GENERAL ZOOLOGY

AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 2. ACCESSORY ORGANS

→ Necessary for the digestive process but do not

Digestive system is a network of organs
happen to be part of the alimentary canal.
that help to digest and absorb nutrition
from the food.
MOUTH
PROCESS INVOLVES IN DIGESTION & → First portion of the alimentary canal.
NUTRIENT ABSORPTION → Surrounded by lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate
and includes a chamber between the palate and
Ingestion Taking in food
tongue called the oral cavity, as well as the
narrow space between the teeth, cheeks, and lips
Peristalsis A rhythmic wavelike motion of
called vestibule.
the muscle tissue.

Secretion Is the release of water, acids, FUNCTION:

enzymes, buffers, and. salts.
Digestion The process of breaking down of
food into molecules small enough
for the body to absorb
Absorption The process by which digested
food is transferred to the
bloodstream
Elimination/ The process of removing waste to
Defecation the outside of the body
TWO DIVISION IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Receives food
2. Prepare it for digestion by mechanically
reducing the size of solid particles and
mixing them with the saliva. (mastication)
BOLUS - Mixture of food with saliva.
3. Organ of speech and sensory reception.
CHEEKS
→ Form the lateral walls of the mouth.
→ It consists of outer layers of skin, pads of
cutaneous fat, and inner linings of moist,
stratified squamous epithelium
→ Also contain certain muscles associated with
expression and chewing.

1. ALIMENTARY CANAL LIPS

→ Continues passageway beginning at the mouth
where food is taken in and terminating at the anus
where the solid waste products are expelled to the
outside.
→ A muscular tube about 9 meters long that
passes through the body's ventral cavity.
→ Surround the mouth opening.
→ It contains skeletal muscles and a variety of
sensory receptors, which are useful in judging
the temperature and texture of food.
→ The normal reddish color of the lips is due to
an abundance of blood vessels near their surfaces.
→ The external borders of the lips mark the
boundaries between the skin of the face and the
mucous membrane that lines the alimentary canal.

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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES

TONGUE
→ A thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor
of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when
the mouth is closed.

→It is covered by mucous membrane and is

connected in the midline to the floor of the mouth
by a membranous fold called frenulum.
FUNCTION: Aid in mixing food particles with
saliva during chewing; food towards the pharynx
during the swallowing.
→ Papillae is a rough projection on the surface of
the tongue that provides friction which is useful in
handling food. These papillae contain taste buds.

PALATE
→ Form the roof of the oral cavity.
→ Consists of a hard anterior part and soft
posterior part.
→ The hard palate is formed by the palatine
process of the maxillary bones in front and the
horizontal portions of the palatine bones in the
back.
→ The soft palate forms a muscular arch, which
extends posteriorly and downward as a
cone-shaped projection called the uvula.
→ During swallowing, muscles draw the soft palate
and the uvula upward. This action closes the
opening between the nasal cavity and the pharynx,
preventing food from entering the nasal cavity.
FUNCTION: Holds food in the mouth; directs
TEETH
food to the pharynx.
Palatine tonsil → At the back of the mouth at → Breaks pieces of food into smaller pieces
either side of tongue which help protect the body → Develop in sockets within the alveolar process
against infections, of the mandibular and maxillary bones.
Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids → Occur on the → There are 2 sets of teeth
posterior wall of the pharynx, above the border of
soft palate.

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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES

PRIMARY TEETH
(DECIDUOUS TEETH)

CHILDREN UPPER LOWER

Incisor 4 4
(Central/Lateral)

Canine 2 2

Premolars none none

(1st and 2nd)

1st and 2nd molar 4 4

10 10

TOTAL 20/20

SECONDARY TEETH
(PERMANENT TEETH)

ADULT UPPER LOWER

PART OF THE TEETH
Incisor 4 4
Crown → Projects beyond the gum and
(Central/Lateral)
covered by glossy white enamel.
→ Enamel consists of calcium salts
Canine 2 2
and the hardest substances in the
Premolars 4 4 body.
(1st and 2nd)
Root → Anchored to the alveolar of the
1st and 2nd molar 6 6 jaw.
and 3rd molar → Deatin is the bulk of the teeth
(wisdom tooth) beneath the enamel. Surrounds the
tooth’s central cavity (pulp cavity)
16 16

TOTAL 32/32 FUNCTION OF EACH TOOTH:

(2) Chisel-shaped → For biting

incisor

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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES

(1) Pointed → For tearing Sublingual → Located in the floor of the

canine mouth beneath the tongue.

