Chapter 3: subsoil Exploration:

 Depth of boreholes:
1) Stress ratio method:
∆𝜎
= 0.05 → 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝐷1 )
𝜎𝑜 ′
∆𝜎
= 0.1 → 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝐷2 )
𝑞
Where:
 ∆𝜎 = function of (D)
 𝜎𝑜′ = 𝛾′ ∗ 𝐷 (𝛾 ′ : 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙)
 Note: when soil was in saturated condition ( 𝛾′ = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
 q = P / A [ A: Area of foundation ]
use smaller value between (D1 & D2)

2) Building size method:

- If we have [light steel or narrow concrete building]  Db = S0.7 * a

- If we have [heavy steel or wide concrete building]  Db = S0.7 * b

Where:
 Db = depth of borehole
 S = number of stories
3 𝑖𝑓 𝐷𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
 𝑎=
10 𝑖𝑓 𝐷𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕
6 𝑖𝑓 𝐷𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
 𝑏=
20 𝑖𝑓 𝐷𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕

 No. of Boreholes:
1) Terzaghi & peck  one borehole every 230 m^2
2) Bowels:
- If Building between 250m2 (2700 ft2) and 1020 m2 (11,000 ft2)  use
4 or 5 boreholes
- If Building < 250m2 (2700 ft2)  use 3 boreholes
3) Table (Slide 18)  NOTE: Do not use less than 3 boreholes
Notes (sampler method):
 Samples placed in glass jar to prevent moisture loss
 “split spoon” used in (SPT test)
 “split spoon & Augers” produce (disturbed sample)
 “Shelby tube and piston sampler” produce (undisturbed sample)
 (Shelby tube) used in soft to firm silts & clay

D2o−D2i
 Degree of disturbance (Ar) = ∗ 100
D2i
 When (Ar) is high  the sample will be disturbed
 When (Ar) is low or less than 10%  the sample will be undisturbed

In situ tests:
 Standard penetration test (SPT):
Notes:
- Obtain sample + number of blows (N)
- Not applicable in soft clays and silt

Calculations:
1) N60: number of blows at 60% hammer efficiency
𝜂𝐻 ∗ 𝜂𝐵 ∗ 𝜂𝑠 ∗ 𝜂𝑅
𝑁60 =
60
𝜂𝐻 = hammer efficiency (%)
𝜂𝐵 = correction of borehole diameter
𝜂𝑠 = sampler correction
𝜂𝑅 = correction for rod length

2) Finding soil properties by these correlations:

For Cohesive soil:
 Cu: undrained shear strength
𝑪𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 ∗ (𝑵𝟔𝟎 )𝟎.𝟕𝟐 ∗ 𝑷𝒂
𝑪𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 ∗ (𝑵𝟕𝟖 )𝟎.𝟕𝟐 ∗ 𝑷𝒂
𝑵𝟕𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝑵𝟔𝟎 && 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒑𝒂 & 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑰𝒃/𝒊𝒏𝟐
 OCR: over consolidation ratio
𝑵𝟔𝟎 𝟎.𝟔𝟖𝟗
𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒏𝒆 & 𝒌𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒒. → 𝑶𝑪𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟑 ( )
𝝈𝒐 ′
𝑵𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝑷𝒂
𝒌𝒖𝒍𝒉𝒂𝒘𝒚 𝒆𝒒. → 𝑶𝑪𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 ∗
𝝈𝒐 ′
Where: 𝜎𝑜′ = 𝛾′ ∗ 𝐷

 𝜎𝑐′ : preconsolidation pressure

𝜎𝑐′ = 0.47 ∗ 𝑁60 ∗ 𝑃𝑎

For Granular soil:

(𝑵𝟏 )𝟔𝟎 = 𝑪𝑵 ∗ 𝑵𝟔𝟎

𝟎.𝟓
𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒐 & 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒏 → 𝑪𝑵 = [
]
𝝈′
( 𝒐)
𝑷𝒂
′ ′
Where: 𝜎𝑜 = 𝛾 ∗ 𝐷 && 𝑃𝑎 = 100 𝐾𝑝𝑎 && 200 𝑃𝑠𝑖

