Practical Workbook

EL-122
Electrical Network Analysis

Name : __________________________
Roll No : __________________________
Year : __________________________
Batch : __________________________
Department : __________________________

Department of Electrical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering& Technology Shaheed Z.A Bhutto
Campus Khairpur Mirs’
 Practical Workbook
EL-122
Electrical Network Analysis

Prepared by
Dr. Zeeshan Anjum Memon
Lab Engineer

Revised in
August 2023

Approved by
DOBE Res: 19.3 Dated: 08/07/2023.

Department of Electrical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering& Technology Shaheed Z.A Bhutto
Campus Khairpur Mirs’
 Certificate

I Certified that Mr. /Miss.

S/O/D/O student of batch, bearing Roll Number:

of 2nd semester 1st Year of Electrical Engineering has carried out

the necessary practical work for the subject of Electrical Network Analysis as

prescribed by the Mehran University of Engineering & Technology SZAB Khairpur

Mir’s campus.

Dr. Zeeshan Anjum Memon

Lab Engineer
 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,SHAHEED
Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIRS'
Department of Electrical Engineering
Laboratory Rubrics
ROLL NO SEMESTER BATCH
CODE
SUBJECT Electrical Network Analysis TOTAL MARKS
122
The Department of Electrical Engineering has defined all concerned laboratory rubrics for assessment of student’s all labs’ sessions. They are defined as
below.
Table 1: Lab Performance [10] or [15] Marks Total Marks [50] [50]
Marks on [05] [00]
Performance Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory
Sr. # Obtained Points Attendance No CLO 10% 00
Indicator [03] [02] [01]
Quite able to conduct the entire Able to conduct experiment Able to conduct experiments Rubric Based [10] [15]
Skill to perform test
1 experiment with negligible help. with a lot of help from the with a lot of help from the
experiment from the lab instructor. lab instructor. lab. LabEvaluation 20% 30%
instructor.
All the data analyzed is very Some of the data analyzed is Most of the data analyzed is Open Ended Lab / [05] [05]
Data breakdown of accurate and precise. Completely inaccurate. inaccurate. No logical and Attached Separately for
2
data and computation logical and systematic systematic calculations Mini Design Project 10% 10%
each lab on next page
calculations
Presents data very clearly using Data presentation is not that Presents data in a very obscure Marks on Test [15] [15]
appropriate graphs / waveforms. clear. manner.
Figure captions and units are Graphs/waveforms, figure Graphs/waveforms, figure
30% 30%
3 Presentation of results
always included. captions and units are not captions and units are never [15] [15]
Marks on Vivia
always included included. 30% 30%
Table 2: Viva Voce [15] Marks Tick Relevant  
Sr.#
Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Obtained Marks Criteria

Marks Obtained
Indicator (5 Marks) (4-3 Marks) (2-0Marks)
Approachability to
Responds well, quick and very Generally responsive and
1 justify & correctness
accurate all the time. accurate most of the times.
Non-responsive. Lab Performance
of answer
Difficulty with expression of Open Ended Lab /
Expression of Expressed clearly and accurately Expressed partially with thoughts and lack of
2 Mini Design Project
Knowledge by using proper terminologies improper terminologies terminologies
No grasp of information. Viva Voce
Demonstration of full knowledge At ease with content and Clearly no knowledge of
Deepness of relevant
3 of the subject with explanations able to elaborate and explain subject matter.
Information
and elaboration. to some degree. No questions are answered. Total Marks
 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,SHAHEED
Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIRS'
Department of Electrical Engineering

ROLL NO SEMESTER BATCH

CODE
SUBJECT Electrical Network Analysis TOTAL MARKS
122

Performance Rubric Based Lab Experiment Assessment

Indicator Based 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Remarks
Skill to perform
test experiment.
ss[3-1Points]
Data exploration
and analysis
[3-1 Points]
Presentation of
results
[3-1 Points]
Submission of
Lab Report
[01 Points]
Total Points
in each
Lab

Marks = Points Obtained * (10 Marks)  Marks = Points Obtained * (15Marks)  

Points obtained out of 140

 140  140 Marks out of 10 or 15
Open Ended Exemplary Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Analysis Exemplary Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Total
Conclusi
Relevant & smart [02] [01] Marks [00] Marks [00] Marks [00] Marks Marks
Lab / Mini & [02] Marks [01] Marks on and [01] Marks
selection of Marks
Design Result Report
equipment and tool [01]
Project [02]
[02Marks] Marks
[05 Marks] Marks
 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SHAHEED Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS
KHAIRPUR MIRS'
Department of Electrical Engineering

Lab Equipment Utilization Chart

S.NO Experimental Title

1 To identify the lab equipment □ □ □ □ □ □ □

To compare the effect of frequency on R, L and C □ □ □ □ □
2 □ □
circuits
To illustrate the Phase shift between V and I in □ □ □ □ □
3 □ □
series R-Ccircuit
To illustrate the Phase shift between V and I in □ □ □ □ □
4 □ □
series R-Lcircuit
To validate impedance (z) relation for series R-L □ □ □ □ □
5 □ □
circuit
To verify condition of series resonance in □ □ □ □ □
6 □ □
RLC circuit
To verify condition of parallel resonance in □ □ □ □ □
7 □ □
RLC circuit
To verify the line and phase voltage □ □ □ □ □
8 □ □
relationship in starconnected load
To calculate and verify ‘z’ parameters of two port □ □ □ □ □
9 □ □
network
To calculate and verify ‘Y’ parameters of two port □ □ □ □ □
10 □ □
network
To calculate and verify ‘ABCD’ parameters of □ □ □ □ □
11 □ □
two port networks
To observe of the phase sequence of three phase □ □ □ □ □
12 □ □
voltages
To examine the waveforms of supplied voltage □ □ □ □ □
13 □ □
and emf induced in secondary coil on oscilloscope
To verify the line and phase voltage relationship □ □ □ □ □
14 □ □
in delta connected load
15 Open Ended Lab □ □ □ □ □ □ □
 Table of Contents

