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Chapter
21
Magnetic Effect of Current
Oersted found that a magnetic field is established around a a vector quantity. Its direction is
Magnetic field exists as long as there is current in the wire. Current element AB = i dl
0
Fig. 21.1 In C.G.S. k = 1 and in S.I. : k
4
Biot-Savart's Law 4 10 7
Wb
. It's other units are
Amp metre
Biot-Savart’s law is used to determine the magnetic field at P
dl r
any point due to a current carrying conductor. Henry N Tesla metre
or or
metre Amp 2 Ampere
This law is although for infinitesimally small conductor yet it i
can be used for long conductors. In order to understand the i(dl rˆ ) i(dl r ) Fig. 21.2
Vectorially, d B 0 0
4 r2 4 r3
Biot-Savart’s law, we need to understand the term current-
Fig. 21.3
1174 Magnetic Effect of Current
screw placed along the current carrying linear conductor, be is directed perpendicular and out of the plane of the paper it is
rotated such that the screw moves in the direction of flow of represented by (dot)
Ampere’s Law
Amperes law gives another method to calculate the
(3) Right hand thumb rule of circular currents : According to
magnetic field due to a given current distribution.
this rule if the direction of
B
current in circular conducting Line integral of the magnetic field B around any closed
coil is in the direction of curve is equal to 0 times the B
folding fingers of right hand, i
net current i threading through
then the direction of i5
Fig. 21.5 the area enclosed by the curve i3
magnetic field will be in the i1
i.e. i2
direction of stretched thumb.
i4
B dI 0 i 0 (i1 i3 i2 ) Fig. 21.8
the point. At which magnetic field current outside the area is not included in net current. (Outward
This law is the differential form of Basically this law is the integral
Meaning of Cross and dot
B or H from of B or H
If magnetic field is directed perpendicular and into the plane
This law is based only on the This law is based on the
of the paper it is represented by (cross) while if magnetic field
principle of magnetism principle of electromagnetism.
i i
i i CW ACW
B B B B
Fig. 21.7
Magnetic Effect of Current 1175
dB
(i) At these points B varies linearly with x
Magnetic Field Due to Circular Current dx
d2B
If a coil of radius r, carrying current i then magnetic field on constant 0.
dx 2
it's axis at a distance x from its centre given by (Application of r
(ii) These are located at x from the centre of the coil
2
Biot-Savart's law)
r r 4 0 Ni
and the magnetic field at x is B
P O 2 5 5r
B
O x
(7) Helmholtz coils
i
(i) This is the set-up of two coaxial coils of same radius
Fig. 21.9
such that distance between their centres is equal to their radius.
(3) The ratio of magnetic field at the centre of circular coil (iv) Number of points of inflextion Three (A, A, A)
3/2
B centre x 2
Resultant field (Uniform)
and on it's axis is given by 1 2
B axis r
Arc subtends
O r
1176 Magnetic Effect of Current
angle (2 – ) 0 (2 ) i opposite
B .
4 r
at the centre direction
B2 B B12 B 22
i1 0
i Concentric i12 i22
2r
Semi-circular 0 i 0 i loops but their
B .
4 r 4r B1
arc planes are i2
O r
perpendicular
to each other
2 i
0 2
B .
Three quarter r 4 r B2
O
3 0 i
semi-circular Concentric i1
8r
current loops but their
B1
B12 B22
carrying arc B
planes are at 2 B1 B2 cos
i2
0 2i an angle
B
4 r
r with each
Circular
O 0 i
other
current 2r
carrying arc
i
Distribution of
i current O B=0
Concentric 1 1
i B1 0 2i across the
r2 4 r1 r2
co-planer r1
diameter
circular loops
carries
current in the
Distribution of i
same
current
direction
O
between any
B=0
two points on
the
i
Concentric circumference
i
r2
co-planer r1 0 1 1
B2 2i
4 r1 r2
circular loops Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire
carries
current in the
Magnetic Effect of Current 1177
Magnetic field due to a current carrying wire at a point P
B=0
which lies at a perpendicular distance r from the wire as shown
is given as
Y
0 i 2
Magnetic Field Due to a Cylindrical Wire
B . (sin1 sin 2 ) P
4 r 1
i r Magnetic field due to a cylindrical wire is obtained by the
From figure (90 o 1 ) application of Ampere's law
X
and (90 o 2 ) (1) Outside the cylinder
Fig. 21.12
o i P P
Hence B . (cos cos )
4 r
R R r
(1) For a wire of finite length : Magnetic field at a point i i
1 2 P
P
i r
So B 0 . (2 sin ) i R1
r
4 r i
R2
X
Fig. 21.13
(C) Thick hollow cylinder
Fig. 21.17
B0
(3) For a wire of semi-infinite length : When the linear
B=0 B=0
conductor is of infinite length and the point P lies near the end Y
Y
or X. 1 90 o and 2 0 o
(A) Thin hollow cylinder (B) Thick hollow cylinder
0 i Fig. 21.18
So, B [sin90 o sin0 o ]
4 r
i
i X
0 P
4 r Fig. 21.15 (3) Inside the solid cylinder : Current enclosed by loop (i) is
lesser then the total current (i)
A' r2 Solenoid
Current density is uniform i.e. J = J i' i i 2
A R
0 ir
Hence at inside point Bin. d l 0 i' B .
