DoubsyReinforced Beams 191

of
Deslgn
Solutlon.Given: b= 300 mm d = 550 50 = 500 mm
A,, = 2500 mm A,, 400 mm?
SA =25 N/mm? [For M25 concrete|
s, = 500 N.mm' (For Fe 500 steel)
d' 50
=0.1
d S00

and d' = 0.1 from Table 7.1

For Fe 500 steel
S = 412 N/mm

(r,)
e Depth ofneutral axis
0.87 × f,A,, - fAse 0.87 x 500 × 2500 412 x 400
0.36 fa b 0.36 x 25 x 300
x, = 341.7 mm
max
=0.46 d [For Fe 500, Table 4.2]
= 0.46 x 500
X mor 230 mm

x umar' Hence, the section is over reinforced. As per code, for an over-reinforced section the
moment of resistance is limited to balanced moment of resistance.
u =u may = 230 mm
Moment of resistance (M,)
M, = 0.36fabx max (d-0.42 x, ma) +fA (d -)
M, = 0.36x 25 x 300 × 230 (500 -500 x 0.42 x 230) +412 x 400 (500 50)
M, = 324671400 Nmm
M, = 32A.67 kNm

l74. DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS FOR FLEXURE

Design of doubly reinforced beam generally comprises of determining area of tension and
compression steel as dimensions of the beam are already fixed (or restricted).
7.4.1. Determination of A, (ref. Fig. 7.3)
Area of steel corresponding to singly reinforced balanced section (section 1) = A,.
M
ulim
Ast1 0.87 f, (d - 0.42 xmax)
Arca of steel corresponding to section 2= A,
Moment of resistance of section 2
Mu = M, - Mu lim
Mun = 0.87 f,Ass, (d - d) [Considering tensile steel]
Or
Mu, = fA-fe AgeKd -) [Considering compression steel]
Mu2
Asi) 0.87 f, (d - d')
A,, = As, tAsty
192 Reinforced Cement
7.4.2. Determination of Area of Compression Steel Concrete Desian
Muy = Sse .Age- See . Agc) (d- d')
Neglecting loss of concrete area
Mu, = fe.A (d - d')
Mu2
Age foe (d- d')
The various steps involved is the design of a doubly reinforced beam are as followe.
Given: Dimension of the beam i.e., b x D or b x d
Grade of concrete and type of steel
Factored bending moment (M,)
1. Determine the value of f for d
ratio from Table 7.1.
2. Determine x max ie., limiting depth of neutral axis and M, im
M lim = 0.36 f b (d 0.42 xma)
3. Determine A,
M u lim

Ast1 0.87 f, (d0.42 Xu max

4. Determine M,,W2 and A,
M = M,, - M,u lim

M2
Ast2 0.87 f, (d- d')
5. Determine Ast A., =Ast, t Ast Choose suitable diameter of bar and provide them.
6. Determine area of compression steel (A,)

A.gc Mu2
fse (d- d')
Provide A, by choosing suitable diameter of the bar
7. Check for deflection control
100 A
For
P, = bd and f, = 0.58f, Ast provided find k,, from Fig. 6.1
A_t reqd.
P. =
100Asc find k, from Fig. 6.2
bd

(4) max
= 20x k, x ke
= 7x k, xke
[For simply supported beam)
(For cantilever beam]
then OK.
provided

If
(4).. (2) provided
then redesign the section.
 Doubiy Reinforced Beams 193
Deslgnef
Note: Designfor flexure is till step 7, however, for full design of beams follow the steps 8, 9 and
J0also.
8. CCheck for shear is to be done in the same way as explained in Chapter 5.
9. Checkfor development length by satisfying codal provision
M
V,
10. Design summary and a sketch showing reinforcement detailing.
USE OF DESIGN AIDS
Design charts and tables are given in design aids for design of doubly reinforced sections. These
design charts/tables are prepared by using the equations already developed in Section 7.3.1 and 7.3.2.
These charts design and design tables have been prepared for a given concrete mix, type of steel
o
the value d (cover to compression steel). In charts 19 and 20 of "Design Aids' A,t, has been
plotted against(d - d') for different values of M,, for mild steel reinforcement (, =:250 N/mm', 0.875,
175 Nmm´). For other grades of steel, A., and A, can be obtained by multiplying the values taken
fromthese charts by the factors given in Table 7.2 of Design Aids.
TABLE 7.2. Multiplying Factors for Design Charts
Multiplying Factor Factor for A,. for d'ld
(Nmm for Ad 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
415 0.60 0.63 0.63 0.65 0.68
500 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.60

