OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

B. MUCOUS MEMBRANE (MUCOSA)

I.BODY MEMBRANES → Composed of epithelium resting in a loose connective
tissue (lamina propia)
→ Cover surfaces → lines all body cavities that open to the exterior
→ Line cavities → (Hollow organs of respiratory, digestive, urinary and
→ Form protective (and often lubricating) reproductive tracts)
sheets around organs → Usually “wet “or moist membranes that are almost
→ cutaneous, mucous continually bathed in secretions
EPITHELIAL
and serous
2 Major Groups of
Body Membranes

MEMBRANES C . S ERO US M EM BRANES ( S ERO S A)

membranes
CONNECTIVE → synovial membrane → Composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a
TISSUE and cutaneous thin layer of areolar connective tissue
MEMBRANES membrane → Lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior
→ (skin or → (except for the dorsal body cavity and joint cavities)
integumentary PARIETAL Lines a specific portion of the
LAYER wall of the vertebral body cavity

LAYERS OF
system)

SEROSA
VISCERAL Covers the outside of the organs
LAYER in that cavity
II. CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES serous layers are separated by
A. EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES a serous fluid, secreted by both
→ “epithelial “– is not only misleading but also visceral and parietal
inaccurate membranes
→ always combined with an underlying layer of
connective tissue, although they all do contain an
epithelial sheet (thus, membranes are actually A. SEROUS FLUID
simple organs) → Allows the organs to slide easily across the cavity
walls and one another without friction as they
TYPES O F EPIT HEL I AL M EM BRA NES carry out their functions
A. CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES (SKIN) → Extremely important in mobile organs (pumping
heart and churning stomach)
EPIDERMIS → superficial layer → Specific names of serous membranes depend on
PARTS OF CUTANEOUS

composed of their locations

keratinizing serosa lining the
PERITONEUM
MEMBRANES
MEMBRANE

stratified abdominal cavity

TYPES OF
SEROUS

squamous serosa lining the

epithelium PLEURA lungs
DERMIS → deep layer mostly
serosa around the
composed of PERICARDIUM heart
dense fibrous
connective tissue
B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
→ Synovial membrane
→ Composed of connective tissue without
epithelial cells at all
LOCATIONS:
1. Joint capsule
2. Bursa
3. Tendon sheath

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN )
1. EPIDERMIS
BASIC SKIN FUNCTIONS
1. PROTECTION (MAJOR FUNCTION)
→ insulates and cushions the deeper organs and
protects the entire body from mechanical
damage
→ (Cuts and bumps), chemical damage (acids and
→ bases), thermal damage (heat and cold),
ultraviolet radiation (sunlight), and bacteria
→ Outer layer made up of stratified squamous
epithelium
→ capable of becoming hard and tough
→ (keratinizing)
→ AVASCULAR (this explains why a man can
shave daily and not bleed even though he is
cutting many cells layers each time he
shaves)

2. PREVENTION OF WATER LOSS FROM THE KERATINOCYTES (KERATIN CELLS)

BODY SURFACE → Comprises most cells of the epidermis that
→ Uppermost layer of the skin is full of keratin and produces keratin
cornified (hardened), to prevent water loss from
the body surface KERATIN
3. REGULATION OF HEAT LOSS → Tough fibrous protein responsible for the
→ Skins rich capillary network and sweat glands toughness of the epidermis
(both controlled by the nervous system) → Abundance of this allows stratum corneum to
→ Play an important role in regulation of heat loss provide a durable “ overcoat “ for the body,
from the body surface which protects deeper cells from the hostile
4. EXCRETION OF UREA, URIC ACID, SALT AND environment and from water loss
WATER (SWEATING)
5. VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
A. STRATUM CORNEUM
→ Modified cholesterol molecules are located in the
skin are converted to vitamin D by sunlight → Thickest layer of epidermis
6. SENSATION → Outermost layer about 20-30 cell layers
thick
→ Cutaneous sensory receptors (touch,
→ Accounts about three-quarters of the
temperature, pressure, and pain receptors )
epidermal thickness
located in the skin
→ Cornified / horny cells- shingle-like dead cells
remnants completely filled with keratin
FREE NERVE Pain
→ Rubs and flakes off slowly and steadily and is
ENDINGS
replaced by cells produced by the division of
RUFFINIS Warmth / heat
RECEPTORS