Lab Performance
Indicators Knowledge OBE

CLO4 PLO Taxonomy

Objective Experiment
No. title
01. To identify the lab equipment CLO4 4 P5

02. To compare the effect of frequency on R, L and C CLO4 4 P5

circuits
03. To illustrate the Phase shift between V and I in CLO4 4 P5
series R-Ccircuit
04. To illustrate the Phase shift between V and I in CLO4 4 P5
series R-Lcircuit
05. To validate impedance (z) relation for series R-L CLO4 4 P5
circuit
06. To verify condition of series resonance in RLC CLO4 4 P5
circuit
07. To verify condition of parallel resonance in RLC CLO4 4 P5
circuit
08. To verify the line and phase voltage relationship in CLO4 4 P5
star connected load
09. To calculate and verify ‘z’ parameters of two port CL04 4 P5
network
10. To calculate and verify ‘Y’ parameters of two port CL04 4 P5
network
11. To calculate and verify ‘ABCD’ parameters of two CL04 4 P5
port networks
12. To observe of the phase sequence of three phase CL04 4 P5
voltages
13. To examine the waveforms of supplied voltage and CL04 4 P5
emf induced in secondary coil on oscilloscope
14. To verify the line and phase voltage relationship in CL04 4 P5
delta connected load
15. Open Ended Lab CL04 4 P5
 Safety Precautions
1. Safety is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.
2. Electricity never excuses careless people. So, exercise enough care and attention in handling
electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good servant
but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltage. (Otherwise, and such
contact may subject you to electrical shock).
4. Wet rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a
live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected
from electrical shock.
5. Wear a laboratory coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment
happens to be a rotating machine).
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches, and neck chains. (When you
move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live
point and thereby subject you to electrical shock).
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on a wet floor. (Wet parts of
the body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock).
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting the circuit. (Otherwise, you will be
touching the live parts in the circuit).
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect the circuit strictly as per
the approved circuit diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain the chords use safety plugs and do
not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such
defective leads.
13. Do not defeat any Safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and
approved by the staff member.
15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you accidentally
touch two points at different potentials with your two hands).
16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor
heating up etc.). Switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member.
18. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.
19. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the
power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
 Lab Experiment No.01

Identification of Lab Equipment

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:

▪ To identify the function generator, oscilloscope, digital multi-meter, and other basic electrical
equipment’s.
▪ To Use function generator, oscilloscope, and digital multi-meter.

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Oscilloscope
▪ Function Generator
▪ Digital Multi-meter
▪ Voltmeter
▪ Ammeter
▪ Resistor
▪ Capacitor
▪ Inductor
▪ Magnets

Discussion:
In many applications, observing certain voltage waveforms in a circuit plays a crucial role in
understanding the operation of the circuit. For that purpose, several measurement instruments are used
like voltmeter, ammeter, or the oscilloscope.

Oscilloscope:

An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated as “scope”) is a voltage sensing electronic instrument that is

used to visualize certain voltage waveforms. An oscilloscope can display the variation of a voltage
waveform in time on the oscilloscope’s screen.

A probe is used to connect the oscilloscope to the circuit. Figure 1.1 shows an oscilloscope and a probe
connected to it and figure 1.2 shows a typical probe. The Oscilloscope shows the potential difference
between the two terminals of the probe.

Page | 1
 Figure 1.1 Oscilloscope

Figure 1.2 Probes of Oscilloscope

The terminal ending with a hook is usually connected to the node in the circuit whose voltage is of
Interest. The other terminal usually (but not always) connected to the ground. The probes are attached.
to input channels of the oscilloscope. Most oscilloscopes have at least two input channels and each.
channel can display a waveform on the screen. Multiple channels are useful for comparing waveforms.
For example, one can observe the voltage waveforms at the input and the output terminals of a circuit,
simultaneously, by using a two – channel oscilloscope.

Function Generator:
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic equipment used to generate different types of
electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the most common waveforms produced
by the function generator are the sine, square, triangular and saw tooth shapes. Integrated circuits used
to generate waveforms may also be described as function generator ICs.

Page | 2
.

Figure 1.3 Function Generator

Working:
Simple function generators usually generate triangular waveform whose frequency can be controlled smoothly
as well as in steps. This triangular wave is used as the basis for all its other outputs. The triangular wave is
generated by repeatedly charging and discharging a capacitor from a constant current source. This produces a
linearly ascending and descending voltage ramp. As the output voltage reaches upper or lower limits, the
charging or discharging is reversed using a comparator, producing the linear triangle wave. By varying the
current and the size of the capacitor, different frequencies may be obtained. Sawtooth waves can be produced
by charging the capacitor slowly, using a current, but using a diode over the current source to quickly discharge
the polarity of the diode changes the polarity of the resulting saw tooth, i.e., slow rise and fast fall, or fast
rise and slow fall.

Specifications:
▪ Produces sine, square, triangular, sawtooth (ramp), and pulse output. It can generate a wide range of
frequencies. For example, the Tektronix FG 502 (ca 1974) covers 0.1 Hz to 11 MHz
▪ Output amplitude up to 10 V peak-to-peak.
▪ Amplitude can be modified, usually by a calibrated attenuator with decade stepsand continuous adjustment within
each decade.
▪ Some generators provide a DC off set voltage, e.g., adjustable between -5V to +5V.
▪ An output impedance of 50 Ω.

Digital Multi-meter:
A multi-meter or a multi-tester, also known as VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring instrument
that combines several measurements functions in one unit. A typical multi-meter would include basic features
such as the ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance. Digital Multi-meter or Digital Volt-Ohm meter
(DMM or DVOM) displays the measured value in numerals. A multi-meter is a combination of multi-range DC
voltmeter, multi-range AC voltmeter, multi-range ammeter, and multi-range ohmmeter.

