Measures of fertility

Crude birth rate total fertility rate, General fertility rate and are the most common
measure
Of fertility.
crude birth rate (CBR): is the simplest measure of fertility. It is expressed in terms
of number of birth in a year per thousand of the midyear population.
CBR= No. of live births____ x 1000
Mid – year population
Example (1)
The number of live births and midyear population for place “Y” were 2300 and
400,000 respectively. A s
CBR= 2300______ x 1000
400.000,

= 5.75 births per 1000 per year

The major drawback of CBR is that, it does not take into account the age and sex
structure of the population.
For example, it is possible for the same CBR to be derived from two very different
demographic situations. Region “A” has a high proportion Of elderly people but a
moderate level of fertility maintained because those people in the reproductive age
rang happen to be quite prolific. In contrast, region “B” has a younger population,
but the CBR is the same because wide spread practice of birth control has lowered
the lowered the level of fertility. Interns of potential population growth, however,
there could be a considerable difference between the two regions, with the younger
population of “B” offering greater fecundity and therefor a potentially higher rate
of natural increase.
General Fertility Rate(GFR) measure the number live birth of live births in a year,
per thousand Woman of reproductive Age915-49)
Example ( 2)
The number of live births in place “B” was 20,500 and its number of women aged
15- 49 year was 826,000 calculate GFR
GFR= 20.500______ * 1000
826.00
= 248 per1000. This shows that 24.8 children were born for every 1000 women in
their reproductive years.
The GFR refines the CBR, but it has a weakness, i.e. it does not account for
differences in fertility in age groups, it means, the child bearing rate may
appreciably be higher in the age group of 20-29 than in the 15-19 and 30-49 age
groups
Total fertility rate (TFR):
refers to the average number of children that would be born alive to a woman
during her life time if she were to pass through all her child – bearing years. It is
the most sensitive and the most meaningful measure of fertility.
TFR if the sum of the age- specific birth rates (ASBR) , that is (5 year age group
between 15 it is and 49) for female residents of a specified area during a specified
Year multiplied by 5 it is helpful for comparing the fertility performance of
different population or social groups.
TFR=(∑ASBR)X5
Where ∑ is summation of ASBR is 5-year age- specific birth rate defined as
ASBR = BX ____ X 1000
PX
Where BX is the number of live birth to mothers of age x and P x is the number of
resident women age x the value or age group represented by both BX and PX are
15- 19,20-24, 25- 29 30-34, 35-49,40-44,and 45- 49 .the sum of these represents a
five – year cohort of women’s.

Calculate the TFR based on the data given below

Table 5.8 the TFR for a given hypothetical Kelli for year 2008
Age Group 2008 Births 2008 female
population
15-19 10,000 190,000
20-24 20,000 210,000
25-29 25,000 231,000
30-34 18,000 221,000
35-39 9000 215,000
40-44 2000 205,000
45-49 600 200,000

(A) Solution ( B) ASBR=10.000 x1000

First calculate the ASBR (age specific 190.000 =52.6
Birth rate) for each age group using the =20-24
following formula ASBR = 2000X 1000
210.000
ASBR BX x1000 =95.2
PX
Do the same to the rest of the age groups Next add allof ur results and than
multiply by 5That is TFR. In other Words ,, you have to uses this formula
TFR = (∑ASBR) X5
Table 5.9 TFR for table 5.8 above
Age Group 2008 Births 2008 female ASBR (Live births per
population 1000 per ages)
15-19 10,000 190,000 52.6
20-24 20,000 210,000 95.2
25-29 25,000 231,000 108.2
30-34 18,000 221,000 81.4
35-39 9000 215,000 41.9
40-44 2000 205,000 9.8
45-49 600 200,000 3.0

Measures of mortality
The most widely used measure of mortality are crude death rate and infant
mortality rate
Crude death rate (CDR) : is the simplest measure of mortality indicating the
number of deaths in a particular year per thousand of population.
CDR = Number of deaths in the year x 1000
Mid year total population

Example
In a hypothetical region the total number of deaths observed in 2007 was 90,000
and the total mid- year population was 30 million. calculate the CDR

CDR = 90,000_____ X1000 = 3_____

30.000.000 1 000
= it means the death of 3 persons were observed for each 1000 people.
Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under the age of one
year, per 1000 live births, in a given year.
IMR= Number of deaths below the age of one year X 1000
Number of live birth in the year

Example
A total of 5,000,000 babies were born in a certain region in 2009 of these new born
450,000 babies survived their first year of life, calculate the IMR
Death under age 1= 500,000 - 450,000
= 50,000 babies
IMR = 50,000 X 1000 = 3
5,000,000 1000
= it means out of 3 persons were observed for each1000 people,
Infant mortility Rate(IMR)is the number of death of infants under the Age of one yea
rper1000 live births in a given year.

