THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 It states that work done by external loads applied to a structure equals to the
change in its internal energy.

𝐸𝑋𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝑊𝑂𝑅𝐾 = 𝐶𝐻𝐴𝑁𝐺𝐸 𝐼𝑁 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌

 THEORY OF
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WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE THEORY OF

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 WORK done by EXTERNAL LOAD

***WORK = FORCE x DISPLACEMENT

Linear Elastic Curve

Applied Load, F
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐹

∆ ∆ 1
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹∆
∆ 2
𝐹
2𝐹
∆
𝑊 = 𝐹∆ 𝑊 = 2𝐹∆ 3𝐹
Displacement, ∆
𝑊 = 3𝐹∆
 THEORY OF
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WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE THEORY OF

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 WORK done by EXTERNAL LOAD

𝐹

𝐹 ∆
𝐹
∆
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WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE THEORY OF

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 INTERNAL ENERGY 𝟓 𝑲𝑵

𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

= 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 "𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 + 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 + 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈" 𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = (𝟓)(∆)
𝟐
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝟐
𝒅𝜽 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐. 𝟓𝒙 𝟏𝟎
𝟐. 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟐
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝑴𝒅𝜽 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝑴 𝑴 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝑬𝑰 𝟓 𝑬𝑰
𝟏
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕. 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝑴𝒅𝜽 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟐 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 =
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰
𝑴
Recall: 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰 𝟓∆ 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓
= = ∆=
𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟔𝑬𝑰
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕. 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝑬𝑰
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𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

𝑩 𝟓 𝑪 𝟏𝟎 𝑲𝑵 𝟏𝟎𝑲𝑵 𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = (𝟏𝟎)(∆)
𝟐
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 + 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 + 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓
𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝒙
𝟏𝟎 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐𝟎 ∆𝑨𝑩 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟎
𝟐 𝟎 𝑬𝑰
𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒐𝒐𝒌𝒆 𝒔 𝑳𝒂𝒘; 𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺

𝑨 𝟏𝟎 𝑫 𝟐𝟎 𝑬 ∆𝑨𝑩 𝟒𝟎𝟎
= = ∆𝑨𝑩 =
𝑨 𝟏𝟎 𝑨𝑬
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐𝟎 +
𝟐 𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑨𝑩 = +
𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰
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𝟓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 + 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 + 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓

200 200
𝑩 𝑪
10 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟓
𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 𝟐
10 10 10
20
20 20 20 20 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑩𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 ∆𝑩𝑪 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟎
200 𝟐 𝟎 𝑬𝑰
200
20
20 10
𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒐𝒐𝒌𝒆 𝒔 𝑳𝒂𝒘; 𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝑬 ∆𝑩𝑪 𝟓𝟎
= = ∆𝑩𝑪 =
10 𝑨 𝟓 𝑨𝑬
20
20
𝟏 𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨 𝑫 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑩𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 +
𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰

𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑩𝑪 = +
𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰
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WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE (FRAMES) THEORY OF

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𝟓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 + 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 + 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓

200 200
𝑩 𝑪
10 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
20 10 10 10 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑪𝑫 = −𝟐𝟎 ∆𝑪𝑫 + 𝟎 + 𝟎
200
20 20 20 20
𝟐
200
20
20 10 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑯𝒐𝒐𝒌𝒆 𝒔 𝑳𝒂𝒘; 𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
𝟏𝟎
−𝟐𝟎 𝑬 ∆𝑩𝑪 −𝟐𝟎𝟎
= ∆=
10 𝑨 𝟏𝟎 𝑨𝑬
20
20
𝟏 −𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑨 𝟏𝟎 𝑫 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑪𝑫 = −𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟐 𝑨𝑬

𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑪𝑫 =
𝑨𝑬
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WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE (FRAMES) THEORY OF

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𝑩 𝑳 𝑪 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷 𝑷 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑨𝑩 = +
𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰

𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑩𝑪 = +
𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰
𝟐𝑳
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑪𝑫 =
𝑨𝑬
𝑨 𝑷 𝑫

𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝑷 𝟐𝑷 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 = + + + +
𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝑨𝑬

𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 = +
𝑨𝑬 𝑬𝑰
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WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE (FRAMES) THEORY OF

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𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

𝑩 𝑳 𝑪 𝑷 𝑷 𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = (𝟏𝟎)(∆)
𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 = +
𝑨𝑬 𝑬𝑰
𝟐𝑳 𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
(𝟏𝟎)(∆) = +
𝟐 𝑨𝑬 𝑬𝑰

𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨 𝑷 𝑫 ∆= +
𝑨𝑬 𝑬𝑰

𝟐𝑷 𝟐𝑷
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WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

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𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = (𝑷)(∆)
𝑩 𝟐

𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳

𝑳 𝟏 − 𝟓𝑷 − 𝟓𝑷 𝑷 𝑷
𝑷 = ∆𝑨𝑩 + ∆𝑩𝑪 + ∆𝑨𝑫 + ∆𝑫𝑪 + 𝑷 ∆𝑩𝑫
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝑷/𝟒 𝑷/𝟒
𝑨 𝑪
− 𝟓𝑷 − 𝟓𝑷 𝑷 𝑷
𝑫 𝟒 = 𝑬 ∆𝑫𝑪 𝑷 𝑬 ∆𝑫𝑪
𝑷 𝟒 = 𝑬 ∆𝑨𝑩 𝟒 = 𝑬 ∆𝑩𝑪 𝟒 = 𝑬 ∆𝑨𝑫 =
𝑳 𝑨 𝑳 𝑨 𝑳
𝑨 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑳 𝑨 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑳 𝑨
𝑳 𝑷/𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑷/𝟐
−𝟓𝑷𝑳 −𝟓𝑷𝑳 𝑷𝑳 𝑷𝑳 𝑷𝑳
∆𝑨𝑩 = ∆𝑩𝑪 = ∆ 𝑩𝑪 = ∆𝑫𝑪 = ∆𝑩𝑫 =
𝟖𝑨𝑬 𝟖𝑨𝑬 𝟖𝑨𝑬 𝟖𝑨𝑬 𝑨𝑬
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𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = (𝑷)(∆)
𝑩 𝟐
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳

𝟏 − 𝟓𝑷 −𝟓𝑷𝑳 − 𝟓𝑷 −𝟓𝑷𝑳 𝑷 𝑷𝑳 𝑷 𝑷𝑳 𝑷𝑳
𝑳 = + + + + 𝑷
𝑷 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖𝑨𝑬 𝟒 𝟖𝑨𝑬 𝟒 𝟖𝑨𝑬 𝟒 𝟖𝑨𝑬 𝑨𝑬

−𝑷/𝟒 −𝑷/𝟒 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳

𝑨

𝑷 𝟏 𝟓 𝟓𝑷𝟐 𝑳 𝟓 𝟓𝑷𝟐 𝑳 𝑷𝟐 𝑳 𝑷𝟐 𝑳 𝑷𝟐 𝑳
= + + + +
𝑳 𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝑨𝑬

𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟎𝟔𝑷𝟐 𝑳
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 =
𝑨𝑬
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𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟎𝟔𝑷𝟐 𝑳
𝑷 ∆ =
𝑩 𝟐 𝑨𝑬
𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑷𝑳
∆=
𝑨𝑬
𝑳
𝑷

−𝑷/𝟒 −𝑷/𝟒
𝑨

𝑷
𝑳