Keeping The Republic Power and Citizenship in American Politics The Essentials 8th Edition Barbour Test Bank

Keeping the Republic Power and
Citizenship in American Politics THE

ESSENTIALS 8th Edition Barbour Test
Bank
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Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK
Chapter 6: The Struggle for Equal Rights

Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. The 2008 presidential election was important because it _______.

a. demonstrated that African Americans are still not taken seriously as presidential candidates
b. split the nation along racial lines
c. demonstrated that a woman could not run for the presidency unless she stressed “women’s
issues”
d. demonstrated that the white power structure still controls the political parties
e. demonstrated that women and African Americans can be serious contenders for the presidency
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans. of women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Various pages
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Social and economic statistics tend to show that _______.

a. African Americans have completely overcome the effects of systematic discrimination
b. African Americans are now greatly advantaged over whites because of civil rights laws
c. African Americans have gotten no benefit from recent civil rights policies
d. inequality still pervades the American system
e. whites have benefited from recent civil rights policies more than African Americans
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Answer Location: The Struggle for Equal Rights
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. The concepts of strict scrutiny and suspect classification are used by the Supreme Court to
answer what question?
a. When is torture of suspected terrorists permitted?
b. When can we suspect minorities of taking advantage of civil rights laws?
c. When can the police act on their suspicions that someone is an illegal alien?
d. When can the law treat people differently?
e. When can the president act on suspicions that another country is going to attack the United
States?
Ans: D
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
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TEST BANK
4. Which of the following combinations is incorrect?

a. race, suspect class
b. gender, quasisuspect class
c. age, nonsuspect class
d. sexual orientation, quasisuspect class
e. social class, nonsuspect class
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. The significance of suspect classification is that it _______.

a. allows the government to call into question whether a group requires protection from
discriminatory laws
b. is crucial in a group’s struggle for civil rights
c. requires the police to read a suspect his or her rights before questioning
d. was the sole basis for the decision in Brown v. Board of Education
e. requires courts to apply a minimum rationality standard of review to laws affecting a group
Ans: B
6. A suspect classification is one that _______.

a. makes a group’s claims of discrimination suspect
b. treats people differently because of a classification such as race; laws that include suspect
classifications are subject to strict scrutiny
c. is a classification used to place suspected racists on a watch list, and they are subsequently
scrutinized
d. is a method of classifying suspects as to whether their crimes are hate crimes
e. is used for situations involving handicapped persons
Ans: B
7. The Supreme Court designated race a suspect class in the _______.

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TEST BANK
a. 1870s
b. 1890s
c. 1950s
d. 1980s
e. 1930s
Ans: C
8. Attempts by the U.S. government to ensure that blacks enjoyed equal citizenship in fact as
well as in theory after the Civil War _______.
a. were generally successful with few exceptions
b. were blocked by Republicans in Congress
c. essentially ended by the time Reconstruction was completed and were not reinitiated until the
civil rights era
d. were not successful until the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment
e. were not successful until the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment
Ans: C
African Americans.
Answer Location: The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers
9. Blacks were kept from exercising their rights in the South after Reconstruction by all of the
following methods EXCEPT this one:
a. grandfather clauses
b. Jim Crow laws
c. poll taxes
d. literacy tests
e. civil suits
Ans: E
African Americans.
10. The rights given to African Americans in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
Amendments did not really help African Americans following the Civil War because _______.
a. the amendments did not apply to all the states
b. the nation was slow to ratify these amendments
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c. African Americans were not allowed access to courts

