee m s to be th e sk eleton of a c h i ld C los e to i t w as found a s i ngle v ase . .

NOS 2 5 a nd 2 6 . B el o w th e w al ls of th e str uctur e

. Th e b ones Of th es e tw o .

s k el etons wer e i nte r m i xed Two of th e teeth of No 2 5 h ad sett i ngs of gr een j ad e,

. .

and th e b one s a r e ver y l a r ge ; a s i ngle b ow l w as f ound as s oci ated w i th th e b one s ,

and a pi e ce of s i li c i fi e d ch a r coal a b out 9 i nch es l ong, w h i ch befor e b ei ng b r ok enw a s
near ly cy l i nd r i cal , a nd 7 or 8 i nch e s i n d i a m ete r .

No 2 7 . . t
D ep h , fee ; t ap p e a r s t o be th e t
s k el e o n of a ch i l d ,
m uch d es tr ov ed ;
t
w i h i t w a s f oun d a n o bs i d i a n k ni fe a nd a s h ell .

No 2 8 . . t
D ep h , d oubled up Afew teeth w er e
fee ; ly i ng t o n r i gh t s i d e , a nd .

s av e d w h i ch w er e c over e d w i th t ar t ar
, U nd er th e h ead w as found a j ad ei te b ead .
,

an d b es i d e th e sk eleton we r e fi ve e ar th enwa r e ves s el s of d i ffer ent sh apes ; t wo of

t h e s e w e r e d e c o r a te d .

No 2 9 D epth . feet b eneath fl oor of str uct ur e ; only p or ti ons of th e l ar ger

.
,

b ones and th r ee m ola r s r em ai ned T h er e w as no appar ent for m of gr ave and no .

,

Obj e c ts of a ny k i nd w er e f ound a s s oci ate d .

No 3 0 D ept h 4 feet
. . C h i l d s sk el et on of wh i ch very l i ttl e r em ai ned ; no for m
, .
’
,

of g r a ve a n d no a s s oci ate d ob j ect s

, .

No 3 1 D epth . feet ; h ea d tow ar d t h e nor th and t ur ned on r i gh t si d e ; r e st

.
,

of sk el eton on b a ck ; c r an i um al m ost enti r ely d estr oy e d but j a w s i nf ai r ly go od c o n ,

d i ti on J ust b el ow th e l ow er jaw i nf r ont wh er e th e neck w oul d be w as found a l a r ge

.
, ,

j ad ei te or na m ent 4 i nch es long It was pi er ced l ongi tud i nally and l ay as i t w oul d i f
, .
,

su s pen d e d f r om th e ne ck Near t h e h ead w as anea rth enw ar e b owl

. .

No 3 2 D epth 3 feet ; fr a gm entar y r em ai ns of a ch i l d s s k el eton; t wo j ad ei te

. .
,
’

bead s a sh ell d i sk and a num b er of sm all sh ell bead s w er e found wi th i t ; no for m

, ,

of t om b .

No 3 3 D epth . feet ; h ead towar d th e s outh east ; l ay on l eft s i d e wi th left

.
,

h and und e r h ead ; b one s i n a fai r c ond i ti on; no for m of tom b .

28 E XPLO R ATI ON OE C OPAN .

NO 36 . . t
D ep h , 5 fee ; h ead t
tow ar d th e east ; very li ttle of th e b ones r em ai ned ,

but th e teeth w e e i n a fai r cond i ti on; th e t wo i nner i nc i so s ( upper ) fi led and or na

r r

m ente d w i th l i ttl e d i sk s of j ad ei t e s et i nto cavi ti es m ad e i n fr ont as i n th e case ,

of o th e r s m en ti oned .

Th e gr oup of une x pl or ed m ound s , com pr i s i ng Nos 3 7 t o 40 i ncl us i ve , pr es ents .

t h e a ppe a r ance of l a r ge r ough h ea ps Of st ones a nd d eb r i s Th ey pr ob ably r epr esent .

b ui ld i ngs of th e us ual ty pe w i th py r am i d al found ati on .

I m m ed i ately t o th e
g no t h e so
r g r o uth e a s t
up, c o ns i s t i ng of th i s l as t ro up i s a

of Nos 41 43 44 45 . an d a fe w s m a ll m ound s , wh i ch l ook l i k e r o und e d h e ap s of

, , , ,

w a te r -w o r n pe bb les Of th i s g r oup , No 4 1 h a s b een pa r tly expl or ed W h en th e outer

. . .

w a lls h a d b een clea r e d , th e st r uct ur e tur ned out t o be a l ong l o w b ui ld i ng , w i t h a ,

num b e r Of s m a ll ch a m b er s ,
e a ch h a v i ng a s e pa r a e e t ntr a nce f r om a na r r ow pl atfo r m ,
r e ac h e d fl i gh t f th ee step i n t h e cent e unni ng long t h e w est s i d e wh i ch
bv a o r s r , r a

f c s th e c u t
a e Th e no th e n ch am b e i s d i i d ed f om th e e st of th e h ouse by a
o r . r r r v r r

g l
a l y erw h i c h c nn e c t s t h p l a
o t f m i n f o nt w i t h t
e h e s m a ll e n or
e a t t h e b a c k r N o n e r o .

of t h e ch a m b e s h a e e e b een c le ed out Ont h e e as te ns i d e w h i ch m ay be called

r v v r ar . r ,

t h e b a ck a pl atfo m oc c upi e s a li ttl e m o e th an h alf th e l engt h at t h e s ou

,
r th e nend r r .

I t i s t m i nate d t th e no th by a w al l w h i c h a b ut s th e b ui l d i ng t i gh t a ngles nd
er a r , a r a

r uns t o th e e ast To th e south of th e w all a e t wo pi t s ab out fi e feet d eep s unk

. r ,
v ,

b e neath th e le el of th e pa e m ent a nd w alled w i th st one In th es e p i ts w e e f und

v v . r o

w h at ppea s t o be t h e em ai ns f fi e pl aces and a l a ge q ua n

a r r ti ty of b ok en p otte y
o r ,
r r r .

Th e l a ges t of th e s e pi t s w as 3 2 by 40 feet I
r f th ey ever h a d w all s ab o e th em th ese . v ,

m us t h a e b ee n f s m e th e m at e i al th a n s t one
v o o o r r .

Mound No 4 3 sh o w s d i st i nctly t h e em ai ns Of a s tone h ouse ab ove i t s py am i d al

. r r

f ound ti on w i th l p es i n th e fo m Of step s
a ,
s o Astai w ay l ead s f om th e co u t onth e
r . r r r

s ou th e ns i d e Th e ch acte of th e oth er m o und s i nth e g oup i s not s o appa ent

r . ar r r r .

S om ew h at l ess th a n a m i l e f om h e e i n a s uth e ly d i ect i n t h e i e t u ns r r ,

o r r o ,
r v r r

r ath e b upt ly nd fl ow t o th e we st Th e i nte eni ng pl ai n t o w i t h i n fi e h und e d

r a r a s . rv ,
v r

y a d s ( ap p oxi m ately ) of th e i ve i s co e ed w i th th e em i ns of stone h ouses

r r r r, v r r a ,

a rran g e d f o t h e m o t r p t i n g o up s i n as m a n n
are s i m i l a t o th o r
s e j u s t d esc i b e d r r r .

Am ng th es e a e found a um be O c p es nc d g p o t a t l i k e h ea d s and
o n r f ul t u i l u i n i -
r s r ,
r r

g o
r t e s q ue s N n e o
. f t h e s e m o o un d h a e b een e xpl o e d an d e y l i tstl e c a n bve sa i d r ,
v r

a bo u t th em T h y nti nu i n w ste ly d i e ti n f m o e th n m i le t th e ed ge
. e co e a e r r c o or r a a o

of th e pl ai n, but neve r a ppr oa ch a ny nea r er th e r i ve r .

To th e no r th e ast of t h e Ma i n S t r uctur e t h e gr ound r i s es ab out tw o h und r ed y a r d s

f r om th e r i ve r b a nk i n th e f or m o f a t er r ac e w h i ch a ppr oxi m at i ng th e d i r ec ti on of t h e ,

c ou r s e of t h e r i ve r c on ti nue s s om e d i stance up th e st r eam Th e gr ound b et ween

,
.

th i s li ne a nd th e r i v e r h as no r e m ai ns but t h e h i gh e r gr ound i s cov e r e d w i th r ui ns ,

w h i ch h a v e not b een e xpl o r e d To th e no r th w e st of th e Pl az a , e xtend i ng a s fa r as

.

th e f oot-h i lls o f t h e m oun tai ns i s a lar ger group of m ound s b ur i ed i n a d ens e th i ck et

,
.

To t h e w e st of th e Mai n S t r uct ur e i s anoth e r l a r ge gr oup , or num b er of gr oups ,

oc cu py g i n a l m o s t a ll t h e pl a i n b e t w ee n th e M a i n S t r uc t ur e a nd t h e m o d e r n vi ll a e o f
g
C po a n —
,a d i s t an c e of a b ou t a m i l e and a h alf Am ong th es e ar e t o be seen m any .

s c atter e d f r agm e n t s of s cul ptur e pa r t i c u l a r l y i nth e vi c i ni ty of t w o m ound s o cc upy i ng

,

c en t r al posi ti ons i nth ei r r es pecti ve gr oups and conspi cuous for th ei r great s i ze ,
.

At a d i sta nce of m or e t h a n h al f a m i l e t o th e nor th , nea r th e r i ve r , i s a noth er

p r om i n e nt g r o u p h i dd e n i n t h e t h i c k et O n e m oun d s t an d i n g a t t h e s ou t h e r n
. en d of
a c ou r ty a r d i nw h i ch a r e s ever al pi e c es of s c u lptur e , i s p ar ti cul ar ly noti ceabl e .
 DE TAILE D DE S C R I P TIO N OF TH E R UI NS . 29

S catter ed ns ar e to be seen al ong th e cour se of th e r i v er as far up as th e

r em ai

m od e r nv i ll a ge of S a nte R i ta a d i s t a nc e o f e i gh t or ni ne m i l es
, Am ong th e s e d i ffe r e nt .

u n d a r ti c ul l num r ous t o w r d th e e xt r em i t i es of th e l i n t h m i n
gr o p s a , p ar y e a
p a , ar e e r e a s

of s ton e f ou nd at i ons w i th out any tr ace of s upe r str uctur e It seem s p r ob ab l e th at

, .

uponth ese stoo d w ood en h ous es of wh i ch eve ry tr ace h as d i s a ppe ar ed .

On th e sl opes of t on t h e ea s t er n s i d e o f t h e r i ve r a r e a
t h e foo h i ll s
-

num b er of r ui ned st one h o uses a nd on t h e t op of a t a bl e m o unt a i n ca lle d

, ,

Albonet e t o t h e nor th east w h ence a fi ne vi ew of t h e r uins i s obt ai ned th er e

, , ,

a r e so m e sca tt er ed r e m a i n s of s ton e w or k Onth e sl ope of a m ounta i nt o t h e

.

e a s t a t a d i st a n
, c e of m i le s fr om t h e r i v e r a r e t h e r em ai ns o f a st one ,

s tr u ct ur e o f so m e k i n d a nd t h e fa llenand b rok enS tela 1 2 w i th a ni nscr i p t i o n

, ,

o n each o f i t s fo u r s i d es m i les t o t h e w es t i s a m o unta i n p e a k com

.

m a ndi ng a spl e nd i d v i e w o f t h e w h ol e v a ll ey ; oni t s s um m i t i s St el a 1 0 fa llen ,

an d b r ok en; th i s i s si m i l a r t o t h e one on th e e a st A l i ne j oi ni ng t h ese t w o .

s t el ae p a sses v er y clo se t o th e so u th e r n slope of t h e M a i n St r uc tur e ( see l i ne

i nd i ca t e d by arr ow s at b on pl a n) a nd b ea r s N 8 6 4 6 w e s t
° '

, .

