STRUCTURES

Por: Carlos Esbrí Rosales

18 de agosto de 2015
Structures

• Reference,sections and zones

• Fuselage
• Wings
• Stabilizers
• Pylons
• Damage analisys
Structures

Reference, sections and zones

All the structural elements of the aircraft are located according the axes
system of the figure.

center line (en x) se ha puesto pesado con eso

Structures

Reference, sections and zones

station 254, station 350... (en cm)

The station 0 is
located 254 cm or
100 inches forward
from the aircraft
nose.

The main reference for wings and stabilizers are shown

in the pictures:

fuselage and wing datum

(angles)
Structures

Reference, sections and zones él dice que esto no cae

Structures

Reference, sections and zones

The major sections of the aircraft are numbered in the next way:

• 10 Fuselage
• 20 Wings
• 30 Stabilizers
• 40 Pylons and engines
• 50 Landing gear and doors
• 60 Karmans
Structures

Reference, sections and zones

subsections

vertical stabilizer

horizontal stb and elevator

Structures

Reference, sections and zones

pylon
engine

2 functions, sandwich structure composite materials

section 60, Karmans
Structures
En teoría no tenemos que memorizar stations pero sí términos generales de cada parte

Reference, sections and zones

Stations numbering
FR1 (frame 1) = STA350
H. stab ribs are
not parallel to
the center line

rib1 is directly in the boundary

the root is not exactly at the datum

exhaust
nozzle (center body inside)

partes típicas de un engine en resumen

fancone
Structures

Reference, sections and zones

Zone numbering

landing gear doors are inside that 700-799

Structures

Reference, sections and zones

Zone numbering

Karmans
Structures

Reference, sections and zones

Zone numbering Right WIng -----> 600
Left WIng -----> 500

tip
Structures

Reference, sections and zones

Zone numbering

Nose landing
gear

two doors

two fixed
doors

Fíjate en que también están divididos en left and right para cada plano del avión
Structures

Reference, sections and zones

Zone numbering
DOORS

AFT FWD
cargo compartment doors
Structures

Reference, sections and zones

Access panels for servicing or maintenance purposes are numbered with the
zone numbering and two letters: sequence and position code.
LOCATION CODE LEFT WING

access panels to the fuel tank (los circulitos negros)

Lower surface of the wing for all these panels

P/N = Part Number (all elements have a part number)

This is a FIN number S/N = Serial Number
Several elements can have the same P/N but never the same S/N.
131CW this panel belongs to the FWD cargo compartment An alternative is providing the FIN number
Structures

Fuselage

The fuselage is
divided into 6 parts
for manufacturing
reasons.
Tipical sections are
13/14 and 16/17.

13/14 16/17/18

Cada parte del fuselaje se suele fabricar en un país distinto y esas coasas
Structures

Fuselage
The cross section in the tipical
sections of fuselage is the
doble level with skin panels
around fastened on stringers
and frames by rivets.

Hi-Locks = a type of fastener

Structures
Fuselage
Cabin floor panels are made
in a sandwigh structure
built by glass fiber and
honeycomb called NOMEX.
These are installed on
longitudinal and cross
beams made of alloy of
aluminium, fastened to the
frames and supported by
vertical struts to each side
of the cargo compartments
and able to be charged to
1200 pounds for every 28
inches
upper shell
Passenger seats are
mounted on longitudinal
beams which have tracks
on them to fit the seats.
Cabing floor panels are
able to support up to 300
pounds per square foot
without permanent
deformation and 200
without appreciative
deformation.
crossed and longitudinal beams Cargo panels are also
the pax seats are placed in these longitudinal beams made in sandwich
structure and support up
to 450 pounds per square
foot.
lower shell
 Structures

Fuselage NOSE FORWARD FUSELAGE

There is a special structure for windshields and

windows in the cockpit. The distance between frames
is the half of the normal distance in the tipycal sections
( 21’’). The NLG bay is built by panels which are
supported by diagonal beams due to the pressure
difference. Doors frame are reinforced with steel to
avoid cracks in these areas due to fatige.
Skin panel in the area by the windshields is made of
alloy of titanium to support possible birdstrikes

non-pressurized area

Nose fuselage
contains: FWD
pressure bulkhead,
radome ( aramide ),
crew cabin, part of pax
cabin, electrical
comparments, NLG bay
and doors for
passengers and
services.
Structures