(2) Fairly flat → For grinding ➢ SECRETION → A

premolars primarily thick, stringy
mucus.
(3) Molar → For crushing

SALIVARY GLAND
→ Secretes saliva.
→ Saliva --This fluid moistens food particles, helps
bind them together and begin the digestion of
carbohydrates.
→ It also acts as a solvent, dissolving various food
chemicals so that they can be tasted and it helps
cleanse the mouth and teeth.
→ It also coats the food with mucus allowing the
food to go down more easily. Swallowing or
(deglutition)

MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS

Parotid → Located in front of a

REACTION:
somewhat below the ears,
secretes
between the skin of the cheeks
Salivary glands —------------> Saliva
and the masseter muscles.
↓ contains
1. Fluids
➢ SECRETION → A
2. Enzyme (Salivary
clear, watery serous
. Amylase)
fluid, rich in amylase.

Submandibular → Located in the floor of the STARCH + H2O —--------------------------------> MALTOSE

mouth on the inside surface of ↓ SALIVARY AMYLASE ↓
the mandible. (Carbohydrates (disaccharides)
A polysaccharides)
➢ SECRETION → A
primarily serous fluid ● Mumps → Is a contagious disease caused
but with some mucus; by a virus. It causes painful swelling in
more viscous (thick & the parotid gland (parotitis).
sticky) than parotid ● In mouth, digestion of CO2
secretion.

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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES
PHARYNX
→ Often referred to as the throat
→ The digestive and respiratory diverge in the
pharynx.
→ Swallowing involves a set of reflexes that closes
the opening into the trachea.
→ Cone-shaped passageway leading from the
oral and nasal cavities in the head to the
esophagus and larynx.
THREE REGION OF PHARYNX
Nasopharynx → The top region which
connects to the nose and allows
air to pass through
Oropharynx → The middle region which
connects to the mouth and lets
air, food, and fluid through
Laryngopharynx → The bottom region near the
voice box (larynx) that regulates
the flow of air into the lungs
and food and drink into the
esophagus.
ESOPHAGUS
→ 9 inches long tubular structure that takes food
to the stomach.
→ Receives the contents of contacting pharynx and
forces them on by peristalsis.
STOMACH
→ A J-shaped organ that stores up to 2 liters of
partially digested food (3-4hrs) or even more in
some cases.
→ Muscular walls of the stomach contact
vigorously and mix food with juices (gastric juices)
that are secreted whenever food enters the
stomach.
→ Gastric juice contains Hydrochloric Acid
(HCl) and a substance active in digestion (Pepsin -
an enzyme).
→ Pepsin is a hydrolytic enzyme that acts on
protein to produce peptides.
→ HCl is secreted by the stomach with high
acidity that is sufficient to kill bacteria and other
microorganisms that might be in the food.
FUNCTION OF HCl:
1. Softens the connective tissue in meat
2. Kills bacteria and thus destroys many
potential disease-producing agents.
3. It activates at least one of the stomach
enzymes.
→ The chyme (mixture of gastric juice and food)
is the content of the stomach that has a thick, soup
consistency.
→ At the base of a stomach is a narrow opening
controlled by a sphincter.
→ Whenever the sphincter relaxes, a small
quantity of chyme squirts through the opening into
the duodenum. When the chyme enters the
duodenum, it sets off a neural reflex that causes
the muscle of the sphincter to contract vigorously
and to temporarily close the opening.
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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES
→ Normally the wall of the stomach and 1st part of
the duodenum is protected by a thick layer of
mucus, but if by chance the gastric juice does
penetrate the mucus, the pepsin starts to digest the
stomach or duodenal lining and ulcer results.
→ Ulcer is an open sore in the wall caused by the
gradual disintegration of tissues. The most frequent
cause of an ulcer is oversecretion of gastric
juice due to too much nervous stimulation
VALVES OF THE STOMACH
Cardiac valve → Located between the
esophagus and the stomach.
→ Prevents the backflow of
food from stomach to
esophagus.
Pyloric → Located at the end of the
sphincter stomach.
→ Prevents the backflow of
food from duodenum to
stomach.
REACTION:
PROTEIN+ H2O —---------------> PEPTIDE
PEPSIN
● In stomach, digestion of proteins
SMALL INTESTINE
→ Chief organ of absorption; 4-7 meters long.
→ It has ridges and furrows on the inner surfaces
that give it an almost corrugated appearance.
→ On the surface of these ridges and furrows are
small fingerlike projections called villi.
→ Cells on the surface of the villi have minute
projections called microvilli.
→ The villi and microvilli increase the effective
surface area of the small intestine.
→ When the chyme enters the duodenum, the
proteins and carbohydrates in it have been only
partly digested and digested and fat digestion
still needs to be carried out.
PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Duodenum → The 1st 10-12 inches of the
small intestine.
→ Where the mixture of food
and enzyme from the stomach
is added to by digestive juices
from pancreas, gallbladder, and
glands in the intestinal walls.
Jejunum →The middle and form the next
⅖.
→ The most coiled part.
Ileum → Last part of the small
intestine attaches to the large
intestine.
→ Joins the large intestine
through ileocecal valve.
REACTION: secretes
Small intestine —> Intestinal juices → Maltose
contain ↓ Enzyme (Peptidase)
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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES
LIVER
→ Produces bile that is stored in the gallbladder
and sent to the duodenum by way of a duct.
→ Bile looks green because it contains pigments
that are products of hemoglobin breakdown.
→ Nile also contains bile salts, which are
emulsifying agents that break up fat into fat
droplets.
REACTION:
secretes store in
LIVER —---------> BILE —-------------> GALLBLADDER
contain ↓
(digest fats) - BILE SALTS - Emulsifying agent
FATS —------------------> FAT DROPLETS
PANCREAS
→ Produces pancreatic juice and sends it into
the duodenum also by way of a duct.
→ While the pancreas is an endocrine gland
when it produces and secretes hormones insulin
(hormones) and glycogen into the bloodstream.
→ However, the pancreas is an exocrine gland
when it produces and secretes pancreatic juice
into the duodenum.
→ The pancreatic juice contains sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3), which neutralizes the
chyme.
→ The pancreatic enzyme are the
● Amylase - Digest starch to maltose
(Happen in mouth)
● Trypsin - Digest protein to peptide
(Happen in stomach)
● Lipase - Digest fat droplets to glycerol
and fatty acids
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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES

→ Large intestines also absorb some sodium

ORGAN REACTION ENZYME RESULTS and other ions from the material passing through
it. At the same time, colon cells still excrete other
Mouth Carbohydrate Salivary Maltose metabolic ions into the wastes leaving the body.
s + H2O enzyme (Disacchar Thus it functions both in water conservation and
(amylase) ides) ion regulation.
→ The last 20 cm of the large intestine is the
Stomach Protein + Pepsin Peptide rectum which terminates in the anus, an external
H2O opening.
→ Digestive wastes (feces) eventually leave the
Small Carbohydrate Pancreatic Maltose body through the rectum and anus.
Intestine s +H2O amylase (Disacchar → Feces are about 75% water and 25% solid
ides) matter.
→ Almost ⅓ of this solid matter is made up of
Protein + Trypsin Peptide
intestinal bacteria.
H2O
→ The remainder is undigested plant materials,
Fat droplets Lipase Glycerol & fats, waste products (such as bile pigments)
Fatty acid inorganic material, mucus and dead cells from the
intestinal lining.
Maltose + Maltase Glucose
H2O (Monosac → The small intestine joins the large intestine in
charides) such a way there is a blind end on one side. This
blind sac or cecum has a small projection about
Peptide + Peptidase Amino
the size of the little finger called the appendix, an
H2O Acid
vestigial organ and lymphoid.
→ In appendicitis, the appendix becomes
The cells that line the intestinal wall produce the infected and so filled with fluid that it may burst.
intestinal juice, which contains intestinal enzymes → The colon is also subject to the development of
peptidase and maltase. polyps, small growth that appear on epithelial
tissue. Whether polyps are benign or cancerous,
LARGE INTESTINE OR COLON they can be individually removes along with a
→ A 4 to 5 feet in length portion of the colon if necessary (colostomy)
→ About 95% of water is reabsorbed into the
cells of the large intestine. FUNCTIONS
→ This water reabsorption is essential. Failure to 1. Reabsorption of water
reabsorb water results in diarrhea, which can lead
2. Ions regulation
to serious dehydration and ion loss.
3. Temporary storage of feces