d. the wording of rights in these amendments did not specifically mention African Americans
e. Congress, the president, and southern state governments made little effort to enforce them
Ans: E
African Americans.
11. In the first half of the twentieth century, the status of blacks was that _______.
a. they had no rights in law or practice
b. Congress tried to protect their rights, but it was blocked by the Supreme Court
c. the president tried to protect their rights, but he was blocked by Congress
d. no branch of government was willing to enforce the laws giving rights to blacks
e. the national government wanted to enforce the rights of blacks but was blocked by state
governments
Ans: D
African Americans.
Answer Location: The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy
12. The legal methods used to deny African Americans the right to vote, such as literacy tests
and poll taxes, were overcome by _______.
a. passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the
Constitution
b. an executive order issued by President Lyndon Johnson
c. changes in the political leadership of the southern states
d. passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
e. Reconstruction
Ans: A
African Americans.
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
13. Which of the following cases did NOT help to overturn the “separate but equal” doctrine?
a. Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
b. Sweatt v. Painter
c. Korematsu v. United States
d. Dred Scott v. Sandford
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TEST BANK
e. Brown v. Board of Education

Ans: D
African Americans.
14. Korematsu v. United States _______.

a. held that the poll tax violated the Fourteenth Amendment
b. limited the civil rights of Japanese Americans in the interest of national security
c. granted voting rights to Japanese Americans
d. ended the doctrine of “separate but equal”
e. declared immigration restrictions on Japanese Americans to be unconstitutional
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
15. The decision in _______ overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.

a. Sweatt v. Painter
b. Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
c. Korematsu v. United States
d. Brown v. Board of Education
e. Smith v. Allwright
Ans: D
African Americans.
16. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that _______.
a. school districts had to integrate within exactly five years
b. segregated schools were inherently unequal because the very fact of segregation made blacks
feel unequal
c. busing would be used as the sole method to integrate schools
d. all segregated facilities, whether they were schools or not, were unconstitutional
e. school integration was the responsibility of state governments only
Ans: B
African Americans.
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK

17. The major, nationwide impact of the Brown v. Board of Education decision was that it
_______.
a. motivated African Americans to align themselves with Mexican Americans to bring about
school desegregation
b. instituted busing to overcome de facto discrimination
c. caused school desegregation in the South to move ahead rapidly
d. caused many southern whites to move to the North
e. served as a catalyst for the civil rights movement
Ans: E
African Americans.
18. The NAACP chose education as the issue over which to fight segregation because _______.
a. segregation was widespread only in education
b. segregated education was particularly disastrous for blacks because it limited their potential
c. the Supreme Court had already suggested segregation in education was suspect
d. it was one of several subjects they brought to the Supreme Court but the only one on which
they won
e. it was suggested to them by a member of the Supreme Court
Ans: B
African Americans.
19. The civil rights movement of the 1950s–1960s was most successful in eliminating ______
but was far less successful in eliminating ______.
a. de jure discrimination; de facto discrimination
b. de facto discrimination; de jure discrimination
c. economic differences among the races; political differences among the races
d. differences in levels of educational attainment among the races; differences in levels of social
attainment among the races
e. underrepresentation of African Americans among office holders; underrepresentation of
African Americans in the professions
Ans: A
African Americans.
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TEST BANK

20. ______ discrimination is discrimination in fact.

a. De facto
b. De solis
c. Ad hoc
d. De jure
e. Ex post facto
Ans: A
African Americans.
21. Which of the following is an example of a procedural policy?

a. Title IX
b. Busing
c. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
d. Universal health care
e. Affirmative action
Ans: C
African Americans.
22. The significance of the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case is that it
_______.
a. declared busing unconstitutional
b. led to the integration of schools
c. solidified the use of quotas in college admissions
d. signaled the approval of affirmative action
e. upheld segregated educational facilities
Ans: D
African Americans.
23. The argument for affirmative action is that _______.

a. people who have been discriminated against deserve positions, even if they are not qualified
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b. there is no other decisive evidence for proving that discrimination has ended
c. if businesses and universities do not use it, they will be sued
d. politicians like it
e. the public overwhelmingly supports it
Ans: B
African Americans.
24. Which of the following is not constitutional?