For a doubly reinforced beam

M, = M, lim t My
Mst = 0.87f,A,, (d - d')
M, = Muin +0.87f,As, (d - d')
M, Mulim Ast
bd?
The total area of steelp, is given as
bd? os,1-) where pt, bd
x100

P, = Prlim t Pt

Percentage area of steel in compression is given as

0.87f,A,, (d - d')
Ce-fc ) (d- d') Se-fc) (d- d')
.875,
which gives P. = Pa f-fe
The Tables 45 to 56 of Design Aids gives the values of p, and p, for four values of
0.05,0.10, 0.15 and 0.20] these tables are given for three grades of steel i.e., 250, 415 and 500 and
four grades of concrete i.e., M15, M20, M25 and M30. Table 50 (Table 7.3) of Design Aids is given
here for reference.
Ihe Example 7.10 illustrate the use of design aids for design of doubly reinforced beam.
194
Reinforced
TABLE 7.3 (Table 50). FlexureReinforcement Percentage for Doubly
Cement Concrete Desl
Reinforcedfa= 20SecNnlon
d'ld = 0.15
f,= 415 Nmn
Mu/ba², dld = 0.05 d'ld = 0.10
dld =0.20
Nmm? Pt Pc Pt Pc Pt Pe
Pt
0.002 0.959 0,003 Po
2.77 0.958 0.002 0.958 0.959
2.80 0.967 0.011 0.968 0.012 0.968 0.013 0.969 0.003
2.90 0.996 0.042 0.998 0.045 I.001 0.049 1.004 0.015
3.00 1.025 0.072 1.029 0.077 L.034 0.084 1.038 0.054
3.10 1.055 0.103 1.060 0.109 1.066 0.1419 1.073 0.093
L.091 0.142 1.099 0.154 1.108
0.132
3.20 1.084 0.133
3.30 1.113 0.164 1.122 0.174 1.131 0.190 1.142 0.171
3.40 1.142 0.194 1.152 0.207 1.164 2.225 1.177 0.210
3.50 1.171 0.224 1.183 0.239 1.197 2.60 1.212 0.249
3.60 1.200 0.255 1.214 0.271 1.22 0.295 1.246
0.288
0.327
3.70 1.230 0.285 1.245 0.304 1.262 0.331 1.281
1.276 0.336 1.294 0.366 1.315 0.366
3.80 1.259 0.316
0.369 1.327 0.401 1.350
0.405
3.90 1.288 0.346 1.306 0.444
4.00 1.317 0.376 1.337 0.401 1.360 0.437 1.385 0.483
4.10 1.346 0.407 1.368 0.433 L.392 0.472 1.419 0.522
4.20 1.375 0.437 1.399 0.466 I.425 0.507 1.454 0.561
4.30 1.405 0.468 1.429 0.498 1.457 0.542 1.489 0.600
4.40 1.434 0.498 1.460 0.530 1.490 0.578 1.523 0.640
4.50 1.463 0.528 1.491 0.563 1.523 0.613 1.558 0.679
4.60 1.492 0.559 1.522 0.595 1.555 0.648 1.593 0.718
4.70 1.521 0.589 1.553 0.628 1.588 0.683 l.627 0.757
4.80 1.550 0.620 1.583 0.660 1.620 0.719 1.662 0.796
4.90 1.580 0.650 1.614 0.692 1.653 0.754 1.696 0.835
5.00 1.609 0.680 1.645 0.725 1.686 0.789 1.731 0.874
5.10 1.638 0.711 1.676 0.757 1.718 0.825 1.766 0.913
5.20 1.667 0.741 1.707 0.790 1.751 0.860 1.800 0.952
5.30 1.696 0.772 1.737 0.822 1.783 0.895 1.835 0.991
5.40 1.725 0.802 1.768 0.854 1.816 0.930 1.870 1.030
5.50 1.755 0.832 1.799 0.887 1.849 0.966 1.904 1.069
5.60 1.784 0.863 1.830 0.919 1.881 1.001 1.939 1.108
5.70 1.813 0.893 1.861 0.952 1.914 1.036 1.974 1.147
5.80 1.842 0.924 1.891 0.984 1.946 1.071 2.008 1.186
5.90 1.871 0.954 1.922 1.016 1.979 1.107 1.225
2,043
6.00 1.900 0.985 1.953 1.049 2.012 1.142 2.078 I.264
6.10 1.930 1.015 1.984 1.081 2.044 1.177 2.112 1.303
1.959 1.045 2.014 1.114 2.077 1.213
6.20 2.147 1.342
1.988 L.076 2.045 1.146 2.109 1.248
6.30 2.181 1.381
1.106 2.076 1.178 2.142 1.283
6.40 2017 2.216 1.421
1.137 2.107 1.211 2.175 1.318
6.50 2.045 2.251 1.460
2.138 I243 2.207 1.354
6.60 2.075 1.167 2.285 1.499
2.168 1.276 2.240 1.389
6.70 2.105 1.197 2.320 1.538
2.199 1.308 2.272 4 2.355
2.134 1.228 1577
6.80 1.340 2.305
2.163 1.258 2.230 2.389 l.616
6.90 1.373 2.338
2.192 1.289 2.261 2.424 1.655
7.00 1.405 370
2.221 1.319 2.292 2.459 l.694
7.10
 195
Doubiy Relnforced Beams
Deslgnof
Problemson
Design of Doubly reinforced beams for flexure only
Moment of
7.6. An R.C.C. beam 230 mm x 500 mm effective is subjected to a factored
Example
the reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
KNm. Find b = 230 mm, d= 500 mm
Solutlon.Given:
M, = 200 kNm = 200 x 10° Nmm
SA =20 N/mm
f =415 N/mm'
d' 50
d 500
= 0.1 [assuming 50mm effective cover for compression steel]
(from Table 7.1]
s =353 N/mm
Limiting moment of resistance (M, im)
M,u lim =0.36fa b. xumax (d-0,42 , max)
(Table 4.2]
= 0.48x 500 = 240 mm
M,1. n= 0.36 x 20x 230 x 240 (500 -0.42 x 240)
= 158658048 Nmm
M, = M, - M,lim
= 200 x 10° 158658048
M = 41341952 Nmm