Th e quar r i es fr o m w h i ch t h e st one w a s t ak en for th e m onum ent s and

b ui ld i ng s a r e i n a r i dg e t o t h e nor th w e st Th e r ock i s a t r a ch yt e a nd .
,

ou t cr ops a long th e r i dge i n a b r upt l e dg e s D eep exca v a ti ons ar e t o be seen .

,

an d la r ge q uant i t i es of ch i ps a nd fl a k e s ar e f ound t og e t h er w i t h so m e q ua r ri e d ,

bloc k s S ever a l d eta ch ed st elae a re fo und a t d i ffer ent poi nt s o f t h e v a l ley

. .

T h ey ar e all fallen and b r ok en a nd m uch l e ss el ab or a t e a nd st r i ki ng i n

,

a p p ea r a n ce t h a n t h o s e i n t h e g r ea t P l a z a .

S O fa r no r egul ar b ur y i ng pl a c e h a s b ee n f ound a t C op a n but a num b e r

-
,

of i so la t e d t o m b s h a v e b een expl or e d Tw o w e r e fo und j us t sout h Of t h e

.

M a i n Str uctur e und er t h e s ur fa ce of a lev el cour t ( see plan) one und er

, ,

t h e st e ps of M ound 3 2 so m e i n th e l evel v a ll ey fa r th er sout h a nd o th er s t o

, ,

t h e no r t h east a nd t o t h e no r t h w e s t At di fi er ent pa r t s Of t h e r ui ns t om b s
.
,

w er e found und er t h e st ep s of w h a t w ould s e em t o be r ui ne d h ouses .

T h o se fo und i n th e Open pla i n w e r e m a r k ed by sca r cely p er cept i bl e

el ev a t i on s i n th e g en e ra l l e v el o f t h e g r ou nd In ea ch ca s e l oo se b ui l d i ng .

st on e s w e r e s t r e w n a r ou nd but th ey h a d m o r e t h e a ppea r a nc e of h a v i ng b e e n
,

l ef t t h ere by t h e m a sons a ft e r t h e w or k w a s fi ni sh e d t h a nOf h a vi ng f or m e d a ny

s tr u c tur e a b ov e t h e su r fa ce Th e t o m b s ar e sm a ll ch a m b er s o r v a ul t s b ui l t Of
.

cu t s t on e b en ea t h th e su r fa ce o f th e g r ou nd a nd cov er ed w i t h sla b s of st one ,

l a i d a cross t h e m T h ese la tt er ar e som et i m es on a l ev el w i t h t h e g r ound o r

.
,

a t a sl i g h t el e v a t i o n a b ov e i t a n d so m et i m e s se v er a l fee t b el ow
,
T h er e a r e .

usually sev er al ni ch e s i nt h e i nt er i or o f t h e w all s Th e follow i ng a cc ount o f .

th ese t om b s explor ed i n 1 8 9 2 i s t a k e n f r o m r epo r t s of M H S a v i ll e a nd

, ,
. .

J G O w ens
. .

T om b 1 si tuated 9 0 feet s outh of th e Mai n S t uctu e and ab out th e s m e d i

,
r r ,
a s

t ance e ast f om M ound 36 i n an Open cour t consi st s of a l a ge ch am b e

r ,
ly i ng
,
r r,

Th m gneti d li n t i on t C p an wa f und t b 6
e a c ec a a t o s o o e
°
eas .
30 E XPL O RATION OF CO PAN .

appr oxi m a el t y east and west and m easuri ng 5 feet i n d epth 5 5 feet i n length and
, , ,

2 feet i n wi d th w i th a s m al le ch am b e r unni ng north wa d f om i ts e a s te n end

,
r r r r r ,

m ea s ur i ng 3 5 feet i nle ngth 3 feet i n w i d t h and 3 5 feet i nh ei gh t , Th e walls of b oth , .

c h a m b e s w e e of cu
r t s tone egul a ly lai d
r Th e sl a b s of stone for mi ng th e r oof we e
,
r r . r

ab ou t 1 foot b el ow th e su face f th e pa em ent wh i ch was b r ok en a nd one of th e

r o v , ,

r oof st on e s th u s expos ed h ad b een r e m ove d at s o m e pr e i o u s ti m e Th e oof of v . r

C h am b e 2 w s 2 feet lower th anth e oof of C h am b e 1 and th e floo of C h am b e

r a r r , r r

2 w s 1 1 i nch es l ow e th an th e fl oor of C h a m b e 1
a r Th e w h ol e ault w a s fi ll ed r . v

t o w i th i n fe w i nch es f t h e t op wi th b ow n e a th m i xe d w i th w oo d a sh e s and ch a
a o r r r

c oal .In e m i ng th e e a th th e f oll o wi ng Obj ects w e e d i s c o e r e d

r ov r r v

Th e r e m ai ns of t w o s k elet ons of wh i ch onl y s om e of th e t eeth and a fe w f a , r g

m ent s of th e b ones could be p r es e r ve d In one i nstanc e th e f ou uppe i nc i so s w e e . r r r r

i nl a i d w i t h l i ttl e ci c ul a b i t s of j ad ei te e ach fi tted i nt o a h ol e d i l l ed i n th e f ont Of

r r , r r

th e t ooth T h es e j ad ei te or nam e nts a e s li gh tly r ound ed out w a d and h i gh ly p l i sh ed

. r r o .

Th e t w o uppe m i dd le i nci s o s w e e fu th e m od i fi ed by b ei ng fi l e d on t h e i nne

r r r r r r

c or n er s Th e left c ani ne h a d a ci r c ul ar cavi ty d r i ll ed i nth e enam el i nf r ont sh ow i ng

.
,

w h e e i t al s o h a d b een o na m en
r ted l i k e th e i nci s o s An uppe left late al i nci s or
r r . r r

f o und w i th th e oth e s k elet on h a d a s i m i la d ec o ati on ( S ee p age

r r r

“In d i ffer ent pa ts of th e ch am b e s twel ve ear th en es sel s of d i ffe ent sh ape s

.

r r , v r

an d i es w e e enc ount er e d m os t of th em d ec or ate d wi th fi gu e s i n d i ffe e nt c ol o s

s z r , r r r .

One vase r e p e se nt s th e h ea d r

of a w olf m od ell e d w i th gr e at ,

a ccu acy an d e xh i b i ti ng a n r ,

e xt a or d i na y d eg ee O f a r r r r

ti sti c m e i t ( S e e p g
a e r .

W i th th e s e w e e found a num r

b er of sh ell or na m en ts a nd
j adei te h ea d s potte y wh i stle ,
a r ,

b one need les , th e upper ja w

b one of a pe c c a r y ,
th e ra d i us
of a ,
n d ee r
d ,
m os t i nter eas t
i ng of all , t h e uppe r por t i ons
of t w o s k u ll s of th e pe c c ar y ,
o ne of w h i ch , v er y well pr e
s e r ve d , is b eauti ful ly c a r ved
onth e outsi d e w i th fi gur es of
m en a nd a ni m al s a nd sy m

b oli c al ch a r a c e r s t .

“ T o m b 2 w a s f ou n d 2 7
FI 2 GR
C O .
-. C TI ON O TOM B 2 WIDT H I ID 5 F T
SS SE F . NS E, EE .
'

feet w est of T om b 1 It was .

ma ke d
r by a p i l e of l oos e b ui l i n t n
d g s o e p s r o b a b l y th e u i ns o f s om e s t u ct u e
,
b ui l t r r r

over i t Th e c h a m er
. b l y i ng eas t a nd e
w s t w a s 5 5 fee t i n l en g t h a nd 2 f ee t i n w i d th a t

Thi s is a go o d i ll us t ra t i o n of th e c h a r a c t er i s t i c a r ch of th e a nc i e nt b ui ld i ngs in

C e nt ral Am eri ca a nd Yuc at an . d

Th e r a wi ng a lso i l l us t r a t es i na g e ne r a l w ay t h e c o ns t r uc t i o n
o f t h e r oo m s b ui l d i n g s o f C
i n th e o p a n a nd t h e f o r m o f t h e a r c h ,
w h i c h s u pp o r t e d t h e r o o f .

n
Ina fe w i ns ta c es t i ers o f th e b e v e l -fa ce d b l oc k s o f s t o n e fo r m i ng a p o r t i o n o f t h e ar c h , ,

h ave b ee nfo u nd i nplac e a b ove th e si d e walls of a b ui ld i ng .

 DE TAIL E D DE S C R I PTION OF TH E R UI NS . 31

th e top , a nd 5 feet b et weenth e ver ti cal w alls b el ow ; th e h ei gh i s t fee t ( Fi g . 2 cr os s

s ec t i on) It w a s fi l l
. e d t o w i th i n a f e w i n ch es of t h e cei li n w i th d r
g y h a r d p ac k e d
ea rt h v er y,
h a d t o r e m o v e A sh esr a n d s om e b i ts of ch a r c oal w er e f ound.
nea r t h e

t op . On t h e fl oor w e e t h e c um b li ng e m ai ns of a s k el eton F ou e a th enwa e

r r r . r r r

ve s s els e ach pai n ,

ted w i th fi gures s om e jadei te and sh ell o nam ents and ani m al b ones , r

wer e found .

T om b 3 i s und e t h e steps of a r ui ned h ouse at a sh or t di stance t o th e north

r ,

of t h e gr eat Pla z a An old excavati on h ad br ough t to li gh t a ch am b er r unni ng east

.

an d wes t A r o o f -s t on .e 4 feet 9 i n ch es l o n g a n d 1 f o o
,t 4 i n c h es w i d e h a d b ee n ,

r em ove d bu t no atte m pt h ad beenm a d e to c le a th e ch am b er of th e cl ay th at nea ly

,
r r

fi ll ed i t Th e top of th e vault was 1 5 feet ab ove t h e l evel of th e gr o und i n f ont

. r

o f t h e s te ps Por t i ons of th e ea th h ad b een g r eatly d i stu b ed by ants

. Th er r .

fl oor of th e vault i s at th r ee d i ff er ent levels at th e easter n end w as a secti on4 5 feet

l ong th e cem ente d fl oor of wh i ch w a s 3 5 feet fr om th e r oof
,
Th e m i dd le s e cti on 4 .
,

fee t i n length w i d th 3 5 feet w as 1 1 i nch es l ow e ; li k e t h e fi s t i t w a s c o e ed w i t h

, ,
r r v r

m o r ta c e m ent r Th e weste rn s ecti on w as 3 5 feet l ong and was 7 i nch es na r owe

.
, r r

th an th e oth e t wo th e wal l on th e south er n S i d e b ei ng b ui lt fur th er i n T h i s

r , .

s ecti on w a s 1 f t b ve t h e m i dd le s ecti o n an d n m n t d T h l l
5 e e a o w a s o t c e e e e w a s ,
.

a t t h i s p ar t w e e ou g h e a n d n o t s o r er
gul ar l
r y c o n s t u c te d r T h e s i d e w a l l s o f r .

t h e a ul t c on e ge d s om e wh t tow a d th e t op
v v r nd th e oof c onsi ste d Of se ven S l ab s
a r ,
a r ,

ave agi n
r
g 1 5 f ee t w i d e 1 f oo t 2 i nc h es i n h ei g h t a n
, d 3 fee t i n l e n g t h In t h e , .

no th e n S i d e of th e v ault a b out 5 i nch es a b ove t h e fl oo a nd near th e e aster n e nd

r r ,
r, ,

w as ni ch e 1 fo ot i n l ength 1 0 i nch es i n h e i gh t and 1 8 i nch es d eep Anot h er ni ch e

a , , .

i nth e c ent e of t h e south e n w all 1 f oot 9 i nc h es a bove th e fl oo r w a s 1 0 i nch e s h i gh

r r , , ,

1 5 i nch es d ee p nd 1 fo ot i nb ead th ,
Noth i ng o f i nte r es t was f ound i nei th e
a r Inth i s
. r.

va u lt w e e found th e us ual Ob j ect s of potter y o b s i d i an s h el l and j a d e a few fr a gm ents

r , , ,

f a ni m al b one s a pi ece of gna w ed a ntl e a h o s e s an d f a gm ent s of a noth er

’
o ,
r, r r .