a. the use of affirmative action programs to hire more minorities
b. busing to bring about racial desegregation across school districts
c. economic boycotts
d. restricting the right of felons to vote
e. fulfilling quotas of minorities in school admissions
Ans: E
African Americans.
25. Segregation has been harder to overcome in the North than in the South because _______.
a. segregation in the North is de facto segregation
b. segregation in the North is de jure segregation
c. northerners opposed segregation more strenuously than southerners
d. northerners are politically more powerful than southerners
e. blacks were reluctant to challenge their northern allies in the civil rights struggle
Ans: A
African Americans.
26. The candidacy and election of Barack Obama had all of the following effects EXCEPT this
one:
a. It clearly improved the candidacies of blacks in future elections.
b. It increased optimism among blacks about their future.
c. It led to a dramatically increased turnout among blacks in the 2008 election.
d. It led blacks to the conclusion that Obama’s election had improved race relations.
e. It led to criticism of the Obama administration that seemed to have a racial tinge.
Ans: A
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK
African Americans.
Answer Location: Blacks in Contemporary American Politics
27. All of the following statements concerning affirmative action are true EXCEPT this one:
a. A majority of Americans support the principles behind affirmative action.
b. It is intended to be a substantive remedy for past discrimination.
c. It has been banned in a number of states.
d. Strict scrutiny has been used to oppose affirmative action.
e. Statistics indicate that blacks are now even with whites on most economic measures.
Ans: E
African Americans.
Answer Location: Blacks in Contemporary American Politics
28. Congressional policy toward Native Americans has historically varied between _______.
a. creating a national tribal council and developing local tribal councils
b. restricting Native Americans to reservations and reducing the size of reservations
c. giving them status as independent nations and lumping them with other minorities
d. assimilating Native Americans into a European-based culture and encouraging independence
and self-government
e. reducing crime on the reservations and limiting educational opportunities
Ans: D
groups.
Answer Location: Native Americans
29. The text points out how Native Americans face the dilemma that they _______.
a. want to join American culture completely, but they are blocked from doing so
b. are asked to make concessions that are incompatible with their culture, but they depend on the
U.S. government to get them out of poverty
c. want to maintain their culture, but they are blocked from doing so
d. could benefit from the gambling industry, but taking advantage of the gambling industry
would violate their values
e. are divided over what to do with all the wealth they are obtaining from selling mineral rights
on their lands
Ans: B
groups.
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TEST BANK

30. An effect of casino gambling on reservations mentioned in the text is that _______.
a. living conditions on reservations have gotten much worse, and criminal activity has increased
b. Native Americans have achieved new financial prosperity by parlaying their status as
semisovereign nations into a foundation for economic security
c. hostility against Native Americans has increased because people oppose gambling on moral
grounds
d. lawmakers have tried to legalize gambling nationally
e. Native Americans have missed the opportunity for economic success due to the development
of non-Indian casinos
Ans: B
groups.
31. Native Americans face a particularly difficult task in winning battles in American politics for
all of the following reasons EXCEPT this one:
a. They do not have the right to vote.
b. The status of tribes in the American political system is that of a unique form of federalism.
c. The states have been hostile to them.
d. The federal government has been hostile to them.
e. The courts have not been inclined to protect them.
Ans: A
groups.
32. The U.S. government has _______.

a. consistently tried to maintain Native American culture
b. provided massive assistance to Native Americans to help them assimilate into American
culture
c. maintained Native Americans on their ancestral lands as much as possible
d. deprived Native Americans of their ancestral lands, thus destroying their culture, while
providing them with very little aid in order to “make them independent”
e. treated Native Americans with dignity and respect
Ans: D
groups.
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK

33. Which of the following is NOT an important fact concerning Hispanic Americans?
a. They are considered to be an insignificant voting bloc in elections.
b. The Hispanic population is very diverse.
c. Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States.
d. The vast majority of Hispanics are Mexican Americans.
e. They are concentrated in various parts of the United States.
Ans: A
groups.
Answer Location: Hispanic Americans
34. All of the following statements concerning Hispanics are true EXCEPT this one:
a. Issues surrounding their immigration to the United States are likely to fade in the near future.
b. They are a diverse community.
c. They represent a rapidly increasing proportion of the population.
d. They face hostility because they speak a different language.
e. They face a negative political reaction to their immigration to the United States.
Ans: A
groups.
35. The first Hispanic justice of the U.S. Supreme Court _______.
a. is Alberto Gonzales
b. is Elián González
c. is Bill Richardson
d. has yet to be appointed
e. is Sonia Sotomayor
Ans: E
groups.
36. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Hispanic Americans?
a. The majority of Hispanic Americans are Mexican.
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TEST BANK
b. Representation of Hispanic Americans in Congress is increasing.

c. Hispanic Americans are the largest minority in the United States.
d. The backlash against illegal immigration has made it more difficult for Hispanic Americans to
obtain equal rights.
e. Voter registration among Hispanic Americans is declining.
Ans: E
groups.
37. Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans both have ______.

a. active voting populations
b. common political values
c. population diversity
d. strong grassroots political organizations
e. strong financial resources for political activity
Ans: C
groups.
38. Compared to other minorities, Asian Americans ______.

a. have formed their own political parties where population size justifies it
b. have lower levels of voter turnout and registration
c. are strongly affiliated with the Republican Party
d. are considered the largest swing voting bloc
e. are strongly affiliated with the Democratic Party
Ans: B
groups.
Answer Location: Asian Americans
39. The lack of immigration from Asia during much of the first half of the twentieth century can
be attributed most directly to ______.
a. the fact that most Asians preferred to emigrate to European democracies because of patterns of
discrimination in the United States
b. the lack of political opportunities available to Asians in the United States
c. the fact that Asians have never seen the United States as providing economic opportunities for
them
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d. the fact that Japanese culture is marked by a fear of learning a new language
e. legislation passed by Congress that restricted immigration from China and Japan
Ans: E
groups.
40. During World War II, Japanese Americans ______.

a. were treated fairly even though Americans in Japan were the subject of persecution
b. lost their citizenship if they still had family members in Japan
c. were placed in internment camps for national security purposes
d. fled America to live in Western Europe
e. were often required to return to Japan
Ans: C
groups.
41. All of the following statements concerning the status of women in early nineteenth-century
America are true EXCEPT this one:
a. They could not own property.
b. They were not permitted to give up their American citizenship if they married a man who was
not a citizen.
c. They could not initiate divorce proceedings.
d. They could not bring a lawsuit.
e. They could not gain custody of their children in case of divorce.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
42. All of the following statements concerning discrimination on the basis of race or ethnic
identity in the United States are true EXCEPT this one:
a. Such discrimination has taken many forms.
b. Different groups have fought against discrimination in different ways.
c. Different groups have had different degrees of success in fighting the effects of discrimination.
d. Discrimination has driven most members of all discriminated-against groups to join the
Democratic Party.
e. The overall percentage of the population made up of racial and ethnic minorities is growing.
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK
Ans: D
groups.
43. Women gained the right to vote by a strategy of ______.

a. gaining the support of the president
b. winning support at the national level and then using that to win in the states
c. massive demonstrations in major cities that gained them publicity and support
d. getting sympathetic male voters to write in the names of women on their ballots; these women
won a surprising number of legislative seats
e. gaining the right to vote in states where they had support and expanding their support over
time
Ans: E
44. The women’s movement was most successful with a strategy of ______ in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries.
a. changing laws state by state
b. threatening opposition politicians with electoral defeat
c. supporting strong female candidates for office
d. mass demonstrations and sit-ins
e. using the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to argue in the courts for equal treatment
Ans: A
45. All of the following statements concerning pay and price equity are true EXCEPT this one:
a. Women earn less than men at every level of education.
b. The wage gap is growing wider.
c. Women pay more for many basic products and services than men.
d. Women earn significantly less than men for the same or similar work.
e. Pregnant women are often subject to discriminatory treatment.
Ans: B
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TEST BANK