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GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES

ANIMAL STRATEGIES for GETTING AND

USING FOOD

1. Continuous Feeders
- Slow moving or completely
sessile animals and they remain
permanently in one
Ex. Aquatic suspension feeders such as tubeworms
and barnacles

2. Discontinuous Feeders
- Active sometimes highly mobile animals,
they take in large meals that must be either
ground up or stored or both.
Ex. Carnivores and herbivores

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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES

3. Suspension Feeders 6. Predation

- Removal of suspended food particles from
the surrounding water by some sort of
capture, trapping or filtration structure
Ex. Sponges, crustaceans, gastropods and some
non-vertebrates chordates
4. Deposit Feeders
- Obtain their nutrients from the sediments
of soft-bottom habitats (mud and sands) or
terrestrial soil.
Ex. Annelids, some snails, some sea urchin and
most earthworms
- It requires the capture of live prey
a. Motile stalkers
- actively pursue their prey
Ex. Ciliate protozoans, octupus, squids, cralis, sea
stars
b. Lurking predation
- sit and wait for their prey to come
within sering distance
Ex. Preying mantis, shrimp, crab, spiders and
many vertebrates
c. Sessile
- opportunists not very mobile, they
capture prey when it comes into
contact with them.
Ex Protozoans, barnacles, cnidarians
d. Grazers
- move about the substrate picking
up small organisms
Ex. Sponges, tunicates, snails, worms, small
crustaceans

7. Fluid Feeders
- Bites and rasps of host tissue or suck
blood
Ex Leiches, lamprey, butterfly, mosquito, vampire
bats

5. Herbivory
- It requires the ability to bite and chew
large pieces of plant matter.
Ex. mollusk, polychaete, worms, arthropods, sea
urchin

DIVERSITY IN DIGESTIVE STRUCTURE

INVERTEBRATES

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 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
AZO1101 // WEEK # 15 // DISCUSSION & PPT-BASED // PROF. JESUSA FLORES

PROTOZOA VERTEBRATES
a. Food enters the Cytostome (Mouth)
b. Then enters the Cytopharynx Tongue
c. Once food enters the Detached vacuole, Lamprey → with protrusible tongue with
it’ll undergo acidic and alkaline digestion horny teeth
d. Waste vacuole moves to the Cytopyge Fishes → primary tongue that bears teeth
(anus) for excretion Tetrapods → mobile tongue
Frog, salamander, and lizard →
projectile and elastic tongue
BIVALVE MOLLUSKS Cats and other carnivores → spiny
papillae on the tongue
Digestive Tract
Teeth
→ Has a short esophagus opening into a stomach
Birds → lack teeth
→ Has midgut
Snakes, herbivores, carnivores →
→ Has a hindgut and rectum.
presence of teeth
Stomach
Salivary Glands
→ Increases the surface area for absorption and
Fishes, amphibians, reptiles (except
intracellular digestion, midgut
snakes), birds → absent
→ the hindgut and rectum function in the
Mammals - present
extracellular digestion and absorption
Esophagus
Fishes and amphibians → short
INSECTS (GRASSHOPPER)
Amniotes → longer due to longer necks

→ The grasshopper has a complete digestive tract

Stomach
and extracellular digestion.
Fishes, some reptiles (crocodilians),
→ Mastication of food occurs in the mandible and
birds → use gizzard for grinding food
maxillae where the food sticks into the mouth and
Mammals → stomach
passes to the crop via the esophagus.
Cow, sheep, and deer → ruminant
→ Midgut secretes enzymes
stomach provides an opportunity for large
→ Food passes slowly from the crop to the
number of organism to digest cellulose
stomach
→ undigested food passes into the rectum and out
Intestine
via the anus
Cyclostome, chondrichthyes and bony
fishes → short, straight intestine
Amphibians, reptiles → moderately
long
Birds - longer and two ceca
Mammals → longer and have a single
cecum

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