Page | 3
 Figure 1.4 Digital Multi-Meter

Voltmeter:
A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure voltage. Voltage is measured in Volts (V); hence the name
Voltmeter is given to the measuring instrument. A voltmeter is an instrument that is used to measure voltage.
Voltage is measured in Volts (V); hence the name Voltmeter is given to the measuring instrument. A voltmeter
measures how much voltage is passing between two points. It does this by measuring the difference between
the positive input of voltage and the negative input of voltage. A Voltmeter is always connected in Parallel
with Circuit. A Voltmeter measures the difference of potential between two terminals.

Figure 1.5 Voltmeter

Resistor:
A Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that opposes the flow of electrical current in an
electrical circuit. The resistance offered by a Resistor is measured in Ohms and is denoted by Ω. The current
through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals.

This relationship is represented by Ohm's law (I=V/R) Resistor dissipates Electrical Energy; it can be fixed or
variable. Resistance of variable Resistors can be varied while connected to circuit whereas resistance a fixed
Resistor remains fixed in a circuit.

Page | 4
 Figure 1.6 Resistors

Inductors:
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes
in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. Inductor
induces voltage when current flowing through it varies in magnitude or direction. An Inductor blocks A.C signal
but passes through D.C signal. Inductor stores energy by virtue of current passing through it. The inductance of
an Inductor is measured in Henry and is denoted by (L).

Figure 1.7 Indutors

Magnetic Field:
A magnetic is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is
responsible for the most notable property of a magnet. A magnet consists of two poles i.e., north, and south
pole. Materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel etc., are attracted by magnet and are called Ferromagnetic Materials.
Materials like wood, plastic etc. are not attracted by magnet; these materials are, called Diamagnetic Materials.
Material like platinum, aluminum etc., are weakly attracted by magnet, these materials are called Paramagnetic
Materials. An electromagnetic is a type of a magnet which is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet
when an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current stops. A permanent magnet
is an object made from a material that is magnetized. and creates its own persistent magnetic field.

Page | 5
 Figure 1.8 Magnetic field

Capacitor:
A Capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two terminal electrical component used to store
energy electrostatically in an electric field. Capacitor stores energy by virtue of voltage existing across it. A
capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by a Non-conductive or Dielectric region. Capacitance of
a capacitor is measured in Farad and is denoted by (C). The dielectric or insulating region could be of mica,
ceramics, paper, air plastic film etc., In Electrical Engineering capacitor is used for power factor correction.
Capacitors can be connected in series as well as in parallel with a circuit. An ideal capacitor is wholly
characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V
between them: C= Q/V

Figure 1.9 Capacitors

Page | 6
Review questions:
1. What is an inductor and how does it work?

2. What is Capacitor?

3. Why is a voltmeter connected in parallel and an ammeter in series?

Conclusion:

References:

1. Electrical Technology by B.L Thera ja

2. Basic Electrical Engineering by V.K Metha and Rohit Metha
3. Basic Electronics Devices, Circuits and Systems by M. M. Ciro vac
4. Electrical Technology by B.L Thera ja.
5. www.circuitstoday.com

Page | 7
 Lab Experiment No.02

Effect of frequency on R, L and C circuits

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
▪ To verify the effect of frequency on resistance (R)
▪ To verify the effect of frequency on inductive reactance (XL)
▪ To verify the effect of frequency on capacitive reactance (XC)

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Function Generator
▪ Digital Multimeter
▪ Resistor, 1KΩ
▪ Inductor, 2mH
▪ Capacitor, 1µF
▪ Connecting leads/wires
▪ Breadboard

Note:
▪ Before making any connection to the circuit make sure that the power supply is off.
▪ Take care of the equipment, it can be damaged by misuse.
▪ Before switching on the supply, get it checked by your teacher.

Discussion:
The resistance of resistor is unaffected by frequency which can be seen mathematically through “Law
of resistivity” as.
R= ρ L/A
The reactance of an inductor is linearly dependent on the frequency applied. That is, if we double the
frequency, the reactance gets doubled, as determined by.
XL = 2πFL
For low frequencies, the reactance is correspondingly very small, while for increasing frequencies, the
reactance will increase to a very large value.
For DC conditions, we find that XL = 2 π (0) L is zero Ohms, corresponding with short circuit
representation that we used in our DC analysis. For very high frequencies, XL is so high that we can
often use an open circuit approximation. As far as reactance is concerned, capacitor behaves in a manner
opposite to that of the inductor. The capacitive reactance is non-linearly dependent on the frequency,
as can be seen by the following mathematical relation.

Xc = 1/(2πfc)

Page | 8
Experimental procedure:
1. Connect the equipment according to figures 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.
2. For each circuit, select the sine wave on the function generator and set its voltage at 4V (p-p).
3. For each circuit, set the frequencies as shown in their respective tables.
4. Use multimeter as a milli-ammeter to measure the current through each circuit.
5. Switch on the supply (i.e., function generator) and record the readings inTable 2.1.