the deeper stratum basale cells

CORPUSCLE
B. STRATUM LUCIDUM
KRAUSE’S Cold
- (Lucidus = clear)
SKIN

CORPUSCLE
→ More apparent in the hairless thick skin of the
PACCINIAN Deep pressure
palms and soles
CORPUSCLE
→ Consists of 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells
MEISNER’S Light touch
→ Contains intermediate substance eleidin that
CORPUSCLE
is transformed into keratin
MERKELS Light touch
→ Combination of accumulating water-
DISC
repellant keratin inside them and its
increasing distance from the blood supply (in
the dermis ) effectively dooms the stratum
lucidum cells due to inability to get adequate
nutrients and oxygen

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
C. STRATUM GRANULOSUM
→ Consists of 3-5 layers of flattened cells that
develop darkly staining granules called
keratohyaline (precursor of keratin)
→ Keratin molecules assemble into
intermediate filaments that form a barrier
to protect deep layers from injury and
microbial invasion and make the skin
waterproof
D. STRATUM SPINOSUM
→ Contains 8-10 layers of polyhedral ( many
sided ) cells that fit closely together
→ cells are covered with prickly spines
→ filaments of the cytoskeleton are inserted
into desmosomes, located at each spine-
like projection, tightly joining the cells to
another
E. STRATUM BASALE (STRATUM GERMINATIVUM )
→ Deepest layer of epidermis
→ Lie closest to the dermis
→ The only epidermal cells that receive
adequate nourishment via diffusion of
nutrients from the dermis
→ Cells are undergoing cell division
MELANIN
→ Yellow brown pigment produced by melanocytes,
found in stratum basale
→ Freckles and moles are seen where melanin is
concentrated in one spot
Exposure of skin to sunlight→ activation of
melanocytes→ melanocytes produces melanin→
Tanning→ stratum basale eats melanin→
accumulation of melanin within the stratum basale
cells→ melanin forms a protective pigment
“umbrella” over the superficial or “sunny side” of
their nuclei→ melanin shields their genetic material
(DNA)
EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE SUN EXPOSURE
1. skin damage despite melanin’s protective effect
2. clumping of elastin fibers loading to leathery skin
3. depression of of the immune system
4. alteration of DNA of skin cells leading to skin
cancer
DERMIS
→ Strong, stretchy envelope made up of dense
fibrous connective tissue that helps to hold
the body together
E.g. leather goods ( bags, belts , shoes )
Thickness varies in regions (e.g. thick on the palm
of the hands and soles of the feet but quite thin on
the eyelids )
TW O M AJO R REGI O NS O F DERM IS
1. papillary regions
2. reticular layer
Epidermis and dermis of (a) thick skin and (b) thin
skin
PAPILLARY LAYER
UPPER DERMAL REGION
→ Area for capillaries
DERMAL PAPILLAE
→ Uneven fingerlike projections from the superior
surface of the papillary layer
→ Contains capillary loops, which furnish nutrients
to the dermis
→ Houses pain receptors ( free nerve endings )
→ And touch receptors ( meissner’s corpuscle )
→ Arranged in genetically determined patterns on
palms and soles, forming ridges on the epidermal
surface that enhances gripping ability of the
hands and feet
→ Ridges of the finger tips are well provided with
sweat pores and leave unique, identifying finger
tips
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
RETICULAR LAYER MELANIN yellow, reddish brown or
→ Deepest skin layer black
people who produced a
PHAGOCYTES Prevents bacteria lot of melanin have
CONTENTS OF RETICULAR LAYER:

from penetrating browned-toned skin

any deeper into the light skinned
body (Caucasian) people
COLLAGEN Responsible for the have less melanin
toughness of the CAROTENE amount of carotene
dermis deposited in the stratum
ELASTIN Responsible for the corneum and
elasticity, especially subcutaneous tissue
in the young age orange-yellow pigment
BLOOD Abundant and plays abundant in carrots,
VESSELS a role in orange, deep yellow or
maintaining body leafy green vegetables
temperature
homeostasis OXYGEN amount of oxygen bound
to hemoglobin ( pigment
in RBC ) in the dermal

