The skin is Divided into 3 layers

I this Epidermis layer is itself

The dermis is

f
composed
of 2
layers Papillarylayer made
Loose connective tissue and
of
Reticular layer made from

Contains the adipose tissue

found in Dermis and Hypodermis

Epidermis

found in very harsh environments that m

lot mechanical resistance areas of
a
of
wear and tear

There is continous steading

of the epithil

I g
stem cells
ng gym
the bottom generate new
cells that will repopulate the layers that
are lost As the cells migrate they
deferentiate to form the 4 layers
the Epidermis
of

They eventually migrate to the

point where by the all dies
Yaman and becomeskeratinized These

f
dermis are the cells that will be shed
desquamation
I
All cells from 4 layers are referred to
 s
y

Stratum Basale and Stratum Spinosum

daughtercells stratumBasale migrate

e thick e the
of
uptofrm stratumspinosum
ausaredifferentiated andadhesion
These
havecytoplasmic extensions
Dermis and have a Brownish
w desmosomesforalltoall color Brownindicates Pigmentation

spy Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

are the strongest because they
bind to Intermediate filaments

ahhhhh

As people atriskof Pigment comes from

t
asal all carcinoma because neighboring cells called

hey are rapidly dividing melanocytes

melanin h
allto all adhesion

Melanin absorbs
light and gym a y y y g gym
rotects the DNA from
of cell to
mutations Adhesion basementmembrane
cquiring

X.im
Bolus Pemphigoid
any of the
failure
of
structure that make
up
agg
adjacent cells Immune function

Stratum Granulosum and Stratum Corneum

Dead cells filled w keratinfilame
and so appears pink on histology

Lamelar bodies fromstratum

get exocytosed

coating to make it waterproof

loss lamelarbody producing cells during a

of
Burn can lead to dehydration

4tYmPm
 insedantmastuatmann
ysug.pmmrkankent.by
415,111,11ft have cells at the topthat are

stratum Granulosum are the last layer

of
alive alls Remember cells are continually
undergoing apoptosis as we move up Usually
is 2 3 all thick but varies

stratum corneum
y Stratum Lucidum found in thick skin

stratum granulosum

aaaa

Melanocytes and Langehan Cells non Epithelial cells immigrated to epithelium

arefoundoutsidethe
melanoma
d Erath's i0emelanocytes basalis

g Only found in the stratum basale

gtfiggis
Wf vesicle containingmelanin produced by melanocytes

get's they
 Dermis and Hypodermis

Second layer of derma

he Papillary layer the Reticular layer and
found immediately below is Dense Irregular
composed
of
Connective TissueDICT istough
mechanical strain
of Loose connective and resists
issue also contain blood vessels andnerves
layerforms
apillary
apillaand has alotof
ood vessels and nerve
ending

hypodermis contains a specialized

type loose connective tissue
of
called adipose tissue
Energy storage
thermo regulation
 Dermal Ridges folding
by
Big fold This is what

protrusion
of papillary layer of dermis called
Dermal Papilla help w adhesion
of epidermis
to basement mobrane dermis

Epidermal Ridges Rete Pegs together w Dermal papila increase

adhesion almost like interlocking fingers

SensoryReceptors

foundinthe
actual
found in stratum basale
Epidermis
A

Deepdermis T
Retularlayer

Dermis
only found in
y
sigmatism

or
meissner's

These two so know that

meissner's are in superficial term
and Pacinian in the deep dermis
Paanianaj location helps with identification
 So thick skin is more sensitive

to touch

Exocrine Glands

y E.tt
Lt

to external surface

Exocrine Glands

oneallsecretingthings

iii
not surroundedby cytoplasm

in doupt go merocrine I
Ig
so much that the cell bursts and release it
 all burs
no
accumulation
use ego
has caused lysis
y aft
lipid pushes again
plasma membraneandforces
its way out surrounded
by
some cytoplasm Unlike
merocrine they are notput
into vesicles

Skin Appendages

keratinized cells
Composed
of

tempregulation
hair follicle bulb contains stem cells
thatform hair chaft

oily
g

These glands
their
deposit
secretions on
D
me.É
so they do not dump their content
directly on skin

snoharitpanof hands bc
it is thick skin so this then follows
that there are no sebaceous and Apocrine

sweatgland in palms
of hands
so sweat from palm
of hands is from Eccrine
gland other areas w thin skin have all three glands

Sebaceous Glands
secretes an
oily substance called
sebum which helps w moisturizing

To find these glands on histology look

for hair follicle bulps once you find those
you can look near byto find lighter staining
cells look light because
they containtipi
 Sebaceous mechanism is holocrine
gland secretion

these basophilic cells at

on
the edgeofthe gland are
am
ataman apoptotic cells

Apocrine Glands
apocrine release sweat unlike sebaceous
glands found in thin skin not everywhere
but at arm pits genitalia and anus

eaty smell secrete via merocrine mechanism

hurtexperiment

A cross section

for large lumen

of gland so look

Eccrine Sweat Glands

also secrete sweat But not for
3D
of
pheromones mostly for temp regulation

cells surroundingthe

five ducts are smaller

reabsorb

than those surrounding making

surround anana
secretory
p ry toreleasecontent
sneeze

Endochondral Ossification

cartilage does not

become bone
2 It gets Replaced by bone

areasthat willbecome
or say once we makethebone

get
g
articulating surfaces

OF Emed
tilage

because
undergo Hypoxia
Newly formed Bonecollar
is impermeable to nutrients

Cartilage dies

of
Before they
the
undergo apoptosis factorsthat
release angiogenic
newly
I angiogenesis and the
yn have
dead cartilage
cells
apoptosis if they
less calcium in diet undergone
already
so can't calcify the matrix
toform bone resulting in
guy yay
 nwinf7gI.uncakified
T.gs

T bonycollar extends
Hypoxia
Hypertrophy
Calcification
angiogenesis
apoptosisof cartilage

www.n.ng.mg ua
on makespaceforbone
deadcartilage

gg

articular places is the

one
of
age area where cartilage isnot being

ed t m t
LEFT replaced by bone

y
 EpiphysealGrowth Plate

titis

Tamannaah

andmakes
laysthemas
rows y

reabsorption

lookslikemarine
a nanasn
cartilage
perchonarium

signals that tea this layer

to continue dividing and
aus
are bi
l arger

Ils
forming rows daughter
of
determines
hight

vessels
Blood
This is interstitial
gym growth

see how its gating bigger

gyp
 dergog pp

I no perichondrium on articular cartilage so we

can not replace it w periosteum and so we can no
make bone from articular cartilage we can't
make bony collar

cartilage