Ah um anS k eleton w h i ch lay onth e fl oo i n th e e a ste nend was i nan d anced s tate
, r r , a v

of d e cay Th e left fem ur h a d b eengna wed by som e a ni m al Th e d epres si oni nth e m i d

. .

d le of th e fl oo o f th e a ult h ad b ee nfi lled up w i th cl ay t o a le el w i th th e e as te ns ec t i o n
r v v r .

T om b 4 was found ab out m i d way b etweenth e Mai n S tr uctu e and th e m ode n r r

v i ll age of C opa n a bout 1 0 0 y a d s no th of th e oa d , T h e e i s a m ound 3 7 by 3 2 feetr r r . r , ,

b ui l t onth e S l ope of one of th e oot h i l ls Onth e e aster nsi d e h ad once b eena fl i gh t of

f - .

s t e ps 1 5 fe et w i d e o n
,
am e n ted w i th several stones c ar ed i n a c nventi onal patte n
,
r v o r .

Th e l and wh e e th i s m ound i s i tuate d h a s b een us ed f o pl anti ng and a nexca at i on

r s r ,
v ,

m ad e by so m e nati ve i n th e t op of t h e m ound r e e al ed a l a r ge fl at stone wh i ch p r o e d ,

v , v

to be one of th e oof stones of a v ault 2 fe et 3 i nch e s i n w i d th 3 feet 5 i nch es i n

r , ,

length a nd 2 feet i nh e i gh t Noth i ng w as fo und i nth i s ch a m b e b ut t h e no th e nw all

,
. r, r r

wa s o pe n nd gave a c c es s t o a l a ge ch a m b e th e fl o o of w h i ch w as 1 foot 4 i nch e s

a r r r, r

b el ow th e fl oo of th e fi t T h i s ch a m b e w as 4 fe et i nl ength f m east t o w est and

r rs . r ro ,

Th ese been br ok enf r om t h e ja w a nd t h ey m ay h a v e f alle n i nt o

t ee t h of a h o r se h ad ,

t h e t om b or h av e b e en c ar r i e d th e r e by r od e nt s d ur i ng t h e i nt e r val s i nce i t w a s fi r st
Op ened and i t s expl or at i on by M r S a vi l l e Th e gna w i ng of bones i n th e tom b and t h e . .

an t s nes t S h ow t h at th er e h as b een cons i d e r abl e d i stu

’
r b ance o f m at e r i al s We m us t .
,

h o we v er r e m em b e r th at t h e s e t e eth m ay p os s i bl y h av e a b e ar i ng up on t h e e xi s t enc e o f
,

an A m e r i ca n h o se i n p r eh i st o i c t i m e In t h i s connecti on s ee C op e not e on E guu

r r .
, , s

fr a t er na s A m e r Ph i l S oc v o l x x xi v p 4 6.6 1 8 9 5 . .
,
. . .
, .
32 E X PL O RATIO N OF C O PAN .

t
2 fee 9 i nch es i n w i d h t . Th e r oof w as b ui lt i n t h e fo r m of th e h or i zon al t a r ch , th e
ca ps t o ne b ei ng 4 f ee t9
b ove th e fl oor wh i ch w as m a d e of r ough s tones
i nch es a ,
.

Int h i s ch a m b er we r e f ound f our d ec or ate d e a r t h enwa r e v ases Inth e nor th er n .

en d w e r e th e r e m ai ns of a S k elet on b ad ly d ecay ed ; Of th e teeth only t h e c r owns ,

r em a i n ed At e i th e r s i d e of t h e h ea d w a s found a ci r c ula r ea r or na m ent of gr een

.

j ad ei te about o ne i nch i nd i a m ete r w i th r ed pi gm ent a d h e r i ng t o th e i nner s ur fa ce

, , .

F o ur j a d e i te b ea d s we r e f ound ne a r t h e h e a d a nd a pi e c e of j a d e i te a b out a n i nc h i n , ,

l e ng th o n w h i ch w a s c a r ve d a h um a n f a c e
,
S om e c h a r c oal a nd b ur nt ea r t h w e r e .

m i xe d w i th t h e cl ay wh i ch fi ll e d t h e va ult .

At a fe w p a ces t o t h e s outh ea st of t h e m ound i n w h i ch th i s t om b w a s f ound i s ,

an ot h e r m o u nd Of th e sa m e d i m e ns i o ns An excavati on m ad e i nto th e cent r e at .

,

s o m e f o r m e r t i m e sh o w e d a r u i ne d c h a m b e r a b out 2 2 feet i n l e ngth ; th e r oof a nd

,

m os t of th e w a ll s h a d f a ll en i n O ve r th e f a ll en r oof s t ones w a s f o und th e s k el et on of

- .

a y ou ng pe r s on a b ove wh i ch s om e r ough s t ones h ad b een pl a ced

,
Th e sk elet on l ay .

o n t h e r i gh t s i d e w i t h t h e k ne e s d o ubl e d u
, p t o t h e c h i n N o t h i ng w a s f o und w i t h t h e .

s k e le to n On clea r i ng out th e ch a m b e r noth i ng w a s f ound on th e stone fl oor over

.

w h i ch t h e r o of h a d fa ll en .

T om b 6 is a bo ut h alf a m i l e f r o m t h e m ai n s t r uctur e , i n a nor th east er ly d i r e c

ti on on ,
t h e l o w e r f o o h i ll s ,
- t It w as i nd i cated by th ee l ge
i n a n Ol d t ob a c c o fi el d . r ar

fl t t n
a s o ly i ng i d by i d
es th e i up pe
S e u f ce S b out 9 i n h
e, b e th g n l
r r s r a s a c es a ov e e er a

l e el f th e g und t h ey m ea s u e d 5 f e et i n l e ngth by 2 5 f eet by 1 fo t nd f m e d

v o ro r o ,
a or

t h e o o f o f a ch a m b e
r feet i nl ength r f et i n wi d t h and 3 f eet i n d epth I t l ay
,
e ,
.

a l m os t d ue no t h nd s uth w a s fi lle d wi th c l y
r a o nd w a s d i i d e d by a ow of stones
,
a ,
a v r

ac s t h e m i d d l e of t h e fl o o
r os i nt o t w o s ect i ons In t h e o uth e npa t w e e found t h e
r . s r r r

c u r m b l i ng m i n f a s k el et on w i th a fe w ud e pi ec e s of p ott e y
re a s o In t h e n t h e n r r . or r

s ec ti n p oo t i an Of n o t h e
r ok e l e t o n w as d i sc
a e e d ly i n
r sg o n t h e s t o n e fl o o N e a by ov r r. r

w e e f a gm e nt s Of t h e S k ull of a th i d sk el et on A p i ece o f p ott e y 1 3 5 i nch es l ong

r r r . r , ,

i n th e f m f a pe f at e d l a d l e t h e e nd o f t h e h a nd le ep e s enti ng t h e h e d of a
or o r or , r r a

se p e nr t w as found ne th e S k el eton T h i s i nall p ob abi li ty i s ani ncense b u ne

,
ar .
,
r ,
r r .

T om b 7 w d i s co e ed t a d i st ance of ab out 2 0 r od s west of T m b 6 Th e

as v r a o .

ch a m b e l ay ne ly ea st and w es t a nd w a s fi l led w i th cl ay i n w h i ch only a fe w

r ar , ,

f a gm e nts of h um a n a nd oth e b one s w e e f o und t ogeth e w i t h

r r s m all m et at e o r ,
r a ,
r

r ubb i ng s tone nd p l i n ,t a n e Obj e cat 3 i n h a th i c k by 1 5

s o by 8 i n h e s w i t h t h e e c es c ,
r

p o
r j ec t i o ns l i k e l e gs .

T o m b 1 0 l i es 4 0 od s s outh of th e m a i n st r uctu e and 8 od s f om th e i e i n

r r r r r v r,

a l e el v Th e u u l
a r ea . f s t one s p j ecti ng ab o e t h e u f c e h ow e d i t p es enc e
s a r oo ro v s r a S s r .

In e m o i ng t h e c l y w i t h wh i ch i t w as fi lled f ou b eauti f ul j a s o a s es of exq ui si te

r v a ,
r r r v

w k m n h i p w e e enc o unte ed a t a d e pth of 2 5 f eet b el ow t h e s u f c e a nd 2 f e et

or a s r r r a ,

f m th e fl
ro of t h e au lt toget h e w i th a s m al l st ne c elt a n ob i d i a nfl ak e k ni fe a
oo r v ,
r o ,
s ,

l a l e S h a pe d p i e ce of p otte y s i m i l a t o t h at found i n T m b 6
d - r W i th th es e wer e
r o .

r em o e d a f e w c u
v m bl i ng f a gm ent of th e s k elet on of a c h i ld
r r s .

H U M AN TE E T H F I LE D AND OR NAM E N T E D WITH JA D ITE E .

( S ee p a g e
 THE MONO IT HI C MON ME NT S L U .

TH E sculpt ur e d col um ns or t al l m onoli th i c m onum ent s Of C opan , to

wh i ch th e na m e of b ee n a ppli e d by M a ud slay a nd ot h er s a nd i s
St elae h as ,

a d o pt e d h er e for t h e s ak e of u ni for m i ty h a v e not only fur ni sh ed th e ch i ef ,

a t t r a c t i ont o t r a v ell er s bu t h a ve g i v e n t h e r u,
i ns th ei r pr i nc i pal fa m e a nd
t h ei r di sti nc ti v e ch a r a c ter Of t h e tw enty t h r ee of t h es e m onum ent s now
- .

k now n fi f t e ena r e S i tua t e d i n o r ab out t h e g r ea t P la z a a nd i n t h i s g r oup a r e

, ,

i ncl ud e d t h e l a r g e s t a nd m o s t el a b or a t e ; si x of t h e i r num b e r a r e s t a nd i ng ,

t h e r est a r e ov er t h r o w n a nd b r o k en Th e a v e r a g e h ei gh t fr om t h e g r ound .

d oe s not e xcee d t w el v e fee t ; t h e a v er a ge br ea dth i s a b out t h r ee f eet w i t h a ,

t h i ck nes s sli gh tly le ss t h a nth e w i dt h .