SKIN COLOR
3 PIGMENTS
AGING blood vessels
→ Reduces the number of collagen and elastin the crimson color of
fibers and fat loss of the subcutaneous tissue oxygen rich hemoglobin in
leading to less elasticity of the skin and begins to the dermal blood supply
sag and wrinkle flushes through the
transparent cell layers
↑ temperature → engorgement of the dermal above and gives the skin a
capillaries → ↑ blood T → warmth and reddening “rosy glow”
of the skin → radiation of heat from the skin → ↓
T→Temporary bypass of blood in the dermal CYANOSIS bluish discoloration of the
capillaries → ↑ internal body T skin due to poor
oxygenation of the
hemoglobin
PRESSURE ULCER
common during heart
→ Any severe restriction of the normal blood supply to
failure and severe
the skin resulting in cell death (necrosis)
breathing disorders
→ Common in bedridden patients who are not turned
skin does not appear
regularly or who are dragged or pulled across the
cyanotic in black people
bed repeatedly
because of the masking
→ Occurs especially over bony prominences due to the
effects of melanin, but
pressure of the body weight on the skin
cyanosis is apparent in
→ The skin becomes pale or blanched at pressure
mucous membranes and
points due to restriction of blood supply
nail beds
→ Permanent damage to the superficial blood vessels
and tissues eventually results in degeneration and
ulceration of the skin

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
NAILS
REDNESS OR indicates
ERYTHEMA embarrassment
INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL STIMULI AND DISEASES IN SKIN

(blushing), fever,
hypertension,
inflammation, or allergy

PALLOR OR under certain types of

BLANCHING emotional stress (fear,
anger) some people
become pale HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
pale skin also signifies
anemia or hypotension
COLOR

JAUNDICE abnormal yellow skin

OR YELLOW tone usually signifies a
CAST liver disorder where
excess bile pigments are
absorbed into the blood,
circulated throughout
the body and deposited
in body tissues
BRUISES OR due to escape of blood
BLACK AND from the circulation and CUTANEOUS GLANDS
BLUE has clotted in the tissue → All are exocrine glands that release their
MARKS spaces secretions to the skin surface via ducts
→ Formed by the cells of the stratum basale,
HEMATOMA pushing into the deeper skin regions and reside
→ Clotted blood masses almost entirely in the dermis
→ Unusual tendency to bruising may signify vitamin TYPES:
c 1. SEBACEOUS ( OIL GLANDS )
→ Deficiency in the diet of hemophilia ((bleeder’s - found all over the skin except on the palms of
disease) the hands and the soles of the feet
- ducts usually empties into a hair follicle, but
SKIN APPENDAGES some open directly onto the skins surface
→ Arises from the epidermis and plays a unique
role in maintaining body homeostasis
1. cutaneous glands
2. hairs and hair follicles
3. nails

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

SEBUM PORES
→ Mixture of oily substances and fragmented → funnel-shaped duct that opens
cells produced by the sebaceous glands externally where sweat pass to reach
FUNCTIONS : the skins surface
1. Keeps the skin soft and moist SWEAT GLAND
2. Prevents the hair from becoming brittle → Important and highly efficient part of the
3. Kills bacteria body’s heat-regulating equipment
→ Supplied with nerve endings that cause
WHITE HEAD Due to blockage of them to secrete when the external
SKIN DISEASES DUE TO AFFECTION OF SEBACEOUS GLANDS:

