FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

FCE 431: Structural Design IA 2022-2023

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MUTHOMI MUNYUA
muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke

22 November 2022

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Doubly Reinforced Beams

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Flexure at ULS

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Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Flexure at ULS

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

5 SECTION DEPTH
 h is the overall depth of the section, d is the effective depth of the section, and b is
the breadth of the section.
 𝑑 is the distance from the top of the compression zone to the centre of the top
reinforcement
 x is the depth to the neutral axis and z is the lever arm.
 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of the reinforcing steel in the tension zone.
 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of the reinforcing steel in the compression zone.
 𝜀 is the strain in the reinforcing steel in the tension zone.
 𝜀 is the strain in the reinforcing steel in the compression zone.
 0.87𝑓 is the stress in the reinforcing steel in the tension zone.
 𝜀 is the strain in concrete in the compression zone.
 0.567𝑓 is the stress in concrete in the compression zone.
 𝐹 is the force in the concrete in the compression zone.
 𝐹 is the force in the steel in the tension zone.
 𝐹 is the force in the steel in the compression zone.
 c is the cover to reinforcement.

Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Flexure at ULS

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

7 DERIVATION
.
1. 𝑓 .
0.567𝑓

2. 𝑓 .
0.87𝑓

 At ULS: Limited by EC 2: 𝑥 0.45𝑑

 Equilibrium:

 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹

 Remember: 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

 0.87𝑓 𝐴 0.567𝑓 𝑏 0.8𝑥 0.87𝑓 𝐴

 0.87𝑓 𝐴 0.567𝑓 𝑏 0.8 0.45𝑑 0.87𝑓 𝐴

 0.87𝑓 𝐴 0.204𝑓 𝑏𝑑 0.87𝑓 𝐴

8 DERIVATION

 Taking moments (about Tension steel)

 𝑀 𝐹𝑧 𝐹 𝑑 𝑑
 𝑀 0.204𝑓 𝑏𝑑 𝑧 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑
 At ULS: EC 𝑥 0.45𝑑 (at failure i.e. maximum stress)
 But 𝑧 𝑑 0.4𝑥
 𝑧 𝑑 0.4 0.45𝑑 at ULS: 𝑥 0.45𝑑 limitedbyEC
 𝑧 1 0.4 0.45 𝑑
 𝑧 0.82𝑑
 Substituting in the main equation

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

9 DERIVATION
 Substituting in the main equation

 𝑀 0.204𝑓 𝑏𝑑 𝒛 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑

 𝑀 0.204𝑓 𝑏𝑑 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝒅 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑

 𝑀 0.167𝑓 𝑏𝑑 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑

 Remember: 𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓

 ∴𝑀 𝑀 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑

 Rearranging

 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 𝑑 𝑀 𝑀

 𝐴 .

10 DERIVATION
 From eqn (1) reproduced below:

 0.87𝑓 𝐴 0.204𝑓 𝑏𝑑 0.87𝑓 𝐴

 Multiply each term by z:

 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧 0.204𝑓 𝑏𝑑 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧

 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧 0.204𝑓 𝑏𝑑 𝒛 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧

 But 𝑧 𝑑 0.4𝑥

 𝑧 𝑑 0.4 0.45𝑑 at ULS: 𝑥 0.45𝑑 limitedbyEC

 𝑧 1 0.4 0.45 𝑑

 𝑧 0.82𝑑

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

DERIVATION
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 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧 0.204𝑓 𝑏𝑑 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝒅 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧

 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧 0.167𝑓 𝑏𝑑 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧

. .
 𝐴
. .

.
 𝐴 𝐴
.

 𝐴 𝐴
.

Doubly reinforced beam

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 Go back to our question:

 Design a 500mm deep by 200mm wide beam of Concrete C20/25, spanning 5m

carrying a design UDL of 50kN/m. Characteristic strength of steel is 460MPa. Cover
to reinforcement is 30mm. For initial calculation, assume longitudinal reinforcement
with a diameter of 25mm and transverse reinforcement with a diameter of 8mm.
Draw the free body diagram, shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.

 𝑉 125𝑘𝑁

 𝑀 156.25𝑘𝑁𝑚
 𝑐 30𝑚𝑚 ∅ 25𝑚𝑚 ∅ 8𝑚𝑚 ℎ 500𝑚𝑚
∅
 𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 ∅

 500 30 8 449.5𝑚𝑚

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

DERIVATION
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 M 0.167bd f 0.167 200 449.5 20 134.97kNm

 M 156.25kNm M 134.97kNm ⇒ doubly reinforced
.
 𝐾 .
0.193 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑

 What can we do:

1. Increase section depth

2. Increase section width
3. Add compression reinforcement

14 COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT
 M 0.167bd f 0.167 200 449.5 20 134.97kNm

 M 156.25kNm M 134.97kNm ⇒ doubly reinforced

.
 𝐾 .
0.193 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑

. .
 𝐴 134𝑚𝑚
. . . .

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

15 COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT
 134𝑚𝑚

 PROVIDE TOP 2T12 (226𝑚𝑚

16 TENSION REINFORCEMENT
 Since 𝐾 𝐾

 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K′ d 0.5 0.25 0.882 0.167 d

0.82d limit z 0.95d

 𝐴 𝐴
.

.
 𝐴 134
. . .

 𝐴 1049𝑚𝑚

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

17 TENSION REINFORCEMENT
1049𝑚𝑚

 PROVIDE BOTTOM 3T25 (1473𝑚𝑚 or 4T20(1257𝑚𝑚 )

 Either of the two are right answers, provide only ONE in your answer

 Provide sketch (Show areas)

Feedback
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feedback

muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke
22 November 2022

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