MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 7
FLOW IN CONSTANT AREA DUCTS
WITH HEAT TRANSFER

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 7. FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE 31 - 1/11

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

7.1 INTRODUCTION
From a one-dimensional point of wiev, the fluid properties in compressible flows are affected from
(i) changes in the cross-sectional area
(ii) friction
(iii) heat transfer

In this chapter, the effects of

(i) area change and
(ii) friction
are neglected.

Therefore
(i) steady,
(ii) one-dimensional and
(iii) reversible
flows of a perfect gas in constant area ducts are studied.

These reversible flows with heat transfer in constant are ducts are known as simple stagnation
temperature change flows or simple T0 change flows.

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 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Simple T0-change flows are difficult to achieve in practice.

If T0 is increased or decreased as a result of external heat exchange, friction is always present due to the
relation between the mechanisms of heat transfer and friction.

If changes in stagnation temperature is brought by combustion, then there is a change in chemical

composition.

If a reduction in stagnation temperature is brought by evaporation of a liquid into a gas, then there is a
change in its physical composition.

However, a physical insight can be achieved by analyzing simple T0 change flows if the departures from
assumptions of such flows are not significant.

When cooling or heating is a result of the external heat exchange, the frictional effects per unit length of
the duct is unimportant compared to the heating and cooling effects.

In the combustion of hydrocarbons with air the fuel-air ratio is small, so changes in chemical
composition are unimportant when compared with the changes in stagnation temperature.

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 7. FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE 31 - 3/11

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

7.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR 1D FLOW IN CONSTANT AREA DUCTS

WITH HEATING OR COOLING
Q Control volume

p1 p2
1 2
Flow
V1 V2 +x
direction
h1 h2
T1 T2

1 2
a) Continuity Equation
For steady flows, mass flow rate is constant
For 1D flows, flow properties are uniform (constant) over each cross-section
  1A1V1   2 A2V2
m
Since the cross-sectional area is constant, A1 = A2

m
G  1V1   2V2
A
where G is the mass flux

b) Momentum Equation
For steady, uniform and frictionless flows
p1A1  p2 A2   2 A2V22  1A1V12
By using the definiton of the impulse function as I = pA + AV2.

I  A1( p1  1V12 )  A2 ( p2   2V22 )  A( p  V 2 )  constant

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 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

c) Energy Equation
When there is no shaft work on the control volume

   V22 V12 
 
Q  mq  m (h02  h01 )  m  h2   h1  
 2 2 
where Q is the rate of heat transfer and q is the heat transfer per unit mass.
Q  0 for heating
Q  0 for cooling
d) Equation of State
For a perfect gas
p   RT

e) The Second Law of Thermodynamics

For a reversible heat transfer process
2
q 
1
Tds

Recalling Gibbs relation

dp d
Tds  dh   du  RT
 
and noting that h = cpT, u = cvT and p = RT
dp d
ds  c p dT  R  cv dT  R
p 
Integrating
T2 p T 
s2  s1  c pln  Rln 2  cv ln 2  Rln 2
T1 p1 T1 1

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 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

7.3 THE RAYLEIGH LINE

Q Control volume

p1 p
1 
Flow
V1 V
direction
h1 h
T1 T

When the upstream state, 1, is completely fixed, for a given value of the downstream velocity, V,
1V1
(i)  can be obtained from the continuity equation as  
V

(ii) py can be obtained from the energy equation as p  p1  1V1  V

2 2

(iii) sy can be obtained from the equation of state as s  f (  , p )

Since the energy equation is not used, the Rayleigh line represents the locus of states with the same
mass flux and the same impulse function, but not necessarily the same stagnation enthalpy.

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

T
2 /A
G2  m B

B
A

1/ A
G1  m A

Decreasing
mass flux G2  G1
m2  m
1

The entropy and temperature are maximum at points A and B, respectively and their significance can be
understood from the slope of the Rayleigh line.
Using the equation of state p = RT and definition of Mach number V2 = M2kRT in momentum equation
I p 2 I I
p  V 2   constant  p V   p(1  kM 2 ) 
A RT A A
By logarithmic differentiation
I dp 2kM dM
ln p  ln(1  kM 2 )  ln  
A p 1  kM 2
Using the equation of state p = RT and definition of Mach number V2 = M2kRT in continuity equation
p k
V  G  constant  M kRT  G  pM G
RT RT
By logarithmic differentiation
k dT  dp dM  dT 1  kM 2
ln p  ln M  ln  lnT  ln G   2    2 dM
R T  p M  T M (1  kM 2 )

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

h
2 /A
G2  m B

B
A

1/ A
G1  m A

Decreasing
mass flux G2  G1
m2  m
1

s
dp 2kM dM

p 1  kM 2 dp kpM 2

dT 1  kM 2 dT (1  kM 2 )T
2 dM
T M (1  kM 2 )
Recall ds c p R kM 2
dp ds c p R dp   
ds  c p dT  R   
p dT T p dT dT T T (1  kM 2 )
For a perfect gas R = (k - 1)cp/k
dT T 1  kM 2

ds c p 1  M 2

ds c p 1  M 2
At point A  0  M 1
dT T 1  kM 2
dT T 1  kM 2 1
At point B  0  M
ds c p 1  M 2 k

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 7. FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE 31 - 8/11

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

7.4 EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER ON FLOW PROPERTIES ALONG RAYLEIGH

LINE
7.4.1 Governing Equations in Differential Form
dq Control volume

p p + dp
  + d
Flow
A A
direction
T T + dT
V V + dV

dx

a) Continuity Equation
For steady flows, mass flow rate is constant
For 1D flows, flow properties are uniform (constant) over each cross-section

   AV  (   d )A(V  dV )
m
0
 AV   AV  AVd   AdV  AdVd

dV d dV 2 d
 0 or  0
V  2V 2 

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 7. FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE 31 – 9/11

 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
(2.4)

dq Control volume

p p + dp
  + d
Flow
A A
direction
T T + dT
V V + dV

dx

b) Momentum Equation

 (V  dV )  mV
pA  ( p  dp )A  m 

 m
pA  pA  Adp  mV  dV  mV


 dV   AVdV
 A dp  m

Using the equation of state p = RT and the definition of Mach number V2 = M2kRT

2
dp 2 dV
  kM
p V2

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 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

c) Energy Equation
For frictionless flows with no external work
V2 (V  dV)2
c pT   dq  c p (T  dT ) 
2 2 0
2 2
V V (dV )2
c pT   dq  c pT  c p dT  +VdV 
2 2 2
c p d T +V d V  d q
Also for a perfect gas, cp = kR/(k – 1) and M  V / kRT

dT k  1 2 dV 2 k  1 dq
+ M 
T 2 V2 kR T
dq Control volume
d) Equation of State
For a perfect gas p p + dp
p   RT   + d
Flow
A A
Taking logarithms direction
T T + dT
ln p  ln   ln R  lnT V V + dV
Differentiating
dx
dp d dT
 
p  T
e) The Second Law of Thermodynamics
For frictionless flows
ds
dq 
T

ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 7. FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE 31 - 11/11