Circuit diagrams:

Figure 2.1 Resistive circuit Figure 2.2 Inductive circuit

Figure 2.3 Capacitive circuit

Page | 9
Observation Tables:

Table 2.1 (For Resistive Circuit)

Voltage, Vpp Frequency, f

Sr. # (V) (Hz) Current, I (mA)
1. 4 1000
2. 4 2000
3. 4 3000
4. 4 4000
5. 4 5000

Table 2.2 (For Inductive Circuit)

Voltage, Vpp Frequency, f

Sr. # (V) (Hz) Current, I (mA)
1. 4 1000
2. 4 2000
3. 4 3000
4. 4 4000
5. 4 5000

Table 2.3 (For Capacitive Circuit)

Voltage, Vpp Frequency, f

Sr. # (V) (Hz) Current, I (mA)
1. 4 1000
2. 4 2000
3. 4 3000
4. 4 4000
5. 4 5000

Page | 10
Graph: R (Ω)v/s F (Hz)

Graph: XL (Ω)v/s F (Hz)

Graph: XC (Ω)v/s F (Hz)

Page | 11
Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Review Questions:

1. What is the shape of graph between resistance and frequency? What does this shape of graph
show?

2. What is the shape of the graph between inductive reactance and frequency? What does this shape
of the graph show?

3. What is the shape of the graph between capacitive reactance and frequency? What does this shape
of graph show?

Page | 12
Conclusion:

References:

1. Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.OSadiku

2. Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
3. Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines)

Final check list:

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment/materials and work benches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations, and results before the
next laboratory.

Page | 13
 Lab Experiment No.03

Phase shift between V and I in series R-C circuit

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
▪ To observe the phase shift in a series RC circuit.
▪ To verify the behavior of RC circuit.

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Function Generator
▪ Oscilloscope
▪ Resistor, 1.5KΩ
▪ Capacitor, 1µF
▪ Connecting leads/wires
▪ Breadboard

Note:
▪ Before making any connection to the circuit make sure that the power supply is off.
▪ Take care of equipment, it can be damaged by misuse.
▪ Before switching on the supply, get it checked by your teacher.
▪ For oscilloscope do not connect the ground of channel A with the positive lead of channel B and
vice versa.

Discussion:
When we applied a dc voltage to a resistor and capacitor in series, the capacitor charged to the applied
voltage along an exponential curve. This is not the case when an ac voltage is applied to this
combination as shown in the diagram 3.1. Here, the input voltage is constantly changing, so the
capacitor will constantly charge and discharge as it continually tries to oppose the changes.
Essentially, R and C in this circuit now form a voltage divider for AC. We can expect that part of
the applied voltage will appear across R, and part will appear across C. But how much voltage will
appear across each component?

Page | 14
As a practical example of such a circuit, assume VAC = 10V rms at a frequency of 60 Hz. C = 100µf
and R = 5Ω. If we were to build this circuit with an accurate audio frequency generator, we would
measure a voltage of 1.8523V rms across the resistor, and 9.8269V rms across the capacitor. This of
course adds up to considerably more than the 10V rms supplied by the generator. How is this
possible?
The question is compounded by the fact that C will cause a phase shift between voltage and current.
Since this is a series circuit, the current must necessarily be the same everywhere in the circuit.
Therefore, the voltage across the capacitor will lag that current by 90°, while at the same time the
voltage across the resistor will be in phase with the current, as shown in figure 3.1 and 3.2.

Figure 3.1 R-C Circuit

Figure 3.2 Phase shift between V and I in RC circuit

Page | 15
Experimental Procedure:
1. Connect the equipment according to figure 3.3.
2. Select the sine wave on the function generator.
3. Check that the ground of the function generator is different from that of the oscilloscope. If the
grounds are connected to each other, disconnect the ground of the generator.
4. Set the signal frequency to 1 KHz and its amplitude to 4 Vpp.
5. Connect the ground of the oscilloscope to point B and the channels 1 and 2, respectively to points
A and C; then invert the input of channel 2.
6. Observe the phase shift between VC and VR on oscilloscope.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 3.3 Circuit diagram of R-C circuit

Page | 16
Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Review Questions:

1. Why does VC lag the current, I in an RC circuit?

2. How do we compute the total voltage across the series RC combination and phase shift between
the supplied voltage and current?

Conclusion:

Page | 17
References:

1. Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.OSadiku

2. Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
3. Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines)
4. Electrical Technology by B.L Theraja
5. Basic Electrical Engineering by V.K Metha and Rohit Metha

Final Check List

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment/materials and work benches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations, and results before the
next laboratory.

Page | 18
 Lab Experiment No.04

The Phase Shift Between Voltage and Current in a Series RL Circuit

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
▪ To observe the phase shift in a series RL circuit
▪ To verify the behavior of RL circuit.

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Function Generator
▪ Oscilloscope
▪ Resistor, 1KΩ
▪ Inductor, 2mH
▪ Connecting leads/wires
▪ Breadboard

Note:
▪ Before making any connection to the circuit make sure that the power supply is off.
▪ Take care of equipment, it can be damaged by misuse.
▪ Before switching on the supply, get it checked by your teacher.
▪ For oscilloscope do not connect the ground of channel A with the positive lead of channel B
and vice versa.

Discussion:
When we apply an AC voltage to a series RL circuit as shown in figure 4.1, the circuit behaves in
some ways the same as the series RC circuit, and in some ways as a sort of mirror image. For
example, the current is still the same everywhere in this series circuit. VR is still in phase with I,
and VL is still 90° out of phase with I. However, this time VL leads I and is at +90° instead of -90°.
For the circuit of R = 560Ω, L = 100mH, and VAC = 10Vrms, 7.464 V is the voltage across L, and
6.656 V across R.

Page | 19
 Figure 4.1 R-L Circuit

Figure 4.2 Phase shift between V and I in R-L circuit

Experimental Procedure:

1. Connect the equipment according to figure 4.3.

2. Select the sine wave on the function generator.
3. Check that the ground of the function generator is different from that of the oscilloscope. If the
grounds are connected to each other, disconnect the ground of the generator.
4. Set the signal frequency to 10 KHz and its amplitude to 4 Vpp.
5. Connect the ground of the oscilloscope to point B and the channels 1 and 2, respectively to points
A and C; then invert the input of channel 2.
6. Observe the phase shift between VL and VR.