sebum on the duct of temperature or body temperature is high

sebaceous glands → Sweat carries large amounts of body heat
BLACK HEAD Due to oxidation and when it evaporates off the skin surface
drying of the → Secretes up to 7 liters of body water on a hot
accumulated sebum day
on the duct of 2. APO C RIN E S W EAT GLAN DS
sebaceous glands → Largely confined to the axillary and genital
ACNE An active infection of areas
the sebaceous glands → Larger than eccrine glands and their ducts
accompanied by empty into hair follicles
pimples on the skin → Its secretion contains fatty acids and proteins,
SEBORRHEA Severe type of as well as the substances of eccrine secretion
sebaceous gland → The secretion is odorless, but it causes
infection due to unpleasant odor when bacteria that live on the
overactivity of the skin use its proteins and fats as source of
sebaceous glands. It nutrients for their growth
begins on the scalp as → Begins to function during puberty under the
pink, raised lesions influence of androgens
that gradually form a → The precise function is not yet known, but it is
yellow to brown crust activated by nerve fibers during pain and
that sloughs off stress and during sexual foreplay
HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
MINOR PROTECTION Guarding the head
against bumps,
SWEAT GLANDS shielding the eyes (
F UNC TIO NS

→ ( sudoriferous ) eyelashes )
→ widely distributed in the skin, about more FILTRATION Keeps foreign
than 2.5 million per person particles out of the
TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS: respiratory tract (
1. ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS nose hairs or
→ More numerous and found all over the body vibrissae )
SWEAT THERMOREGULATION Provides insulation
→ clear secretion primarily water plus some salts in cold weather
(sodium chloride), vitamin C, metabolic wastes
→ (Urea, ammonia, and uric acid), and lactic acid
→ (Chemical that attracts mosquitoes)
→ acidic (pH from 4-6 ) inhibiting bacterial
growth, which are always present on the skin
surface

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

HAIR FOLLICLES
HAIRS → Flexible epithelial structure producing
hair
1. EPIDERMAL SHEATH
→ Inner layer composed of epithelial
tissue and forms the hair
2. DERMAL SHEATH
→ Outer layer composed of dermal
connective tissue
→ Supplies blood vessels to the epidermal
portion and reinforces it
→ Its nipple like papilla provides the blood
Parts of a Hair supply to the matrix in the hair bulb
1. root 3. ARRECTOR PILLI
2. shaft → Small bonds of smooth muscles that
3. hair bulb matrix connect each side of the hair follicle to the
ROOT dermal tissue
→ Enclosed by hair follicle → Contraction ( cold or frightened ) pulls the
SHAFT hair upright, dimpling the skin surface with
→ Projects from the surface of the skin “”goose bumps”
or scalp → ( piloerection )
→ Helps keeps animals warm in winter by
MEDULLA → central core adding a layer of insulating air to the fur
CORTEX → covers the medulla → Hair-raising phenomenon is not very useful
→ outermost part formed to human beings
by a single layer of cells 4. HAIR BULB MATRIX
that overlap one another → Growth zone
PARTS

like shingles on a roof → Division of stratum basale cells located

→ roof-like arrangement at the inferior end of the follicle
helps to keep the hairs → Daughter cells migrate from the hair
apart and keeps them bulb matrix where they become
CUTICLE
from mating keratinized and die
→ most heavily keratinized → Thus, the bulk of the hair shaft ( like the
region, where it provides bulb of epidermis ) is dead material
strenght and helps keep → Hair pigment is made by melanocytes
the inner hair layers in the hair bulb with varying amounts
tightly compacted of different types of melanin
→ ( yellow, brown, and black ) combine
to produce all varieties of hair color
SPLIT ENDS from pale to pitch black
→ Occurs due to susceptibility of the → Nails
cuticle to abrasion → Scale-like modification of the
epidermis that corresponds to the
ABRASION hoof or claw of animals
→ wearing away of cuticle at the tip of the shaft
frizzing out the keratin fibrils in the inner hair
regions – split ends

