UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS 2022/2023

THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF EDUCATION(ARTS)

TMA 3301: REAL ANALYSIS I

DATE: JANUARY 27, 2023 TIME: 3:00 P.M –5:00 P.M

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question 1 and any other two Questions.

Question 1(30 marks)

(a). Let X be a non-empty set. Define the following terms giving an example in each case:

(i). a metric d on X.
[4 marks]

(ii). a boundary point of a subset A of a metric space (X, d).

[2 marks]

(iii). a compact subset A of a metric space (X, d).

[2 marks]

(b). Let (X, d) be a metric space. Show that for all x, y, z, p ∈ X, we have |d(x, y)−d(z, p)| ≤ d(x, z)+d(y, p).
[3 marks]

(c). Let (X, d) be a metric space and A, B ⊆ X be such that A ⊆ B. Prove that diam(A) ≤ diam(B).
[2 marks]

(d).(i). Prove that the intersection of finitely many open sets is an open set.
[5 marks]

(ii). Give an example to show that the intersection of infinitely many open sets in a metric space need
not be open.
[2 marks]

(e). Show that the set A = (0, 9] is not compact as a subset of (R, d), where d is the Euclidean metric on R,
by identifying an open cover for A that has no finite subcover.
[4 marks]

(f ). Let X be a non-empty set and f : X −→ R be a one-to-one function. Define d : X × X −→ R+ by

d(x, y) = |f (x) − f (y)|, for all x, y ∈ X. Show that d is a metric on X.
[6 marks]

Question 2(20 marks)

(a).(i). Let A and B be subsets of a metric space (X, d). Prove that A ∪ B = A ∪ B.

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 [3 marks]

(ii). Let d be the metric on X = (0, ∞) defined by d(x, y) = | x1 − y1 |, for all x, y ∈ X. Show that d is
equivalent to the usual metric ρ(x, y) = |x − y| on X.
[5 marks]

(b). Determine the boundary ∂(A) of each of the following sets A ⊂ X where d is taken as the usual metric.

(i). A = R − {0, 2}, X = R.

[2 mark]

(ii). A = N × N, X = R2 .
[2 mark]

(iii). A = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 < 4}, X = R3 .

[2 marks]

(c).(i). Let d be a metric on X. Define ρ by ρ(x, y) = min{1, d(x, y)}, for all x, y ∈ X. Show that ρ is also
a metric on X.
[4 marks]

(ii). Give an example of a metric space (X, d) and a non-empty subset A such that every point in A is a
limit point A but int(A) = ∅.
[2 marks]

Question 3(20 marks)

(a). Give an example to show that arbitrary union of compact sets in a metric space (X, d) need not be
compact.
[2 marks]

(b). Find the distance d(A, B) between the sets A and B , where

(i). A = Q, B = Q∁ , and d is the discrete metric.

[3 marks]

(ii). A = N, B = {x ∈ R : x2 = 2} and d is the usual metric.

[3 marks]

(ii). Prove that every subset of a discrete metric space is both open and closed.
[4 marks]

(c). Let A be a subset of a metric space (X, d) and let ∂(A) denote the boundary of A. Prove that

(i). A is open if and only if A ∩ ∂(A) = ∅.

[4 marks]

(ii). A is closed if and only if ∂(A) ⊆ A.

[4 marks]

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 Question 4(20 marks)

(a).(i). Prove that the function d : Rn × Rn −→ R+ defined by

v
u n
uX
d(x, y) = t (xk − yk )2
k=1

is a metric on Rn , where x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ), y = (y1 , y2 , ..., yn ) ∈ Rn .

[6 marks]

(ii). Give an example of a closed and bounded set in a metric space which is not compact.
[6 marks]

(b). Determine the boundary of each of the following sets A ⊂ X where d is taken as the usual metric.

(i). A = {x ∈ R : −5 ≤ x < 5} ∪ {7, 9}, X = R.

[2 marks]

(ii). A = R − {0, 1, 3}, X = R.

[2 marks]

(c). Find the distance d(A, B) between the sets A and B , where
√
(i). A = { 61 , 5}, B = Z, and d is the discrete metric.
[2 marks]

(ii). A = R, B is any non-empty subset of R and d is the usual metric.

[2 marks]

Question 5(20 marks)

(a).(i). Let X = C[a, b], denote the set of continuous functions from the closed interval [a, b] into R. For
f, g ∈ X, let d : X × X −→ R+ be the function defined by
Z b
d(f, g) = |f (t) − g(t)|dt,
a

where t ∈ [a, b]. Prove that (X, d) is a metric space.

[4 marks]

(ii). Define and give an example of a pseudo-metric on a non-empty set X.

[4 marks]

(b). Let A = {x ∈ R : −2 < x ≤ 6} ∪ {8, 9} ⊂ (R, d), where d is the usual metric on R.
′
(i). Determine int(A), A , A, ∂(A).
[4 marks]

(ii). Is A closed? Give a reason for your answer.

[2 marks]

(c). Let R and R2 have their given metrics. Draw the following open balls B(x, r) in (R, d) and (R2 , d):

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(i). B(0, 25 ) ⊂ (R, d), where d is the Euclidean metric on R.
[3 marks]
 
(ii). B (0, 3), 4 ⊂ (R2 , d), where d is the discrete metric on R2 .
[3 marks]