& ! !

Morphology
Frogs phylum Chordata skin is smooth, slippery due to mucus.
%" #$
#$
class Amphibia
never drinks water but absorb it through skin

Common Indian doRsAL siDE veNtRAl SidE

Rana tigrina
olive green with uniformly pale yellow.
dark irregular spots.

cold blooded or poikilotherms. changing body temp

'

camouflage changing col!r

÷
neck and tail absent

summer sleep (aestivation)

winter sleep (hibernation)

frog Body into head & trunk

!

sexual dimorphism
FeMale frogs
Male frogs ↓

E.vocal sacs
.

copulatory pad on fore limbs first digit

.
No vocal sacs
No copulatory pad

Anatomy
Ear
.

4 digits
Digestive,
circulatory,
5 digits respiratory,
webbed digits
nervous,
excretory
reproductive
forelimbs and hind limbs help in swimming, walking, leaping and burrowing.
systems
 !
FroG DigEStiVE sYsTem !

Alimentary canal and digestive

( glands

LivER secretes bile stored in gall bladder.

short bcz PanCrEaS, pancreatic juice containing
carnivores digestive enzymes.

mouth → buccal cavity → through pharynx.→ oesophagus short tube

↓
finally opens -rectum ← intestine, ← stomach
outside by cloaca. ↓
length reduced.

Figure 7.20 Diagrammatic representation of internal organs of frog

showing complete digestive system
!

Digestion of food Absorption of food

by numerous finger-like folds in inner wall of intestine called villi and
microvilli.
biLObeD tONguE
"
Food Egestion of food .

↓ undigested solid waste moves into rectum & passes out through cloaca.
sTomACh → HCL + gastric juices
1
chyme → Partially digested food Frog respiratory System
↓
duODenUM
emulsifies fat In WatER On LanD
↓ bile from gall bladder respiratory organs
respiratory organs.
coMmON biLE duCt
pancreatic juices from pancreas skin
↓ ↓
cutane!s respira"#
buccal cavity,
skin
FinAL diGEsTiOn iN digest carbohydrates and proteins lungs
inTEsTinE. pulm#ary respira"#
 * ❤ !
Air
frog vascular system
-863k
O2

kk.m.am
nostrils Pair pink lungs CO2
well-developed closed type

blood vascular system lymphatic system

buccal cavity trunk region (thorax)
aaaaa heart lymph,
blood vessels lymph channels
blood lymph nodes.

circulation of blood by pumping of muscular heart.

Heart
situated in upper body cavity part
3 chambers,
During aestivation & hibernation
gaseous exchange through skin.
I 21 ventricle
atria

covered by pericardium.
triangular sinus venous joins right atrium.

♥ , , ❤ , ♥♥

receives blood Special venous connection

↓ hepatic portal system
A
renal portal system.
vena cava }
major veins { .

↓ ↓
between liver and intestine kidney and lower body parts
arTEriAL sYsTem veNOus SySteM.
arteries veins

blood from heart blood from different body

↓ ↓
to all body parts to heart

ventricle opens into sac-like conus arteriosus on ventral side

 ,

blood cells frog excretory system

nucleated elimination of nitrogenous wastes
RBC or erythrocytes haemoglobin

WBC or leucocytes
ureotelic animal
separated
Platelets or thrombocytes blood kidney I and
excreted
carries nutrients, gases Excretory wastes
and water to respective sites during circulation

compact, dark red and bean like

lymph is different from blood. pair of kidneys,
ureters,
↓ cloaca and
posteriorly in body cavity on
lacks few proteins and RBCs. both sides of vertebral column.
urinary bladder.
.

structural and functional units

Each kidney several uriniferous tubules or nephrons.

male frogs Female frogs

kidneys kidneys
↓ ↓
Two ureters urine ← Two ureters

↓ ↓
Both urinogenital duct oviduct
gametes
D.
←

gametes &
urine
t
opens into cloaca. seperately opens
into cloaca.

thin- walled urinary bladder on ventral to rectum also opens in cloaca.

 !
control and coordination system
Brain is enclosed inbony structure called brain box (cranium).
Types of Body Co-ordination

Nervous Co-ordination L j Hormonal Co-ordination

↓ ↓
Controlled by
Controlled by
nervous system
endocrine glands
pituitary, unpaired
ceNtRAl (brain & spinal cord), thyroid, pair
parathyroid,
thymus,
peRIpHerAL(cranial & spinal nerves) pineal body,
pancreatic islets,
adrenals and gonads.
aUtoNOmiC(sympathetic &
Bi
Bet
parasympathetic). foramen magnum

spinal cord, { vertebral column }

! !
different types of sense organs Frog Reproductive System

77
pair of simple spherical
Male reproductive organs

: eyes in orbit skull.

tympanum externally
pair of yellowish ovoid testes
↓
Vasa efferentia 10-12
External ear is absent

/
peritoneum double fold
mesorchium
→

kidneys
.

v
ear organ for hearing &balancing (equilibrium). Bidder's canal.
↓
urinogenital duct
toUCh (sensory papillae), cellular aggregations around ↓
taStE (taste buds),
sMelL (nasal epithelium),
to nerve endings cloaca.
→
faecal matter,
viSIon (eyes) well-organised urine
heARinG (tympanum with internal ears). pass →

sperms to exterior
structures →
 !

FeMale reproductive organs

no functional connection with kidneys.
pair of ovaries
near kidneys

:
pair of oviduct

opens into cloaca separately

Fertilisation external in water.

Development larval stage { tadpole }
mature female can
lay 2500 to 3000 ova Tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to form adult.
at a time.

!
beneficial for mankind
A
protect crop maintain ecological balance ! .
↓ ↓
important link of food chain &
eat insects.
food web in ecosystem

some countries muscular legs of frog used as food by man