IMR= Number o f deaths below the age of one year X

Number of live birth in the year
EXAMPLE a total of 5 .000.000 babies were born in a certain region in 2009.
Of thes new born 450,000 babies survived their first year of life CALCULATE
THE IMR
Death Under age1 =50.000—450.000 =50.000 babies
IMR =50.000 x 1000 = 10 it means out of 1000 children b
5.000.000 1000 born in the year 2009.about 10 infants
death before celebrating their first of life
IMR is a good indictor of the level of development and hence, it is higher for
the developing countries than the developed ones, because of the factors
motioned before
Migration
Involves movement of people and thereby influences both the distribution of
people and the size of population. the most common measures of migration are:
Immigration rate (IR) it is the number of people arriving at a destination per 1000
people in a given year
Example
If the number of immigrants in country “A” were 60,000 and the total population
in the same year was 20,000 then calculate immigration rate of the country
IR = _____Number of immigrants___ X 1000
Total population at destination
IR = 60,000 X 1000 = __3___
20,000,000 1000
= it means three(3) immigrants for every 1000 people,
Emigration rate (ER) : it refers to number of emigrants going out or departing from
an area of origin per 1000 population (of the area of origin ) in a given year.
IR = _____Number of emigrants ___ X 1000
Total population at origin
Example
In the year 2004 the number of emigration in country “B” were 20,000and its total
population was 5 million , then what was the ER of the country?
IR = 20,000 X 1000 = __4___
5,000,000 1000
= it means 4 immigrants for every 1000 people
Net migration rate (NMR): shows the net effect of immigration and emigration in
an area. It can be expressed as an increase of decrease per 1000 people in the area,
in a given year.
NMR = Number of immigrants – Number of emigrants X 1000
Total population
Example
Suppose the number of emigrants and immigrants of country “Y” are 45,000 and
295,000. Respectively. if the total population 100 million. What is the NMR for
country “y”?
NMR = 295,000 -45000 X 1000
100,000,000
= 250,000 X 1000
100,000,000
= 2.5___
1000
Measures of population change
Change in the population size of a country or place can be measured using two
different ways:
Rate of natural increase (RNI): it is the difference between birth and death rates, it
is a naturally caused numerical change of a population.
RNI= BR- DR
Example
Suppose the BR and DR of country “A” are 55/ 1000 and 8/1000, respectively
what is the RNI of the country?
RN I = 55___ - 28___ = 27___ or 2.7%
1000 1000 1000
Population growth rate (PGR):
It is determined using the net migration rate together with the birth rate and death
rate
PGR = BR- DR = NMR
 =RNI +0r - NMR
Example
If the RNI of country “B” is 6.5% and the NMR is 25/1000, find the population
growth rate for the country.
PGR=6.5 % + 25__
1000
= 65___ + 25___ = 90___ or 9%
1000 1000 1000
Age dependency ratio (ADR)
Is the relationship between the working or economically active population (adult)
and the non- working population (young and old)?
ADR = Young + elderly * 100
adult
ADR = (Pop.0 -14) + (pop.65) * 100
(pop. 15.64)
Example
If country “A” has 30,000 children, 60,000 adults and 6000 old age population
what is ADR of the country?
= 36,000_ *100
60,000
= 60%
Sex structure
The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females in a population. Male births
consistently exceed female births due to a combination of biological and social
reasons
Sex ratio = male population ___ X100
Female population
Example are females
Say total population of country "X” is 700,000 out of this 400,000 are females
what is the sex ratio of the country?
Sex ratio = 300,000___ X 100
400,000
= 75 male ___
100 female

Agricultural Density = RuralPopulation

Cultivated land
Example in the country B 200.000 sq. km land wos cultivated in 2008 in the
year the rural population of the country was 10 million what wa the agricultural
density ?
Agricultural density = 10 .000.000
200,000 km2 =5 persons per km2 of cultivated area