CE 321

CE 321
PRICIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
John Eduard D. Gallego, CE

Instructor
College of Engineering and Technology
Digos City
Beams and Other Flexural Members
Beams
- Are members acted upon primarily by transverse loading
(Loads that are applied at right angles to the
longitudinal axis of the member).
- They are primarily subjected to flexure or bending.
- The effect of axial loads is generally negligible, and the

member is treated strictly as a beam.
- However, if the axial compressive load is substantial in
magnitude, the member is called a Beam Column.
Types of Beams
1. Girder – Usually it is the most important beams which are frequently at wide spacing.
- It is a major (deep) beam that often provide support for other beams.
2. Joist – It is a light beam that supports a floor.
3. Purlin - is a roof beam spanning between trusses or rigid frames.
4. Stringer – is a main longitudinal beam, usually supporting bridge decks.
5. Floor Beam – is a transverse beam in bridge decks.
6. Spandrel – is a beam on the outside perimeter of the building.
7. Girt – is a light beam that supports only the lightweight exterior sides of the building.
 Commonly used beam cross-sections are standard hot-rolled
shapes including W,S,M,C,T and L shapes.
 Double symmetrical shapes such as W,S and M sections are the

most efficient.
 The flexural strength of a rolled section can be improved by

adding flange plates.
 But if the loadings are too heavy or the spans are too long for a
standard rolled section, a plate girder may be necessary.
 Plate girders are built up from plates in I, H, or box shapes of any

depth.
 Shapes that are built up from plate elements are usually
considered plate girders, but according to Section 507.1.1, Plate
girders are distinguished from beams on the basis of width-
ℎ
thickness ratio of the web .
𝑡𝑤
2,547
 If the width-thickness ratio exceeds , the section is treated
𝐹𝑦
as a plate girder, otherwise it is treated as a beam, regardless of
whether it is a rolled shape or built up.
Section 507.1.1
ℎ 2,547
˃ ՜ 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
ℎ 2,547
< ՜ 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
Beams Bending Planes
 Beams may be loaded in the plane of the web or

perpendicular to the plane of the web.
 If the load is in the plane of the web, it is referred to

as bending about the major (or strong axis). And the
value of 𝐼𝑥 should be used.
 If the load is perpendicular to the plane of the web, it

is referred to as bending about the minor (or weak
axis). And the value of 𝐼𝑦 should be used.
Classification of Steel Sections
 For section to qualify as Compact, its flanges must be

continuously connected to the web or webs and the
width-thickness ratios must not exceed the applicable
limits in Table 5-1.
 Steel sections that do not qualify as compact are

classified as Non-compact if the width-thickness ratios
of the compression elements do not exceed the values
shown for non-compact in Table 5-1.
 If the width-thickness ratios of any compression

element exceed the non-compact limit, the section is
classified as Slender Element Section.
Width- Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
Description of Element Thickness
Ratio Compact Non-Compact
Flanges of I-shaped rolled beams and channels in Flexure 𝑏 170 250

𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
Flanges of I-shaped of welded beams in flexure 𝑏 170 170
𝑡 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑦
𝑘𝑐
Outstanding legs of pairs of angles of continuous contact; angles or plates 𝑏 250

projecting from rolled beams or columns; stiffeners on plate girders 𝑡 NA 𝐹𝑦
Angles or plates projecting from girders, built-up columns or other 𝑏 170
compression members; compression flanges of plate girders 𝑡 NA
𝐹𝑦
𝑘𝑐
Stems of tees 𝑑 333

𝑡 NA 𝐹𝑦
Unstiffened elements simply supported along one edge, such as legs of 𝑏 200
single-angle struts, legs of double angle struts with separators and cross or 𝑡 NA 𝐹𝑦
star-shaped cross sections
Flanges of square and rectangular box and hallow structural sections of 𝑏 500 625
uniform thickness subject to bending or compression; Flange cover plates 𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
and diaphragm plates between lines of fasteners or welds.
Unsupported width of cover plates perforated with a succession of access 𝑏 NA 832
holes 𝑡 𝐹𝑦
All other uniformly compressed stiffened elements, i.e., supported along 𝑏
two edges 𝑡 664
NA 𝐹𝑦
ℎ
𝑡𝑤
Width- Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
Description of Element Thickness
Ratio
Compact Non-Compact
Webs in flexural compression 𝑑 1680 ---