2 R 2
(4) Inside the thick portion of hollow cylinder : Current
A' (r 2 R12 )
enclosed by loop is given as i' i i 2
A (R 2 R12 )
Q
Q Loop
R1
i
R2
Fig. 21.20
A cylinderical coil of many tightly wound turns of insulated
wire with generally diameter of the coil smaller than its length is
Current S N
B
The figure shows an infinite sheet of current with linear
current density j (A/m). Due to symmetry the field line pattern i Solenoid i
above and below the sheet is uniform. Consider a square loop Fig. 21.22
of side l as shown
P in the figure. B
c d
i
l
A magnetic field is produced around and within the
a
B.dl d
B.dl 2 Bl
Magnetic Effect of Current 1179
(ii) Infinite length solenoid : If the solenoid is of infinite (ii) Neutral particle i.e. q = 0 F = 0
length and the point is well inside the solenoid i.e. (iii) Rest charge i.e. v = 0 F = 0
( / 2) .
(iv) Moving charge i.e. = 0o or = 180o F = 0
So Bin μ0 ni
(2) Direction of force : The force F is always perpendicular
(iii) If the solenoid is of infinite length and the point is near one
to both the velocity v and the field B in accordance with Right
1
end i.e. 0 and ( / 2) so Bend ( 0ni ) Hand Screw Rule, though v and B themselves may or may not
2
1 be perpendicular to each
other.
( B end B in ) Fm
2 Fm
Toroid B B
v
v 90°
A toroid can be considered as a ring shaped closed
Winding
Core
r P
r dl O
B
i
Direction of force on charged particle in magnetic field can
Fig. 21.24
also be find by Fleming's Left Hand Rule (FLHR).
F
0 Ni N v
B o ni where n
2r 2r Fig. 21.27
Fig. 21.28
1180 Magnetic Effect of Current
m ( vsin θ )
(i) The radius of this helical path is r
qB
(ii) Time period and frequency do not depend on velocity
2 m qB
(2) Circular path : If v is perpendicular to B i.e. = 90o, and so they are given by T and
qB 2 m
hence particle will experience a maximum magnetic force
(iii) The pitch of the helix, (i.e., linear distance travelled in
Fmax = qvB which act's in a direction perpendicular to the motion m
one rotation) will be given by p T (v cos ) 2 (v cos )
of charged particle.
× Therefore
× × the trajectory
× × × of the particle is a
qB
v + v
circle. × × × × × × × (iv) If pitch value is p, then number of pitches obtained in
× × × × × × × length l given as
+ F +
× × × × × × ×
l l
× × × × × × × Number of pitches and time required t
v + v p v cos
× × × × × × ×
(iii) v , E and B are mutually perpendicular : In this
Y p B
B situation if E and B are such that F Fe Fm 0 i.e.,
v v sin v r
a (F / m) 0 y E
q, m X
v cos Fe
Z +q +q
v x
Fig. 21.30
B Fm
z
Fig. 21.32
Magnetic Effect of Current 1181
(2) Maximum energy of particle : Maximum energy gained
q2B2 2
by the charged particle Emax r
2m
This principle is used in ‘velocity-selector’ to get a charged The Phenomenon of producing a transverse emf in a
beam having a specific velocity. current carrying conductor on applying a magnetic field
Cyclotron is a device used to accelerated positively Hall effect helps us to know the nature and number of
charged particles (like, -particles, deutrons etc.) to acquire charge carriers in a conductor.
enough energy to carry out nuclear disintegration etc.
Consider a conductor having electrons as current carriers.
It is based on
The electrons move with drift velocity v opposite to the
the fact that the
direction of flow of current
electric field N
High frequency
accelerates a D2 B
oscillator z (1)
D1 Energetic
charged particle + + + + + +
W proton beam y
and the magnetic v –
Target F VH
x
field keeps it (2) – – – – – – –
S
revolving in circular
Fig. 21.33 Fig. 21.34
orbits of constant
frequency.
It consists of two hollow D-shaped metallic chambers D1 Force acting on electron Fm e(v B). This force acts
and D2 called dees. The two dees are placed horizontally with a along x-axis and hence electrons will move towards face (2) and
small gap separating them. The dees are connected to the it becomes negatively charged.
source of high frequency electric field. The dees are enclosed in Force On a Current Carrying Conductor In
a metal box containing a gas at a low pressure of the order of Magnetic Field
10–3 mm mercury. The whole apparatus is placed between the In case of current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
two poles of a strong electromagnet NS as shown in fig. The force experienced by its small length element is d F idl B ;
idl = current element d F i(d l B)
magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of the dees.