Page | 20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 4.3 Circuit diagram of R –L circuit

Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Review Questions:

1. Why does VL lead the current, I in an RL circuit?

Page | 21
2. How do we compute the total voltage across the series RL combination and phase shift between
the supplied voltage and current?

Conclusion:

References:

1. Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.OSadiku

2. Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
3. Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines)
4. Electrical Technology by B.L Theraja
5. Basic Electrical Engineering by V.K Metha and Rohit Metha

Final Check List:

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations, and results before the
next laboratory.

Page | 22
 Lab Experiment No.05

The Impedance (Z) of a Series RL Circuit

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
▪ To verify the impedance relation for RL circuit.

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Function Generator
▪ Digital Multimeter
▪ Resistor, 1KΩ
▪ Inductor, 2mH
▪ Connecting leads/wires
▪ Breadboard

Note:
▪ Before making any connection to the circuit make sure that the power supply is off.
▪ Take care of equipment, it can be damaged by misuse.
▪ Before switching on the supply, get it checked by your teacher.

Discussion:
The total opposition to alternating current in an ac circuit is called the impedance of the circuit. If it
is assumed that the choke coil (L) through which alternating current flows has zero resistance, the
current is impeded only by the XL of the choke. That is, Z= XL.
For the case, when L = 8 H and f = 50 Hz,
XL = 2πFL = 6.28 × (50) × (8) = 2,512 Ω
How much current will there be in the circuit if V= 10 V? Apply Ohm's law,
I = V/XL
Where I is in amperes, V in volts, and XL is in ohms. Therefore,
I = 10/2512 = 3.98 mA.

Figure 5.1: Impedance of RL circuit

Page | 23
If there is resistance R associated with the inductance L, or if L is in series with a resistor of 2500 Ω,
(figure 5.1), there will be less than 3.98mA of current. Assuming the same XL as previously computed,
how much current will flow? Measurement shows that there is 2.82 mA in the circuit. It is evident that
the total impedance of the resistor R connected in series with L is not simply the arithmetic sum of R
and XL. It can be demonstrated mathematically that impedance Z is the result of the vector sum of XL
and R.
In figure 5.2, the vector diagram shows that R and XL are at right angles to each other, and that XL leads
R by 90°. We say that there is a 90° phase difference between R and XL. Z is seen to be the hypotenuse
of the right triangle of which XL and R are the legs. Applying the Pythagoras theorem to this right
triangle, we note that.
Z = √R2 + X2

Figure 5.2: Impedance triangle

Experimental Procedure:
1. Connect the equipment according to figure 5.1. R is 1KΩ and L is 2mH.
2. Use function generation for 50 Hz sinusoidal AC waveform generation.
3. Adjust the output of the ac supply until the meter measures 2mA. Measure the rms voltage across
L (i.e., VL) and across R (i.e., VR) and record observation in Table 5.1. Also measure the rms value
of total voltage supplied Vs. Compute XL=VL /I and Z=VS /I and record observation in Table 5.1
4. Substitute the value of R and computed value of XL in the equation.
Z = √ (R2 + X2)
Find Z and record in Table 5.1.
5. Compare the measured value of Z with that of computed value.

Page | 24
Observation Table:

Table 5.1
Supplied Voltage Voltage
Current, I
Voltage across R, VR across L, VL XL = VL/I (Ω)
(mA)
VS (V) (V) (V)

Z = VS/I (Ω) Z = √R2+X2 (Ω)

Measured Calculated

Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Review Questions:

1. Do the computed and measured values of Z differ? The formula Z = √ (R2 + X2) verified?

2. What will be the power factor of the circuit for the given values of R and L?

Page | 25
Conclusion:

References:

1. Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.OSadiku

2. Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
3. Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines)
4. Electrical Technology by B.L Theraja
5. Basic Electrical Engineering by V.K Metha and Rohit Metha

Final Checklist:
1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment/materials and work benches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations, and results before the
next laboratory.

Page | 26
 Lab Experiment No.06

Resonance Condition in an RLC Series Circuit

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
▪ To Model Series Resonance circuit.
▪ To verify the condition of series resonance condition.

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Function Generator
▪ Digital Multimeter
▪ Resistor, 100Ω
▪ Inductor, 2mH
▪ Capacitor, 1µF
▪ Connecting wires
▪ Breadboard

Note:
▪ Before making any connection to the circuit make sure that the power supply isoff.
▪ Take care of equipment, it can be damaged by misuse.
▪ Before switching on the supply, get it checked by your teacher.

Discussion
In AC circuits, resonance is a condition which arises when inductive reactance becomes equal to the
capacitive reactance, i.e., XL = XC. As the inductive reactance increases with the increase in frequency
(from the relation XL = 2πFl) and the capacitive reactance decreases with the decrease in frequency
(from the relation XC = 1/2πfc), so there must be one frequency (called the resonant frequency) at which
both reactance’s will be equal.
For the series ac circuit with no resistance, resonant frequency can be computed by using the relation.

Since, XL = 2πFl and XC = 2πfc

At resonance condition; XL = XC
i.e. 2πFl = 1 / 2πfc
∴ f 2 = 1/ 4π2√Lc
Hence, fr = 1/2π√Lc

Series AC circuit, which contains no resistance, offers minimum (ideally zero) impedance under
resonance condition, meaning that circuit draws maximum (ideally infinite) current from the AC power
source. To reveal this mathematically use the series impedance formula.

Zseries = ZL + ZC

Page | 27
At resonant frequency; XL = XC

Z series = XL < 90° + XC < −90°

Z series = j XL – j XC = 0

Hence, for series RLC circuit at resonance frequency (fr) impedance of the circuit will be a minimum
value and is only equal to the resistance of the circuit, i.e.
Z= R
And current drawn by the circuit at resonant frequency becomes maximum because of less opposition
offered by the circuit. For any value of frequency other than the resonant frequency impedance will be
greater than the resonance impedance and hence the current value will also reduce.