All of t h i s P la za g r o up o f s telae a r e i nd i ca t e d by M a ud slay on h i s pla n;

bu t so m e w e r e h a lf bur i e d bene a th d eb r i s and r ub b i s h a nd w e r e cl ea r ed fo r ,

t h e fi rs t t i m e by t h e P e a b o dy Muse um E x pe d i t i on A c o m ple t e s et of p h o .

t ogr a ph s a nd m oul d s w er e m a d e of t h e s e a s w el l a s of t h e b e tt er k no w n -

s te l ae . A ss oci a te d w i th each st el a a nd usua lly fr o m t e nt o fi ftee nfeet f r om,

i t s b a se i s a s m a lle r s c ul pt ur e c a lle d f o r c o nv e ni e nce o f d e sc r i p t i on a n a l t a r

, , .

T h ese m ay be sai d i n g e ner al to be m onoli th i c a l t h oug h i n so m e ca se s ,

a s s o ci a t e d s m a ll e r p a r t s s u c h a s t h e h ea d a nd l e g s o f a n a n
, i m a l a r e ca r v e d ,

on s epa r a t e pi eces .

Th e foll o w i ng i s Pala ci o s d escr i p t i on of w h a t h e s a w o f th ese m onu

’

m e nt s

“Inth i s sq u e a e si x g eat statues th ee e p se nti ng m enc o e ed w th m os ai c

ar r r ,
r r re v r 1

w o k a nd w i t h g te r s ound th ei l egs th ei r w e p ons co e e d w i th o na m ents ; t wo

r ar r r ,
a v r r

Of t e ot e
h h r s a e o f w o m e nr w i t o g ob es a d h ead d es s i nth e Rom an sty l e Th e
h l n n - r r .

r em i na i ng t t ue i s of a b i s h op wh o p pea s t o h ol d i n h i s h a nd a b ox o s m al l
s a ,
a r r

c off e r . T h ey s eem to h a e b een i d ol s fo i n f ont of each of t h em i s a l ar ge stone

v ,
r r

w i th a s m al l b asi n and a ch annel c ut i n i t w h e e t h ey exec ut ed th e vi ct i m a nd t h e

‘
r

bl ood fl ow e d off
'
.

Th e na m e “i d ol s i s us e d
d y by t h e na t i v e s l i v i ng i n t h e v i ci ni ty o f
to a
-

th e r ui ns w h e n sp ea k i ng of t h e se m onum e nt s of t h e i r pr e d e ce ssor s, c onc e r ni ng

w h i ch t h ey a pp e a r t o h av e l o st a ll t r a d i t i o n S o li ttl e h a s b ee n a cc o m pl i sh e d .

si nc e P a l a c i o w r o t e , i n t h e w ay o f i n t er pr e ti ng t h e m onum ent s, th a t t h e
Aletter fr o m Di e go G ar ci a d e P a lac i o t o K i ng Ph i l i p II . of S p ai n, d a te d G u t ema al a ,

8 th M ar c h . 15 7 6 . M aud s lay ’
s t ra nslat i o n . S ee App endi x fo r th i s lett er i nf ull .

MEM . P ABO Y M U UM
E D SE I .
-5
34 E XPLO R ATION OF CO PAN .

d escr i pti onwh i ch can be g y i s s c i v ent o da

a r cel y m or e sat i sfa ct or y th a n h i s
-
,

w r i tt en m or e t h a n th r e e cent u r i es a o a n
g d m us t be a t b es t bu t an en , u m e r

a t i on Of d e t a i ls i n t h e d e si gn .

Th e follo w i ng i s M a ud slay s d escr i pti on:

’

Th e m onol i th i c m onum ents at C opan ar e c ut fr om a som ewh a t d e com pos ed

tr ach yte r ock ; for conveni ence of d escr i pti on, th ey m ay be d i vi d ed t
i no S telae a nd
Alta r s .

Onth e fr on t of e ach a nd i n s om e cases o n b oth f r ont and b ack , i s a

r e p r e se n tati on of an elab or ately d ec or ated h um anfi gur e On th e b ack ( wh en i t i s .

not occ upi e d by a fi gur e) , and i n s om e i nst ances on b oth bac k and s i d es , i s a h i er o
l y h i i n r i t i on T h d i n i m t i m m l t d by t h e a dd i t i o n f s c ll
g p c s c p . e e s g s s o e es c o p e e o r o

w o r k d e r i ve d fr om th e fo r m of t h e f eath e r e d s er pen , t t o w h i ch i s add ed a num b er of

s m al l h u m a nand gr ot es q ue fi gur es .

Th e or nam entati on th r ough out t h e s culptur es i s no d oubt to a gr eat extent

s y m b oli c al , an d i n th e d ec or ati on of th e S tel ae m or e attenti on a ppear s t o h ave b een

g i v e n t o t h e d i s p l a y of s u c h o r n a m e n t a t i o n t h a n t o se c u r i n g c o r r e ct p p
r o o r t i on i n th e

r ep r esen tati onof t h e p r i nci pal fi gur e ; but th at th e e r r or s i npr opor ti ond i d not ar i se
fr om th e w ant of k nowled ge i s cl e ar ly S h own by th e f a r s upe r i or t r eat m ent of som e of
th e s m al l e r fi gur es onth e s am e m onum ent s .

Al m ost t h e wh ole of t h e or nam ental car vi ng d ecor ati ng th e S telae at C opan i s

d er i ved fr om th e followi ng subj ects : Th e feath er ed ser pent , gr otesque h um an and
a n i m a l fi gu r e s a n d m a s k s ,
f e a t h e r s a n d f e a th e r - w o r k ,
fi s h , b a n d s a n d p l a i t s m a d e o f
s om e pli ab l e m ater i al s u ch a s l e ath er or b ar k cl oth , an - d l oops and t i es m ad e fr om
a s oft e r m at er i al . G eom et r i cal p atter ns , except s uch a s a r e for m ed by th e fol d s
an d pl a i ts of a m at er i al w i th str a i gh t pa r all el e d ges , a r e not t o be found ( unl e ss ci r cl es
an d d ots ca nbe so c ons i d e r e d ) F oli ati ons and oth e r veget ab l e f or m s a r e ( w i th p os
.

s i bly o n e e x c e pt i on ) e n t i r e l y a b s e n t f r o m t h e d e s i g n s

“Th e d r ess and ornam ents of th e h um an fi gures r epr esented on th e S telae,

.

al th ou g h a fi or d i n g i nfi ni t e v a r i ety i nd et a i l , a r e n ot o n l y S i m i l a r i n gen e r al d e si n on
g
al l t h e m o n um ent s at C Opa n b ut on all m onum ent s o f t h e s am e cl a s s th r ough out
,

C entr al Am e ri ca .

U nti l th e i ns cr i pti o ns a r e d ec i ph er e d th er e i s l i ttle to h el p us i n d ete r m i ni ng

,

wh eth e r th e fi gur e s onth e S tel ae a r e i nte nd ed t o b e p or t r ai t s of ch i eft ai ns or pr i est s

i n ce r em oni al c ostum e , or wh eth er th ey ar e f a nc i f ul r ep r e sentati ons of h e r oes or d ei ti es .

Th e st r ong i nd i vi d ual i ty of m a ny Of th e fi gur e s gi ve s fo r ce t o th e for m e r vi ew ; but ,

ont h e oth e r h a n d , th e r e a r e t w o of th e fi gur es wh i ch c a nnot be i ncluded i n th e c ate

g y
o r o f m o n u m e n t a l p o r t r a i t s ,a s t h e i r f a c e s a r e c o ve r e d by g r ote s q u e m a sk s. T h e

g r e a t e x a gg e r a t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n al a d o r n m e n t s w o u l d b e m o r e l i k ely t o occu r i n
i m a gi nati ve fi gur es th an i n po r tr ai t s ; b ut a p os s i b l e e xpl a nati onof th es e ex agger a
ti ons m ay be l ear ned fr om s om e of th e s cul ptur es th em s el ves Th e c ar vi ng o n a .

w oo d e n l i ntel t ak e nf r om a te m pl e at T i k al ( par t of w h i ch i s fi gur e d on Pl at e XXIII ) .

r e p r e s en ts a c ent r al h um anfi gur e s tand i ng und er th e a r ch e d b ody of a gr eat fe ath er ed

s er pe n t , ona sor t of stepped platfor m wh i ch r ests on a fr am ewor k of poles T h i s .

Th i s ca nnot be sai d to a p pl y t o S t ela J , wh i ch h a s a h i gh l y co nventi onal f ac e on i t s

West er nsi d e but no re
p r ese ntat i onof a fi gur e .
 L
TH E M ONO ITH IO M O N U M E NT S . 35

s uggests th e pr ob abi li ty th at i m age s m ad e fr o m som e li gh ter m ater i al th anstone m ay

h ave b een k ept i n t h e t e m ple s , and use d on th e occa s i on of r eli gi ous pr oc es s i ons .

And i t m ay be th at t h e e xagger ated ad or nm ents of th e fi gur es on th e S tel ae w er e

c op i e d f r om t h e e l a bor ate o r n am e nts wi th wh i ch i n all countr i es and i nall a ge s i t h as
b ee nc ustom a r y t o a d o r n such pr oces s i ona l fi gur es .

T h er e i s not at C opanany cer tai nevi d ence o f t h e use of texti le fab r i cs , but i t i s
p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e w a i s t-c l o th s a nd t ur b a n-
l i k e h e a d -d r es s es of s om e of t h e fi u
g r es

w e r e m a d e f r o m w ove n m a t e r i a l .

C ons i d er abl e d i ffi c ulty i s m et w i th i n attem pti ng t o tr ac e th e d evel opm ent of

t h e d es i gns us ed i nth e o r na m e nt at i on fi r stly , b eca us e , w i th th e e xcepti onof fe ath e r s
.

an d t h e s k i ns of j agua r s w e a r e not c e r tai n of th e k i nd of m ater i al fr om wh i ch th e

,

or n a m en ts and d r es s w er e or i gi nally m a d e a nd ca n for m no i d ea of h ow far th e ,

d es i gn m ay h ave b een i nfl uence d by th e natur e of th e m ater i al w or k ed i n; and

s econ d ly b eca us e th e or i gi nal d es i gns m ay h a ve b een c onsi d e r ably m odi fi ed wh en
,

t r a ns fe r r e d t o s t o ne by w o r k m en wh o h a d p r ob a b ly no b ett er t ools th an ch i p s a nd
fl a k es of Ob s i d i an M AU D S L AY pa ge s 3 3-34
.
'
, .

Th e t
s el ae w er e or i e nt e d as f ol low s : A B , ,
E , 4, f ac e t; F H I J
ea s , , , ,

M P , ,
6 , fa ce w e st ; C a nd 5 fa ce nd ea s t a w est b e i ng d o ub le fa ce d ;
,
-

D face s so ut h ; J a nd 3 fa ce nor t h and s out h .

E a ch uppo r t e d upon a b a s e or pe d e st al , som eti m es o n a l e vel

t
s el a is s

w i t h t h e sur r o und i ng pa v e m e nt a nd so m e t i m e s s eve r al f e et b el o w Th i s

,
.

b a se cons i s t s o f a fl a t sla b Of s t o ne fr o m 4 t o 6 fee t s q ua r e , and a b out 1 foo t

th i ck . In four i ns t a nces of fa lle n st e lae, vaul t s h a v e b een f ound und er ne a th
th e s uppor t of t h e m o num en t . T h ese va ul t s consi s t of t w o sh aft s cr oss
i ng at r i gh t a ng le s unde r t h ei r end s lyi ng i n th e d i r ect i ons
th e ce ntr e ,

of t h e fo u r ca r d i n al p o i nt s T h ey a r e b ui l t o n s ev e ra l l a r g e slab s w h i ch
.
,

s e r v e a s a fl oo r a n d as a fo und a t i on T h ey a r e const r uct e d of s qua r ed st one .