I Area of tension steel (A,)

A,, = As, tAsty
Mulim
Ast 0.87 f, (d - 0.42 xmax )
158658048
0.87 x 415 (500 -0.42 x 240)
= 1100.,7 mm2

Ast Mu2
0.87 f, (d - d')
41341952
0.87 x 415 (500 - 50)
= 254.2 mm

Total area of tension steel = A, tAsty

= 1100.7 + 254.2 = 1354.9 mm

Area of one 20 mm bar = x 20 =314 mm

4

1354.9
No. of bars reqd. = 314
= 4.3 say 5
i Provide 5-20 mm diameter bar as tension steel.
196 Reinforced Cement
Area of compression steel (4,)
Concrete Deslgn
Mu)
J (d- d')
41341952
353(500 50)
A. = 260.2 mm
.". Area of one 16 mm dia bar = 4 x 16 = 201 mm
260.2 = 1.3 say 2
No. of 16 mm dia bars reqd. = 201
.:. Provide 2-16 mm diameter bars as compression steel.
Example 7.7. A beam 250 mm x 550 mm effective is subjected to afactored
300 kNm. Determine the area of steel required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel. Assume d bending =50moment
Solution. Given: b= 250 mm mm.
d = 550 mm
d''= 50 mm
M, = 300 kNm =300 x 10° Nmm
fa = 20 N/mm [For M20 concrete]
s, = 250 N/mm² [For Fe 250 steell
d' 50
d S50
= 0.09, taking next higher value i.e., 0.1
d'
= 0.1 and Fe 250 [From Table 7.11
d