𝑡 𝐹𝑦
ℎ 1995
𝑡𝑤 --- 𝐹𝑦
𝑓𝑎
For ≤ 0.16
𝐹𝑦
1680 𝑓𝑎
1 − 3.74
𝑑 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
Webs in combined flexural and axial compression 𝑡𝑤 ---
𝑓𝑎
For 𝐹𝑦
≥ 0.16
675
𝐹𝑦
ℎ 1995
𝑡𝑤 --- 𝐹𝑦
𝐷 22,750
Circular hallow sections in axial compression 𝑡 𝐹𝑦 ---
𝐷 22,750
Circular hallow sections in flexure 𝑡 𝐹𝑦 ---
Compact Section
 Compact sections have width-thickness ratio not exceeding the limits given in Table
5-1. To be compact, Flanges of the beam must be continuously connected to the
web. Therefore, a built-up section or plate girder constructed with intermittent
welds does not qualify.
 In addition, Eq. 5.1 & Eq. 5.2 must be satisfied by standard rolled shapes without
flange stiffeners. (Eq. 5.2 applies only to webs in flexural compression)
Condition:
𝑏𝑓 170
≤ Eq. 5.1
2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝑑 1680
≤ Eq. 5.2
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
Lateral Support
 To prevent Lateral Buckling, a beam’s compression flange must be supported at
frequent intervals. Complete lateral support is achieved when a beam is fully
encased in concrete of has its flange welded or bolted along its full length.
 In many design, however, lateral support is provided only at regularly spaced
intervals.
 The actual spacing between points of lateral bracing is designated as 𝐿𝑏 .
5.7 Allowable Bending Stress:
I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent About Major Axis
5.7.1 Members with Compact Section

For members with compact section and with braced length 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑐 ,the allowable
bending stress in both tension and compression is:
𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.3

200𝑏𝑓 137,900
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 & Eq. 5.4
𝐹𝑦 𝑑
𝐴𝑓
𝐹𝑦
5.7.2 Members with Non-Compact Section

For members with 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑐 except that their flanges are non-compact (excluding built-
up members and members with yield points greater than 448 MPa), the allowable
bending stress in both tension and compression is:
𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 0.79 − 0.000762 𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.5
2𝑡𝑓

For built-up members with 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑐 except that their flanges are non-compact and
their webs are compact or non-compact, (excluding hybrid girders and members with
yield points greater than 448MPa), the allowable bending stress in both tension and
compression is:
𝑏𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 0.79 − 0.000762 Eq. 5.6
2𝑡𝑓 𝑘𝑐
4.05 ℎ
𝑘𝑐 = ℎ 0.46
if > 70, otherwise 𝑘𝑐 = 1.0 Eq. 5.7
𝑡𝑤
𝑡𝑤

200𝑏𝑓
For members with non-compact section (not included in the above) and 𝐿𝑏 ≤ ,the
𝐹𝑦
allowable bending stress in both tension and compression is:
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.8

5.7.3 Members with Compact or Non-Compact Section with 𝐿𝑏 ˃𝐿𝑐 :

Allowable bending stress in tension:
Members with Compact or Non-Compact Section and with unbraced 𝐿𝑏 ˃𝐿𝑐
the Allowable bending stress in tension:
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.9


Allowable bending stress in Compression:
Allowable bending stress in compression is determined as the larger value of (Eq.
5.11 or Eq. 5.13) and Eq. 5.14, Except that Eq. 5.14 is applicable only to section
with compression flange that is solid and approximately rectangular in cross-
section and that has an area not less than the tension flange. For channels, the
allowable compressive stress is determined from Eq. 5.14.
703,270Cb L 3,516,330Cb
When ≤ ≤
Fy rT Fy
Fb = Larger of Fb1 and Fb3 ≤ 0.60Fy Eq. 5.10