,

l a i d w i t h o ut m or t a r a nd a r e v e r y s t r o ng a nd w ell m a d e
,
Abo ve t h e pe de s .

t al th e m o num e nt i s usua lly suppor t e d by s t onew or k l a i d a ga i nst i t s si d es ,

.

Th e v a ult und e r St el a M ( Fi g 3 ) w a s o p e ned i n J a nua r y 1 8 9 5 Th e .

,
.

en d s h a d no t b een clo se d a nd t h e clay t h r ow n a ga i nst i t h a d m a d e i t s w ay

,

i n fi ll i ng i t up t o w i t h i n a f ew i nch es o f th e t op
,
Th e b a s e o f th e m o num e nt .

ch h a d f a l l en w a s on a l e v el w i t h t h e s u r r ou nd ng vem e n t
( w h i ) i p a w h i c h ,

ca m e u a ga i n t i t n a ll s i d e s l i ng m l t ly t h en t ran es to t h e
p s o se a co p e e e ,
c

va u l t b e low Th e m o num ent w as s uppo r t e d o n i t s b a s e by a n obl ong bl ock

°

of s t on e p l a c
,
ed a ga i nst i t O n eac h si d e T h e d i m e ns i on s o f t h e v au l t a re :
.

l ength of ea s t a nd w es t sh a f t 9 f ee t 8 i nch e s ; w i dth 1 f oo t ; d e p t h , , ,

2 f ee t Th e oth er sh a ft h a s v er y near ly th e sa m e d i m ensi ons a s t h i s C on

. .

s i d e r a bl e c a r e w a s t a k e n t o d e t er m i n e a s e xa c t ly a s p o s si b l e t h e di r ec t i o n

of t h e sh a f t s ; one w a s fo u nd t o b ea r tw enty m i nut e s w est of t h e t r ue

no r th a nd t h e o th er i s at r i gh t angles t o i t
,
I n t h i s v aul t w er e f ound t h i r ty .

e a r t h en w a r e v e s sel s of v a r i ous g r a d e s a nd styles o f w o r k m a nsh i p

,
S om e o f .

th e coar ser k i nd w e re t o a g r ea t e xt e nt d i si nt eg r a t ed ; ot h er s of a fi ner

36 E XPLO R ATION OF COPAN .

q ual i ty w e r e p e r fec t , a nd se v er al o f t h es e d ecor a te d w i t h fi g ur es pai nt ed

w er e

i nd i fi e r ent c o lo r s
. A s m a ll j a r w as fi ll e d w i th b l a c k su lp h i d e o f m e r c u r y
,

an d co v e r e d w i t h a s h e l l S
( p o n dy lu s c a lc f )
i er A
. f e w r o u g h b i t s O f j a d ei t e

an d som e fr a g m ent s of st a l a ct i te s w er e al so found .

Th e pedest al of S tela C ( F i g 4) i s th r ee feet b elo w t h e pavem ent ; th e

.

v au l t und er nea t h i t ( Fi g 5 ) i s m uch t h e sa m e a s t h e one j us t d escr i be d but

.
,

i s close d a t e a ch end by a b lo ck of st one ; t h e nor th south a nd w est ar m s , ,

w i d e n t o w a r d s t h e o u t e r en d ; t h e ea s t a r m i s sh o r t e r ,
i s t h e sa m e w i dt h
t h r ough o ut and i s close d d i ff er ently In th i s vaul t w er e found only a few
,
.

i e ce s of r ou g h p o tt e ry
p .

F IG 3. .
- VA ULT UN D E R S T LA M
E . Isom etr i c Pr ojecti on .

I
n fr ont St el a I a si m i la r v aul t w a s found cont ai ni ng sever al v a ses
of ,

an d ja r s of a v e r y fi ne qual i ty p a i nt e d w i t h fi g ur es
,
.

No v a ul t w a s found a ssoc i a t e d w i t h St e la 3 ; t h e ped e st al r es t e d on

th r ee l ay er s of nar row obl ong s t ones und er w h i ch w a s a po ck et of pi g m ent s
,

o f d i fi e r ent col o r s ; i n t h i s w e re fo und four j a d e i t e or na m ent s v er y ni cel y ,

cu t a nd pol i sh ed ; e a ch i s pi er c e d l ong i t ud i na lly by a r ound h ol e t h r ough

w h i ch a s t r i ng coul d be pa ss e d fo r sus p end i ng t h e Obj e ct .

E xcav a ti ons r ev eale d t h e b a se of fall en St ela 1 i n pl a ce on li ne of second

st ep of s t ai r w a y for m i n g th e w est er n slope of Mound 9 F r om th e v ault .
 THE M O L
N O ITH IO M ON U M E NT S . 37

b enea t h w ere r e m o v ed
fi v e rude t h e
ea rn w a r e v e s s el s f r a g m e ,
n t s O f s t a l a c t i t e s ,

sh e l l s O f t h e S p o n dy lu s c a lc
if e r a l a
,
r
g e j a d e i t e b e a d a n d a ,q ua n t i t y o f c i n n a b ar .

A t t h e foot Of t h e s ta i r wa y s t a nd s a c i r c ula r a lt ar bro k en ne a r ly i n h alv es

an d r e s t i n g p u o n b l o c k s o f s t o n e A . d r a w i n g by M r G o r d o n . s h o w i n g t h i s

a l tar a n d t h e f a lle n s t e la r e s t o r e d i n p l a c e i s
g i v e n i n F i g 6 . .

F IG . 4 — C R OS S -S E
. C TI ON OF S T E LAC , S H OW I G VAU LT
N AN D S T ON E W OR K AT B AS E .

S c a le 1 i nch = f3 f ee t .

O ut s i d e t h e p r i nci pal r ui n sh ow n on t h e pl a n ( Pla t e I ) s ev en s t el ae . are

k now n, i nc lud i ng t h e t w o on t h e m o unt a i ns t o t h e ea st a nd w e s t .

St ela 6 i s i n th e b ush , s ev er a l ro ds to th e nor th of t h e pa h t l e a d i ng

fr o m th e r ui ns t o th e m od er n v i ll a ge . It h a d fa ll en, but w a s i n a fa i r l v
38 E XPLO RATI O N OF C OPAN .

g o od s t a t e of r eser va t i on; d
i t w as
t o i t s f or m er posi t i on by O wen
r a i se s
p
an d S a vi ll e i n 1 8 9 1 w h en i t w as m ould ed and ph ot og r a ph ed f or th e fi r s t
,

t i m e Th e four S i d es of t h i s st ela a r e sh ow n onPla te V II

. .

Stela 7 wh i ch li es i n th e b ush t o t h e w e st of t h e m od er nv i llage i s

, ,

fa ll en a nd b r ok en I t w a s m oul d e d and ph ot ogr a ph ed i n 1 8 9 3

. Th e fa ce .
,

w h i ch c o ns i s t s of a f ull l ength fi g ure i s v e ry m uch b r ok en a nd no m oul d

-
, ,

w a s m a d e of i t Th e o th er t h r ee s i d e s ar e cov e r e d w i th h i er oglyph s
. .

S t el a 8 w a s found by Mr O w ens i n 1 8 9 3 ly i ng i n t h e b ush to th e

.
,

no r th w es t of th e m o d er nvi lla g e It see m s t o h a ve s t ood upr i g h t s uppor t e d

.
,

on e i t h er s i d e by t w o o t h er s t on es of a n eq u al s i z e w i t h i t bu t ly i ng fl at , .

F IG 5 —
. . VAUL T UN D ER S T E LA C . Isom etr i c pr ojecti on . S cale 1 i nch = 3 feet .

One of th e se 9 ) h a d or i gi nally h i er ogly ph s o n all four si d tw o of t h e se es, —

s id es b e i n g w ell pr eser ve d w h i le t h e ot h er s a r e alm os t t otally d es tr oy ed

, .

Th e s a m e i s tr ue of 8 .

An e xca va t i on w a s m a d e by O w ens b eneath th e pla ce wh ere th ese w er e

found but i t r ev ea le d not h i ng except a fe w r ough s t one b ea d s
,
M ould s .

w e r e m a d e Of b o t h s t one s .

St ela 5 st ood nea r St ela 6 but i s fallen a nd b rok en i n m any pi eces ;

,

i t h a d a f ull l e ngt h fi gur e on ei t h er si d e and i n fr o nt of ea ch w a s an al t ar

-
,

w i th a n i nscr i pt i o n no w a lm os t t o t a lly d e s t r oy e d
, .

A sm a ll cy li nd r i ca l col um n d ug up i n 1 8 9 2 i n th e p a ssag e t o th e e ast

,

si d e o f Py ra m d 1 6 and ca e d St e a 1 1 h a s on one si d e a full length

i ,
l l l ,
-

fi gur e w i th t h e fa ce t ur ned i n pr ofi l e Th e m a r k e d m anner i n w h i ch th e

‘

.
,

f o r e h ea d r e ce d e s a m o unt s t o d efor m i ty ; th e nose i s la r g e a nd a qui li ne ; t h e

 TH E M ON O ITH IC M ON L U
M E NTS .
39

t
t ee h a nd li ps pr oj ect i ng , a ndb ea r d e d A la r ge d oub le plum e
th e ch i n .

a tt ach e d t o t h e h ea dd r e ss ext en d s b eh i nd t h e fi g ur e a nd a w i nged s cr oll ,

d eri ve d fr o m t h e h ea d of t h e “ l u m d n t x t n d i n f n t '
n t h
p e ser p e e e s r o a o e r ,

a b o ve a n
, d a t h i r d a t t h e s i d e of t h e h ea d T h i s fi gur e a nd t h e a ssoc i a t ed
.

s y m b oli s m occu y t h r e e fo u
- r th s O f t h su f f t h t n t h t h f u t h
p e r a c e o e s o e ; e o er o r

i s co ve r e d w i t h a h i er ogly ph i c i nsc r i p t i on ( Pla t e V I II) .

F IG . 6 — S
. TE L A 1 , AN D AL T AR ( r estor ed ) , sh ow i ng p osi ti onof S tel a i n S t ai r w ay of M o und 9 .

Th e seco nd cl a ss of m onoli t h s, c al l e d t
al a r s , t ak e two t
ch a r a c e r i s ti c
for m s Th e m os t conspi cuous for m r epr esent s i n ea ch case so m e fanci ful a nd
.

gr ot e sq ue ani m a l , or el se e a ch si d e of t h e al t ar pr ese nt s a g r o t esque f a c e a ft er

s o m e co n v ent i o nal type Th e d eco r a ti on i s usually v er y ela b or at e ; but i n
.

so m e ca ses d esi gn i s q ui t e si m pl e a s i n F i g 7 a n alt ar ly i ng t o t h e w e st

th e , .
,

of S t el a C Th e b ody r e sem ble s a t ur tl e al t h ough t h e li ne s d o not cor r e

.
,

s pon d i n d i r ec t i on t o t h ose on a tur t l e s b ack but r un d i agonall y

’
Th e e dg e
,
.

i s al m ost a per fect ci r cl e 7 fee t i n d i a m et er ; t h e und er si d e i s fl a t t h e t o p

, ,
 E XPLO R ATION OF CO PAN .