Se = 217 Nmm?
Limiting moment of resistance M,u lim
Mu lim 0.36Jb. x max (d-0.42 max)
Xu max = 0.53d [From Table 4.2)
= 0.53 x 550 = 291.5 mm
M, lim = 0.36 x 20 x 250 x 291.5 (550 0.42 x 291.5)
= 224345979 Nmm
=224.3x 10° Nmm
M, = M, - M,lim
= 300 x 10º 224345979
= 75654021 Nmm
Area of tension steel (A,)
Mlim
As1 0.87 f, (d -0.42 x max)
224345979
= 2412.4 mm
0.87 x 250(550-0.42 >x 291.5)
 RelnforcedBeams 197

Mi, 7564021
As1 0.87 f, (d- d') 0.87 x 250(550 - 50)
= 695 mm?
A, = A, +Asf, =2412.4 + 695
A, = 3108.1 mm?
diabar
mm
25
Using
Area of one bar= 4 x25 =490.8 mm
3108.1
No. of bars reqd. = 490.8 =6.3 say 7
diameter bars.
Provide7-25mm
steel (A.,)
Area of compression
M, 75654021
Ase se (d-d') 217 (550 - 50)
A, = 692.3 mm
diameterbar
Using 16 mm
Area of one bar = Lx16' =201 mm
4

692.3
No. of bars reqd = =3.4 say 4
201

.Provide 4-16 mm dia bars.

Example 7.8. Design a rectangular beam 230 mm x 600 mm over an effective span of 5 m.
The superimposed load on the beam in 50 kN/m. Effective cover to reinforcement is taken as 50 mm.
Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution. Given: b = 230mm, d = 600- 50= 550 mm
l= 5 m Ja =20 N/mm
Imposed load = 50 kN/m = 415 N/mm
I Design or factored load
Self weight = 0.23 x 0.6 x 1x 25 = 3.45 KNm (Unit weight of R.C.C. =25 kNm')
Imposed load = 50 KN/m
Total load = 53.45 kN/m
Design load/factored load = 1.5 x 53.45
w, = 80.175 kN/m
IDesign moment (M,) and design
shear (V)
80.175 x 5?
M, = 8 8
M, = 250.55 KNm
198

80.175 >x5
Reinforced Cement
V,, = W, X 2

V, = 200.4 KN
2 Concret De

Limiting moment of resistance (M, )

M, lim F 0.36Je b.
=
Xu max (d-0.42 åmax)
max 0,48d= 0.48x 550 = 246 mm
Mim 0.36 × 20 x 230 x 246 (550 0.42 x 246)
= 181966711.7 Nmm
Since M, > M, im he section is designed as doubly
reinforced beam
M2 = M, - M,ulim = 250.55 × 10° -
181966711.7
=68583288.3 Nmm

d' 50
d S50 -=0.09, taking higher value of 0.1, from Table 71
J =353 N/mm
Area of compression steel (A,)
68583288.3
fe (d- d') 353 (550 - 50) =388.6 mm
Using 16 mm diameter bar
T
Area of one bar = X162
4

Number of bars reqd = 388.6 =1.93

201
.:. Provide 2-16 mm dia bars.
^sc provided = 402 mm
Area of steel (A)

Ast Mulim
0.87 f, (d-0.42 x,
181966711.7
0.87 x 415 (550 0.42 x 246)
umax

Asi =1128.3 mm

Mu2 68583288.3
Astz 0.87 f, (d - d') 0.87 x 415x (550-50)
= 380 mm

A,, = 1128.3 + 380 = 1508.3 mm

Using 20 mm dia bars,

A, = x 20 =314 mm?
1508.3
Number of bars required = = 4.8 say 5
314
 Reinforced Beams
provided = 1570 mm)
5-20 mm dia bars, (A
Provide curtailed at a distance of 0.08 = 0.08 x 5000 = 400 mm from the supports.
are
.: (wobars
them
of for deflection
Check
Out