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

FREE 2. BOILS AND CARBUNCLES

EDGE → Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands,
BODY Visible attached found on the dorsal neck
OF THE portion → Typically caused by bacterial infection
NAILS → ( Staphylococcus aureus )
→ Cold sores
Embedded in the 3. FEVER BLISTERS
ROOT
skin → Small-fluid filled blisters that itch and sting, caused
by herpes simplex infection
NAIL Skin folds covering → The virus localizes in a cutaneous nerves, where it
FOLDS the borders of the remains dormant until activated by emotional
PARTS

nail upset, fever, or UVR

Thick proximal nail → Commonly occurs around the lips and in the oral
CUTICLE mucosa of the mouth
fold
4. CONTACT DERMATITIS
Extension of the → Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin ,
NAIL
stratum basale progressing to blisters
BED
beneath the nail → Caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals (
poison ivy ) that provoke allergic responses in
Thickened proximal sensitive individuals
NAIL
area responsible for 5. IMPETIGO
MATRIX
nail growth → Pink water-filled, raised lesions that develop a
yellow crust and eventually rupture
White crescent nail → Caused by a highly contagious staphylococcal
LUNULA matrix at the nail infection
bed → Commonly affects elementary school-aged children
→ Commonly occurs around the mouth and nose
6. PSORIAIS
o Nails become heavily keratinized and die as → Chronic condition characterized by reddened
produced by the matrix ( thus, nails are epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales
mostly dead materials ) Triggering Factors:
o Nails are transparent and nearly colorless, 1. Trauma
but they look pink because of the rich blood 2. Infection
supply in the underlying dermis 3. Hormonal changes
o Nails take on a cyanotic ( blue cast ) when 4. Stress
the oxygen supply in the blood is low Burns Causes:
1. thermal
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE OF THE SKIN 2. chemical
1. infections and allergies 3. electrical
2. burns 4. radiation
3. skin cancer RULE OF NINES IN BURNS

INFECTIONS AND ALLERGIES Estimation of the burned body surface

1. ATHLETE’S FOOT Divides the body into 11 areas, each
→ Tinea pedis accounting for 9% of the total body surface
→ Itchy, red peeling condition of the skin area ( TBSA ), plus an additional surrounding
between the toes due to fungal infection the genital region ( perineum ) representing
1% of TBSA

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
FIRST
DEGREE
BURNS
SECOND
A C C O R D I N G T O S E V E R I T Y :
DEGREE
B U R N C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
BURN
THIRD
DEGREE
BURN
CRITICAL BURNS:
1. over 25% TBSA has 2ndary degree burns
2. over 10% TBSA has 3rd degree burn
3. 3rd degree burns of the face, hands or feet
o Facial burns are dangerous because of the
possibility of the burned respiratory passageways
to swell and cause suffocation
o Joint burns are troublesome because scar tissue
formation can severely limit joint mobility
Complications of Burns
1. CIRCULATORY SHOCK
→ Due to extravassation of fluids containing
proteins and electrolytes from the burned
surface – dehydration & electrolyte imbalance
– decrease volume – circulatory shock
Partial thickness burn
Epidermis is damaged
Generally, heal in 2-3 days
without any special attention
The area becomes red and
swollen (sunburn)
Partial thickness burn
Involves the dermis and
upper region of the dermis
Skin is red and painful, and
blisters appear
Regeneration of
epithelium (healing) can still
occur because of enough
epithelial cells still present
Full thickness burn
Destroys the entire thickness
of the skin Burned area
appears blanched (gray,
white) or blackened
Painless because the nerve
endings in the area are
destroyed
Regeneration (healing) is no
longer possible
Skin grafting must be done to
cover the underlying exposed
tissue (due to absence of
regeneration)
2. RENAL FAILURE
→ Due to extravassation of fluids containing
proteins electrolytes from the burned surface –
dehydration & electrolyte imbalance – renal
failure
3. INFECTION
→ L eading cause of death after burns
→ Burned skin is sterile for about 24 hours
→ After 24 hours, bacteria and fungi easily
invade areas where the skin has been
destroyed and multiply rapidly in the nutrient
rich environment of dead tissues
the 4. DEPRESSION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
→ Occurs in severe burn cases
SKIN CANCER
→ Single most common type of cancer in humans
→ Most skin cancers are idiopathic
Risk factors:
1. over exposure to UVR
2. infection
3. chemical
4. physical trauma
TYPES OF SKIN CANCER:
1. BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
→ Most common and least malignant cancer
→ Alteration of the cells of stratum basale –
inablity to distinguish the boundary
between the dermis and epidermis – invasion
of the cancer cells in the dermis and
subcutaneous tissues
→ Most commonly occurs on exposed areas of
the skin
→ Appears as shiny dome-shaped nodules that
later developed a central ulcer with pearly
beaded edge
→ Slow growing and metastasis seldom occurs
before it is noticed
2. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
→ Arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum
→ Scaly reddened papule ( small rounded
elevation ) that gradually forms a shallow
ulcer with a firm, raised border
COMMON SITES:
1. scalp
2. ears
3. dorsum of the hands
4. lower lip
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

