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Keeping the Republic Power and

Citizenship in American Politics THE


ESSENTIALS 8th Edition Barbour Test
Bank
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Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Chapter 6: The Struggle for Equal Rights


Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The 2008 presidential election was important because it _______.


a. demonstrated that African Americans are still not taken seriously as presidential candidates
b. split the nation along racial lines
c. demonstrated that a woman could not run for the presidency unless she stressed “women’s
issues”
d. demonstrated that the white power structure still controls the political parties
e. demonstrated that women and African Americans can be serious contenders for the presidency
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans. of women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Various pages
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Social and economic statistics tend to show that _______.


a. African Americans have completely overcome the effects of systematic discrimination
b. African Americans are now greatly advantaged over whites because of civil rights laws
c. African Americans have gotten no benefit from recent civil rights policies
d. inequality still pervades the American system
e. whites have benefited from recent civil rights policies more than African Americans
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Struggle for Equal Rights
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The concepts of strict scrutiny and suspect classification are used by the Supreme Court to
answer what question?
a. When is torture of suspected terrorists permitted?
b. When can we suspect minorities of taking advantage of civil rights laws?
c. When can the police act on their suspicions that someone is an illegal alien?
d. When can the law treat people differently?
e. When can the president act on suspicions that another country is going to attack the United
States?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which of the following combinations is incorrect?


a. race, suspect class
b. gender, quasisuspect class
c. age, nonsuspect class
d. sexual orientation, quasisuspect class
e. social class, nonsuspect class
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
Difficulty Level: Hard

5. The significance of suspect classification is that it _______.


a. allows the government to call into question whether a group requires protection from
discriminatory laws
b. is crucial in a group’s struggle for civil rights
c. requires the police to read a suspect his or her rights before questioning
d. was the sole basis for the decision in Brown v. Board of Education
e. requires courts to apply a minimum rationality standard of review to laws affecting a group
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. A suspect classification is one that _______.


a. makes a group’s claims of discrimination suspect
b. treats people differently because of a classification such as race; laws that include suspect
classifications are subject to strict scrutiny
c. is a classification used to place suspected racists on a watch list, and they are subsequently
scrutinized
d. is a method of classifying suspects as to whether their crimes are hate crimes
e. is used for situations involving handicapped persons
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The Supreme Court designated race a suspect class in the _______.


Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

a. 1870s
b. 1890s
c. 1950s
d. 1980s
e. 1930s
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Attempts by the U.S. government to ensure that blacks enjoyed equal citizenship in fact as
well as in theory after the Civil War _______.
a. were generally successful with few exceptions
b. were blocked by Republicans in Congress
c. essentially ended by the time Reconstruction was completed and were not reinitiated until the
civil rights era
d. were not successful until the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment
e. were not successful until the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers
Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Blacks were kept from exercising their rights in the South after Reconstruction by all of the
following methods EXCEPT this one:
a. grandfather clauses
b. Jim Crow laws
c. poll taxes
d. literacy tests
e. civil suits
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The rights given to African Americans in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
Amendments did not really help African Americans following the Civil War because _______.
a. the amendments did not apply to all the states
b. the nation was slow to ratify these amendments
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

c. African Americans were not allowed access to courts


d. the wording of rights in these amendments did not specifically mention African Americans
e. Congress, the president, and southern state governments made little effort to enforce them
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. In the first half of the twentieth century, the status of blacks was that _______.
a. they had no rights in law or practice
b. Congress tried to protect their rights, but it was blocked by the Supreme Court
c. the president tried to protect their rights, but he was blocked by Congress
d. no branch of government was willing to enforce the laws giving rights to blacks
e. the national government wanted to enforce the rights of blacks but was blocked by state
governments
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The legal methods used to deny African Americans the right to vote, such as literacy tests
and poll taxes, were overcome by _______.
a. passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the
Constitution
b. an executive order issued by President Lyndon Johnson
c. changes in the political leadership of the southern states
d. passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
e. Reconstruction
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which of the following cases did NOT help to overturn the “separate but equal” doctrine?
a. Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
b. Sweatt v. Painter
c. Korematsu v. United States
d. Dred Scott v. Sandford
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

e. Brown v. Board of Education


Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Korematsu v. United States _______.


a. held that the poll tax violated the Fourteenth Amendment
b. limited the civil rights of Japanese Americans in the interest of national security
c. granted voting rights to Japanese Americans
d. ended the doctrine of “separate but equal”
e. declared immigration restrictions on Japanese Americans to be unconstitutional
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy
Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The decision in _______ overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.


a. Sweatt v. Painter
b. Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
c. Korematsu v. United States
d. Brown v. Board of Education
e. Smith v. Allwright
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that _______.
a. school districts had to integrate within exactly five years
b. segregated schools were inherently unequal because the very fact of segregation made blacks
feel unequal
c. busing would be used as the sole method to integrate schools
d. all segregated facilities, whether they were schools or not, were unconstitutional
e. school integration was the responsibility of state governments only
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement


Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The major, nationwide impact of the Brown v. Board of Education decision was that it
_______.
a. motivated African Americans to align themselves with Mexican Americans to bring about
school desegregation
b. instituted busing to overcome de facto discrimination
c. caused school desegregation in the South to move ahead rapidly
d. caused many southern whites to move to the North
e. served as a catalyst for the civil rights movement
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The NAACP chose education as the issue over which to fight segregation because _______.
a. segregation was widespread only in education
b. segregated education was particularly disastrous for blacks because it limited their potential
c. the Supreme Court had already suggested segregation in education was suspect
d. it was one of several subjects they brought to the Supreme Court but the only one on which
they won
e. it was suggested to them by a member of the Supreme Court
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy
Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The civil rights movement of the 1950s–1960s was most successful in eliminating ______
but was far less successful in eliminating ______.
a. de jure discrimination; de facto discrimination
b. de facto discrimination; de jure discrimination
c. economic differences among the races; political differences among the races
d. differences in levels of educational attainment among the races; differences in levels of social
attainment among the races
e. underrepresentation of African Americans among office holders; underrepresentation of
African Americans in the professions
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement


Difficulty Level: Medium

20. ______ discrimination is discrimination in fact.


a. De facto
b. De solis
c. Ad hoc
d. De jure
e. Ex post facto
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which of the following is an example of a procedural policy?


a. Title IX
b. Busing
c. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
d. Universal health care
e. Affirmative action
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Hard

22. The significance of the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case is that it
_______.
a. declared busing unconstitutional
b. led to the integration of schools
c. solidified the use of quotas in college admissions
d. signaled the approval of affirmative action
e. upheld segregated educational facilities
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Easy

23. The argument for affirmative action is that _______.


a. people who have been discriminated against deserve positions, even if they are not qualified
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

b. there is no other decisive evidence for proving that discrimination has ended
c. if businesses and universities do not use it, they will be sued
d. politicians like it
e. the public overwhelmingly supports it
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which of the following is not constitutional?


