EE 205: Introduction to Electrical Systems

Lecture 32 : Three-phase Induction Motors

 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machine

The induction machine equivalent circuit is very similar to the

equivalent circuit of the transformer. It is composed of stator circuit
and rotor circuit

Stator circuit: Same as input side (primary) of a transformer, rotor side

is rotating (secondary) – effect of slip

It is preferred to study the per-phase equivalent circuit (assuming

balanced motor and supply conditions)
Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machine
Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machine

Rotor circuit equivalents

Exact Equivalent Circuit

, ,

Actual rotor Resistance

resistance equivalent to
mechanical
load
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
 Example: Motor – equivalent circuit
7. A 440 V, 3 phase, 8 pole, 50 Hz, 40 kW, star connected induction
motor has the parameters: stator resistance of 0.1 Ω, stator reactance of
0.4 Ω, equivalent rotor resistance referred to stator is 0.15 Ω,
equivalent rotor reactance referred to stator is 0.44 Ω. The stator core
loss is 1250 W while the mechanical loss is 1000 W. It draws no-load
current of 20 A at a p.f. of 0.09 lag, while running at a speed of 727.5
rpm. Calculate i) input line current and power factor, ii) Output power
and torque developed. Use approx. equivalent circuit.

Sol. 57 angle 29degrees lag, 0.875 lag, 35.1465 kW, 461.34 N-m
 IEEE Recommended Equivalent Circuit

Here, core loss is lumped with the rotational loss. The rotational
loss is approximately independent of the motor load, hence Rc is
omitted.
 Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit

Steady-state performance parameters of the

induction motor such as current, speed,
torque, losses etc. can be computed using
this circuit.

𝑟"
+ 𝑗𝑥" 𝑗𝑋#
𝑍! = 𝑅! + 𝑗𝑋! = 𝑟 𝑠
"
+ 𝑗(𝑥" + 𝑋# *
𝑠
Impedance Z1 as seen by the stator applied voltage V1 is 𝑍$ = 𝑟$ + 𝑗𝑥$ + 𝑍!

𝑉$
Stator current, 𝐼$ =
𝑍$

" 𝑟"
Per phase air-gap power, 𝑃% = 𝐼" = 𝐼$" 𝑅!
𝑠
Once air-gap power is known, shaft output, torque, efficiency etc. can be
calculated.
 Torque-slip characteristic

Thevenin’s theorem can be used to transform the network to the left of

points ‘a’ and ‘b’ into an equivalent voltage source Ve in series with
equivalent impedance Re+jXe
𝑉$ (𝑗𝑋# ) (𝑟$ + 𝑗𝑥$ ) 𝑗𝑋#
𝑉/& = ; 𝑍& =
𝑟$ + 𝑗(𝑥$ + 𝑋# ) 𝑟$ + 𝑗(𝑥$ + 𝑋# )

For most induction motors, (x1+Xm) >> r1, therefore

𝑉$ (𝑗𝑋# ) 𝑉$ 𝑋#
𝑉/& = =
𝑗(𝑥$ + 𝑋# ) 𝑥$ + 𝑋#
𝑟$ 𝑋# 𝑗𝑥$ 𝑋# 𝑟$ 𝑋# 𝑗𝑥$ 𝑋# Here, X1 = x1 +Xm
𝑍& = 𝑅& + 𝑗𝑋& = + = + =stator self reactance
𝑥$ + 𝑋# 𝑥$ + 𝑋# 𝑋$ 𝑋$ per phase
 Torque-slip characteristic

𝑉/&
Rotor current, 𝐼/" = 𝑟
𝑅& + 𝑠" + 𝑗(𝑥" + 𝑋& *

𝑚 𝑉&" 𝑟" 1 𝐼"" 𝑟"

Total Torque, 𝑇& = 5 " 5 𝑁𝑚 ∵ 𝑇& = ∗
𝜔' 𝑟 " 𝑠 𝜔' 𝑠
𝑅& + " + 𝑥" + 𝑋&
𝑠

m = number of stator phases

3 𝑉&" 𝑟"
𝑇& = 5 " 5 𝑁𝑚
𝜔' 𝑟 𝑠
𝑅& + " + 𝑥" + 𝑋& "
𝑠
 Torque-slip characteristic
3 𝑉&" 𝑟"
𝑇& = 5 " 5 𝑁𝑚
𝜔' 𝑟 𝑠
𝑅& + " + 𝑥" + 𝑋& "
𝑠
𝑟" " 𝑟"
i) Low slip region: 𝑅& + ≫ 𝑥" + 𝑋& " 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅& ≪
𝑠 𝑠
3 𝑉&"
∴ 𝑇& = 5 5𝑠 ⟹ 𝑇& ∝ 𝑠
𝜔' 𝑟"

𝑟" "
ii) High slip region: 𝑅& +
𝑠
≪ 𝑥" + 𝑋& "

3 𝑉&" 𝑟"
∴ 𝑇& = 5 "5 𝑠
𝜔' 𝑥" + 𝑋&

1
⟹ 𝑇& ∝
𝑠
Different Torque definitions
• Full-load torque/
rated torque
• Breakdown/ pull
out torque
• Locked rotor
torque/ breakaway
torque/ starting
torque
• Pull-up torque
Complete Speed-torque Characteristics
 To be noted
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed.
2. The pullout torque and is 2 to 3 times the rated full-
load torque.
3. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher than
its full-load torque, so the motor will start carrying any
load it can supply at full load.
4. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as the
square of the applied voltage.
5. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed it
will run as a generator, converting mechanical power to
electric power.