Fuselage
Structures
Non-press
Press area area

Fuselage high dP

The section 19 of the

for the 3 pairs of yokes
for the HTP
2 safety valves (for air pressure)
fuselage contains the
structures to install
vertical and horizontal
stabilizers, and the aft
pressure bulkhead
which is support on
FR70 where the fwd
fittings of the vertical
stabilizers are also
located. The rear pres
bulkhead has a domed
diaphragm shape Vertical stabilizers fittngs are
consisting of four on FR 70, 72 and 74. Consist
sheets segments joined of 3 pairs of yokes which
by four radial trasmit charges to the frames
reinforcements with ‘I’ by means of three bolts. The
section. pair of yokes corresponds
with fwd, ctr and aft spar.
Structures

Fuselage
THS structure is built A guide spigot and four
between FR74 and attachments fittings
FR77. The lack of have been intalled on
rigidity in the horizontal frame 77.
planes, upper and
lower, due to the cut-out
of the frames 75, 76 and
77 has been recovered for the HTP, horizontal stabilizer
by means of a system
of diagonal machined
beams.
Two structures of
tubular beams on FR77
trasmit charges from
the horizontal plane to
the tie beams and from
these to the frame
structure.
Structures
posible pregunta, parts of the wing

wing box
trailing edge
Wings leading edge
...
posible pregunta, parts of the wing box

The wing box consist of the next

eleements:
- Two top skin panels
- Three bottom skin panels
- Front spar
- Three rear spar sections
- 27 ribs
- Fittings for the joint wing –pylon
- Structure to support the MLG
- Flaps and slats attachments..
Structures

Wings
The wing central box is
built between FR 36 and FR
42 and provide a fuel tank.
It consist of:
- Forward and rear spars
- Upper and lower skin
panels
- Rib N1 of each side
- Frames 36 and 42
- Ten frames supports
- Six vertical Stiffeners

Forward spar has been

reinforce in its rear side due
to it is a pressure bulkhead.

The central box absorbs the

flexion momentof the wings
and trasmits the torsion
moment and transversal
forces to the fuselage.

this section has to endure really high forces (flexion and such)
Structures

Wings

Wing-pylon fittings are installed on ribs

7 and 8. They are two forward
attachments with a guide spigot, and a
rear mounting.
Both rear anf forward attachments
support only vertical forces. Thrust and
laterail forces are transmited through
the guide spigot.

only three point (bolts) to support the thrust of the engine (the engine itself and its produced forces)
 Structures rib2 rib4 rib5
MLG = Main Landing Gear

Wings
The joints of the MLG to the wing consist of
three fittings:
- A support rib on rib 5
- A pintle fitting on rib 4
- Side stay attachment on rib 2
The support rib is located between the front
spar and the false rear spar.

pintle pin

rib 5
rib 4
side stay
rib 2

rear spar

keel beam
Structures

Wings
The fixed leading edge consist of:
-Front Spar
-Several bay machined ribs.
-Skin
-Access panels
-Subspar
It provides de supports for slats
mechanism, ice protection and
pneumatic duct from the engine.
There are two special ribs to support
the track of each slat but slat 1 which
has four.
Access panels made in sandwich
structure ( NOMEX and carbon fiber
)close the lower surface of the
leading edge, except by the pylon an
machined ribs
hot air ducts made of aluminium.
It also contains the panel for
refueling
Structures

Wings
There are five slats made of alloy of alumium. They consist of a main riveted
structure, track attachments and a trailing structure made of honecomb and
aluminium skin.
Slats 3 to 5 have a system for ice protection and there are holes in the bottom skin
to allow hot air to go out. Piccolo tubes
Structures

Wings
The traks are attached to the slats and they move when the pinnion drives them
when it rotates. The ice protection system for slats 3 to five is a group of tubes
joined between slats by means of flexible hoses and fed by a telescopic tube from
the fixed leading edge.
Structures

Wings

Track 1
inside the MLG bay

The structure of the trailing

edge consist of:
- Top and bottom skins
- Flap track fairings and
shroud box
- Fittings for ailerons, spolier
and theirs actuators
- Fittings for MLG
- Access panels
Structures

Wings
 Structures

Wings

The flap consist of:

- A leading edge
- A trailing edge
- A main box with spars, ribs and skins
All the elements are made of CFRP except the trailing edge made in sandwich
structure of aluminium skin and honeycomb.
Skin and stringers form a monolitic structure.
Fittings and supports are made of wrought aluminium
Structures

Stabilizers
Vertical stabilizer
consists of a
main box, a
removable
leading edge , a
removable
trailing edge, a
tip, the rudder
and all the
main box
fittings

The three parts of the The main box is the primary

leading edge are made of structure. It is a monolitic structure
glass fiber and honeycomb. with three spars, 11 ribs and skin
They are screwed to the panels, made entirely of CFRP. There
main box. are 7 rudder fittins an three rudder
actuators fittings, attached by HI-
LOCKS.
Structures

Stabilizers
The trailing
edge consist
of four panels
to each side
made of glass
fiber and
honeycomb.