Allowable bending stress in Compression:
2
𝐿
2 𝐹𝑦 𝑟
𝐹𝑏1 = − 𝑇
𝐹𝑦 ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 (Eq. 5.11)
3 10.55𝑥106 𝐶𝑏
𝐿 3,516,330Cb
When >
𝑟𝑇 Fy
Fb = Larger of Fb2 and Fb3 ≤ 0.60Fy (Eq. 5.12)
1,172,100Cb
Fb2 = 2 ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 (Eq. 5.13)
𝐿
𝑟𝑇
𝐿
For any value of :
𝑟𝑇
82,740Cb
Fb3 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 (Eq. 5.14)
𝐿𝑑
𝐴𝑓
The moment gradient multiplier, 𝐶𝑏 is given as:

𝑀 𝑀1 2
𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 1 + 0.3 ≤ 2.3 Eq. 5.15
𝑀2 𝑀2
Where 𝑀1 is the smaller and 𝑀2 is the larger bending moment at the ends of the
𝑀
unbraced unbraced length, and where the ratio of moments 1 is positive when 𝑀1
𝑀2
and 𝑀2 have the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and negative when 𝑀1 and 𝑀2
Have opposite sign (Single curvature bending). When the bending moment at any point
of unbraced length is larger than at both ends of this length, 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0. For cantilever
beams, 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0
Where: 𝑏𝑓 = Flange width, mm
𝑡𝑓 = Flange thickness, mm
𝑑 = depth, mm
𝑡𝑤 = Web thickness, mm
𝐴𝑓 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑏𝑓 𝑚𝑚2 = area of compression flange
𝑳 = 𝐿𝑏 = distance between cross − sections braced against twist and lateral displacements of the compression flange, mm
1
rT = radius of gyration of the section comprising the compression flange plus the of the compression web area
3
Taken about an axis in the plane of the web, mm.
Weak Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members, Solid Bars,
and Rectangular Plates
Members with Compact Sections:

If a doubly symmetrical (I- and H-shapes) rolled shape is placed such that bending
will occur about its weak axis, and solid round and square bars; and solid
rectangular section bent about their weak axis, allowable bending stress is:
𝐹𝑏 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.16

Weak Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members, Solid Bars,
and Rectangular Plates
Members with Non-Compact Sections:

For non-compact sections bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.17
For doubly symmetrical I- and H-shapes with non-compact flanges bent about their weak axis
(with their flanges continuously connected to the web), the allowable stress is:
𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 1.075 − 0.0019 𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.18
2𝑡𝑓
Problem 5-1
A beam is built-up from the following plates: 450mm x 20mm as flanges and 500mm
x 20mm as web. All plates are A36 steel with 𝐹𝑦 = 248𝑀𝑃𝑎 and the flanges are
continuously connected to the web by means of fillet welds.
The beam is simply supported at its ends and laterally supported only at supports.
Determine the value of the allowable bending stress for a length of
450mm
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m.
20mm A2
X
540mm 500mm X
ഥ =270
𝒀
Solution: 𝐴1 = 450𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 = 9000𝑚𝑚2 A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
𝐴2 = 450𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 = 9000𝑚𝑚2
20mm A1
𝐴3 = 500𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 = 10000𝑚𝑚2
X’
𝐴 𝑇 = 28,000𝑚𝑚2 ഥ = 𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝑿
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼1𝑥 + 𝐼2𝑥 + 𝐼3𝑥

450 20 3 2 450 20 3 2 20 500 3 2
𝐼𝑥 = + 9000 250 + 10 + + 9000 250 + 10 + + 10000 0
12 12 12
𝐼𝑥 = 1,425,733,333𝑚𝑚4
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
20mm A2
X
540mm 500mm X
Solution: 𝐴1 = 450𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 = 9000𝑚𝑚2 ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎

𝒀
A3
𝐴2 = 450𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 = 9000𝑚𝑚2 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
𝐴3 = 500𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 = 10000𝑚𝑚2 20mm A1

𝐴 𝑇 = 28,000𝑚𝑚2 ഥ =225
𝑿
X’
𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼1𝑦 + 𝐼2𝑦 + 𝐼3𝑦

20 450 3 20 450 3 500 20 3
𝐼𝑦 = + +
12 12 12
𝐼𝑦 = 304,083,333.3𝑚𝑚4
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
20mm A2
X
540mm 500mm X
Solution:
Check for compactness (Compression Flange) ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
𝑏𝑓 450 20mm A1
= = 11.25 X’
2𝑡𝑓 2 20 ഥ = 225
𝑿
170 170
= = 10.80 (Limiting value for compact)
𝐹𝑦 248
250 250
= = 15.88 (Limiting value for non-compact)
𝐹𝑦 248
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
20mm A2
Solution:
Check for compactness (Compression 540mm 500mm
X
X
Flange)
170 𝑏𝑓 250 ഥ =270
𝒀
< < A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
𝐹𝑦 2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦
20mm A1
X’
.:Therefore, the compression flange is non- ഥ =225
𝑿
compact element
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
Solution: 20mm A2
Check for compactness (Web)
X
𝑑 540 540mm 500mm X
= = 27
𝑡𝑤 20 ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
ℎ 500
= = 25 20mm A1
𝑡𝑤 20 X’
ഥ =225
𝑿
1680 1680
= = 106.68 (Limiting value for compact)
𝐹𝑦 248
1995 1995
= = 126.68 (Limiting value for non-compact)
𝐹𝑦 248
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
Solution: 20mm A2
Check for compactness (Web)
X
𝑑 540 540mm 500mm X
= = 27
𝑡𝑤 20 ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
ℎ 500
= = 25 20mm A1
𝑡𝑤 20 X’
ഥ =225
𝑿
𝑑 1680
≤
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
.:Therefore, the Web is a compact element

Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
20mm A2
Solution:
Solve for 𝐿𝑐 X
200𝑏𝑓 540mm 500mm X
137,900
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 &
𝐹𝑦 𝑑
𝐹𝑦 ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
𝐴𝑓
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
200𝑏𝑓 20mm A1
200 450
𝐿𝑐1 = = = 5,715𝑚𝑚 X’
𝐹𝑦 248 ഥ =225
𝑿
137,900 137,900
𝐿𝑐2 = = 540 = 9,267.47𝑚𝑚
𝑑
𝐹𝑦 248
450𝑥20
𝐴𝑓
Use 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
20mm A2
Solution:
Part a.)
𝐿𝑏 = 4,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚 X
540mm 500mm X
𝑏𝑓 𝐹𝑦 ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 0.79 − 0.000762 2𝑡 A3
𝑓 𝑘𝑐 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
20mm A1
4.05 ℎ X’
𝑘𝑐 = ℎ 0.46
if 𝑡 > 70, otherwise 𝑘𝑐 = 1.0 ഥ =225
𝑿
𝑤
𝑡𝑤
ℎ
Note: = 25; use 𝑘𝑐 = 1.0
𝑡𝑤
450 248
𝐹𝑏 = 248 0.79 − 0.000762 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐏𝐚
2 20 1.0
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
20mm A2
Solution:
250𝑚𝑚
Part b.) 3
= 83.33
𝐿𝑏 = 6,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚 X
540mm 500mm X
𝐿 𝑏 > 𝐿𝑐 ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
𝐿 703,270Cb 3,516,330Cb 20mm A1

