READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO
for the present. It
HISTORY
is also a field of
study which
HISTORY

“HISTORIA” a Greek word which means

"knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation."
traces
It is the account of the past of a person or of man's
development
a group of people through written
documents and historical evidences.

“No document, No history”

- everything that
Traditional historians lived with this mantra.

It means that unless a written document can

has been
prove a certain historical event, then it
cannot be considered as a historical fact.
recorded or
HERODUTOS - Father of History occurred from
DEFINITION the beginning of
study of the past time to the last
- could be instant
define as study of the past
happening or a - could be
series of define as
happenings; It is happening or a
a record of the series of
past made happenings; It is
available a record of the
past made happenings; It is
available a record of the
for the present. It past made
is also a field of available
study which for the present. It
traces is also a field of
man's study which
development traces
- everything that man's
has been development
recorded or - everything that
occurred from has been
the beginning of recorded or
time to the last occurred from
instant the beginning of
study of the past time to the last
- could be instant
- Study of the past
define as - Could be define as happening or a
series of happenings; It is a record
happening or a of the past made available for the
present.
series of - Everything that has been recorded
or occurred from the beginning of
the time to the last instant.
HISTORIOGRAPHY

Historiography is the history of history.

man's
It is important for someone who studies development
- everything that
history because it teaches the student to be
critical in the lessons of history presented to
him.
has been
recorded or
ROLES OF HISTORY occurred from
study of the past the beginning of
- could be time to the last
define as instant
 States use history to unite a nation.
happening or a  Lessons from the past can be used
to make sense of the present.
series of  Learning of the past mistakes can
help people not repeat them.
happenings; It is
a record of the POSITIVISM

past made AUGUSTE CONTE – Father of Positivism

It is the school of thought that emerged

available between the eighteenth and nineteenth
century. This thought requires empirical and
for the present. It observable evidence before one can claim
that a particular knowledge is true.
is also a field of Also entails an objective means of arriving

study which at conclusion.

Historians were required to show written

traces primary documents.

Positivist historians are expected to be

objective and impartial.
POST COLONIALISM

EDWARD SAID – Father of Post

Historian is a
Colonialism
person of his own
who is influenced
Emerged in early twentieth century when
formally colonialized nation grappled with
the idea of creating their identities and
understanding their societies against the
shadow of colonial part.
by his
Looks at two things in writing history;
own context,
1. To tell the history of their nation that will environment,
highlight their identity free from that of
colonial discourse and knowledge ideology,
2. To criticize the methods, effects, and idea
of colonialism.
education and
Therefore, post colonialism is a reaction and influences,
alternative to the colonial history that
colonial powers created and taught to their
subjects.
among others
Is a person of his own who is influenced by
his own context, environment, ideology,
ANNALES SCHOOL OF HISTORY
education, and influences, among others.
It is born in France that challenged the
“Facts cannot speak for themselves”
canons of history.
It is the job of the historian to give, meaning
This school of thought did away with
to these facts and organize them into a
common historical subjects that were almost
timeline, establish causes, and write history.
always related to the conduct of states and
monarchs. They are the one who interprets historical
evidences and historical facts are affected
They were concerned with social history
by their own context and circumstances.
and studied longer historical periods.
 History is always subjective.
LUCIEN FIBVRE & MARC BLOCH -
 Historical research requires rigor.
Founders of Annales School of History
 Historical Methodology
compromise certain technique and
rules that historian follows in order to
HISTORIAN properly utilize sources and historical
evidences in writing history.

HISTORICAL SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCE  Literary criticism
 Book reviews
- Those sources produced at the
same time as the event, period, or TERTIARY SOURCE
subject being studied.
It is also called as General References.
EXAMPLES:
It helps point to the reader to a primary or
 Letter secondary source.
 Newspapers
 Manuscript EXAMPLES;
 Diaries  Almanacs
 Journals  Chronologies
 Memoirs  Directories
 Autobiographies  Fact books
 Oral Histories  Guidebooks
 Interviews  Manuals
 Speeches
 Government Documents APPRECIATING HISTORICAL SOURCES
 Photographs
Two processes that will help a person
 Maps
analyze the importance of historical
 Video information in document.
 Audio Recordings
 Research Data 1. EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 Objects or Artifacts
It examines if the document is genuine.

It is the practice of verifying the authenticity

SECONDARY SOURCE
Those sources which were produced by an
author who used primary sources to
produce the material.
Secondary sources are historical sources,
which studied a certain historical subject.
EXAMPLES:
 Books with endnotes and footnotes
 Biographies
 Reprints of artwork
 A journal/magazine article which
interprets or reviews previous
findings.
 Conference proceedings
of evidence by examining its physical
characteristics; consistency with the
historical characteristic of the time when it
was produced; and the materials used for
the evidence.
When conducting external criticism of a
document include the quality of the paper,
the type of the ink, and the language and
words used in the material, among others.
Best example of forgery in Philippine History
is the code of Kalantiaw Code which was
proven to be 20th century hoax.
INTERNAL CRITICISM
It is the examination of the truthfulness of
the evidence.

Internal Criticism looks at the truthfulness

and factuality of the evidence by looking at
the author of the source, its context, the
agenda behind its creation, the knowledge
which informed it, and its intended purpose,
among others.

It is a process of determining whether the

contents of historical information are
accurate.