7 . ALT AR OF S T E LA C ( r e s t or e d
) .

F IG 8
. ,
— ALT AR OF S T E LA C W IT H F ALLE N S T
, E LA B E H I N D I T .
 TH E M ON O ITH IC M ON L U
M E NTS . 41

ro und ed t ow ar ds th e ce ntr e, a nd r ai se d at b ot h si d es ov e r t h e l eg s . Th e h ea d
a nd cl a ws are c ut fr o m se
p t
ar a e p i ec e s of s o ne , t h e f or m e r b ei ng t h e usua l
t
nv ent i ona l D ea t h s h ead , w h i le th e cla w s ar e unfam i li ar I t f a ces t h e w es t ,
’
co .

but near t h e e a s t e r n si d e so m e
f r a g m ent s of a gr o t esq ue h e a d
w er e no ti ce d , w h i ch i na ll pr ob
a bi li ty fo r m e d a s ec o nd h ea d
o n th e a ni m a l , faci ng t owa r d s
th e t
s el a . Fi g . 7 i s f r om a

d r a w i ng by Mr G or don S h ow .

i ng t h e a l t a r i n d e t a i l w i th
t h e pa r t s r e s t o r e d Fi g 8 i s . .

a r e r od u t i n f h t g h
p c o o a
p o o ra p
sh o w i n g th e alt ar w i th t h e
falle n and b r ok en s t el a ea st
of it .

Th e o th er for m of t
al a r

is a fla t ci r c ula r t
s o ne, so m e

t i m e s as m uch as 7 feet i n
F IG 9
. .
— R
F ON T OF S C ULP T UR E Z
d i a m e t er ; n
.

th e pl a i t op
,
is
but t h e cy li nd ri cal edge h as one or m or e r ow s of glyph s r unni ng und
aro

it Fi
( g .

T h er e i s s ti ll anoth er cl a ss b een d esi gna t e d

of m onol i t h s w h i ch h av e a l so

as a lt a r s an d som e t i m es as ,

t a b le s T h ey a r e sq ua r e or .

Ob long block s of s to ne w i t h
fla t tops a nd s el d o m e xce e d ,

t w o fee t i n h ei gh t ; t h ey a r e
usual ly ca r ve d on t h e four
si d e s an d s om e t i m es on t op , ,

e i t h er w i t h an i n scr i p t i on or

so m e o th e r d es i g n M os t o f .

t h ese h av e b ee n d e sc r i b ed by
M a ud sl ay .

Al t a r L m enti oned on ,

age 2 0 i s f e et squ ar e
p ,

an d fee t h i g h ; on one s i d e
i s a d esi g n i n m e d i um r el i ef

F I l O— B AC O S C UL
G PT U Z
.
e
p r es e
K
n t i ng F
t w o s e a t e d h RE
um a n.
r

fi g ur es w i t h a v er t i cal r ow o f
glyph s b etw een th em A dr a w i ng of th i s si d e i s g i v en by M a ud slay on
.

P la t e 7 3 ; but h e m ak es no m ent i o n of th e opposi t e si de w h i ch i s m or e ,

ME M . P AB O Y M U UM
E D SE I— 6.
42 E XPLO RATIO N OF CO PAN .

t t
w ea h er w o r n but r e a i ns t
-
,
h e o ut l i ne s o f a s i m i la r d e si g n o nl y p ar t i a l l y
e xe c ute d .
t
Th e o h er t w o s i d es a n d t h e t o
p a re p l a i n w h i c h i s u n,
u s u a l ;

an b b
d i t i s pr o a l e t h a t t h e S i d e s a t l e a st w e r e t o b e ca r v e d .

S o m e w h a t r e se m b li ng t h ese
a lt ar s a re,
s e v er a l scu lp t ur es of ,

w h i ch Z d i sco ve r e d i n A pr i l 18 9 3
, , ,

upon e l ev a t i on b e t w e en t h e E a st er n
an d W e s t e r n cour t s i s 2 5 fee t h i gh ; ,

t h e t o p , w h i ch i s pl a i n, m ea sur es
1 8 X 2 2 i nch e s . Th e fr ont ( Fi g 9 ) .

g r ot e sque fa ce ; t h e b a ck ( Fi g
is a .

1 0 ) a nd si d e s ( Fi g s 1 1 12 ) a r e cov .
,

e r e d w i t h gl y ph s .

S culp t ur e Y w a s d ug up i nt h e
Pla z a nea r St ela 4 i n 1 8 9 4 I t
, ,
.

w a s e nt i r el y b ur i e d a nd s ee m s t o ,

h av e b eenpla ced i ni ts und er g ro und

p o si t i on t o su pp o r t t h e s t e l a Th e .

F 11 _ SI O S CU LPT U Z
IG ° ' DE F RE
d e si gn Of t h i s sc ul pt ur e see m s t o
'

r e p r e s en t a s qua r e b u nd l e t i e d w i th fl a t b a nd s One h a nd pa s si ng a cr oss

.
,

t h e t op a nd d ow n t h e e nd s d i v i d e s t h e s t one l ength w i se ; a no t h er si m i la r
,

b a nd d i vi d es i t cr os sw i se a nd t w o o th e r s pa r allel t o th i s e nci r cle i t nea r

,

e i t h er en d .E a c h Of t h e la tt e r a t ,

t h e poi nt w h er e i t cr o sse s t h e l on gi
tu d i na l b a nd o n t o p i s t i e d i n a ,

k no t . On e i t h er Of t h e longer e dg es
Of t h e s t o ne a b a nd r unni ng l e ngt h
,

w i se i s t i e d i n a k no t a t t h e ce nt r e ;
,

b e h i nd t h i s b a nd a p pe a r t w o fi g ur e s
w e a r i ng m a s k s a nd fa ci ng e a c h

oth er t h e r i g h t h a nd Of each fi g ur e
i s r a i s e d a nd e xt end e d tow ar d t h e
ot h e r on o n e of th ese si d es a
d r a g ons h ea d a p pea r s i nth e d esi g n
’
.

On ei th er of t h e sh or t er edges i s a n
i ns c r i p t i o n d i v i d e d i nt o g r o up s Of
f o ur gly ph s by t h e b a nd t h a t pa sse s
F 12 S ID O S C U L
IG PT UR Z E F E
d o w n t h e cent r e
. . .

S pt ur e X w a s d i scov er ed i n 1 8 9 5 nea r th e fallen St ela 5 of w h i ch i t

c u l
,

h a d for m e d t h e pe d e st al Th e desi g n i s pr eci sely t h e sa m e a s t h at of Y

.
.

T h i s scul pt ur e w a s a lso f ound b enea th t h e pa v e m ent .

 THE M O NOLIT H IC M O NU M E NT S . 43

T h ese tw o sc ulpt ur es d i fl er fr om t h ose p r e usly k now n a t C opa n;

v i o

th e r el i ef is v er y l ow , t h e t
c h a r ac er of t h e s cu l ptur e i s p ec uli a r , a nd t h e
d esi g n ne w Th e stone i t self see m s
. Ol d er t h a n t h a t Of a ny of t h e sculp
tur es alr ea dy k no wn; i t i s m or e d ecom po s e d a nd r e a d i er t o cr um b le B ot h .

w ere b ur i ed not by a cci d ent bu t by t h e pe ople w h o s et up t h e m onum ent s

,

t
w i h w h i ch th ey w er e found a ssoc i a t e d a nd i t w oul d see m t h a t th ey w er e
,

con si g n e d t o t h ese com pa r a t i v ely i n si gni fi ca nt uses w h en t h e us e f or w h i ch

,

t h ey w er e or i g i na lly d e s i g ne d w a s no l ong e r und e r s t o o d o r a ppr ec i a t e d .

E i t h er t h ey w er e o bsole t e r e li cs of a fo r m er peopl e or per i o d w h en t h ese ,

l at er m onum ent s wer e b ei ng s et up or t h ey w e r e c ond e m ne d a s i m p er fect o r

,

undesi r abl e sculpt ur es .

Th e fi r st th eor y seem s th e m or e plausi ble fr om th e fact t h a t noth i ng l i k e

th e m i s f ou nd w h er e i t coul d possi b ly h av e b een an obj ec t of us e or o r na m ent
i n t h e la t er d ay s of th e ci ty s h i s t or y
’
.

AL T AR IN F R ON T OF S T E L A D .
 AP P E N D IX .

ON
C O LL E C TI OF RARE AND O RIGINALD O CU ME NT S AND REL AT IO NS
NG THE D IS C O V ERY AND C O NQU
C O NC E RNI EST O F AMERIC A .

C H I EFL Y F R O M THE S PANI S H AR C H IV E S .

P UBL I S H E D IN TH E OR I G I NAL B Y , E . G . SQ UI R E , NE W YOR K, 1 8 6 0 .

Ca r ta d i r iyi da
'

al R ey d e E sp a fi a , p or el L
i ni ce c a d o D r D onD i eg o G ar ci a d e P a la ci o,
.

Oy d or d e la R ea l Aud i enci a d e G ua tem a la ; A77 0 1 576 .

RU
I NA S DE C O PAN .

C ERC A d el di ch o l uga n a l a C i ud a d d e S an Ped r o , enel pr i m er l ugar d e

r c om o va

la pr ovi nc i a d e H ond ur as , que s e ll a m a C opan, e s ta n una s r ui nas i vesti ji os d e g r an

b l i n i d b r vi os e d i fi c i os i t ales u e u n ni n unt i m u d h
p o ac o e so e q e p a r ce q e e g ,e p p
o o a ve r ,

e nt a n b a r b a r o i n j eni o c om o ti e nenl os nat ur al es d e a q uell a p r ovi nci a , edi fi c i o d e tant a

a r te i s u nt uos i d a d ; es r i be r a d e nu h er m os o r i o i e n unos cam pos b i en s i t ua d os i ,

t nd i d os ti e
es e ,
r ra tem ple h ar ta de fer ti li d ad e d e m uch a caza ' pe sca
d e m ed i ano , , .

E n l s ui nas d i h
a r h ai m onte s que p a ece n h a e S i d o fe ch os a m a no s i en
c as , r v r ,

ell os m u,
ch a s c o sas d e n ot a Antes d e llega a ell os esta s efi al d e par e d es g uesa s i
r . r ,
r

un p i d a g and i s i m en fi g u a d e agui la i fech o en s u p ech o unq uad o d e l a go d e

a e r r a r , r r

una va r a i e nel c i e r ta s l et as qu
, e n o s e s ab e qu
r e s ea .

L l e ga d os a las r ui na s esta otr a pi ed r a en fi gu a d e gi gante ; d i cen l os I nd i os

,
r

an ti guas que e a l a gua d a d e a q uel S ant ua i o ent and o e n el s e h allo una c u d e

r r r r r z

p i e d ra d e t e s p al
r m os d e a l t o co n u n b a z o q ue,b a d o r r .