; ;
𝑟𝑇 Fy Fy X’
ഥ =225
𝑿
𝐼𝑧
𝑟𝑇 =
𝐴
A =450 20 + 20 83.33 =10,666.6mm2
20 450 3 83.33 20 3
𝐼𝑧 = + = 151.93𝑥106 mm4
12 12
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 450mm
20mm A2
Solution:
250𝑚𝑚
Part b.) 3
= 83.33
𝐿𝑏 = 6,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚 X
540mm 500mm X
𝐿 𝑏 > 𝐿𝑐
ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
A =450 20 + 20 83.33 = 10,666.6mm2 A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
20mm A1
3 3
20 450 83.33 20 X’
𝐼𝑧 = + = 151.93𝑥106 mm4 ഥ =225
𝑿
12 12
151.93𝑥106 mm4
10,666.6mm2 =
𝑟𝑇 = 119.35mm
𝐿 6,000𝑚𝑚
= = 50.27
𝑟𝑇 119.35mm
Problem 5-1
Determine the value of the allowable bending stress for a length of 450mm
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

250𝑚𝑚
= 83.33
Solution: 3
Part b.) 540mm 500mm X X
𝐿𝑏 = 6,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚
ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑐 𝒀
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
𝐿 6,000𝑚𝑚
= = 50.27 20mm A1
𝑟𝑇 119.35mm
X’
ഥ =225
𝑿
703,270Cb 3,516,330Cb
; ; Cb = 1.0 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Fy Fy
703,270Cb 703,270(1.0)
= = 53.25
Fy 248
3,516,330Cb 3,516,330(1.0)
= = 119.07
Fy 248
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

250𝑚𝑚
= 83.33
Solution: 3
Part b.) 540mm 500mm X X
𝐿𝑏 = 6,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚
ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
𝐿 6,000𝑚𝑚
= = 50.27 20mm A1
𝑟𝑇 119.35mm
X’
ഥ =225
𝑿
703,270Cb 𝐿 3,516,330Cb
> <
Fy 𝑟𝑇 Fy
82,740Cb
Fb3 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦
𝐿𝑑
𝐴𝑓
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

250𝑚𝑚
= 83.33
Solution: 3
X
Part b.) 540mm 500mm X
𝐿𝑏 = 6,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚
ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
0.60𝐹𝑦 = 0.60 248𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 148.8𝑀𝑃𝑎
20mm A1
82,740Cb X’
Fb3 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 ഥ =225
𝑿
𝐿𝑑
𝐴𝑓
82,740 1.0
Fb3 = = 229.83MPa
6000𝑥540
450𝑥20
Use 𝐅𝐛 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝐌𝐏𝐚

Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

250𝑚𝑚
= 83.33
Solution: 3
Part c.) 540mm 500mm
X X
𝐿𝑏 = 10,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚
ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
151.93𝑥106 mm4
10,666.6mm2 =
𝑟𝑇 = 119.35mm 20mm A1
X’
ഥ =225
𝑿
𝐿 10,000
= = 83.79
𝑟𝑇 119.35
703,270Cb 3,516,330Cb
= 53.25 = 119.07
Fy Fy
703,270Cb 𝐿 3,516,330Cb
Thus, <𝑟 <
Fy 𝑇 Fy
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

250𝑚𝑚
= 83.33
Solution: 3
X
Part c.) 540mm 500mm X
𝐿𝑏 = 10,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚
ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑐 A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
703,270Cb 𝐿 3,516,330Cb
20mm A1
Thus, < < ; Fb = Larger of Fb1 and Fb3 ≤ 0.60Fy X’
Fy 𝑟𝑇 Fy ഥ =225
𝑿
𝐿 2 10,000 2
2 𝐹𝑦 𝑟 2 248 119.35
𝑇
𝐹𝑏1 = − 𝐹 = − 248MPa = 124.4MPa
3 10.55𝑥106 𝐶𝑏 𝑦 3 10.55𝑥106 (1.0)
82,740Cb 82,740(1.0)
Fb3 = = 10,000𝑥540 = 137.9MPa
𝐿𝑑 450𝑥20
𝐴𝑓
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