→ Grows rapidly and metastasizes to adjacent Down type of hair

lymph nodes if not removed covering the soon-to born

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF
SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES
→ Believed to be sun-induced infant during 5th -6th
LANUGO
GOOD PROGNOSTICATING FACTORS: months of fetal
1. early detection development ( shed by
2. early removal through surgery birth
3. early chemotherapy Accumulations of small
3. MALIGNANT MELANOMA white spots in the
→ Cancer of melanocytes VERMIX sebaceous glands on the
→ Accounts for 5% of skin cancers CASEOSA baby’s nose and forehead
→ Occurs spontaneously in pigmented areas normally disappear by
but some develop from pigmented moles the 3rd week after birth
→ Usually appears as a spreading brown to
black patch that metastasize rapidly to SKIN DEVELOPMENT
surrounding lymph and blood vessels 1. FETAL
→ 50% chances of survival with early → (+) lanugo
detection 2. NEONATAL
→ vermis caseosa and millia
Two sides of the → very thin and blood vessels can easily be
A
pigmented spot or mole
ABCD CLASSIFICATION FOR MALIGNANT

ASSYMETRY seen through it

does not match 3. INFANCY
→ thicker and moist, and more deposition of
B Borders of the lesion are subcutaneous fats
BORDER not smooth but exhibit 4. ADOLESCENCE
IRREGULARITY indentations → skin and hair become oilier due to activation
of sebaceous glands, causing acne
Pigmented spot contains → acne subsides in early adulthood
MELANOMA:

areas of different colors 5. ADULTHOOD

C
(black, brown, tan and
COLOR → 20-30
sometimes blue, red)
→ skin reaches its optimal appearance

Spot is larger than 6 mm

in diameter (size of a
pencil eraser)
Wide surgical excision
D
along with
DIAMETER
immunotherapy is the
usual management for
malignant melanoma

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WEEK 7: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

REDUCTION Causes cold intolerance

OF
SUBCUTANE
OUS FATS

DRY SKIN Due to decrease oil production

and reduction of collagen
fibers

Causes itchiness and

discomfort

THINNING OF THE Thinning of the Skin

SKIN Increases the risk for bruising
and other types of injuries

DECREASE SKIN Along with the loss of

ELASTICITY subcutaneous fat causes
eyebags and sagging of jowls

BALDNESS Alopecia
Occurs in 5th decade of life
Due to reduced number of
degenerations of hair follicles
“male pattern baldness “ =
obvious balding / hair loss with
aging
GERIATRIC PERIOD

(+) VELLUS HAIR Very tiny and colorless hairs

X ion the bald area due to
degeneration of the hair
follicles
Premature graying of Hair

CAUSES:
1. emotional crisis (problems)
2. anxiety
3. protein deficient diets
4. chemotherapy
5. radiation
6. excessive vitamin A
7. fungal diseases (ringworm)
These conditions are not genetically
determined

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM