Nama Group 1

Deny Sugeng Subagyo (170110101018)

Iman Riza Fachlevi (170110101034)
Alviraesyah romadhona (200110101092)
Winda Maulita (200110101001)
Qurrotul A'yun (200110101007)
Gaby Maryam Qordova Firdauzy (200110101089)
Naula Qanita (200110101047)
Lailatul Fitriyah (200110101023)
Nurul Ika Silviana (200110101041)
Tarisa Badzlin Amajida (200110101014)
Nahda Khoirun Fitriyah (200110101111)

Class Psycholinguistics C

Reading guideline "language and the brain"

1. Mention each part of the brain and its functions!

(1)Broca's area is crucially involved in the generation of spoken language.
(2)Wernicke's area is part of the brain crucially involved in the understanding of spoken
language(comprehension)
(3)motor cortex is an area that generally controls the movement of the muscles (for moving
hands, feet, arms, etc.).
(4)arcuate fasciculus ("the curved bundle"). This was also one of Wernicke's discoveries and
is now known to form a crucial connection between Wernicke's and Broca's areas.

2. What is localization?
Localization is the idea that specific areas of the brain(different parts of the brain) are
responsible for specific aspects of language ability(behaviors), or that certain functions are
localized to certain areas in the brain.
3. Explain the route of how words are heard and comprehended!
The word is heard and comprehended via Wernicke's area. This signal is then transferred via
the arcuate fasciculus to Broca's area where preparations are made to generate a spoken
version of the word. A signal is then sent to the part of the motor cortex to physically
articulate the word.

4. What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon? Give an example!

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is that feeling that a name, word, or phrase—though
momentarily unrecallable—is known and will soon be recalled. the example speakers
produced secant, sextet, and sexton when asked to name a particular type of navigational
instrument (sextant).

5. What is slip of the tongue?

Slip of the tongue is another speech error or a mistake in speaking, usually trivial, sometimes
amusing. Also called lapsus linguae or tongue slip. most of the slips attributed to involved the
interchange of two initial sounds.
6. What is aphasia? Name each of aphasia you know, and give brief explanation!
Aphasia is defined as an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that
leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms.
a. Broca's aphasia (also called "expressive aphasia") is characterized by a substantially
reduced amount of speech, distorted articulation, and slow, often effortful speech.
b.Wernicke's aphasia "receptive aphasia is the type of language disorder that results in
difficulties in auditory comprehension.
c. conduction aphasia is a type of aphasia that has been associated with damage to the arcuate
fasciculus.

7. What are the causes of aphasia?

The most common cause of aphasia is a stroke (when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked or
bursts), though traumatic head injuries from violence or an accident may have similar effects.

8. What is right/left brain hemisphere specialization to?

of what is generally known as the right-ear advantage for speech sounds. In contrast, the right
hemisphere appears to have primary responsibility for processing a lot of other incoming
signals that are non-linguistic. In the dichotic listening test, it can be shown that non-verbal
sounds (e.g. music, coughs, traffic noises, birds singing) are recognized more often via the
left ear, meaning they are processed faster via the right hemisphere.
In our analysis so far, we have concentrated on the basic linguistic processing of the left
hemisphere, mainly because "abstract concepts and words, along with complex syntax, are
left-hemisphere-dependent" (McGilchrist, 2009: 51). However, we can't process linguistic
communication without the right hemisphere, which specializes in contextual understanding,
using intonation and phrasing, and non-literal meaning with inferences and all that is
involved in pragmatics. Without the right hemisphere, we would never understand a joke.

9. What is critical period hypothesis?

the lateralization process begins in early childhood. It coincides with the period during which
language acquisition takes place. During childhood, there is a period when the human brain is
almost ready to receive input and learn a particular language. This is sometimes called the
"sensitive period" for language acquisition but is more generally known as the critical period.

10. In how many phases does memory include?

Psychologists distinguish between three necessary stages in the learning and memory
process: encoding, storage, and retrieval (Melton, 1963).

11. What and where are short term memory, long term memory, and skill memory?
Short-term memory also called working memory, occurs in the prefrontal cortex. It stores
information for about one minute and its capacity is limited to about 7 items. For example, it
enables you to dial a phone number someone just told you. It also intervenes during reading,
to memorize the sentence you have just read so that the next one makes sense.
• Long-term memory is processed in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe and is activated
when you want to memorize something for a longer time. This memory has unlimited content
and duration capacity. It contains personal memories as well as facts and figures.
• Skill memory is processed in the cerebellum, which relays information to the basal ganglia.
It stores procedural learned memories like tying a shoe, playing an instrument, or riding a
bike.