46. Regarding the role of women in contemporary politics, which statement is false?
a. Female candidates spend less money than do male candidates.
b. Women are not as likely as men to want to go into politics.
c. Women are the most underrepresented group in Congress and the state legislatures.
d. Representation of women in the state legislatures is at an all-time high.
e. A majority of Americans agree that the United States is ready for a female president.
Ans: A
47. Laws that treat men and women differently are subject to ______.
a. strict scrutiny
b. the minimum rationality test
c. the Lemon test
d. the Miller test
e. an intermediate standard of review
Ans: E
48. The Lilly Ledbetter Act ______.

a. requires a woman claiming gender discrimination in the workplace to do so within the first
150 days of employment
b. requires affirmative action remedies in cases of gender discrimination in the workplace
c. is named after George W. Bush’s maternal grandmother
d. was pushed through Congress by business interests to water down gender discrimination
regulations
e. extended the time period available to a woman claiming gender discrimination in the
workplace
Ans: E
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TEST BANK
49. Women are ______.

a. the most underrepresented group in Congress and state legislatures
b. overrepresented in many state legislatures
c. overrepresented in the Senate but underrepresented in the House of Representatives
d. achieving a greater level of representation in Congress than are African Americans
e. overrepresented in governorships
Ans: A
50. In Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court ruled that ______.

a. fair employment policies for gays were unconstitutional
b. gay couples cannot be denied housing on the basis of sexual orientation
c. the right to same-sex marriage is protected by the U.S. Constitution
d. gay couples have the right to receive social benefits available to married heterosexual couples
e. state sodomy laws were a violation of the right to privacy
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Answer Location: Rights Denied on Other Bases
51. The Supreme Court of ______ was the first in the nation to declare that marriage was a civil
right and that banning same-sex marriage violated the state’s equal protection and due process
clauses.
a. Massachusetts
b. New York
c. New Jersey
d. Minnesota
e. Illinois
Ans: A
52. Which of the following statements regarding public opinion on gay and lesbian rights is NOT
true?
a. The public supports lifting the ban on gays in the military.
b. Young people are more supportive of gay rights than are the elderly.
c. A majority of the people supports legislation that protects gays and lesbians from housing
©2016, CQ Press
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discrimination.
d. More people oppose same-sex adoption than same-sex marriage.
e. A majority of the people supports legislation that protects gays and lesbians from job
discrimination.
Ans: D
53. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning age discrimination?
a. The Supreme Court has declared age to be a suspect classification.
b. Older people are better organized to protect their rights than are younger people.
c. The most frequent act of discrimination against older people is job discrimination.
d. Younger people are denied many basic rights.
e. A law passed by Congress bans age discrimination in certain areas.
Ans: A
54. Which of the following statements concerning age discrimination is NOT true?
a. Congress has banned most mandatory retirement policies.
b. Older Americans are more active and effective in protecting their rights than are younger
Americans.
c. Americans under eighteen years of age are denied many basic rights granted to those who are
older.
d. Some observers believe children need more basic rights to protect them from abusive parents.
e. The government cannot discriminate on the basis of age even if a person’s age is relevant to
the job in question.
Ans: E
55. The Americans with Disabilities Act was controversial because ______.
a. Republicans accused Democrats of making a political issue out of those with disabilities
b. many of the required changes in physical accommodations are extremely expensive to install
c. it instituted quotas for businesses regarding the hiring of those with disabilities
d. supporters of the rights of the disabled did not believe the act went far enough
e. it allowed significant prejudice against those with disabilities
Ans: B
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TEST BANK

56. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled that, by law, discrimination against aliens is ______.
a. permitted since they have no rights of citizenship
b. never permitted
c. not permitted unless the United States is involved in a war with the nation of a person’s
alienage
d. similar to racial and religious discrimination and requires application of the strict scrutiny test
e. permitted if Congress has a rational reason for passing such a law
Ans: D
57. ______ are citizenship rights guaranteed to the people.

a. Human rights
b. Legal rights
c. Civil rights
d. Personal rights
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Struggle for Equal Rights
58. The significance of ______ is that it is crucial in a group’s struggle for civil rights.
a. due process
b. strict scrutiny
c. rational basis
d. suspect classification
Ans: D
59. ______ is a heightened standard of review to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit
some freedoms.
a. Due process
b. Strict scrutiny
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c. Rational basis
d. Suspect classification
Ans: B
60. In ______, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that segregated schools were inherently
unequal because the very fact of segregation made blacks feel unequal.
a. Brown v. Board of Education
b. Plessy v. Ferguson
c. Bolling v. Sharpe
d. Briggs v. Elliott
Ans: A
African Americans.
True/False
1. The civil rights movement of the 1950s–1960s was most successful in eliminating de jure
discrimination but was far less successful in eliminating de facto discrimination.
Ans: T
African Americans.
2. De jure discrimination is discrimination in fact.

Ans: F
African Americans.
3. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to reduce or eliminate racial discrimination in
public accommodations.
Ans: T
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK
African Americans.
4. Laws that treat men and women differently are subject to an intermediate standard of review.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Gender Discrimination Today
Fill in the Blank
1. Asian Americans and ______ both have population diversity.

Ans: Hispanic Americans
groups.
2. The lack of immigration from ______ during much of the first half of the twentieth century
can be attributed most directly to quotas in place to limit immigration from certain regions.
Ans: Asia
groups.
3. During World War II, ______ Americans were placed in detainment camps for national
security purposes.
Ans: Japanese
groups.
4. ______ gained the right to vote nationally by a strategy of gaining the right to vote in states
where they had support and expanding their support over time.
Ans: Women
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK

Answer Location: The Struggle in the States
Question Type: FIB
5. The ______ extended the time period available to a woman claiming gender discrimination in
the workplace.
Ans: Lilly Ledbetter Act
Answer Location: Gender Discrimination Today
6. ______ are the most underrepresented group in Congress and state legislatures.
Ans: Women
Answer Location: Women in Contemporary Politics
Question Type: FIB
Essay
1. Explain the various standards used by the courts when laws treat people differently. What are
the three legal classifications, and what groups fall under each of those classifications? What
standard of review does the court apply for each classification? What question does the court ask
when reviewing whether a law is constitutional for each classification? Why is a group’s legal
classification so important?
Ans: A group’s legal classification is important because a suspect classification makes it more
difficult for laws that discriminate against the group to be constitutional.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently?
2. With the end of the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
Amendments, it seemed like African Americans would finally obtain certain fundamental rights,
such as the right to vote and equal protection under the law. What strategies did white
southerners (and some northerners) use to continue to deny African Americans these rights?
How were these rights ultimately achieved?
Ans: Students should focus on the Jim Crow laws that segregated the races as well as the various
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK
obstacles to voting that were put in place (for example, literacy tests and poll taxes). They might
also mention that whites often threatened or used violence against African Americans. The
answer to the second part of the question should focus on the various court battles, such as
Brown v. Board of Education, and the strategies used by the civil rights movement.
African Americans.
3. Explain the significance of Brown v. Board of Education.

Ans: It overturned Plessy and declared segregated schools to be inherently unequal. Although
little changed immediately after the Brown decision, it was a catalyst for the civil rights
movement. Brown did not eliminate all segregated facilities.
African Americans.
4. Explain the difference between de jure and de facto discrimination, and give an example of
each.
Ans: De jure discrimination is discrimination arising from or supported by the law (for example,
segregation). De facto discrimination is the result of tradition and habit (for example, pay
inequities between races).
African Americans.
5. Explain the problems created by the diversity of Hispanic Americans.

Ans: Because Hispanics come from different backgrounds, they have different issues with which
they are concerned. Cuban Americans, for example, are concerned with U.S. policy toward Cuba
while Mexican Americans are not. Mexican Americans may be more concerned than Cuban
Americans about immigration issues. The differences make it difficult to have a united
movement fighting for common goals.
groups.
6. Provide three reasons why the ERA failed.