a. the use of affirmative action programs to hire more minorities
b. busing to bring about racial desegregation across school districts
c. economic boycotts
d. restricting the right of felons to vote
e. fulfilling quotas of minorities in school admissions
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Segregation has been harder to overcome in the North than in the South because _______.
a. segregation in the North is de facto segregation
b. segregation in the North is de jure segregation
c. northerners opposed segregation more strenuously than southerners
d. northerners are politically more powerful than southerners
e. blacks were reluctant to challenge their northern allies in the civil rights struggle
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Medium

26. The candidacy and election of Barack Obama had all of the following effects EXCEPT this
one:
a. It clearly improved the candidacies of blacks in future elections.
b. It increased optimism among blacks about their future.
c. It led to a dramatically increased turnout among blacks in the 2008 election.
d. It led blacks to the conclusion that Obama’s election had improved race relations.
e. It led to criticism of the Obama administration that seemed to have a racial tinge.
Ans: A
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Blacks in Contemporary American Politics
Difficulty Level: Medium

27. All of the following statements concerning affirmative action are true EXCEPT this one:
a. A majority of Americans support the principles behind affirmative action.
b. It is intended to be a substantive remedy for past discrimination.
c. It has been banned in a number of states.
d. Strict scrutiny has been used to oppose affirmative action.
e. Statistics indicate that blacks are now even with whites on most economic measures.
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Blacks in Contemporary American Politics
Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Congressional policy toward Native Americans has historically varied between _______.
a. creating a national tribal council and developing local tribal councils
b. restricting Native Americans to reservations and reducing the size of reservations
c. giving them status as independent nations and lumping them with other minorities
d. assimilating Native Americans into a European-based culture and encouraging independence
and self-government
e. reducing crime on the reservations and limiting educational opportunities
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Native Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The text points out how Native Americans face the dilemma that they _______.
a. want to join American culture completely, but they are blocked from doing so
b. are asked to make concessions that are incompatible with their culture, but they depend on the
U.S. government to get them out of poverty
c. want to maintain their culture, but they are blocked from doing so
d. could benefit from the gambling industry, but taking advantage of the gambling industry
would violate their values
e. are divided over what to do with all the wealth they are obtaining from selling mineral rights
on their lands
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge


Answer Location: Native Americans
Difficulty Level: Medium

30. An effect of casino gambling on reservations mentioned in the text is that _______.
a. living conditions on reservations have gotten much worse, and criminal activity has increased
b. Native Americans have achieved new financial prosperity by parlaying their status as
semisovereign nations into a foundation for economic security
c. hostility against Native Americans has increased because people oppose gambling on moral
grounds
d. lawmakers have tried to legalize gambling nationally
e. Native Americans have missed the opportunity for economic success due to the development
of non-Indian casinos
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Native Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Native Americans face a particularly difficult task in winning battles in American politics for
all of the following reasons EXCEPT this one:
a. They do not have the right to vote.
b. The status of tribes in the American political system is that of a unique form of federalism.
c. The states have been hostile to them.
d. The federal government has been hostile to them.
e. The courts have not been inclined to protect them.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Native Americans
Difficulty Level: Medium

32. The U.S. government has _______.


a. consistently tried to maintain Native American culture
b. provided massive assistance to Native Americans to help them assimilate into American
culture
c. maintained Native Americans on their ancestral lands as much as possible
d. deprived Native Americans of their ancestral lands, thus destroying their culture, while
providing them with very little aid in order to “make them independent”
e. treated Native Americans with dignity and respect
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge


Answer Location: Native Americans
Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Which of the following is NOT an important fact concerning Hispanic Americans?
a. They are considered to be an insignificant voting bloc in elections.
b. The Hispanic population is very diverse.
c. Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States.
d. The vast majority of Hispanics are Mexican Americans.
e. They are concentrated in various parts of the United States.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hispanic Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

34. All of the following statements concerning Hispanics are true EXCEPT this one:
a. Issues surrounding their immigration to the United States are likely to fade in the near future.
b. They are a diverse community.
c. They represent a rapidly increasing proportion of the population.
d. They face hostility because they speak a different language.
e. They face a negative political reaction to their immigration to the United States.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hispanic Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

35. The first Hispanic justice of the U.S. Supreme Court _______.
a. is Alberto Gonzales
b. is Elián González
c. is Bill Richardson
d. has yet to be appointed
e. is Sonia Sotomayor
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Hispanic Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Hispanic Americans?
a. The majority of Hispanic Americans are Mexican.
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

b. Representation of Hispanic Americans in Congress is increasing.


c. Hispanic Americans are the largest minority in the United States.
d. The backlash against illegal immigration has made it more difficult for Hispanic Americans to
obtain equal rights.
e. Voter registration among Hispanic Americans is declining.
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hispanic Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans both have ______.


a. active voting populations
b. common political values
c. population diversity
d. strong grassroots political organizations
e. strong financial resources for political activity
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Hispanic Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Compared to other minorities, Asian Americans ______.


a. have formed their own political parties where population size justifies it
b. have lower levels of voter turnout and registration
c. are strongly affiliated with the Republican Party
d. are considered the largest swing voting bloc
e. are strongly affiliated with the Democratic Party
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Asian Americans
Difficulty Level: Medium

39. The lack of immigration from Asia during much of the first half of the twentieth century can
be attributed most directly to ______.
a. the fact that most Asians preferred to emigrate to European democracies because of patterns of
discrimination in the United States
b. the lack of political opportunities available to Asians in the United States
c. the fact that Asians have never seen the United States as providing economic opportunities for
them
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

d. the fact that Japanese culture is marked by a fear of learning a new language
e. legislation passed by Congress that restricted immigration from China and Japan
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Asian Americans
Difficulty Level: Medium

40. During World War II, Japanese Americans ______.


a. were treated fairly even though Americans in Japan were the subject of persecution
b. lost their citizenship if they still had family members in Japan
c. were placed in internment camps for national security purposes
d. fled America to live in Western Europe
e. were often required to return to Japan
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Asian Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

41. All of the following statements concerning the status of women in early nineteenth-century
America are true EXCEPT this one:
a. They could not own property.
b. They were not permitted to give up their American citizenship if they married a man who was
not a citizen.
c. They could not initiate divorce proceedings.
d. They could not bring a lawsuit.
e. They could not gain custody of their children in case of divorce.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Difficulty Level: Easy

42. All of the following statements concerning discrimination on the basis of race or ethnic
identity in the United States are true EXCEPT this one:
a. Such discrimination has taken many forms.
b. Different groups have fought against discrimination in different ways.
c. Different groups have had different degrees of success in fighting the effects of discrimination.
d. Discrimination has driven most members of all discriminated-against groups to join the
Democratic Party.
e. The overall percentage of the population made up of racial and ethnic minorities is growing.
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Various pages
Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Women gained the right to vote by a strategy of ______.


a. gaining the support of the president
b. winning support at the national level and then using that to win in the states
c. massive demonstrations in major cities that gained them publicity and support
d. getting sympathetic male voters to write in the names of women on their ballots; these women
won a surprising number of legislative seats
e. gaining the right to vote in states where they had support and expanding their support over
time
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Difficulty Level: Medium