100.As 100 x 1570

=1.25
P, = bd 230 x 550
100x 402
P, =
100.Asc
bd 230 x 550
=0.319%

f = 0.58 f, Agtregd 0.58 x415|[1508

L1570
Ast provided
s.= 231 N/mm2
6.1.
1.25 and f =231 from Fig.
ForP,= (1.12 - 0.95)
k, = 1.12 x(231 - 190) = 0.98
(240-190)
Nmm? from Fig. 6.2
o=0.31 and f, = 231
For P
(1.14 - 1.08) x(0.31 -0.25)= 1.09
k, = 1.08 + (0.5 0.25)

= 20 x k, x k, = 20 x 0.98 x 1.09 = 21.36

5000
=9.09 <21.36
provided 550

(). provided
,hence OK.

IDesign of shear
V, = 200.4 kN
200.4 x 10
230 x 550
=1.58 N/mm?
bd

From Table 5.7 Temax = 2.8 N/mm >t , hence OK.

A at support = 3xx 20 = 942 mm (2 bars are curtailed]
4

P, =
100. A_ 100 x 942
=0.75
bd 230 × 550
For M20
concrete, P, ==0.75 from Table 5.1
T =0.56 N/mm
> hence shear reinforcement is to be
Shear resistance of provided
reinforcement,
us= V-Tob= 200.4 x 10 0.56 × 230 x 550 = 129560 N
200

Using 2 legged 8 mm vertical stirrups Reinforced Cement

A,, = 2 x x8 =100.5 mm
4
Concret De

Spacing of stirrups, S, = 0.87 f, .A.d 0.87 x 415 x 100.5 x 550

129560
= 154 mm say 150 mm
Spacing as per normal reinforcement

S, =
0.87 f,.A, 0.87 x 415 x 100.5
0.4b 0.4 x 230 =394 mm
The maX spacing should also be less than following:
(i) 0.75d =0.75 x 550 = 412.5 mm
(ii) 300 mm
.:. Provide 2 lgd 8 mm @ 150 mm
The arrangement of reinforcement of bars in shown in Fig. 7.4.
2 lgd 8 mm @ 150 mm dc
2-#16 mm bars

2lgd 8 mm o
@150 mm clc
mm
K600
(a 4 b)

5-#20 mm
400 mm
3- #20mm bars
400 mm

5 m 230 mm

L-section Section at mid-span Section at support

Fig. 7.4.

Example 7.9. A rectangular R.C.C. beam is 200 mm wide and 500 mm deep. It is reinforced w
4bars of 25 mm diameterincompression. Find out the area of tensile reinforcement required. Aso n
out the moment of resistance of this section. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel. Assume cover for tens
reinforcement = 50 mm.

Solution. Given: b= 200 mm

d = 500 - 50 = 450 mm
Ja = 20 N/mm
s, = 250 N/mm
A, = 4xx
SC
4
25 = 1963 mm
d' 50 d'
d 450
=0.11, for
d
and Fe 250, f = 217.5 N/mm

A max = 0.53 d= 0.53x 450 = 238.5 mm

 201
ReinforcedBeams

tensionsteel (A,) compression and tensile forces

of
Area equating total
calculatedby 0.87f,.A,
is +/Ae =
A,
0.36f bx, x 1963 = 0.87 250 x A,, (assuming, = ,mr, for balanced section]
200x
+ 217.5:
238.5
mm²
0.36x
20x
A,, = 3542.0

resistance(M.)
Momentof M, = M, im + M u
(d-0.42 max)
Mlim = 0.36Jok b. Xu max
-0.42 x 238.5)
= 0.36 x 20 x 200 x 238.5 (450
120145615 Nmm