The tip is also

made of the
same material
and has been
provided with
metal bands
Fittings are for ray
also made of protection.
CFRP
Structures

Stabilizers

The rudder consits of a spar, 2 ribs ( upper and lower), skin panels, a tip, the trailing
edge, 7 fittings to attach to the stabilizers and 3 fittings for actuators.
All the structure and fittings are made of CFRP. The skin is sandwich CFRP and NOMEX
and trailing edge and tip are made of aluminium for ray protection
Structures

Stabilizers The THS structure consists of the left and right

boxes, central joint, a removable leading edge, tip,
trailing edge, and fittings for elevators and their
actuators.

The left and right boxes are the primary structure ( monolitic ) and the rest of elements
are attached to it. It cosists of the front and rear spar, 13 ribs and skin panels. All of them
are made of CFRP as well as fittings. Both spars are provided with holes to ease the
inspection of the box, as the vertical stabilizer.
The central joint is a ‘T’ fitting made of titanium.
Structures

Stabilizers

THS is supported by three

points:
- THSA fitting
- Rear fitting
- Y charge fitting

There are two fittings for

elevator servocontrol and 6
elevator hinge arms. All of
them made of CFRP.
Structures

Stabilizers
The center joint consists
of two titanium T fittings,
the rib 1 made of CFRP
and a stiffener joint T joint
bracket

The leading edge has a fairing to adpat the

fuselage, and two parts reinforced by 10 and
12 ribs. CFRP.
The trailing edge has four upper and 8 lower
removable panels with 4 access panels. CFRP
& NOMEX.
Tip is made of aluminum alloy.
Structures
NO CAEN LOS PYLONS, NO LOS HEMOS DADO

Pylons
The pylon functions are:
- To support the engine
- To trasmit engine thrust to the
wing
- Guide and support elements of
other systems

The pylon has divided in several

parts shown in the figure
Structures

Pylons
The pylon box supports the engine in
two points: Aft mount and fwd mount.
It is attached to the wing in other two
points.

Its structure consists

of several ribs made
of titanium except rib
1 of steel, upper and
lower spars made of
steel and side panel
made of titanium.
Structures

Pylons
The fwd eng-pylon mount ( on
pyramidal rib 1 trasmits vertical,
lateral and thrust forces while
aft eng-pylon on rib 4 trasmits
vertical, lateral forces and roll.

The fwd pylon-wing

fitting is located on rib 4
and the aft pylon-wing
fitting is on rib 10.

Between ribs 4 and five

is located the hole for
the guide spigot of the
wing.
Structures

Pylons
The aft fixed pylon fairing
consists of 6 ribs, three
longitudinal elements,a
removable beam, two skins
and two aramide and
NOMEX access panels. Its
attached to the pylon box
on the rib 10 and in one
point on the aft false spar
of the wing.
Structures

Pylons

The aft movable pylon

fairing is hinged to the
rib 14 and it is provided
with a link fixed to the
fairing and linked to the
inboard flap lower
suface.
Structure is made of
titanium and steel
whereas skins are made
of aramide fiber
Structures

Pylons
Structures

Pylons The functions of fwd pylon fairing

are:
- To improve aerodinamics of the
pylon
- Guide and protect wiring and
other ducts
- To isolate one from another for
safety reasons
It consists of two longitudinal walls,
an end bulkhead, skins, 9 ribs, a
visor and hinges for fan cowl.
 Structures

Damage analysis
MAINTENANCE: scheduled and non-scheduled

Describe and locate the damage.

Go to the manual.
Two types of damages: el que no hace falta resolver (pero seguramente sí revisar periodicamente) y el que hay que arreglar en el instante.
Manufacterer provides the Maintenance Program.

Two types of programs: Zonal (more general and visual) and Structure (detailed and special detailed).

Two types of damages: repairable and non repairable.

Structures

Damage analysis
Structures

Damage analysis