44. The women’s movement was most successful with a strategy of ______ in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries.
a. changing laws state by state
b. threatening opposition politicians with electoral defeat
c. supporting strong female candidates for office
d. mass demonstrations and sit-ins
e. using the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to argue in the courts for equal treatment
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Difficulty Level: Easy

45. All of the following statements concerning pay and price equity are true EXCEPT this one:
a. Women earn less than men at every level of education.
b. The wage gap is growing wider.
c. Women pay more for many basic products and services than men.
d. Women earn significantly less than men for the same or similar work.
e. Pregnant women are often subject to discriminatory treatment.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Cognitive Domain: Analysis


Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Regarding the role of women in contemporary politics, which statement is false?
a. Female candidates spend less money than do male candidates.
b. Women are not as likely as men to want to go into politics.
c. Women are the most underrepresented group in Congress and the state legislatures.
d. Representation of women in the state legislatures is at an all-time high.
e. A majority of Americans agree that the United States is ready for a female president.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Laws that treat men and women differently are subject to ______.
a. strict scrutiny
b. the minimum rationality test
c. the Lemon test
d. the Miller test
e. an intermediate standard of review
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Difficulty Level: Easy

48. The Lilly Ledbetter Act ______.


a. requires a woman claiming gender discrimination in the workplace to do so within the first
150 days of employment
b. requires affirmative action remedies in cases of gender discrimination in the workplace
c. is named after George W. Bush’s maternal grandmother
d. was pushed through Congress by business interests to water down gender discrimination
regulations
e. extended the time period available to a woman claiming gender discrimination in the
workplace
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Difficulty Level: Easy
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

49. Women are ______.


a. the most underrepresented group in Congress and state legislatures
b. overrepresented in many state legislatures
c. overrepresented in the Senate but underrepresented in the House of Representatives
d. achieving a greater level of representation in Congress than are African Americans
e. overrepresented in governorships
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Difficulty Level: Easy

50. In Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court ruled that ______.


a. fair employment policies for gays were unconstitutional
b. gay couples cannot be denied housing on the basis of sexual orientation
c. the right to same-sex marriage is protected by the U.S. Constitution
d. gay couples have the right to receive social benefits available to married heterosexual couples
e. state sodomy laws were a violation of the right to privacy
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rights Denied on Other Bases
Difficulty Level: Easy

51. The Supreme Court of ______ was the first in the nation to declare that marriage was a civil
right and that banning same-sex marriage violated the state’s equal protection and due process
clauses.
a. Massachusetts
b. New York
c. New Jersey
d. Minnesota
e. Illinois
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rights Denied on Other Bases
Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Which of the following statements regarding public opinion on gay and lesbian rights is NOT
true?
a. The public supports lifting the ban on gays in the military.
b. Young people are more supportive of gay rights than are the elderly.
c. A majority of the people supports legislation that protects gays and lesbians from housing
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

discrimination.
d. More people oppose same-sex adoption than same-sex marriage.
e. A majority of the people supports legislation that protects gays and lesbians from job
discrimination.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Rights Denied on Other Bases
Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning age discrimination?
a. The Supreme Court has declared age to be a suspect classification.
b. Older people are better organized to protect their rights than are younger people.
c. The most frequent act of discrimination against older people is job discrimination.
d. Younger people are denied many basic rights.
e. A law passed by Congress bans age discrimination in certain areas.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Rights Denied on Other Bases
Difficulty Level: Medium

54. Which of the following statements concerning age discrimination is NOT true?
a. Congress has banned most mandatory retirement policies.
b. Older Americans are more active and effective in protecting their rights than are younger
Americans.
c. Americans under eighteen years of age are denied many basic rights granted to those who are
older.
d. Some observers believe children need more basic rights to protect them from abusive parents.
e. The government cannot discriminate on the basis of age even if a person’s age is relevant to
the job in question.
Ans: E
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Rights Denied on Other Bases
Difficulty Level: Easy

55. The Americans with Disabilities Act was controversial because ______.
a. Republicans accused Democrats of making a political issue out of those with disabilities
b. many of the required changes in physical accommodations are extremely expensive to install
c. it instituted quotas for businesses regarding the hiring of those with disabilities
d. supporters of the rights of the disabled did not believe the act went far enough
e. it allowed significant prejudice against those with disabilities
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge


Answer Location: Rights Denied on Other Bases
Difficulty Level: Easy

56. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled that, by law, discrimination against aliens is ______.
a. permitted since they have no rights of citizenship
b. never permitted
c. not permitted unless the United States is involved in a war with the nation of a person’s
alienage
d. similar to racial and religious discrimination and requires application of the strict scrutiny test
e. permitted if Congress has a rational reason for passing such a law
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rights Denied on Other Bases
Difficulty Level: Easy

57. ______ are citizenship rights guaranteed to the people.


a. Human rights
b. Legal rights
c. Civil rights
d. Personal rights
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Struggle for Equal Rights
Difficulty Level: Easy

58. The significance of ______ is that it is crucial in a group’s struggle for civil rights.
a. due process
b. strict scrutiny
c. rational basis
d. suspect classification
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
Difficulty Level: Easy

59. ______ is a heightened standard of review to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit
some freedoms.
a. Due process
b. Strict scrutiny
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

c. Rational basis
d. Suspect classification
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently
Difficulty Level: Easy

60. In ______, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that segregated schools were inherently
unequal because the very fact of segregation made blacks feel unequal.
a. Brown v. Board of Education
b. Plessy v. Ferguson
c. Bolling v. Sharpe
d. Briggs v. Elliott
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy
Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. The civil rights movement of the 1950s–1960s was most successful in eliminating de jure
discrimination but was far less successful in eliminating de facto discrimination.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. De jure discrimination is discrimination in fact.


Ans: F
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to reduce or eliminate racial discrimination in
public accommodations.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Laws that treat men and women differently are subject to an intermediate standard of review.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Gender Discrimination Today
Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank

1. Asian Americans and ______ both have population diversity.


Ans: Hispanic Americans
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Asian Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The lack of immigration from ______ during much of the first half of the twentieth century
can be attributed most directly to quotas in place to limit immigration from certain regions.
Ans: Asia
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Asian Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. During World War II, ______ Americans were placed in detainment camps for national
security purposes.
Ans: Japanese
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Asian Americans
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. ______ gained the right to vote nationally by a strategy of gaining the right to vote in states
where they had support and expanding their support over time.
Ans: Women
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

women in American politics.


Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Struggle in the States
Question Type: FIB
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The ______ extended the time period available to a woman claiming gender discrimination in
the workplace.
Ans: Lilly Ledbetter Act
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Gender Discrimination Today
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. ______ are the most underrepresented group in Congress and state legislatures.
Ans: Women
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Women in Contemporary Politics
Question Type: FIB
Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain the various standards used by the courts when laws treat people differently. What are
the three legal classifications, and what groups fall under each of those classifications? What
standard of review does the court apply for each classification? What question does the court ask
when reviewing whether a law is constitutional for each classification? Why is a group’s legal
classification so important?
Ans: A group’s legal classification is important because a suspect classification makes it more
difficult for laws that discriminate against the group to be constitutional.
Learning Objective: 6-1: Outline the criteria used by the courts to determine if and when the law
can treat people differently.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: When Can the Law Treat People Differently?
Difficulty Level: Hard

2. With the end of the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
Amendments, it seemed like African Americans would finally obtain certain fundamental rights,
such as the right to vote and equal protection under the law. What strategies did white
southerners (and some northerners) use to continue to deny African Americans these rights?
How were these rights ultimately achieved?
Ans: Students should focus on the Jim Crow laws that segregated the races as well as the various
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

obstacles to voting that were put in place (for example, literacy tests and poll taxes). They might
also mention that whites often threatened or used violence against African Americans. The
answer to the second part of the question should focus on the various court battles, such as
Brown v. Board of Education, and the strategies used by the civil rights movement.
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers
Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain the significance of Brown v. Board of Education.


Ans: It overturned Plessy and declared segregated schools to be inherently unequal. Although
little changed immediately after the Brown decision, it was a catalyst for the civil rights
movement. Brown did not eliminate all segregated facilities.
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain the difference between de jure and de facto discrimination, and give an example of
each.
Ans: De jure discrimination is discrimination arising from or supported by the law (for example,
segregation). De facto discrimination is the result of tradition and habit (for example, pay
inequities between races).
Learning Objective: 6-2: Summarize key events and outcomes in the struggle for equality of
African Americans.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Civil Rights Movement
Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain the problems created by the diversity of Hispanic Americans.


Ans: Because Hispanics come from different backgrounds, they have different issues with which
they are concerned. Cuban Americans, for example, are concerned with U.S. policy toward Cuba
while Mexican Americans are not. Mexican Americans may be more concerned than Cuban
Americans about immigration issues. The differences make it difficult to have a united
movement fighting for common goals.
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Hispanic Americans
Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Provide three reasons why the ERA failed.


Ans: (1) People were concerned with radical social change. (2) The amendment came to be
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

identified with the Roe v. Wade decision and became a referendum on abortion. (3) Some people
began to question whether an Equal Rights Amendment was needed since the courts were
striking down many of the laws that treated women differently from men.
Learning Objective: 6-4: Describe how women have fought for equality and the changing role of
women in American politics.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Equal Rights Amendment
Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Explain the significance of the Lawrence v. Texas decision.


Ans: The Supreme Court struck down all sodomy laws as a violation of a person’s right to
privacy, which was a substantive and symbolic deviation from the Bowers decision, which
allowed states to regulate the sexual behavior of gays and lesbians.
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Rights Denied On Other Bases
Difficulty Level: Hard

8. There are many similarities and differences between Native American, Hispanic American,
and Asian American experiences. Discuss at least three similarities and three differences. Think
about the following questions: What types of discrimination has each group faced? Is there any
form of discrimination that applies to only one of the groups? What tactics have the groups used
to fight for their civil rights?
Ans: Students could take a variety of approaches to answering this question. Regarding
similarities between Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans, for example, they could note the
diversity of these groups, the fact that both groups often are perceived as foreigners, and the
language barriers they have had to overcome. Regarding the differences, students could mention
the economic disparities between Asian Americans and the two other groups, the fact that Native
Americans have had to deal with questions of self-governance while Asian Americans and
Hispanic Americans have not, and the fact that Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans have
faced public backlash regarding immigration while Native Americans have not. Students should
also address how each group has fought for their civil rights, including interest group and
lobbying efforts, ways they advanced their economic statuses (for example, casino ownership for
Native Americans), and their varying levels of political representation and political participation.
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the different paths to equality taken by other racial and ethnic
groups.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Various pages
Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Rights have been denied on the basis of more than just race, ethnicity, and gender. Discuss at
least three groups whose rights have been denied on other bases. What rights is each group
fighting for? How successful have they been at obtaining those rights?
Ans: Students should focus on three of the four bases mentioned in the textbook: sexual
orientation, age, disability, and citizenship. Regarding disability, for example, students could
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, by Christine Barbour and Gerald C. Wright,
©2016, CQ Press

TEST BANK

focus on the problems of inaccessible buildings and public transportation, job discrimination, and
public discomfort around those with disabilities. In this example, students should then mention
the Americans with Disabilities Act and also discuss the Supreme Court ruling that limited the
effectiveness of the act.
Learning Objective: 6-5: Recognize examples of other groups that face discrimination.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Various pages
Difficulty Level: Hard
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
tavoiltaan aivan kiltti ja siisti. Ainoa mikä toisinaan pisti silmääni oli
se, että poika oli lauhan näköinen, mutta itse asiassa tulen
kiukkuinen. Mutta kuitenkin minä kaipasin selitystä hänen
hairahduksilleen. Pikainen muutos pahantapaisesta hyväntapaiseksi
kohosi järkeäni korkeammalle enkä minä kyennyt sitä millään tavoin
selittämään tyydyttävästi. Ainoa tyydyttävä selitys oli se, ettei Nyyri
ollut milloinkaan ollut todellisesti pahantapainen, se oli kaikki ollut
ohimenevää pälkähdystä ja päähänpistoa tai oli hän suorastaan ollut
pakotettu menettelemään juuri siten, kuin hän oli menetellyt. Joku
voima oli hypnotisoinut hänet, arvelin, ja kaikki se mikä oli tehty, ei
langennut hänen syykseen, se oli jonkun toisen syy, olojen syy,
ympäristön syy, sanalla sanoen kaikkien muiden syy, vaan ei Nyyrin
itsensä.

Odottamattani minä sitte sain kurkistaa esiripun taakse ja sain


nähdä ne tapaukset, jotka olivat turmella pikku ihmistaimen ja tehdä
siitä hylkykalun ijäkseen, päiväkseen. Kaikki on jäänyt kirkkaasti
muistiini. On joulukuun iltapäivä, maa on lumeton ja roudassa, ilma
on kylmä ja tyyni, Nyyri ja minä astelemme yksissä joko lääkäriin tai
apteekkiin, en muista kumpaanneko. Jonkinlaista tarttuvaa
silmäkatarria on ilmaantunut poikiin, se raivoo kuin tuli kuivassa
kanervikossa ja on osannut tien Nyyrinkin silmiin. Niitä kirveltää
huonelämpöisessä, ne juoksevat vettä, lukeminen ja kaikki koulutyö
on tukalaa, mutta ulkona kylmässä ne eivät kirvele eivätkä juokse
vettä, ne sietävät kylmää, mutta ei lämmintä.

Me astelemme ja puhelemme. Nyyrin silmäkivusta huolimatta on


meidän mielialamme hauska, sen vaikuttaa ehkä raikas talvipäivä ja
tunne lähenevästä joululomasta. Astellessa nousee mieleeni
kysymys Nyyrin entisyydestä, nousee houkuttelevampana kuin
milloinkaan ennen, ja kun kysymys on hetkisen pyörinyt mielessäni,
lausun minä äkkiä:

— Miksi sinä käyttäydyit Helsingissä niin mokomasti? Hän


punehtuu, nauru katoaa hänen huuliltaan.