× × × × × × ×
(1) Cyclotron frequency : Time taken by ion to describe a × × × × × × ×
r m × × × × × ×
semicircular path is given by t dF
v qB × × × × × × ×
B
If T = time period of oscillating electric field then × ×
i × × × ×
dl
2 m 1 Bq × × × × × × ×
T 2t the cyclotron frequency
qB T 2m
Fig. 21.35
1182 Magnetic Effect of Current
Right-hand palm rule : Stretch the fingers and thumb of
right hand at right angles to each other. Then if the fingers point
dl L' vector sum of all the length elements from initial Magnetic
to final point. Which is in accordance with the law of vector field
addition is equal to length vector L joining initial to final point. Force
v
Fig. 21.37
Magnetic Effect of Current 1183
Force Between Two Moving Charges l Fixed i1
Movable
If two charges q1 and q2 are moving with velocities v1 and X i2 Y
h h
i2
v2 respectively and at any instant the distance between them is
Movable
Fixed i1 X Y
r, then l
Fig. 21.43
Fe q1 q2 Fe Fe v1 F Fm v2 F
m e
r q1 r q2
Stationary charges Moving charges
Standard Cases For Force on Current Carrying If current makes to flow through If switch is closed then current start
Conductors
spring, then spring will contract flowing, spring will execute
Case 1 : When an arbitrary current carrying loop placed in a and weight lift up oscillation in vertical plane
Fig. 21.44
magnetic field ( to the plane of loop), each element of loop
open into circular loop and tension developed in it’s each part.
as shown below
1184 Magnetic Effect of Current
Hence direction of current is from X Y and in balanced
mg
condition Fm mg B i l mg i
Bl
Fig. 21.48
Case 5 : Sliding of conducting rod on inclined rails : When a
conducting rod slides on conducting rails.
Behaviour of Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
X B
B F cos
R (1) Torque : Consider a rectangular
i
v F
Insulated
Y mg sin
i
+ and area A, placed in a uniform field B , in S
– mg
such a way that the normal (nˆ ) to the coil n^
Fig. 21.46
Q
makes an angle with the direction of B .
R
the coil experiences a torque given by =
Fig. 21.49
NBiA sin . Vectorially M B
In the following situation conducting rod (X, Y) slides at
constant velocity if (i) is zero when = 0, i.e., when the plane of the coil is
Magnetic moment of a current carrying coil is a vector and (3) Potential energy : U = – MB cos U M .B
it's direction is given by right hand thumb rule Moving Coil Galvanometer
Scale
Current
S N Restoring
Permanen Pointer
M torque
t magnet
and M are always parallel. In a moving coil galvanometer the coil is suspended between
such a field the plane of the coil always remains parallel to the B(single turn)
field. Therefore 90 o and the deflecting torque always has the When a current carrying coil is suspended freely in
maximum value. earth's magnetic field, it's plane stays in East-West direction.
rest C .....(ii) B
NBA path called magnetomotive force (MMF). It's S.I. unit is amp.
Si
i C
Ratio of dimension of e.m.f. to MMF is equal to the
Voltage sensitivity (SV) : Voltage sensitivity of a
dimension of resistance.
galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the
The positive ions are produced in the gap between the
galvanometer per unit voltage applied to it.
two dees by the ionisation of the gas. To produce proton,
Si NBA
SV
V iR R RC hydrogen gas is used; while for producing alpha-particles,
If a current carrying circular loop (n = 1) is turned into a Magnetic force does no work when the charged particle
coil having n identical turns then magnetic field at the centre
1186 Magnetic Effect of Current
is displaced while electric force does work in displacing the In the following case if wire XY is slightly displaced from
charged particle. its equilibrium position, it executes SHM and it’s time period
particle.
point at which it enters the magnetic field lies on the In the previous case if direction of current in movable wire
circumference. (Most of us confuse it with the centre of the is reversed then it’s instantaneous acceleration produced is 2g
orbit) .
Deviation of charged particle in magnetic field : If a Electric force is an absolute concept while magnetic
force is a relative concept for an observer.
charged particle (q, m) enters a uniform magnetic field B
(extends upto a length x) at right angles with speed v as The nature of force between two parallel charge beams
shown in figure. The speed of the particle in magnetic field decided by electric force, as it is dominator. The nature of
does not change. But it gets deviated in the magnetic field. force between two parallel current carrying wires decided by
+ +
Bq magnetic
i1 force. i2 + +
Deviation in terms of time t; t t + +
m
+ +
Deviation in terms of length of the magnetic field;
Fnet = Fm only Fe repulsion
x
sin1 . This relation can be used only when x r . Fm attraction
r
Fnet repulsion (Due to
v
For x > r, the deviation will be 180o as shown in the
v this force these beams
following figure
diverges)
r
B v
q, m v
x x
If a straight current carrying wire is placed along the axis
of a current carrying coil then it will not experience magnetic
force because magnetic field produced by the coil is parallel
i to the wire.
× × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
×
i L
× × × ×L × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
a
l × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
Movable
X i2 Y
h
Fixed i1
Magnetic Effect of Current 1187
If a current carrying conductor AB is placed transverse to
a long current carrying conductor as shown then force.
i1
Experienced by wire AB i2
A B
0 i1i2 x l
F loge x l
2 x
(b) Unaltered
(b) Same as at Q