Practical Workbook

EL-322
Applied Electronics

Name :
Roll No :
Year : _________________________
Batch : _________________________
Department : _________________________

Department of Electrical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering &

Technology Shaheed Z.A Bhutto Campus Khairpur Mirs’

Practical Workbook
EL-322
 Applied electronics

Prepared by
Dr. Muhsan Ali Mari
Sr. Lab Engineer

Revised in
August, 2023

Approved by
DOBE Res: 19.3 Dated: 08/07/2023

Department of Electrical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering &

Technology Shaheed Z.A Bhutto Campus Khairpur Mirs’

Certificate
It is certified that Mr. / Ms. ____________________ S/O/D/O _____________ bearing Roll
No. _________________ of 6th semester 3rd Year has carried out the necessary practical work
for the subject of APPLIED ELECTRONICS as prescribed by the Mehran University of
Engineering & Technology SZAB Khairpur Mirs’ campus.

Lab Instructor
 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SHAHEED Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIRS'
Department of Electrical Engineering

Laboratory Rubrics
ROLL NO SEMESTER BATCH
SUBJECT CODE TOTAL MARKS
Department of Electrical Engineering has defined all concerned laboratory rubrics for assessment of student’s all labs sessions as below .
Table 1: Lab Performance [10] or [15] Marks Total Marks [50] [50]
Performance Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory Marks on
Sr. Obtained Attendance No [05] [00]
Indicator [03] [02] [01]
# Points 10% 00
CLO
Skill to perform test Quite able to conduct the entire Able to conduct experiment Able to conduct experiment Rubric Based
1 experiment experiment with negligible help with a lot of help from the with a lot of help from the lab
[10] [15]
From the lab instructor. Lab instructor. Instructor. Lab Evaluation 20% 30%
All of the data analyzed is very Some of the data analyzed is Most of the data analyzed is Open Ended Lab /
Data breakdown of accurate and precise. Completely inaccurate. inaccurate. No logical and [05] [05]
2
data and computation logical and systematic systematic calculations
Attached Mini Design
Separately 10% 10%
calculations for each
Project
Presents data very clearly using Data presentation is not that Presents data in a very obscure lab on Marks on Test [15] [15]
appropriate graphs / waveforms. clear. manner.
3 Presentation of results Figure captions and units are Graphs/waveforms, figure Graphs/waveforms, figure
next page 30% 30%
always included. captions and units are not captions and units are never Marks on Viva voce [15] [15]
always included included. 30% 30%
Table 2: Viva Voce [15]Marks Tick Relevant
Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Obtained
# Indicator (5 Marks) (4-3 Marks) (2-0Marks) Marks Criteria Marks Obtained
Approachability to Responds well, quick and very Generally responsive and
1 justify & correctness accurate all the time. accurate most of the times. Non-responsive. Lab Performance
of answer
Expression of Expressed clearly and accurately Expressed partially with Difficulty with expression of Open Ended Lab /
2 Knowledge by using proper terminologies improper terminologies thoughts and lack of
terminologies Mini Design
Project
No grasp of information.
Deepness of relevant
Demonstration of full knowledge At ease with content and Clearly no knowledge of Viva Voce
3 of the subject with explanations able to elaborate and explain subject matter.
Information
and elaboration. to some degree. No questions are answered. No Total Marks
interpretation made.

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SHAHEED Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIRS'
 Department of Electrical Engineering

Rubric Based Lab Experiment Assessment

Performance Total Experiments Conducted
Indicator Based 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Remarks
Skill to perform
test experiment
[3-1Points]
Data
exploration and
analysis [3-1
Points]
Presentation of
results
[3-1 Points]
Submission of
Lab Report [01
Points]

Total Points in
each Lab

Points obtained out of 140

Marks out of 10 or 15
Open Satisfactory Satisfactory
Relevant & Exemplary Unsatisfactory Exemplary Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Total
Ended [01]
smart selection [02] Marks [00] Marks Analysis [02] Marks [01] Marks [00] Marks
Conclusion [01]
[00] Marks Marks
Lab / Mini Marks & Result and Report Marks
Design of equipment [02] [01]
Project and tool Marks Marks
[05 Marks] [02Marks]

Approved from Departmental BOS Resolution: 04 Dated: 19-01-2021

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SHAHEED Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIRS'
Department of Electrical Engineering
 Lab Equipment Utilization Chart

Experimental
Obj.
Title
No.

1 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

2 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

3 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

4 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

5 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

6 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

7 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

8 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

9 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

10 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

11 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

12 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

13 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

14 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

15 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □
 List of Experiments
Obj.
Experiment Title CLO PLO Taxonomy
No.