— Siihen oli kai erityisemmät syyt.

— Oli.

— Kerrohan ne minulle. Kenen tähden sinä tekeydyit


pahantapaiseksi?

— Isän ja äidin vuoksi, etupäässä äidin. Minulla oli uusi äiti.

— Ovatko asiat niin? kysyin minä, joka olin lukenut


huolimattomasti pojan mainekirjan, tärkeimmän paperin, joka olisi
opastanut minut arvaamaan kaikki, mutta huolellisesti sen sijaan
virheluettelot ja muut mitättömät paperit.

— Vai niin, vai sait sinä uuden äidin.

— Isä rupesi pitämään äidin puolta…

Minä vaikenin ja koko puhelu olisi sammunut tähän, sillä Nyyri ei


ollut ensimmäinen poika, jonka elämän äitipuoli oli piloille manannut,
mutta hän tokasi odottamattani:

— Kaikki lähti alkuun kymmenpennin tähden.

— Mitä? Kymmenpennin tähden, kiirehdin minä lausumaan.


Kerrohan miten.
Hän kertoi jutun kymmenestä pennistä, josta jutusta kaikki lähti
alkuun. Silloin kun se tapahtui, ei heillä, äidillä ja hänellä, ollut enää
hyvät välit. Äiti sitte muutamana iltana lähetti hänet ruokapuotiin
ostamaan ryyniä, perunajauhoja, silliä ja sokuria. Rahoja sai hän
käteensä noin kaksi markkaa, sekaisin vaskilantteja ja
viisikolmattapennisiä. Maksaessa puuttuikin kymmenen penniä, ja
siitä sukeusivat riidat. Äiti väitti hänen kavaltaneen puuttuvan
kymmenpennisen, hän kinasi ja kannusti rohkeasti vastaan. Ja sitte
hän sai isältä selkäänsä sekä kavaltamisesta että kinaamisesta ja
kannustamisesta. Selkäsaunan jälestä makasi hän yön rapun alla,
sai siitä toisen selkäsaunan, sitte hän karkasi päiväksi kotoaan — ja
sai selkäänsä kerran kolmannen. Näiden kolmen saunan jälestä
seurasi lyhyt saunaton aika, mutta sitte hän vahingossa särki jonkun
vanhan porsliinimaljan, jonka arvo ei ollut suuren suuri ja joka
harvoin enää oli käytännössä. Kun isä illalla saapui työstä kotiin, hiipi
hän varpaisillaan jälessä, asetti korvansa oveen ja kuunteli miten äiti
tuiskahutteli, että poika ilkeyksissään oli särkenyt maljan.

— Se tarvitsee enemmän selkäänsä, lausui äiti lopuksi.

Silloin hän vietti toisen yön rapun alla, vaikka oli kylmä ja sateinen
aika, mutta selkäänsä hän lopulta kuitenkin sai maljan särkemisestä
ja piileksimisestä, ja uhkauksia lausuttiin vastaisien saunojenkin
varalle, joten tulevaisuus oli yhtä synkkä kuin nykyisyyskin.

Pikku veikosta koitui hänelle uusi kiusa, sitä piti vaalia ja varoa
kuin tulikipinätä, ja jos se parahti tai loukkasi itsensä tai kaatoi
kumoon kukkaruukkuja ja muita helposti kaatuvia esineitä, aina tuli
vaalijan selkänahka kysymykseen. Kanteet olivat aina käynnissä,
mutta kerran hän sitte puolustautuessaan paiskasi kuuman
kahvipannun sisältöineen isää kohti ja syöksyi kadulle. Teon jälestä
oli hän useita vuorokausia kotoa poissa, laimiinlyömättä silti
koulunkäyntiään, sillä täti antoi hänelle syödä. Ja täti yritti särkynyttä
sovintoakin paikata ehjäksi, mutta yritys raukeni tyhjiin, koti oli käynyt
hänelle kolkoksi ja isä vieläkin kolkommaksi. Ensimmäinen syyttä
saatu selkäsauna oli aina hänen mielessään, kun häntä lyötiin
kovalla aseella, vaikka hän miten rukoili ja vakuutti syyttömyyttään.

Kotona ei hän enää viihtynyt, isän silmissä ei hän enää lemmen


kirkasta huomannut, kaikki oli muuttunut. Silloin hän heittäytyi
pahantapaiseksi. Jonnekin muuanne piti hänen päästä, pois kotoa
isän kylmien katseiden edestä ja äidin kanteiden tieltä… vaikka
vankilaan.

Melkein vuoden kesti hänen seikkailijaelämänsä, jolloin hän koki


kaikkia, mitä katupoika voi kokea, ja teki kaikkia elkeitä, joita
katupoika voi tehdä. Eikä ensimmäinen, syyttömästi saatu
selkäsauna sittekään herennyt kirvelemästä, se oli yhä kuin takaisin
maksamatta ja korvaamatta.

Kun ei hän kehdannut näyttäytyä tädin edessä, täytyi hänen


joskus, kun muu keino ei auttanut, pistäytyä kotiin anastamaan
ruokaa ja muutakin, jota voi ruuaksi vaihtaa. Nämä anastukset aina
myötäsivät. Jota rohkeampi hän oli, sitä parempi onni seurasi häntä,
ja kun hän äkkiä ilmaantui äidin eteen, jäykistyi tämä aina ja katseli
ristissä käsin hänen menettelyään.

Koulunkäyntinsä oli hän heittänyt valtaan, hän oleskeli vain


kaduilla, satamissa, tekipä hän joskus retkiä
maaseutukaupunkeihinkin.

Vihdoin hänet saatiin kiinni omassa kodissaan, jonne hän kovan


onnen pakottamana oli taasen lähtenyt anastuksille. Kun ei hän
luvannutkaan parantaa tapojaan, ja kun hän jo oli ennättänyt tehdä
pitkän sarjan pikku rikoksia, ei hänen kanssaan enää kokeiltu, vaan
lähetettiin hänet piammiten laitokseen — onnellisinta mitä hänen
mielestään hänelle saattoi tapahtua. Lähtöpäivä oli rajapyykki hänen
elämässään, sen pyykin ohi matkattuaan paiskasi hän luotaan
pahantapaisuutensa, kuten leikkikalun, josta oli jo saanut kyllikseen.

— Mitäpä jos olisit osunut kovakyntisien hoitajien käsiin, olisitko


karannut ja tekeytynyt uudestaan pahantapaiseksi?

— En, sitä en olisi tehnyt, minä olisin kärsinyt.

Hän katsoi minuun ja hänen silmissään iski rohkea kipinä, joka


vaikutti minussa luottamusta hänen sanoihinsa.

Seuraavana keväänä me erosimme.