250𝑚𝑚
= 83.33
Solution: 3
Part d.) 540mm 500mm X X

𝐿𝑏 = 16,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚
ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑐 A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
151.93𝑥106 mm4
10,666.6mm2 =
𝑟𝑇 = 119.35mm 20mm A1
X’
ഥ =225
𝑿
𝐿 16,000
= = 134.06
𝑟𝑇 119.35
703,270Cb 3,516,330Cb
= 53.25 = 119.07
Fy Fy
703,270Cb 𝐿 3,516,330Cb
Thus, <𝑟 >
Fy 𝑇 Fy
Problem 5-1
a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

250𝑚𝑚
Solution: 3
= 83.33
Part d.) 540mm 500mm X X

𝐿𝑏 = 16,000𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑐 ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝒀
A3 𝑇𝑤 = 20mm
703,270Cb 𝐿 3,516,330Cb 20mm A1

Thus, <𝑟 > ; Fb = Larger of Fb2 and Fb3 ≤ 0.60Fy X’
Fy 𝑇 Fy ഥ =225
𝑿
1,172,100Cb 1,172,100(1.0)
Fb2 = 2 = 16,000 2
= 65.22MPa
𝐿
𝑟𝑇 119.35
82,740Cb 82,740(1.0)
Fb3 = = = 86.19MPa
𝐿𝑑 16,000𝑥540
𝐴𝑓 450𝑥20

CE 321 - Steel Design (Beams &amp; Flexural Members)

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CE 321 - Steel Design (Beams &amp; Flexural Members)

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PRICIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

John Eduard D. Gallego, CE

- The effect of axial loads is generally negligible, and the

 Double symmetrical shapes such as W,S and M sections are the

 The flexural strength of a rolled section can be improved by

 Plate girders are built up from plates in I, H, or box shapes of any

 Beams may be loaded in the plane of the web or

 If the load is in the plane of the web, it is referred to

 If the load is perpendicular to the plane of the web, it

 For section to qualify as Compact, its flanges must be

 Steel sections that do not qualify as compact are

 If the width-thickness ratios of any compression

Flanges of I-shaped rolled beams and channels in Flexure 𝑏 170 250

Outstanding legs of pairs of angles of continuous contact; angles or plates 𝑏 250

Stems of tees 𝑑 333

Webs in flexural compression 𝑑 1680 ---

5.7.1 Members with Compact Section

𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.3

5.7.2 Members with Non-Compact Section

5.7.2 Members with Non-Compact Section

5.7.2 Members with Non-Compact Section

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.8

5.7.3 Members with Compact or Non-Compact Section with 𝐿𝑏 ˃𝐿𝑐 :

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.9

5.7.3 Members with Compact or Non-Compact Section with 𝐿𝑏 ˃𝐿𝑐 :

Fb = Larger of Fb1 and Fb3 ≤ 0.60Fy Eq. 5.10

5.7.3 Members with Compact or Non-Compact Section with 𝐿𝑏 ˃𝐿𝑐 :

Fb = Larger of Fb2 and Fb3 ≤ 0.60Fy (Eq. 5.12)

The moment gradient multiplier, 𝐶𝑏 is given as:

Members with Compact Sections:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.16

Members with Non-Compact Sections:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.17

𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼1𝑥 + 𝐼2𝑥 + 𝐼3𝑥

Solution: 𝐴1 = 450𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 = 9000𝑚𝑚2 ഥ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎

𝐴3 = 500𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 = 10000𝑚𝑚2 20mm A1

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼1𝑦 + 𝐼2𝑦 + 𝐼3𝑦

.:Therefore, the Web is a compact element

𝐿 703,270Cb 3,516,330Cb 20mm A1

a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

Use 𝐅𝐛 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝐌𝐏𝐚

a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

Part d.) 540mm 500mm X X

a.) 4m, b.) 6m, c.) 10m, d.) 16m. 20mm A2

Part d.) 540mm 500mm X X

703,270Cb 𝐿 3,516,330Cb 20mm A1

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CE 321 - Steel Design (Beams & Flexural Members)

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