1 3 4 P-3

10

11

12

13

14

15
 Lab Experiment No: 01

Objective: TO STUDY ABOUT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.
2. Electricity NEVER EXCUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in handling electrical
equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good servant but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltage otherwise such contact may subject you
to electrical shock).
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a live point,
current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from electrical shock.
5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an equipment/instrument
and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens to be a rotating machine)
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you move your
hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live point and thereby subject you
to electrical shock).
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of the body reduce the
contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock).
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise you will be touching the
live parts in the circuit)
10. Get you circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as per the approved
circuit diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain the chords use safety plugs and do not defeat the
safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such defective leads.
13. Do not defeat any Safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it. Safety devices protect
YOU and your equipment
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and approved by the
staff member.
15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you accidentally touch two
points at different potentials with your two hands)
16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor heating up etc.
Switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member.
18. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.
19. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the power to your
circuit after getting approval from the staff member.

1. What precautions should be taken in lab while performing practical?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. What is the importance of safety?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

3. Write any two important safety precautions of equipment’s.

 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________

Conclusion:
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lab Experiment No: 02

Objective: TO STUDY ABOUT EQUIPMENTS AND ITS SAFETY

OSCILLOSCOPE

An oscilloscope, often abbreviated as "scope," is a widely used electronic test instrument that allows you to visualize
and analyze electrical signals in the time domain. It provides a graphical representation of voltage changes over time,
which
is displayed on a screen as a waveform. Engineers, technicians, and scientists use oscilloscopes for various
applications, including troubleshooting, testing, and debugging electronic circuits and systems.
Here are some key features and components of an oscilloscope:
1. Display Screen: The primary component of an oscilloscope is its display screen, which shows the waveform
being measured. Modern oscilloscopes typically use LCD or LED screens for high-resolution displays.
 2. Input Channels: Oscilloscopes come with one or more input channels, each equipped with a probe. Each
channel allows you to connect the oscilloscope to a specific point in a circuit to measure voltage.
3. Time base Control: The time base control allows you to adjust the horizontal scale of the display, determining
how much time is represented horizontally across the screen. This setting is typically in units like seconds per
division (s/div) or milliseconds per division (ms/div).
4. Vertical Amplifier: The vertical amplifier controls the vertical scale of the display, allowing you to adjust the
voltage range that is displayed vertically on the screen. This setting is usually in units like volts per division
(V/div).
5. Trigger Controls: The trigger controls help stabilize the waveform display by specifying when the oscilloscope
should start drawing a new waveform. You can set the trigger level and trigger source to capture specific
events or signals of interest.
6. Cursors and Measurements: Oscilloscopes often provide features like cursors and automatic measurement
functions to help you analyze the waveform, measure voltage, time intervals, frequency, and other parameters.
7. Probes: Probes are connected to the input channels and are used to make contact with the circuit under test.
They usually consist of a cable, connector, and a tip that attaches to the circuit.
8. Trigger Modes: Oscilloscopes offer various trigger modes, such as edge trigger, pulse trigger, video trigger,
and more, to help you capture specific waveform events.
Oscilloscopes are essential tool used for diagnosing and characterizing electronic signals, including waveforms from
analog circuits, digital logic etc.

PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY

1. Ensure proper grounding.
2. Read the warning labels and specifications.
3. Avoid overdriving the oscilloscope inputs.
4. Ensure proper instrument cooling (air flow).
 FUNCTION GENERATOR

FUNCTION GENERATOR

Function generator is an electronic test instrument used in various applications to generate precise and
controllable
electrical waveforms. It produces a range of periodic signals, including sine waves, square waves, triangle waves,
and
more complex waveforms like arbitrary waveforms. Function generators are widely used in electronics,
telecommunications, research, and education for various purposes, such as testing and troubleshooting circuits,
simulating
signal sources, and conducting experiments.
Here are some key features and capabilities of a typical function generator:
1. Waveform Generation: Function generators can produce different types of waveforms, including:
 Sine Wave: A smooth, continuous waveform that mimics the behavior of AC power sources.
 Square Wave: A waveform with sharp transitions between high and low voltage levels, commonly used
for testing digital circuits.
 Triangle Wave: A waveform with linearly increasing and decreasing voltage levels.
 Arbitrary Waveform: Some advanced function generators allow you to create custom waveforms with
specific shapes, amplitudes, and frequencies.
2. Frequency Control: Function generators typically allow you to set the frequency of the generated waveform.
You can adjust the frequency over a wide range, from very low frequencies (e.g., Hz) to high frequencies (e.g.,
 MHz or even GHz, depending on the model).
3. Amplitude Control: You can adjust the amplitude (voltage level) of the generated waveform. Some function
generators provide options for setting peak-to-peak amplitude, RMS amplitude, or offset voltage.
4. Duty Cycle Control: For square waveforms, function generators often offer control over the duty cycle (the
ratio of time the signal is high to the total period), allowing you to create pulse-width-modulated (PWM)
signals.
5. Modulation: Many function generators support modulation capabilities, such as amplitude modulation (AM),
frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). These features are useful for simulating various
modulation techniques used in communication systems.
6. Synchronization: Function generators can be synchronized with other test equipment or instruments, ensuring
that generated waveforms align with other signals or measurements.
7. Arbitrary Waveform Editing: Advanced function generators may include software or user interfaces that enable
you
to create custom arbitrary waveforms by defining data points.
8. Output Impedance and Protection: Function generators usually have selectable output impedance.