Yhden ainoan kerran olen häntä tavannut sittemmin, ja siitäkin


tapaamisesta on monta vuotta. Pohjoisesplanaadilla oli
joulunaikainen ihmistungos, tungoksessa tarttuu joku minun palttooni
hihaan, ja korviini kuuluu:

— Opettaja, hyvää päivää.

Se oli Nyyri.

— Mitä kuuluu? Hyvinkö menee?

— Hyvin menee.

Hän oli suuren liikkeen juoksupoikana, ja huomasin että hänellä oli


siisti puku, iloiset kasvot ja tietenkin hyvät tulevaisuuden toiveet.

Mutta lyhyt hän oli ja kumarainen, kuten ennenkin.


Me astelimme yhdessä jonkun minuutin, mutta sitte hän sanoi
hyvästit ja pyörtihe omille hommilleen. Hän pani melkein juoksuksi,
ja hänen lyhyt vartalonsa hukkui pian ihmisvilinään.
JUSSI PEKKA

En ikinä unhota ensimmäistä tapaamistamme, se oli niin


hullunkurinen että se panee minut vielä nytkin naurutuulelle. Kysyin
tulokkaalta mitä tahansa, aina hän venytti omituisesti kaulaansa ja
nielaisi vastineen alas, ja sitte hän hymyilevänä ja pehmeän
näköisenä tuijotti lattian erääseen kohtaan, jossa kolme oksaa
muodosti säteikön.

Minua harmitti ja nauratti. Näin että hän oli omaa lajiaan,


semmoinen, joka antaa kyllä työtä, mutta ei katkeroita elämää. Kun
en saanut häntä kunnon lailla vastaa maan, kysyin vihdoin
harmistuneesti:

— Pidätkö sinä puurosta?

— Pidän, vastasi hän selvästi ja venytti vasta sitte kaulaansa ja


nielasi tyhjää.

— Maidonko vai siirapin kanssa?

Tuo pani hänet ajattelemaan, hän ei muistanut venyttää


kaulaansa, ei nielaista eikä tuijottaa säteikköön. Vihdoin hän vastasi:
— Maidon kanssa kai.

Mutta samassa hän katui ehkä tehneensä huonon valinnan, ja kun


hän tahtoi kaikin mokomin korjata vahingon, kallistui hän suin päin
siirapin puolelle.

— Luulen sentään että se on parempaa siirapin kanssa.

— Ehkä on, vastasin minä tyytyväisenä, kun olin saanut Jussi


Pekan kunnolleen vastaamaan kysymyksiini.

Hänen erikoisnimensä oli Hokmanni, ja siihen nimeen liittyi pikku


tarina niiltä ajoilta, jolloin hän vielä oli vanhempiensa hoidettavana.
Isä lähetti hänet eräänä semmoisena päivänä, jolloin
väkijuomakaupat olivat suletut, ostamaan hokmannia
rohdoskaupasta. Jussi Pekka viipyi matkalla koko päivän ja mikä
vielä pahempi, kun hän vihdoin iltasella palasi, ei hänellä ollut
hokmannia eikä lanttejakaan. Isä ryhtyi rakentamaan juttua
menettämästään hokmannista, ja hän pääsi helposti päämäärän
perille, sillä poika oli taipumaton kaikkeen lukemiseen ja oppimiseen,
joten hän kolmeentoista kohotessaan tuskin kunnolla tunsi kirjaimet.
Isän ja äidin persoonat olivat myöskin painavia tekijöitä työntämään
poikaa raittiimpaan kotiin, ja mitä viimemainittuun eli poikaan erittäin
tulee, on minulla syy otaksua, ettei lähtöpäivä sumentanut Jussi
Pekan silmää, siksi paljo oli tämä kokenut kurjuutta isän ja äidin
hoidossa.

Hän oli omituinen poika, sangen omituinen, kokonaan vailla


luonnetta, mutta kuitenkin ehjä kokonaisuus, jossa pieni täydensi
suurta, vähäpätöinen tärkeätä, naurettava surullista. Hän oli aina
kesätuulella, minä en nähnyt häntä kertaakaan suuttuneena, vaikka
sanottiin että hän siihenkin kyllä pystyi. Enkä minä huomannut
hänessä mitään pyrkimyksiä tai pikku toiveita. Hän istui siihen mihin
käskettiin, ja kun ei käsketty, seisoi hän ja venytteli kaulaansa ja
nieleskeli tyhjää. Hän oli erinomaisen notkea, mutta hän näytti aina
laiskalta, kankealta ja kömpelöltä. Hänen vartalonsa oli nuorukaisen,
josta ei enää ollut pitkä askel miehen vartaloon, ja siinä oli
notkeuden lisäksi voimaakin, mutta silti antoi hän pikku poikien
muokata itseään melko lailla, jopa hän toisinaan puoli tosin, puoli
leikin parkuikin niiden käsissä. Mutta joku raja sanottiin löytyneen,
jonka yli meneminen saattoi käydä kalliiksi huviksi. Kerrottiin minulle
että naapurikylän pojat kerran erhettyivät liian karkeaan leikintekoon,
mutta silloin Jussi Pekka oli pöllytellyt heitä kuin heinäsäkkejä,
vaikka oli yksin viittä vastaan. Sen näytöksen jälestä kohosi hänen
arvonsa kolmessa kylässä.

Vuoden ponnistuksien palkkioksi oppi hän auttavasti lukemaan


sisältä, mutta siihen pysähtyikin edistys, sillä kun oli ryhdyttävä eri
aineisiin oikein toden takaa, venytteli Jussi Pekka kaulaansa ja
nieleskeli tyhjää. Eivätkä siinä auttaneet jälki-istunnot eivätkä
mielittelemisetkään, hän ei muistanut eikä voinut muistaa mitään,
vakuutteli hän, mikä merkitsi oikeastaan sitä, ettei hän viitsinyt
tarmolla yrittääkään. Houkutteluilla sain hänet jonkun aikaa
lukemaan katekismustunneiksi ulkoa yhden raamatunlauseen.
Kolme neljä viikkoa hän teki työnsä kunnolla, mutta siihen hyvä alku
loppui. Eräänä semmoisena tuntina oli hänen määrä lukea joku
valhetta koskeva raamatunlause. Hän nousi seisomaan ja katsoi
tapansa mukaan lattiaan, venähytteli kaulaansa, nielaisi tyhjää,
kaikki temppuja, jotka aina sähköttivät luokan nauruherkkään
mielentilaan. Sitte hän luki karkealla, miesmäisellä äänellään:
perkele on ollut muuraaja alusta asti, koska hän puhuu valhetta,
puhuu hän omasta itsestään — — —
Luokka remahti raikuvaan nauruun, Jussi Pekka ei tajunnut mistä
oli kysymys, vaan alotti uudestaan ja käytti taasen sanaa muuraaja.
Käskin hänen avaamaan kirjan ja lukemaan läksyn sisältä. Hän luki
kolmannen kerran muuraaja, ja vasta kun olin tavauttanut, pääsi hän
erhetyksensä perille.

Mutta seuraavana katekismustuntina vaikeni hän kuin tikku.