Muz = fA d- d)
=217.5 x 1963 (450 S50)
= 170781000
290926615 Nmm
M. = 120145 615 + 17075 1000 =
M, = 290.9 kNm
or
for an ultimate
Design a reinforced concrete beam of dimensions 300 mm x 600 mm
Example 7.10. and Fe 415 steel. Use Design Aids.
kNm. Use M20 concrete
moment of 350
b = 300 mm, D=600 mm
Solution. Given:
sa = 20 N/mm
f,= 415N/mm?
M, = 350 kNm
mm dia, bars
Assuming 25 mm clear cOver and 20
Effective depth, d = 600- 25 10 = 565 mm
and M20 concrete
From Table D of Design Aids, forf,= 415 N/mm
Mim = 2.76
bd
M,, lim =2.76 x 300 x 5652 = 264 kNmn
M, > Mu lim
Hence, doubly reinforced section is to be designed.
Mu 350 × 10 =3.65 N/mm
bd? 300 × 5652
Assuming d'=50 mm
d' =
50
= 0.088 [next higher value 0.1 is to be considered]
d 565
From Table 50 of Design Aids
For Mu
bd? = 3.65,
202 Reinforced Cement
d'
d
= 0.1 Concret De

P, = 1.23
P, = 0.29
1.23 x300 x565 = 2085 mm
Ast 100
0.29 x 300 × 565
= 492 mm
Ae 100

Design from Charts d-d' = 565-50 = 515 mm

M, = M, - M, lim
350 - 264
Mu = 86 kNm
Charts 19 and 20 of MuzAids are for f, 250 only hence
Design modification factor from Table 7.2 (Tah.
of Design Aids) is to be used.
-d'=515 mm
From Chart 20 for M.. = 86 and d
= 8.5 cm forf, = 250 N/mm
Modification factor for Fe 415 for A, = 0.60
Modification factor for Fe 415 for A. =0.63
cm= 510 mm?
Ast, = 0.6 x 8.5 = 5.1
535 mm?
A. = 0.63 x 8.5=5.35 cm=
From Table E of Design Aids
P lim 0.96
565 x 300
A lim = 0.96x
1000
= 1630 mm'
A,, = 1630 + 510 = 2140 mm.
A = 535 mm
Example 7.11. Determine the reinforcement required in tension and compression side fom
rectangular beam at mid-span having a simply supported effective span of 4.5 m. The superimps
for
load is 40 kN/m and size is limited to 300 mmx 50 mm overall. Assume suitable data(UPTU design
2012:

Solution. Given: 'efr = 4.5 m

Superimposed load = 40 kN/m
Section =300 mm x 500 mm
Using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Factoredload (w,) and Moment (M,)
Self weight of beam = 0.3 x0.5 x 2S = 3.75 kN/m
Total load = 40 + 3.75
= 43.75 kN/m
 Beams 203
Doubhy Reinforced
Deslgnof Factored load 1.5 x 43.75
= 65.7 kN/m

at mid span =
Maximum moment 8
65.7 x 4.52
8
M = 166.5 kNm

Moment of 1 Resistance (M, im)

Limiting M
cover to tension steel as 50 mm
Assumingthe effective
d = 500 50 = 450 mm
Xå max
= 0.48 for Fe 415 steel
d
Xåmax = 0.48x450 = 216 mm
M, im 0.36fok bumax (d-0.42x,max )
= 0.36 x 20 × 300 x 216 (450 0.42 x 216)
= 167.625 kNm
Mu lim > M,
Uence. this beam may be designed as singly reinforced beam with only tensile steel as compression
steel is not required.
Area of Steel for Tension (A,)
M,
A = 0.87f, (d-0.42 xumax)
166.5 x 106
0.87 x 415(450 0.42 x 216)
A, = 1283.6 mm
Hence, the area of reinforcement required in tension is 1283.6 mm and no reinforcement is
required in compression side.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONs

(A) Fill in the Blanks:
. When the bending moment on a beamn is greater than Rbd then beam is designed.
2, Doubly reinforced beams have steel in and Zone.

4.
Modular ratio for compression steel (m,) is taken as
beams are designed when the dimensions of the beam are restricted.
5. Continuous beams are reinforced beams.
designed as
O. In steel beam theory,
7. Steel
concrete is totally
beam theory is applicable to those beams in which area of steel in compression is
area of steel in tension.