Ans: (1) People were concerned with radical social change. (2) The amendment came to be
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identified with the Roe v. Wade decision and became a referendum on abortion. (3) Some people
began to question whether an Equal Rights Amendment was needed since the courts were
striking down many of the laws that treated women differently from men.
Answer Location: The Equal Rights Amendment
7. Explain the significance of the Lawrence v. Texas decision.

Ans: The Supreme Court struck down all sodomy laws as a violation of a person’s right to
privacy, which was a substantive and symbolic deviation from the Bowers decision, which
allowed states to regulate the sexual behavior of gays and lesbians.
Answer Location: Rights Denied On Other Bases
8. There are many similarities and differences between Native American, Hispanic American,
and Asian American experiences. Discuss at least three similarities and three differences. Think
about the following questions: What types of discrimination has each group faced? Is there any
form of discrimination that applies to only one of the groups? What tactics have the groups used
to fight for their civil rights?
Ans: Students could take a variety of approaches to answering this question. Regarding
similarities between Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans, for example, they could note the
diversity of these groups, the fact that both groups often are perceived as foreigners, and the
language barriers they have had to overcome. Regarding the differences, students could mention
the economic disparities between Asian Americans and the two other groups, the fact that Native
Americans have had to deal with questions of self-governance while Asian Americans and
Hispanic Americans have not, and the fact that Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans have
faced public backlash regarding immigration while Native Americans have not. Students should
also address how each group has fought for their civil rights, including interest group and
lobbying efforts, ways they advanced their economic statuses (for example, casino ownership for
Native Americans), and their varying levels of political representation and political participation.
groups.
9. Rights have been denied on the basis of more than just race, ethnicity, and gender. Discuss at
least three groups whose rights have been denied on other bases. What rights is each group
fighting for? How successful have they been at obtaining those rights?
Ans: Students should focus on three of the four bases mentioned in the textbook: sexual
orientation, age, disability, and citizenship. Regarding disability, for example, students could
©2016, CQ Press
TEST BANK
focus on the problems of inaccessible buildings and public transportation, job discrimination, and
public discomfort around those with disabilities. In this example, students should then mention
the Americans with Disabilities Act and also discuss the Supreme Court ruling that limited the
effectiveness of the act.

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Keeping The Republic Power and Citizenship in American Politics The Essentials 8th Edition Barbour Test Bank

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Keeping the Republic Power and

Citizenship in American Politics THE

Chapter 6: The Struggle for Equal Rights

1. The 2008 presidential election was important because it _______.

2. Social and economic statistics tend to show that _______.

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which of the following combinations is incorrect?

5. The significance of suspect classification is that it _______.

6. A suspect classification is one that _______.

7. The Supreme Court designated race a suspect class in the _______.

c. African Americans were not allowed access to courts

Difficulty Level: Hard

e. Brown v. Board of Education

14. Korematsu v. United States _______.

15. The decision in _______ overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.

Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement

Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement

20. ______ discrimination is discrimination in fact.

21. Which of the following is an example of a procedural policy?

23. The argument for affirmative action is that _______.

24. Which of the following is not constitutional?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

32. The U.S. government has _______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

b. Representation of Hispanic Americans in Congress is increasing.

37. Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans both have ______.

38. Compared to other minorities, Asian Americans ______.

40. During World War II, Japanese Americans ______.

43. Women gained the right to vote by a strategy of ______.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

48. The Lilly Ledbetter Act ______.

49. Women are ______.

50. In Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court ruled that ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

57. ______ are citizenship rights guaranteed to the people.

2. De jure discrimination is discrimination in fact.

Fill in the Blank

1. Asian Americans and ______ both have population diversity.

women in American politics.

3. Explain the significance of Brown v. Board of Education.

5. Explain the problems created by the diversity of Hispanic Americans.

6. Provide three reasons why the ERA failed.

7. Explain the significance of the Lawrence v. Texas decision.

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