(𝑁1 )60
 Dr : relative density = 100 ∗ √
60
 𝝓′ : 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆:
1) Wolff, 1989
𝜙 ′ = 27.1 + 0.3(𝑁1 )60 − 0.00054 ∗ ((𝑁1 )60 )2
2) Schmertmann (1975)
0.34
𝑁60
𝜙 ′ = tan−1 ( )
𝝈′𝒐
12.2 + 20.3 ∗
𝑷𝒂
3) Hatanaka & Uchida (1996)
𝜙 ′ = √15.4 ∗ (𝑁1 )60 + 20
 Es: modulus of elasticity of granular soil
𝐸𝑠 = 𝛼 ∗ 𝑁60 ∗ 𝑃𝑎
 𝛼 = [ 5 sands with fines OR 10 clean normally consolidated sand OR
15 clean overconsolidated sand ]

 Cone penetration test (CPT): (not suitable for gravelly soil)

 Friction ratio (Fr %) = fs / qc

qt = qc + u (1 – a )
where: fs = sleeve friction && qt = corrected cone resistance
u = pore water pressure && a = net area ratio (0.7 – 0.85)

Fr ranges (0 – 10%)

𝒒𝒕
(𝒒𝒕 )𝟏 =
𝝈′𝒐
𝒒𝒕 𝟏
𝑫𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ √
𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝑶𝑪𝑹𝟎.𝟐

 Friction angle:
𝒒𝒕
𝝓 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ′ ))
𝝈𝒐

 Preconsolidation stress:
𝒒 −𝝈
- Electric cone: 𝝈′𝒄 = 𝒕 𝒐
𝟑
𝒖𝟏 −𝒖𝒐
- Piezo cone: 𝝈′𝒄 =
𝟑

 Undrained shear strength (Cu)

𝒒𝒄 − 𝝈𝒐
𝑪𝒖 =
𝑵𝑲
𝝈𝒐 = total stress = 𝝈′𝒐 + 𝒖
qc = cone resistance
NK = cone factor
- Electric cone  NK = 15
- Mechanical cone  NK = 20
- If (PI = LL – PL is given) use  NK = 19 – (PI – 10)/5 [PI >10]
 Vane shear test (VST): (limited to (soft to stiff clay and silt))
- Used to find undrained shear strength

- These device measure:

 Torque at (Peak instant and remolded (after 10 revolution))
 From (Torque (T)) we calculate (Cuv):
𝟔𝑻
𝑪𝒖𝒗 = 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝑫 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆
𝟕 𝝅 𝑫𝟑
: (St) ‫( ومن خاللهم منحسب‬Cuv (remolded)) ‫( و‬Cuv (peak)) ‫ وهيك منحسب‬-
𝑪𝒖𝒗 (𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌)
𝑺𝒕 =
𝑪𝒖𝒗 (𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒅)

- Undrained shear strength:

𝑻
𝑪𝒖 = 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 → 𝑻 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆
𝑲

K for rectangular vane:

𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝒅
𝑲= (𝒉 + )
𝟐 𝟑
K for tapered vane:
𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝒅 𝒅
𝑲= (𝟔𝒉 + + )
𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒊𝒃

- Corrected undrained shear strength:

𝑪𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝝀 ∗ 𝑪𝒖𝒇𝒆𝒊𝒍𝒅
𝝀 = correction factor:
 Bjerrum (1972)
𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑷𝑰(%))
 Morris and Williams (1994):
𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 ∗ 𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟖∗𝑷𝑰 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 (𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝑰 > 𝟓)
𝝀 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟏𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟖∗𝑳𝑳 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 (𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑳𝑳 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 %)

PI = LL – PL
 - Preconsolidation stress:
𝟎.𝟖𝟑
𝝈′𝒄 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 ∗ [𝑪𝒖 𝒇𝒆𝒊𝒍𝒅 ]
𝝈′𝒄 in (KN/m2)
𝑪𝒖 𝒇𝒆𝒊𝒍𝒅 in (KN / m2) …………

- OCR: over consolidation ratio:

𝑪𝒖 𝒇𝒆𝒊𝒍𝒅
𝑶𝑪𝑹 = 𝜷 ∗
𝝈′𝒐

𝜷 from these eqs.:

 Mayne and Mitchel:
𝜷 = 𝟐𝟐 ∗ (𝑷𝑰)−𝟎.𝟒𝟖
 Hansbo:
𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝜷=
𝑤(%)
 Larsson:
𝟏
𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝑷𝑰

 Borehole shear test (BST): (this test better in clay and silt soil)

𝑵 𝑺
𝝈′ = && 𝒔=
𝑨 𝟐𝑨