Olin ymmällä mitä tehdä hänelle, miten menetellä. Ei auttanut


kovuus eikä pehmeys eikä auttanut kovan ja pehmeän välissä
luoviminenkaan. Ei auttanut kerrassaan mikään. Hän vain laiskistui
päivien kera, hän torkahteli tunneilla ja antoi muokata itseään pikku
poikien melkein arveluttavassa määrässä. Hänen kasvonsa olivat
harvoin kokopuhtaat, joku osa oli aina jäänyt pesemättä ja
pyyhkimättä. Jos tänään oli vasemman korvan tienot likaiset, oli
huomenna oikean, ylihuomenna oli otsan vuoro j.n.e. Sitte kuului
vielä kuin sääntöön, että hän kerran viikossa tuli kouluun
kokomustana.

Nuhtelin häntä, kiusasin häntä jälki-istunnoilla, joskus kokeilin


käteiselläkin herätellä häntä, kaikki turhaan, hän ei muistanut mitään
eikä voinut muistaa mitään, vakuutti hän kaulaansa venytellen ja
tyhjää nieleskellen.

Mutta kodissaan oli hän oikein kunnon pojan esikuva, hän teki
mitä käskettiin, oli siten kuin oletettiin, ei koskenut luvatta mihinkään
ja kärsi talon lasten puolelta mitä tahansa, ja muidenkin lasten
puolelta, jos ne vain olivat häntä itseään vähäväkisemmät.

Kun ei mikään keino auttanut, löin minä viimeisen ja paraan valttini


esiin, joka oli joskus ennenkin auttanut pälkähästä. Käskin hänet
luokseni yksityiskeskusteluun. Piiskasin hänet sanoilla niin ankarasti
kuin suinkin taisin, paljastin hänen kunnottomuutensa ja
laiskuutensa, solvasin häntä, häpäisin ja tein pilkkaa hänestä, ja sitte
uhkasin:

— Se on sillä lailla, Jussi Pekka, että meistä kohdakkoin tulee ero,


kaikki merkit viittaavat siihen, että sinä lasket asiat liian pitkälle.

Hän virkistyi huomattavasti.

— Meistä tulee ero, toistin minä, iskien nyrkkiä pöytään, sen saat
uskoa.

— Minne minä sitte joudun? kysyi hän kaulaa venyttämättä ja


tyhjää nieleskelemättä, kuten hänen tapansa muuten oli.

— Koivulaan, vastasin minä, kohottaen panosta kuin ainakin


uhkapelissä.
Koivulaan sinut viedään, jollet sinä rupea kirjan ystäväksi.

Sanat sattuivat.

— Jollet paranna ahkeruuttasi, ei voi muu seurata.

Kyyneleet eivät olleet enää kaukana. Oli muuten omituista että


Koivula kuului kaikkien poikien tietopiiriin, oli heidän kehityksensä
sitte kohdallaan tai jälessä.

— Jos ei ensi viikon alussa tule tänne kouluun ahkera Jussi


Pekka, ryhdyn minä kirjoittamaan semmoisen kirjeen, että laiskuri
Jussi Pekka löytää itsensä piankin Koivulasta.

— Kyllä minä rupean ahkeraksi.

— Se on parasta se, muuten käy huonosti.


Hän itki.

— Tästä emme virka kenellekään, ei kukaan saa tietää mille


kannalle sinun asiasi jo olivat kääntyä. Eiköhän se ole viisainta?

— Eiköhän se ole? toisti Jussi Pekka, kuivaen kyyneleensä ja


tointuen entiselleen.

Hän rupesi ahkeraksi, raamatunhistoriaa ja katekismusta osasi


hän kiitettävästi, muita aineita välttävästi. Luulin jo uhkapelilläni
johtaneeni kaikki onnelliseen ratkaisuun, mutta jonakin kauniina
aamuna tuli kouluun entinen laiskuri Jussi Pekka, semmoinen
nahkapoika, joka ei tiennyt läksyistä aata eikä oota. Jätin hänet jälki-
istuntoon, lisäksi toruin häntä vahvasti. Otaksuin sentään
poikkeuksen satunnaiseksi, ja olin jo poistua luokkahuoneesta, kun
hän äkkiä tokasi:

— Eihän sinne Koivulaan viedä lukemisen tähden.

— Mistä sinä sen tiedät?

— Kalle sanoi. Kun ei tee mitään pahaa, niin ei viedä.

Hän oli rikkonut vaitiololupauksensa ja kertonut lampuotin Kallelle,


että hänen käy huonosti, jos ei hän rupea ahkeraksi. Ajattelematon
poika särki pirstaleiksi minun kauniit piirustukseni, ilmoittamalla Jussi
Pekalle totuuden, ettei häntä silti Koivulaan viedä, vaikk'ei osaakaan
läksyjään.

— Eipä Kalle ymmärrä niitä asioita… kyllä sinne viedään.

Hän venytteli kaulaansa ja nieleskeli tyhjää.


— Ei sinne viedä muutoin, kuin että tuomari tuomitsee.

— Minä vien sinut tuomarin eteen.

— Mutta minäpä en ole tehnyt mitään pahaa.

— Eikö siinä ole kylliksi pahaa, kun laiskottelee koko vuoden.

— Ne pahat kuitataan arestilla.

— Niinpä istu sitte arestissa iltaan saakka.

Olin aivan voimaton ja aseeton häntä vastaan, ja siten kokonainen


vuosi kului melkein hukkaan, tai ainakin siten ettei Jussi Pekka
oppinut kymmenennestä kaikesta siitä, mitä hän olisi voinut oppia,
jos olisi hiukan hikoillut ja ponnistellut.

Mutta syksyllä sattui elämän muutoksia, lampuoti muutti muille


paikkakunnille, talon olot eivät ehtineet järjestyä niin pikaan, ettei
olisi syntynyt järjestämätöntä lomaa, ja loma taasen koski
kysymystä, minne joutuu Jussi Pekka?

Astuipa sitte eräänä iltana luokseni joku mökkiläisnaapurini, jolle jo


ennenkin olin tarjonnut kaupungin poikaa.

— Minä otan mielisti sen Hokmannin, jos annetaan, virkkoi hän


suoruudella, joka kaikille kunnon ihmisille on ominaista.

— Sitähän minä olen aina toivonut, että te otatte kaupungin pojan.

Seuraavana huomisena Jussi Pekka muutti uuteen kotiinsa, kului


muutamia aikoja enkä minä huomannut mainittavampaa. Poika oli
tapaisensa, luki väliin läksynsä, mutta oli enimmät päivät lukematta,
torkkuen luokalla ja antaen mukiloida itseään, miten pikku pojat
lystäsivät. Mutta eräänä aamuna pisti silmääni jokin uutukaisempi ja
virkeämpi ilme, joka kehysti hänen koko olentoaan ja painoi
näkymättömiin entisen vetelehtijän ja hölmön. Hänen kasvonsa olivat
pestyt puhtaiksi koko alaltaan, hän oli sukinut hiuksensa huolellisesti,
ja kun hän seisoi pulpetissaan ja lauloi vakavan näköisenä
aamuvirttä, en ollut tuntea entistä uneliasta Jussi Pekkaa, kaikkien
poikien ilopuuta.