Experimental procedure:
1. Connect the elements of desired value according to figure 6.1.
2. Set the function generator to sinusoidal wave of 4Vpp.
3. Vary the frequency of the function generator with the help of knob and for different values of
frequency (given in observation Table 6.1) measure the amperes and note it down in Table 6.1.
4. Note down the amperes value at resonance condition and compare that with the ampere’s values
at frequencies other than the resonance condition.
5. Draw the graph of current (mA) against the frequency (Hz).

Circuit Diagram:

The circuit diagram of RLC series resonance is presented in figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 RLC series resonance circuit

Page | 28
Observation Table:
Table 6.1
F (Hz) R (Ω) C (uF) XC (Ω) L (mH) XL (Ω) Condition I (mA)
2600
2800
3000
3200

Graph:

Current (mA) v/s Frequency (Hz)

Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Page | 29
Review Questions

1. What will be the behavior of series resonance circuit below the resonant condition?

2. What will be the behavior of series resonance circuit above the resonant condition?

3. What are the applications of resonance condition?

Conclusion:

References:

1. Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.OSadiku

2. Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
3. Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines).

Page | 30
 Lab Experiment No.07

Resonance Condition in an RLC Parallel Circuit

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
▪ To Model Parallel Resonance circuit.
▪ To verify the condition of parallel resonance condition.

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Function Generator
▪ Digital Multimeter
▪ Resistor, 100Ω
▪ Inductor, 2mH
▪ Capacitor, 1µF
▪ Connecting wires
▪ Breadboard

NOTE
▪ Before making any connection to the circuit make sure that the power supply isoff.
▪ Take care of equipment, it can be damaged by misuse.
▪ Before switching on the supply, get it checked by your teacher.

Discussion
In ac circuits, resonance is a condition which arises when inductive reactance becomes equal to the
capacitive reactance, i.e., XL = XC. As the inductive reactance increases with the increase in frequency
(from the relation XL = 2πFl) and the capacitive reactance decreases with the decrease in frequency
(from the relation XC = 1/2πfc), so there must be one frequency (called the resonant frequency) at which
both reactance’s will be equal. For the parallel AC circuit with no resistance, resonant frequency can
be computed by using the relation.
Since,
XL = 2πFl and XC = 2πfc

At resonance condition. XL = XC

Hence.

fr= 1/ 2π√LC

Page | 31
Parallel AC circuit, which contains no resistance, offers maximum impedance (ideally infinite) under
resonance condition, means that circuit draws minimum current (ideally zero) from the AC power
source. To reveal this mathematically use the parallel impedance formula.

1 1 1
= +

Zparallel ZL ZC

At resonant frequency; XL = XC

XL . XC
Zparallel =
XL + XC

XL. XC
Zparallel = =∞
0

Hence, for parallel RLC circuit at resonance frequency (fr) impedance of the circuit will be a maximum
value and current drawn from the source at resonant frequency is minimum. For any value of frequency
other than the resonant frequency impedance will be less than that of the resonance impedance and
hence the current will be an increased value.

Experimental Procedure:
1. Connect the elements of desired value according to figure 7.1.
2. Set the function generator to sinusoidal wave of 4Vpp.
3. Vary the frequency of the function generator with the help of knob and for different values of
frequency (given in observation Table 7.1) measure the amperes and note it down in Table 7.1.
4. Note down the amperes value at resonance condition and compare that with the ampere’s values
at frequencies other than the resonance condition.
5. Draw the graph of current (mA) against the frequency (Hz).

Page | 32
 Circuit Diagram

Figure 7.1 RLC parallel resonance circuit

Observation Table:
Table 7.1
F (Hz) R (Ω) C (uF) XC (Ω) L (mH) XL (Ω) Condition I (mA)
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400

Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Page | 33
 Review Questions:

1. What will be the behavior of parallel resonance circuit below the resonant condition?

2. What will be the behavior of parallel resonance circuit above the resonant condition?

Conclusion.

References:
a) Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.OSadiku
b) Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
c) Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines)

Final Check List

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations, and resultsbefore the
next laboratory

Page | 34
 Lab Experiment No.8
The Line and Phase Voltage Relationship in Star Connected Load

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to
▪ To differentiate the line and phase voltages
▪ To understand the purpose of earth in star connected load.

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Digital voltmeter
▪ Digital ammeter
▪ Three phase variable resistors

Discussion:
A star-connected load is shown in figure 8.1 where the three-line conductors are each connected to a load and
the outlets from the loads are joined together at N to form the neutral point or the star point. The voltages, VR,
VY and VB are called phase voltages or line to neutral voltages. Phase voltages are generally denoted by Vph.
The voltages, VRY, VYB and VBR are called line voltages. From figure 8.2, the phase currents (generally
denoted by Iph) are equal to their respective line currents IR, IY and IB, i.e., for a star connection:

IL=IPh

Figure 8.1Three phase star connected load.

Figure 8.2 Phasor diagram of star connected load.

Page | 35
For a balanced system: IR = IY = IB,
VR = VY = VBVRY = VYB = VBR,
ZR =Z Y =ZB
And the current in the neutral conductor, IN = 0
When a star connected system is balanced, then the neutral conductor is unnecessary and is often omitted. The
line voltage, VRY, shown in Figure 8.1 is given by VRY = VR−VY (VY is negative since it is in the opposite
direction to VRY). In the phasor diagram of Figure 8.2, phasor VY is reversed (shown by the broken line) and
then added phasor ally to VR (i.e., VRY =VRY. −VY). By trigonometry, or by measurement, V RY =√3VR,
i.e., for a balanced star connection:
VL= √3Vp ---------(1)

Procedure:
1. Draw the connections as given in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the circuit to three phase supply as regulated with voltmeters connected in parallel
between line to line and line to phase to measure line and phase voltage respectively.
3. Connect ammeters in series to phases to measure line currents.
4. Connect three phase loads in star connection.