Mas a d el ant e van c i e tas ui nas i al gunas p i e d a s en ell as l ab ad s eon h ar to

r r r r a

i m o ; i esta u n a e s t at u a a nd e d m a u q u t d e a l t l a b d m u n
p r r
g e s q e r a o v a r as o a a c o o r , r

Ob i s p o esti d o d e pont i fi cal c on s um i t r a b i en l a b a d a i a ni ll os en l as m anos

v , Juntor .

a ell a esta una pla a m uy b i e n fech a con sus g a d as a l a fo m a que e sc i b en d el

z r r r

C oli seo R om ano i po lgun s p a tes ti ene och enta g a d as enlos ada i lab a d po
,
r a a r r ,
r a r

c i e t o e n pa tes d e m u
r r i b u n pi e d a ' conh a to p i m o ; e s tan en el l a s ei s estatuas
e a r r r r

g ra n d i i
s m a l a s t s,
e s d e h o m
r b es a m a d o s a l o m os ra i co co n rl i a
g g a m b as ' s e m b a d a s ,
r

m uch as l a bo es p o l a s a m s i l a s ot as d os d e m uger es con b uen opaj e l a go

r r r a ,
r r r

i t oc a d u s a l R om ano ; l a ot a es d e Ob i s po que p a ece t ene enl a s m anos nub ult o

ra o r r r

c o m o c of e c i t or D e i m d e s e i d ol os p or q ue d el a nte d e c ad a una d ell as h a i a una

. v a r , v

p i e d r
a g a n dre q u e t e n i a f e c h a un a p i l et a co n s u s um i d e o d on d e d e go l l a va n l os s a c r i r

fi ca d os i c or r i a la sa ng r e ; t a m bi e n t e ni a n s en das c a z ol e a s j do s ac r i fi c a v a n con s us
s ah um er i es , i enm ed i o d e l a pl az a h a vi a t
o ro p i l a m ay o r que pa r e c e d e b auti zar d ond e
,
46 E XPL OR ATI ON OF C OPAN .

a nsi m esm o d evi an de h aze r encom un s us s acr i fi ci os Pasad a esta pl aza se sube por .

m uch as gr ad as 5 un p r om ontor i o alto que d evi a d e ser d ond e h a ci a n s us m i totes i

.

r i c tos p a r ece fu e f ec h o i l a b r a d o c on m u c h a c u r i o s i d a d , p or q u e a un s i e m p r e s e h a l l a n
al l i pi ed r as m u y b i e n l a b r ad a s A nu l a d o d e s t.e ed i fi c i o p a r e ce un a t o r r e 6 t e r r a pl e n o

al t o qu e c ae s ob r e el r i o qu e p o r al li p as a ; h a s e c a i d o i d e r r u
, m b a d o un gr an p ed a zo ,
i en l o c a i d o s e d e s cub r i e r o nd o s c ue va s d e b aj o d e l d i c h o ed i fi c i o m uy l a r ga s i a ngos tas ,
i fech o con h a rt a c ur i os i d a d ; no h e p od i d o a v e r i g ua r d e que s er vi a n ' p ar a que S e
h i c i e r o n; h ay una e s c a l er a que b aj a h a s t a el r i O p o r m uch as g r a d as S i n l o d i c h o h ay .

m uc h a s c osa s que d em uestr a n h a ve r h a vi d o a ll i g r a n pod e r i conc ur s o d e h om b r es , '

p ul i c i a i
, m e d i a na t
ar e e n la o br a de a q uell as fi g ur a s i e d i fi c i os . H e p r oc ur a d o co n el
cui d a d o p os i b l e s a b e r p or l a m e m or i a d e r i v a d a d e l os anti guos que ge nt e vi v i o al li ,

' que s a b e n ' o y e r on d e sus a nt e pas a d os i no h e h al l a d o l i b r o s d e s us a nt i gii ed a d es ,

,

ni c r e o que ent od o e ste d i st r i cto h ay m a s que uno , que y o t e ngo d i ce n que a nt i gua
t
m en e h avi a ve ni d o a lli i fech o a q uell os e d i fi c i os un gr a n s eri or
'‘

d e l a p r ov i nc i a d e
Y uc at a n i q ue,
al c a bo de a lg unos a fi o s s e bol vi O5 . s u t i er r a ' l o d ej o s ol o i d es pobl a d o ,
i t u d l a t r a fi as ue c u e nt a n es l a m as c i e r ta rqu l m m i
es o p a r e c e q e e a s p q p o e p o r a e o r a ,

d i ch a par e ce que a n t i g u a m e n t e g e nt e d e Y u c at a n con qu i s t O i s ubje t o l a s p r o v i nc i as d e

Ay aja l L a c a nd on V e r a pa z i la ti er r a d e C h i q ui m ul a i esta d e C opa n i ans i la l engua

, , , , ,

Apay que a q ui h abl an cor r e i s o enti end e en Yucatani l as p r ovi nci as d i ch as I a nsi
, ,

m e s m o p a r e c e q ue l a r te d e l os d i ch os e d i fi c i o s es com o l o que h a ll a r on en o t r as l os
E s pa fi ol e s que pr i m e r a m ente d es c ub r i er on l a d e Yucat an ' T a b a s c o d ond e h uv o fi gur as ,

d e ob i s p os h om b r es a r m a d os i cr uzes i pue s en ni nguna par te s e h a h all a d o t a l s i no

, , , ,

e s e n l os l u g a r e s d i c h os :
p a r ece
que s e p ue d e c r ee r
que f ue r on d e una nac i o n l os q ue

h i c i e r on l o uno i 10 t
o ro .

D e l o s l uga r e s d i ch os m e v ol vi 5 ua e m al a , p or ue con i nd i s pos i ci ones d e

. G t q
a l gunos d e l Aud i enci a f ue ne c e s sa r i o pa r a el d e s pa c h o d e l os ne go c i os , i a ns i s e
m a nd o l o h i ci e s e , pa se por lugar es b i en f r i os e f r a gos os d ond e ay l o s m ay or e s i m as
h e r m o s o s p i no s i ro b les , ce d r os , c i pr e s e s , i t
o r os m uc h os ar b ol es que ay e nt o d as t
e s as

r ovi n c i as
p .

Es ta s so nl a s cos as que e n e l qu e h i ze
p o r or d en d e V M m e
d i s cur s o d e la vi s i ta . .

p a r e c i e r o n d i gna s d e a lg u na c on s i d e r a c i on; no p ong o e nt r e e l l a s l a o ra i p a r t i e n

l a r i d a d e s d e s u genti l i d a d p or s e r m uch as i r e q ue r i r gr an e sc r i ptur a , a unq ue p ud i e r a

p o r ten er d ell a s s i e m pr e que V M m e o cupar e en su

h ech as m e m or i a d e l a s m a s ,
. .

s e r vi c i o p r o c ur a r ' e n l o gene r al i e n s e m ej a ntes es pe ci ali d ad es d e m a ne r a que s e

en ti end a que a l o m enos tengo b uen d es eo
,
.

Nue st r o S c h or l a C i R pe r sona d e V M g uar d e m uch os a fi os con a ugm ent o d e

. . . .

m ay o r es es tad os i c on fel i ci m os s uc e s os ' D e st a V uest r a C i ud a d d e G uate m al a 5 ,

8 d e Ma r z o d e 1 5 7 0 [ 1 5 7 6 ] afi os C R M h um i ld e i l eal cr i ad o que b e s a l as r e al es
. . . .
,

m ano s a V M . .

E LL IC E NC IAD O PAL AC IO .

S C ULPT UR E ON S T E P OF H I E RO G LY P H I C S T AI W A R Y .
( S ee a
p ge
 AP PE NDIX .
47

[ T R AN S L AT I ON ] .

U
R I NS O F C O PAN .

NE AR h e r e , on th e d t o th e ci ty of S an Ped ro i n th e fi r st town Wi th i n th e
r oa ,

vi n f H on d ur a s c a l l e d C o p a n a r e c e r t ai n r ui ns and ve st i es of a t ul
p r o c e o , g g r e a, p p
o a

ti on and of s uper b ed i fi ces of s uch s k i ll th at i t appear s th ey coul d never h ave b een

,

b ui lt by a peopl e as r ud e a s th e nati ves of th at p r ovi nce T h ey a r e found on th e .

b ank s of a b ea uti ful r i ve r i n a ne xtens e a nd w ell ch osenpl ai n tem per ate i ncli m ate
i v -
, , ,

fe r ti le and ab o und i ng i n fi sh and ga m e

,
.

Am ong th e r ui ns a r e t r ees w h i ch a ppear to h ave b een plante d by th e h ands of

as w ell a s m an y oth er r em ar k a b le th i ngs B efor e r ea ch i ng th em we fi nd .
,

r e m ai n s O f h e avy w al l s and a gr eat e agl e i n s tone h a vi ng on i t s b r e a st a t a b l et a

, ,

y ar d s q ua r e c over ed wi th unk nown ch ar acter s

,
.

Ar r i vi ng at th e r ui ns we find anoth er stone i n th e form of a gi ant wh i ch th e

, ,

an ci e n t I nd i ans a ve r w a s t h e gua r d i an of th i s s anctuar y E nter i ng th e r ui ns we fi nd .

,

a c r os s o f s t on e th r ee p al m s i n h ei gh t w i th on
, e of t h e a r m s b r ok en off F ur th er on
, .

w e e nc ount e r r ui ne d e d i fi c es a nd a m ong t h e m a num b er of s t ones s c u , l p t ur ed w i th

m uc h s k i ll ; a ls o a gr ea t s tat ue m or e t h a n f our y a r d s i n h e i gh t w h i ch r es em b l es a ,

b i sh op i n h i s ponti fi cal r ob es w i th a wel l w r ough t m i t re onh i s h ea d and r i ngs onh i s

-
,

fi nge r s Ne a t h i s i s a w e l b ui lt pl a a o s qua r e w i th s tep s o g r a d e s w h i c h f r om

. r l- z r , r
, ,

d e s cr i pti on r es e m b l e th os e of th e C ol i s eum a t Rom e In som e pl aces i t h as ei gh ty

, .

s t e ps pa ve d a n
,
d m a d e i n p a r t at le a st of fi ne s tone s w el l w o r k e d
, In th i s s q ua r e ,
.

a e s i x g r e a t s ta t u
r es ; t h r e e r e pr es e n ti ng m enw i th a r m o r i nm os ai c a nd gar ter s ar o und ,

th ei r legs T h ei r a r m s a re l oad ed w i th o rnam ents Tw o a r e of w om en w i th l ong

. .
,

b
r o es a nd
,
w i th h e a d -d r e s s es i n th e R om a n s tyl e Th e r em ai ni ng s tatue i s o f a b i s h o p .
,

w h o h ol d s i n h i s h a n d s a pack et r es em b l i ng a box or s m all t r unk It s ee m s th at t h es e .

s t at u es w e r e i d ol s ; f o r i nf r on t of each Of th em i s a la r ge stone i n wh i ch i s ca r ed a ,
v

s m a ll r e s er voi r w i t h i t s g o o e i nw h i c h th e bl ood w a s c ol l ecte d f r o m t h e s a c r i fi c es

,
r v , .

We fi nd als o th e li ttl e alta r s onwh i ch th e p er fum es wer e bur ned b efor e th em Inth e .

cen t re of th e s q ua r e i s a l ar g e b asi n of st one wh i ch a ppea r s to h ave se r ved for b ap ,

ti s m ; a nd i n w h i ch al s o s a c r i fi ces m ay h a ve b een m a d e i ncom m on After pas s i ng

, , .

th i s s q ua re w e a scend by a g r eat num b er of steps t o a h i gh place wh i ch appea r s t o

, ,

h a e b e end e vote d t o m i t t es a nd oth er cer em oni es ; i t s eem s t o h ave b ee n c onst r ucte d

v o

w i th t h e gr e ate s t c ar e f or t h r ough out w e fi nd th e s t ones excell entl y w ell w or k e d

,
.