Alkoi katekismusläksyn kuulustelu, Jussi Pekka viittasi


ensimmäiseen kysymykseen, viittasi toiseen ja kolmanteen, viittasi
koko tunnin, mikäli kysymykset koskivat suoranaista läksyn
taitamista ja muuten kuuluivat hänen kehityskantansa piiriin.

Kummastelin itsekseni mikä poikaan oli mennyt, ja tuumailin oliko


kaikki satunnaista vaiko syvempää ja kypsempää. Päästiin siitä
välitunnille, niin jopa kuului tanhualta möly ja ulina. Riensin
näkemään mikä sen aiheutti; ja tapasinpa Jussi Pekan punakkana ja
suuttuneena löylyyttämässä pikku poikia. Nämä olivat aina
maanantaisin, oltuaan päivän erossa ilopuustaan, halukkaampia ja
palavampia härnäilemään.

— Kun kerran kuulitte, etten minä kärsi, ärisi Jussi Pekka


härnääjilleen, joista osa kelletti tantereella, toisien suiden ollessa
vinossa poruun päin.

— Kun sen kuulitte, toisti hän… ja nyt pysykää erossa, muuten…

Tehtiin sovinto, pikku pojat pitivät saadut hyvinään, Jussi Pekka oli
vakava. Ja vakavuus jatkui huomissa, ylihuomissa, se jatkui
jatkumataan, kun oli kerran joutunut alkuun lähtemään.
Mutta minä en päässyt tolkulle, mikä sen oli vaikuttanut. Otin
hänet vihdoin kaksinpuheluun ja virkoin:

— Sepä hauskaa että kerrankin nakkasit laiskan takin yltäsi. Eikö


tunnu nyt paljo lystimmältä?

— Tuntuu, vastasi hän vakavasti, nieleskelemättä ja kaulaansa


venyttelemättä.

— Sinä kai jatkat tähän tapaan.

— Aikomus on jatkaa, kuului vakavasti.

— Olet ruvennut ehkä jostakin syystä tuumimaan.

— Olen, kuului taasen vakuuttavasti.

Lyhyet, myöntävät ja täydentävät vastineet eivät minua auttaneet


parempaan tolkkuun, kaikki pysyi arvoituksena, kunnes satuin
käymään hänen kodissaan. Oli sunnuntaipäivä, mökin isäntä ja Jussi
Pekka olivat menneet kirkkoon, minulla oli hyvä tilaisuus onkia
vaimolta kaikki syyt ja synnyt.

— Poika on muuttunut kummasti teidän hoidossanne, virkoin


minä, kun olimme hetkisen puhelleet talven tulosta ja muista yleisistä
asioista.

Vaimo rupesi makeasti nauramaan.

— Mikä sen muutoksen pohjana oikein on? Olen kovin utelias


kuulemaan.

Vaimo nauroi yhä makeammin.


— Tuo se pojan muutti, virkkoi hän sitte, osoittaen kehtoa, jossa
makasi muutaman viikon vanha tyttölapsi.

Jouduin yhä tolkuttomammaksi.

— Miten ihmeissä? Kertokaa.

— Taimin ansio se on.

Vaimo kertoi, miten kaikki oli käynyt. Jonakin lauantaipäivänä tulee


Jussi Pekka koulusta kotiin, Tuomas, mökin isäntä, sanoo:

— Tulehan katsomaan, mitä tänne on ilmaantunut, sill'aikaa kun


sinä koulussa istuit.

Näytetään pikku lapsi.

— Oi, miten pieni nenä, miten pieni suu ja… huudahtaa Jussi
Pekka.

Ja hän ihastuu ja ilostuu, hän koskettaa etusormellaan lapsen


huulia, nenää, poskia, koskettelee ja huudahtelee ihastussanoja. Ja
sitte pyörähtää hän ympäri ja tokaisee Tuomaalle:

— Minä menen naimisiin heti kun pääsen koulusta eroon.

Tuomas sylkäisee halveksivasti.

— Sinäkö naimisiin? Kissako sinusta huoli?

— Miksi ei minusta huolita?

— Kun et osaa lukea, siitä syystä ei huolita. Et pääse ripille, et


pääse miehen kirjoihin. Jäät nahkaksi, ruunun raakiksi. Et kelpaa
muuksi kuin karjanpaimeneksi ja kilometripylvääksi.

Jussi Pekan naama venyy pitkäksi, ensin hän painuu syviin


mietteisiin, sitte hän laskee ikävuotensa ja taitonsa. Kohtamaihin
täyttää hän viisitoista, ja se on hyvä juttu se, sillä kahdeksantoista
vanhana pääsee jo naimisiin. Taitoja on hänellä vähän, ja se on paljo
ikävämpi juttu se. Käskyt hän osaa ulkoa, muutamia kohtia
raamatunhistoriasta myöskin osaa hän, mutta rippikouluun ne tiedot
eivät riitä. Lisäksi osaa hän hieman kertotaulua, hieman
yhteenlaskua, laulua, kirjoitusta… ja muutamia klovnitemppuja hän
osaa…

Jussi Pekan naama venyy yhä pitemmäksi, mutta äkkiä se sitte


pyöristyy entisen näköisekseen ja hän tokaisee:

— Mutta minäpä rupeankin lukemaan.

— Se muuttaa asian, arvelee Tuomas.

Jussi Pekka ei enää horjahtele laiskuuteen, hän on ahkera, hän


edistyy ilahuttavasti, hän kasvaa pitkäksi pojaksi ja hänessä alkaa jo
siintää miehen piirteitä.

Kun hän käy viimeistä vuottaan koulussa, keksin minä usein hänet
lukemassa virsikirjaa, minun uteliaisuuteni herää ja minä rupean
vakoilemaan. Ja erään kerran, kun luokka on vallan tyhjä ja kun
pojat lyövät pallia ja kalliot kaikuvat heidän huudoistaan, kuulen minä
hänen lukevan itsekseen: minä Johan Petter otan sinut, Tyyni Maria,
aviovaimokseni, rakastaakseni sinua — —

En jaksa kuulla loppuun…


Viikon, kahden kolmenkin viikon ilot valuvat minulle tuosta. Minun
on usein vaikea näyttää tunnilla vakavalta, sillä minä näen yhäti
Jussi Pekan makeailmeisen sävyn, minä kuulen hänen lempeän
hörähtelevän äänensä, kun hän mutisee: minä Johan Petter otan
sinut, Tyyni Maria — —

Oliko Tyyni Maria olemassa? Oli maarkin. Voudin tytär, jonkun


kuukauden vanhempi Jussi Pekkaa, kykenevä kynsistään ja
jaloistaan, sanottiin.

Koulusta päästyään meni Jussi Pekka rengiksi samaan taloon,


jossa Tyyni
Mariakin palveli.

Ja parin vuoden kuluttua viettivät he häitään.


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