Connections:

Figure 8.3 Connecting diagram of above circuit diagram

Page | 36
Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Review Questions:

1. Define line voltage and phase voltage?

2. If the line voltage is 440 then what will be the phase voltage?

Conclusion:

References:
1. Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku
2. Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
3. Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines)
4. Electrical Technology by B.L Theraja
5. Basic Electrical Engineering by V.K Metha and Rohit Metha.

Final Check List:

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations,
and results before the next laboratory.

Page | 37
 Lab Experiment no.09
Z – Parameters of Two Port Network
Objective:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to
▪ To calculate and Verify Z Parameters of two port networks.

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Power supply
▪ Breadboard
▪ Five resistances
▪ Connecting Leads
▪ Ammeter
▪ Voltmeter

Discussion:
In z parameters of a two-port, the input and output voltages V1 and V2 can be expressed in terms
of input & output currents I1 & I2. Out of four variables (i.e., V1, V2, I1, I2) V1& V2 are
dependent variables whereas I1 & I2 are independent variables. Thus,
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 -----(1)
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2 -----(2)
Here Z11 & Z22 are the input & output driving point impedances while Z12 & Z21 are the reverse
& forward transfer impedances.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 38
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ‘ON’ the experimental board.
2. First open the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P Voltage & I/P Current
3. Secondly, open the I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P Voltage & O/P
Current using Multimeter.
4. Calculate the values of Z parameter using Equation (1) & (2).
5. Switch ‘OFF’ the supply after taking the readings.

Observation Table:

Sample Calculations:
1. When O/P is open circuited i.e. I2=0

Z11=V1/I1 Z21=V2/I1
2. When I/P is open circuited i.e. I1= 0

Z12=V1/I Z22 = V2/I2

Result Analysis:

Review Questions:
1. List the two dependent variables and two independent variables used in Z – parameter
representation.

Page | 39
2. Define input and output driving point impedance.

Conclusion.

Final Check List:

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations, and result.

Page | 40
 Lab Experiment no. 10
Y – Parameters of Two Port Network

Objective:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to
▪ To calculate and verify 'Y' parameters of two-port network.

List of Equipment’s:

▪ Power supply
▪ Bread Board
▪ Five resistances
▪ Connecting Leads
▪ Voltmeter
▪ Ammeter.

Discussion:
In Y parameters of a two-port, the input & output currents I1 & I2 can be expressed in terms of
input & output voltages V1 & V2. Out of four variables (i.e., I1, I2, V, V2) I1& I2 are dependent
variables whereas V1 & V2 are independent variables.
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 ------(1)
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 ------(2)
Here Y11 & Y22 are the input & output driving point admittances while Y12 & Y21are the reverse
& forward transfer admittances.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 41
Experimental procedure:
▪ Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ‘ON’ the experimental board.
▪ First short the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P & I/P current
▪ Secondly, short I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P & O/P current using
multi-meter.
▪ Calculate the values of Y parameter using Eq. (1) & (2).
▪ Switch ‘off’ the supply after taking the readings.

Observation Table:

When Port 1 is short circuit When Port 2 is short circuit

S.No
V2 I1 I2 V1 I1 I2

Sample Calculation:

(1) When O/P is short circuited i.e., V2 = 0

Y11 = I1/V1 Y21 = I2 /V1
(2) When I/P is short circuited i.e., VI = 0
Y12 = I1/V2 Y22 = I2 /V2

PRECAUTIONS:

a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. The power supply should be
switched off.
b) Connections should be tight.
c) Note the readings carefully.

Result Analysis:

Page | 42
Review Questions:

1. Define Y parameters.

2. Define input driving point and output driving point admittance.

3. List the two dependent and two independent variables used in Y- parameter representation.

Conclusion.

Final Checklist:

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment/materials and work benches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations, and results before
the next laboratory.

Page | 43
 Lab Experiment no. 11
'ABCD' Parameters of Two – Port Network

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to
▪ To calculate and verify 'ABCD' parameters of two-port network.
List of Equipment’s:
▪ Power Supply
▪ Bread Board
▪ Five resistances
▪ Connecting leads,
▪ Voltmeter
▪ Ammeter
Discussion:
ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where they
are termed as “Generalized Circuit Parameters”. ABCD parameters are also known as
“Transmission Parameters”. In these parameters, the voltage & current at the sending end
terminals can be expressed in terms of voltage & current at the receiving end. Thus,

V1=AV2+B(-I2) --------(1)

I1=CV2+D(-I2) -------- (2)

Here “A” is called reverse voltage ratio, “B” is called transfer impedance “C” is called
transfer admittance & “D” is called reverse current ratio.

Circuit Diagram:

Page | 44
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ‘ON’ the experimental board.
2. First open the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I /P terminal. Measure O/P voltage & I/Current.
3. Secondly, short the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure I/P & O/P current
using multimeter.
4. Calculate the A, B, C, & D parameters using the Eq. (1) & (2).

Observation Tables:

When O/P is open When O/P is short

S.N. O
V1 V2 I1 V1 I2 I1

Sample Calculations:

1. When O/P is open circuited i.e., 2 = 0

A=V1/V2 C=I1/V2

2. When O/P is Short Circuited i.e., 2 = 0

B=-V1/I2 D=-I1/I2

Result Analysis:

Page | 45
Review Questions:
1. Define transmission parameters.

2. Why ABCD parameters are also called transmission parameters?

Conclusion.

Final Checklist:

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment/materials and work benches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations, and results before the
next laboratory.