Precautions for safety;

 do not use in high temperature and high pressure, humidity, strong vibration and strong magnetic fields and
storage.
 please use in relatively stable environment, and provide good ventilation and cooling conditions.
  when the fuse blows, please correct the causes of failure.

De-Lorenzo Kit

The term "De-Lorenzo kit" commonly used in electronics laboratories. These kits are designed to help students to
learn
and experiment with various electronic circuits and components. These kits often include a variety of components,
prototyping boards, and instructional materials.
Some common features and components that you might find in a "De-Lorenzo kit" electronics kit used in an
electronics lab
include:
1. Prototyping Board: These kits often include a breadboard or prototyping board, where you can assemble and
test electronic circuits without soldering. The board typically has a grid of holes for inserting components and
connecting wires.
2. Components: The kit will contain a variety of electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors,
diodes, transistors, integrated circuits (including operational amplifiers or op-amps), and various sensors.
3. Wires and Jumper Cables: These are used to connect components on the prototyping board to create circuits.
4. Power Supply: Some kits may include a power supply unit that provides different voltage levels for powering
circuits.
5. Instructional Materials: Typically, these kits come with manuals or guides that explain the theory behind the
circuits, provide circuit diagrams, and offer step-by-step instructions for building and testing various projects.
 6. Experiments and Projects: The kits often include a range of experiments or projects that students can undertake
to learn about different aspects of electronics, such as amplifiers, oscillators, filters, and more.
These kits are commonly used in electronics labs to teach students about electronic circuits, components, and
hands-on experimentation. They are valuable tools for learning the fundamentals of electronics and for gaining
practical experience in circuit design and analysis.
Questions:

1) Why oscilloscope is used?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

2) Why De-Lorenzo Kit is mostly used?

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3) Write any two important safety precautions of function generator.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________
 Lab Experiment No. 03
RESPONSE OF AN INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Objectives:

 To investigate and understand the Amplification and Resistor impact.

 The phase shift introduced by an inverting amplifier
 The corresponding voltage gain.
Equipment’s and materials required:

 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) IC (e.g., LM741)
 DE LORENZO [DL3155E19]
 Connecting wires
 Power supply

Theory:
An inverting amplifier is a fundamental electronic circuit used to amplify an input voltage while
inverting its polarity. It is often designed using operational amplifiers (op-amps) and is widely used in various
electronic applications. In this detailed explanation, I'll provide the working principle of an inverting amplifier,
along with references for further study.

Working Principle:

The basic configuration of an inverting amplifier consists of an operational amplifier (op-amp) with two
input terminals (inverting and non-inverting) and one output terminal. The inverting terminal (-) is connected
to the input voltage source, while the non-inverting terminal (+) is usually grounded. Here's a step-by-step
explanation of how the inverting amplifier works:

o Op-Amp Assumption: Op-amps are assumed to have extremely high input impedance, infinite open-
loop gain, and zero input offset voltage.

o Input Voltage (Vin): The input voltage (Vin) is applied to the inverting terminal (-) of the op-amp.

o Feedback Resistor (Rf): A resistor called the feedback resistor (Rf) is connected between the output of
the op-amp and the inverting terminal (-).
 o Input Resistor (Rin): An input resistor (Rin) is connected between the inverting terminal (-) and the
source of the input voltage (Vin).

o Virtual Short-Circuit: Due to the high open-loop gain of the op-amp, the voltage difference between
the inverting and non-inverting terminals is extremely small (virtually zero). This condition is known as
a virtual short-circuit.

 Inverting Amplification Equation: The output voltage (Vout) is determined by the inverting amplifier gain
formula:

Vin∗Rf
 Vout=−( )
Rin

 The negative sign indicates that the output is inverted compared to the input voltage. The magnitude of the
amplification is determined by the ratio of Rf to Rin.

 Closed-Loop Operation: The feedback resistor (Rf) controls the gain of the amplifier. By adjusting the values
of Rf and Rin, you can set the desired gain for your specific application.

 Output Voltage: The amplified and inverted output voltage (Vout) is taken from the output terminal of the
op-amp.

Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________________
 As shown in the diagram, assemble the circuit on the DE LORENZO [DL3155E19] by connecting the Op-
Amp, resistors (R1, R2), power source, function generator, and oscilloscope.

 Connect the function generator's output to the oscilloscope and the inverting amplifier's input to it.

 Connect the function generator to create a sine wave with a 100 Hz frequency and a 5V peak to peak voltage.

 Set the oscilloscope to simultaneously display the input and output waveform.

 Using the oscilloscope, measure the input and output signals peak-to-peak voltages.

 Use the formula Av = Vout / Vin, where Vout is the output voltage and Vin is the input voltage, to get the
voltage gain (Av).
 By altering the function generator frequency each time, for frequencies of 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 5 kHz, and 10 kHz.

 For each frequency, note the calculated voltage gains and the actual phase shift.

Connection diagram:
______________________________________________________________________________
Experimental Results:
______________________________________________________________________________

Frequency (Hz) Input Voltage Output Voltage Voltage Gain Phase Shift
(Vin) (Vout) (Av)
100 5.0 V 2.8 V 0.56 V -170°
500 5.0 V 2.2 V 0.44 V -175°
1k 5.0 V 1.8 V 0.36 V -180°
5k 5.0 V 1.0 V 0.20 V -180°
10k 5.0 V 0.6 V 0.12 V -180°
 CONCLUSION
The experiment effectively depicts how an inverting amplifier behaves when its input frequencies are varied in
terms of voltage gain and phase shift. While the voltage gain may alter due to amplifier characteristics, the phase shift
becomes more noticeable as frequency rises.

Daily life example:

An example of an inverting op-amp in daily life is found in synchronous digital systems. Consider a micro-
controller powering an LED matrix display as an example. The LED illumination may not sync as intended if the
control signals driving row and column activation undergo a phase shift, leading to a distorted or inaccurate display.
Therefore, the knowledge gained from this experiment about phase shifts can be used to guarantee precise
synchronization in digital circuits.

Review Questions:
1. What is inverting operational amplifier?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__

2. In an inverting amplifier, where is the input voltage applied?

3. Why is the output voltage of an inverting amplifier typically inverted compared to the
Input voltage?

Conclusion:
 Lab Experiment No: 10
Working principle of OP-AMP operating as differentiator Mode

INVESTIGATING WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OP-AMP OPERATING

DIFFERENTIATOR MODE

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, we will be able to:

 To demonstrate the working of op-amp as differentiator.
 Understand the role of capacitor in differentiator circuit.
 Understand the difference between integrator and differentiator.

Equipment’s:

 Base frame with power supply and interface to pc .

 TIME electronic board Model DL 3155M16.
 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires.

Note:

 Hands should be kept away while taking readings to avoid any errors.
 Check that all cables from function generator and oscilloscope are connected properly.
 Follow the procedure to connect the module properly.
 Before switching on your circuit, please get it checked by you teacher.

Discussion:
An ideal differentiator is shown in Figure 10.1. Notice how the placement of the capacitor
and resistor differ from the integrator. The capacitor is now the input element, and the
resistor is the feedback element. A differentiator produces an output that is proportional to
the rate of change of the input voltage.
Since the current at the inverting input is negligible, IR = IC. Both currents are constant
because the slope of the capacitor voltage (VC/t) is constant. The output voltage is also
constant and equal to the voltage across Rfbecause one side of the feedback resistor is
always 0 V (virtual ground).
 Fig. 10.2 Differentiator Configuration

DL-3155M16

Procedure:
Steps:
1) Connect the TIME module DL 3155M16 with power supply module DL 3155AL2.
2) Connect the output of function generator to terminal labeled G.
3) Supply the signal generator and adjust the output with a square wave signal of l V
peak-to-peak – l KHz
4) Now connect the Ch1 and Ch2 of oscilloscope according to the figure 10.3
5) Power up the supply module, function generator and oscilloscope.
6) Set output of function generator to 50 HZ Sinusoidal.

7) Taking input readings with multimeter at 1 & ┴ and output and at 10 &┴.
 Observation table 10.1

Component
Data:
SrNo. Uo[V] Uo[V] T [sec]
measured Calculated

R1 = 270 OHM
R2 = 10k OHM
R3 = 10k OHM
R4 = 90.9k OHM
R5 = 9.09k OHM
C1 = 0.1µF
N1 = µA741
C2 = 0.1µF
Draw the graph:

Graph 10.1 Input and Output waveforms

Review Question:

1) How lower cutoff frequency is obtained?

2) When sine wave is inserted at input of differentiator what is the output obtained?

3) What happens when fi<ft?

4) What happens when fi>ft?

Conclusion:

29 | P a g e