On one s i d e of th i s str uctur e i s a t ow er or t er r ac e v e y h i gh and d om i nati ng th e , r ,

r i ve r wh i c h fl o w s at i t s b as e H e r e a l ar ge pi e ce of th e w a ll h as f allen exposi ng th e
.
,

en tr ance of t wo c aves or pas s ages extendi ng und er th e str uctur e ver y long and nar , ,

r ow a n , d w ell b ui l t I w as not able to d i s cover for wh at th ey s er ved or w h y th ey wer e

.
,

c on s tr u cte d Th e re i s h e r e a gr and stai r way d escend i ng by a great num b er of steps

.
, , ,

t o th e r i ver B es i d es th ese th i ngs t h er e a r e m any oth er s wh i ch pr ove th at h er e w as

.

Maud slay tr anslates, M ounds t h at app ear t o h ave been b ui lt by th e h a nd of m an, '
wh i ch
is corr ect .
48 E XPLOR ATION OF COPAN .

for m er ly th e t of a great pow er and a g eat popul ati on ci vi li zed and consi d er ably
sea . r , ,

a d an
v c e d i nth e a t s as i s s h o w n i nth e v a i ou
r , s fi gu es an d b ui ld i ngs I end eavor ed r r .
,

w i th all pos s i b l e c a r e t o as c e t a i n f om t h e I nd i ans th ough th e t r a d i ti o ns d er i ved

,
r r ,
r

f om th e anci e nts w h at p eople l i e d h e r e a nd w h at th ey k new or h a d h ear d f om

r ,
v , r

th e i ancesto s conce ni ng th em B ut th ey h a e no b o k elati ng to th ei r anti qui

r r r . v o s r

t i es no d o I b el i e e th at i n ll th i s d i st i ct th e e i s m o e th n one wh i ch Ipos sess

,
r v a r r r a , .

T h ey s ay th at i n nci ent t i m e th e e ca m e f m Y uc at ana g at lo d wh o b ui lt th es e

a s r ro re r ,

e d i fi c e s bu t at th e end of s o m e y ea s
,
et u n d to h i s n at i e c ou nt y l e i ng th em
r r r e v r ,
av

en ti ely d es e ted And th i s i s wh at ppe

r r . m o t l i k e ly f t a d i t i on s ay s th at th e
a ars s ,
or r

eo
p p l e o f Y uc a t a n a n c i e n tl y co n q ue e d t h e p o v i nce s o f A y j a l L a c a n d r n V e a p a z r a , o , r ,

C h i q ui m ula and C opan; and i t i s ce tai n th t th e Ap y l nguage wh i ch i s s pok en

,
r a a a ,

h e i s cu ent a nd und e st o d i n Y uc t a n nd t h e afo e a i d p ovi nce s

er ,
rr r o It a ppea s
a a r s r . r ,

l
a so, t h at th e s e e d i fi c e s a r e l i k e th os e wh i ch th e fi s t S pa ni d s d i s c o e e d i nY uc a t n r ar v r a

an d T ob as c o w h e e t h e e w e e fi gu es Of b i s h ops a nd of a m ed m en a w e ll as o f
,
r r r r r , s

c o se s
r s And as s uch th i ng a e found no wh e e e xcept i n th e a fo e sai d pl aces i t
. s r r , r ,

m y w ell be b el i eve d th at th e b ui l d er s of all w er e of th e s am e or i gi n

a .

F r o m th e afo es ai d pl a c e s I et u ned t o G uatem al a b ec ause som e of t h e m em b er s

r r r ,

of t h Aud i enc i a h ad f allen i k a nd i t w as necessar y fo th e d espatch of b usi ness

e s c , r .

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r r ,
r r ,
r r r r

m os t b e a uti f ul pi nes a nd o k s ce d a r s cy p es s es and m ny oth e v i et i e s of t ee s

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a r ar r ,

w h i ch a r e t o be f ou nd i n all th es e pr ovi nces .

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r r s v ,
v

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a r r ,

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TH E L IC E NTIATE PALAC IO .

TE RR A-C OTT A VAS E ( 5) F R OM TOM B 1 .

( S e e a
p ge
 PLATE 11 .

F IG 1
. . M ai nst r uct ur e f r om ea s t e r ns i d e of C p n Ri
o a ve r , l ook i ng nor t h -nor t h w e s t, sh o w

i ng un d er g ro und w al l s of f a ce d t n xp
s o e e ose d by th e und e r m i ni ng ac ti o n of
th e r i ve r fl oo ds . M ound 1 6 i s at t h e l e f t, a nd th e s um m i t of M ound 2 0 i s
se e nat t h e r i gh t of t h e ce ntr e of t h e i ll ust r ati on .
( Page s 9

F IG 2
. . N or t h e a s t e r n s l o p e of M a i n S t r uc tur e , l ook i ng so uth w est ,
sh owi ng, near ce ntr e of

i l lus t r at i o n, t h e el e v at i o ns up o nw h i c h t nd T
s a e m p le s 2 1 , 2 l a, a nd 2 2 . To t h e
i s M ound 2 6 , a nd M o und 2 0 ngi ng ve r f r ont
'
r i gh t t o th e le f t i s o ve r h a th e ri .

Th e s to ne w al l i n t h e f or egr ound w as bui lt by t h e Pea body M useum H o nd ur a s

E xp e di t i o n f o r t h e p r ot e ct i o nOf t h e r ui ns .
 PL A T E III .

F IG 1
. . Fr o m s um m i t of M ound 2 6 , l ook i ng so uth . d 16
Py r a m i i s i nt h e mi dd l e di stance
w i th w al l s of bui l d i ngs ( 5 0 ) a gai nst i t s nor t h e r n ba se .
( P a ge s 1 3

F IG 2
. . F r om s um m i t of P y ram i d 1 6 , l ook i ng no r t h ea st . A p or t i on o f E a s te r n C o ur t i s
see n w i th th e nor th er n fl i gh t o f s t ep s d
l e a i ng up to T e m p l es 2 1 , 2 1 a, a nd 2 2 .

Th e nor th e r n e nd of th e ea s t e r nfli gh t of s t ep s is co v e r e d by th e d 'br i s f r om

M ound 2 0 at th e e xt r e m e r i gh t . Th e J aguar s t e p s ( 2 3) ar e at t h e l e f t i n t h e
f or egr ound . M ound 2 1 w i th i t s rui ned te mpl e i s s h ow n a t t h e r i gh t a bo v e
t h e fl i gh t of st ep s . M o und 2 2 at t h e l e ft . Te m pl e 2 l a o cc up i e s th e s pa c e

bet we en2 1 a nd 2 2 .
( —
Page s 1 7 1 9 . S ee al s o Pl at e II . 2, nd P late
a IV .
 P L A T E IV

F IG . 1 . F r om s um m i t of M ound 2 0 , l ook i ng nor th w est . R e m a i ns of bui l d i ng ( 21 a )

b etween M ounds 21 a nd 22 . M o und 2 2 w i th r ui ned tem ple i s at th e l e f t, a nd
a p ar t o f th e Wes t er n s i d e of M ound 2 1 at th e r i gh t . A p or ti on of t h e g r ea t

P l az a a p p ea r s o n t h e r i gh t i n t h e m i ddl e di st ance . P
( ga e 1 8 . S ee al s o Pl a t e
II 2 , and Plate III
. .

F IG . 2 . F r om no r t h er n b as e of M ound 2 0 , l ook i ng nor th e as t . S m al l c h am be r w i th sq ua r e

d oor w ay s bui l t a gai nst so uth e r n ter r ace of M o und 2 1 . Par ts of t h e w al l s a nd
door w ay s o f a s i m i la c h am b er a r e up on th e t e r ace ab ove Th e st ep s at t h e
r r .

r i gh t l e a d t o a ui ne d Te m pl e t h e greate r p or ti ono f wh i ch h a s f all en i nt o t h e

r ,

r i v er P
.
( a ge
 B Y
OIR s PE A OD SE U
MU M . V OI I
. LAT
P
 PLAT E V .

F IG . 1 . A por t i on of th e H i er ogl y ph i c S tai r way wi h t a p e d estal at base . W es t e r n s i d e

o f M ou nd 2 6 P
( g a e .

F IG 2 . . B l ock s f r om t w o t
s ep s o f y
th e H i er ogl ph i c S t ai r w a y ,
s h ow i ng a b r ok en sculptur e
re
p r e se nt i ng a r e cli ni ng h um anfi gur e i ncentr al p ar t of s ta i r w a y
. P
( ga e
 P L A T E VI .

F IG 1
. . L k i ng n
oo or t h eas t f r om nor t h er n si d e of Gr e at Plaza . S t el a D a nd H i e r o gl y ph i c
S t ep s at b as e of y
s t ai r w a o n sout h e r n si d e of M ound 2 .
( P a ge 2 4 . Th e Al ta r
of S t el a Di s r e r es en
p t e d o n p a ge

F IG 2
. . t
Gr ea Plaz a, l ook i ng nor t h we s t f r om s um m i t of M ound 2 6 , s h o w i ng fl i gh t s of s t ep s

upon ea st e r n, nor th e r n, a nd w e s t er n si des ,

and th e p os i t i o n of S t el ae a nd
Al tar s . Th e w e s t er n a r m of th e t
ex e nsi on nor th of M ound 1 0 i s i nt h e f or e
g ro und wi th S t el a 2 at i ts so A
uth e r n ba se,
l t a r L u p on
a t h nd
e l e v el a r e a

f or m i ng i t s s um m i t .M ound 4 excavated by M aud sl ay i s at t h e l ef t of t h e

, ,

c en t r e o f t h e i l l us t r at i o n and a S h o r t d i st a nc e i n f r o nt i s t h e f al l e n S t e l a 3
,
.

S t el a A i s h i d d en by M o und 4 a nd t h e f al l en S t el a 4 li e s jus t b ey ond t h e

,

M ound and near t h e C i r c ul ar Alt a r Th e br ok e n S te la C and Al tar m ar k

'

t h e c e nt r e of t h e i l l ustr ati on S t el ae B D F a nd H ar e s tand i ng a nd ar e

.
, , ,

d esi gnated by t h e l etter s near t he l o w er m a r gi n o f t h e fi gur e F all e n S tel a E .

l i es up o nt h e t e r r a ce ab o ve t h e w e s t e r n r ange Of s te p s jus t nor t h o f M o und 1 .

P
( g
a e
IR S B Y
PE A OD SE U
MU M . V OL I
. . LATE
P

F IG . 1 .
 P L A T E V II .

F IG 1
. . S t el a 6 . F r ont .

F IG 2
. . S t el a 6 . B ack .

F IG 3
. . S t el a 6 . E a st e r n s i d e .

F IG 4
. . S t el a 6 . W e st er nsi d e .

P
( ga e
 P L A T E V III .

F IG 1 . . Po r ti o n of S t el a 1 1 a djo i ni ng r i gh t si d e Of h um an fi gur e .

. t
F IG 2 : Por i o n o f t h e t
s a m e s e l a s h ow i ng h um anfi gur e .

F IG . 3 . P o r t i on o f th e sa m e s t e l a a djo i ni ng l e f t si d e of h um an fi gur e .

F IG 4 . . P o r ti o n o f t h e sam e st el a bet w e e n p a r ts 1 a nd 3 .

( P a ge