Page | 46
 Lab Experiment No.12

The Observation of The Phase Sequence of Three Phase Voltage

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to
▪ To Observe the waveforms three phases on oscilloscope
▪ To Understand the phase displacement of phases

List of Equipment’s:
▪ YL-195 Motor, Electric traction and Electrical control trainer
▪ Three phase resistors
▪ Oscilloscope
▪ Connecting wires
▪ Multisim Software

Discussion:
A poly phase system is basically an ac system composed of a certain number of single-phase ac
systems having the same frequency and operating in sequence. Each phase of a poly phase system
(i.e., the phase of each single-phase ac system) is displaced from the next by a certain angular
interval. In any poly phase system, the value of the angular interval between each phase depends
on the number of phases in the system. A poly phase system is basically an ac system composed
of a certain number of single-phase ac systems having the same frequency and operating in
sequence. Each phase of a poly phase system (i.e., the phase of each single-phase ac system) is
displaced from the next by a certain angular interval. In any poly phase system, the value of the
angular interval between each phase depends on the number of phases in the system.

A three-phase ac circuit is powered by three voltage sine waves having the same frequency and
magnitude and which are displaced from each other by 120°. The phase shift between each voltage
waveform of a three-phase ac power source is therefore 120° (360° ÷ 3 phases).

Page | 47
 Figure 12.1 Three phase waveforms

Procedure (Multisim):
1. Draw the circuit on the Multisim software.
2. Connect the oscilloscope to the circuit having three terminals.
3. Run a simulation in NI Multisim by selecting “Simulation>>Run.”

4. Double-click on the Tektronix XSC2 oscilloscope instrument in the circuit and see the
phase sequence.

Figure 12.2 Three phase circuit

Page | 48
Procedure (Electrical Control Trainer):
1. Connect all resistors as load to three phase supply module trainers respectively.
2. Connect oscilloscope channels across each resistor to see waveform.
3. Supply voltage to the circuit
4. Now see observe the three phase waveforms displaced to each other through 120`.

Figure 12.3 Three phase connections on electrical control panel

Figure 12.4 Three phase Waveform

Page | 49
Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Review Questions:

1. What are the advantages of three phase system over a single-phase system?

2. Where is three phase system used?

Conclusion:

References:
1. Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.OSadiku
2. Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
3. Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines)
4. Electrical Technology by B.L Theraja
5. Basic Electrical Engineering by V.K metha and Rohit Metha

Page 50
 Lab Experiment No.13

The Waveforms of Supplied Voltage & EMF Induced in Secondary Coil on

Oscilloscope

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to

▪ To understand input & output voltage waveforms

▪ To Compare the phase displacement of two voltages

List of Equipment’s:
▪ Single Phase Transformer
▪ Single Phase supply
▪ AC Ammeter & Voltmeter
▪ AC Regulated Supply
▪ Oscilloscope

Discussion:

The E2 & V1 are 180-degree phase shift to each other as shown in figure 13.1. This is according to
Lenz’s Law which states that: If the magnetic field of current i1 induces another electric current,
i2, the direction of i2 is opposite that of i1. If these currents are in two circular conductors ℓ1 and
ℓ2 respectively, then the currents i1 and i2 must counter rotate. The opposing currents will repel
each other as a result.

Figure 13.1(oscilloscope)

Page 51
This Induced field must be associated with a current - the induced current in the loop whose
direction is determined by the first version of the RH rules - the one for predicting B and current
– not the force one. Of course, the Induced EMF direction is clearly predicted by thinking of
conventionalcurrents flowing from positive to negative.

Procedure:
1. First, single phase supply is given to the primary side of transformer.
2. It is supplied through AC Regulator to get regulated supplied voltage.
3. AC voltmeter is connected across sec: winding.
4. Oscilloscope is connected each 2 terminals(channel) is attached across eachprimary and
secondary winding.
5. Waveforms are seen on oscilloscope screens.

CONNECTIONS:

Figure 13.2 Circuit diagram

Page 52
 Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Review Questions:

1. Why applied voltage and secondary voltage of transformer are out of phase with
each other?

2. Can we measure peak voltage through oscilloscope if yes then explain how?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:

References:
1. Fundamentals of Electric circuit by Charles K.Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku
2. Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Bolysted
3. Electric Circuits by Mahmood Nahvi (Schaum’s Outlines)
4. Electrical Technology by B.L Theraja
5. Basic Electrical Engineering by V.K metha and Rohit Metha

Page 53
 Lab Experiment No.14
Line and phase voltage relationship in Delta

Objectives:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to
▪ To verify the line and phase voltage relationship in delta connection load.

List of Equipment’s:

▪ YL-195 Motor, Electric traction and Electrical control trainer.

▪ Digital voltmeter
▪ Digital ammeter
▪ Three phase variable resistors

Discussion:
A delta (or mesh) connected load is shown in Figure 14.1 where the end of one
load is connected to the start of the next load. From Figure, the line voltages
VRY, VYB and VBR are the respective phase voltages, i.e., for a delta connection:
VL=VPh ---------(1)

Figure 14.1 Delta connected load. Figure 14.2 Phasor diagram

Using Kirchhoff’s current law in, IR = IRY - IBR = IRY + (- IBR). From the phasor
diagram shown in Figure14.2, by trigonometry or by measurement, IR =√3IRY,
i.e., for a delta connection:
---------(2)
IL=√3IPh

Page 54
Experimental Procedure:
1. Draw the connections as given in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the circuit to three phase supply as regulated with voltmeters
connected in parallel between line to line and line to phase to measure line
and phase voltage respectively.
3. Connect ammeters in series to phases to measure line currents.
4. Connect three phase loads in delta connection.

Connections:

Figure 14.3 Circuit

diagram

Figure 14.4 Connecting Diagram of above circuit.

Page 55
Result Analysis:
1. Write the result analysis in your own words from obtained results.

Review Questions:

1. What is the relationship between phase current and line current in delta
connection?

2. What are the applications of delta connected system?

Conclusion:

Final Check List

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations,
and results before the next laboratory.

Page 56