General Instructions:

1. There are five sections in this question paper. All the questions are compulsory. However internal
choice is given in section D and section E questions.
2. Section A contains questions of one mark each which are to be answered in one word or in a
sentence.
3. Section B contains questions of two marks each which are to be answered in 30 words.
4. Section C contains questions of three marks each which are to be answered in 50 words.
5. Section D contains question of four marks which is to be answered in 75 words.
6. Section E contains questions of five marks each which are to be answered in 150 words.
Section A (5×1= 5)
Q1. Define phyllotaxy.
Q2. ……………….. is the excretory organ of earthworm.
Q3. What are cofactors?
Q4. What are methanogens?
Q5. Name the inflorescence found in Oscimum (Tulsi).

Section B (5×2= 10)

Q6. What do you mean by lichen? How are they useful to us?
Q7. Select an appropriate chemical bond among ester bond, glycosidic bond, peptide bond, and
hydrogen bond and write against each of the following:
(a) Polysaccharide (b) Protein (c) Fat (d) Water
Q8. Write one example of each of the following in the space provided.
(a) Cold blooded animal…………... (b) Warm blooded animal……………...
Q9. Write two main characters of a root.
Q10. Differentiate between Open circulatory system and closed circulatory system.
Section C (12×3= 36)
Q11. Why are xylem and phloem called complex permanent tissues?
Q12. What are the various types of meristems based on their locations? Give their functions.

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Q13. Draw a well labelled diagram of a bacterial cell.
Q14. Differentiate between active and passive transport with suitable examples.
Q15. What are nucleotides? How do they differ from nucleosides?
Q16. Explain the formation of a peptide bond.
Q17. Write general characters of viruses.
Q18.What are enzymes? Write their general properties.
Q19. Prepare a note on phylloclade.
Q20. Write main characters of mammalian class.
Q21. Write important features of Bryophytes.
Q22. Prepare a note on respiratory roots.
Section D (1×4= 4)
Q23. Explain the structure and function of chloroplast with the help of a well labelled diagram.
OR
Explain the digestive system of cockroach with the help of a labelled diagram.
Section E (3×5= 15)
Q24. Describe the anatomy of a dicot leaf with a labelled diagram.
OR
Describe the anatomy of a dicot stem with a labelled diagram.
Q25. What is a flower? Describe various parts of a typical flower.
OR
Write the main features of Angiosperms.
Q26. Differentiate between voluntary, involuntary and cardiac muscles.
OR
Explain the structure of a nerve cell with the help of a labelled diagram.

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 Section A (5×1= 5)
Ans1. Phyllotaxy refers to the pattern or arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch of a plant.
Ans2. ……Nephridia…………... is the excretory organ of earthworm.
Ans3. A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an
enzyme's activity.
Ans4. Microorganisms that create methane as a byproduct of their metabolism are known as
methanogens.
Ans5. Verticillaster inflorescence is found in Oscimum (Tulsi).
Section B (5×2= 10)
Ans6. Lichens are a small group of plants of composite nature, consisting of two dissimilar
organisms, an alga and a fungus living in a symbiotic association. They are air pollution indicators.
Ans7. (a) Polysaccharide……... Glycosidic bond (b) Protein……… Peptide bond (c) Fat……….
Ester bond (d) Water…… Hydrogen bond
Ans8. (a) Cold blooded animal…Fish………... (b) Warm blooded
animal……Birds………...
Ans9. Roots are positively geotropic and negatively phototropic.
Ans10. Open circulatory system: It is primarily found in invertebrates. Here, the blood flows
freely through cavities since there are no vessels to conduct the blood.
Closed circulatory system: It is found in vertebrates and a few invertebrates, like earthworms.
This system has vessels that conduct blood throughout the body.

Section C (12×3= 36)

Ans11. Xylem and phloem are an example of complex permanent tissues. These tissues are named
so because they are made up of more than one type of cell and all these different types of cells
coordinate to perform the same function. They ultimately achieve the same goal despite their
different structures and functions.
Ans12. Meristems are specialized regions of plant growth. The meristems mark the regions where
active cell division and rapid division of cells take place. Meristems are of three types depending
on their location.
i) Apical meristem
It is present at the root apex and the shoot apex. The shoot apical meristem is present at the tip of
the shoots and its active division results in the elongation of the stem and formation of new leaves.
The root apical meristem helps in root elongation.
ii) Intercalary meristem
It is present between the masses of mature tissues present at the bases of the leaves of grasses. It
helps in the regeneration of grasses after they have been grazed by herbivores. Since the
intercalary meristem and the apical meristem appear early in a plant’s life, they constitute the
primary meristem.
iii) Lateral meristem
It appears in the mature tissues of roots and shoots. It is called the secondary meristem as it
appears later in a plant’s life. It helps in adding secondary tissues to the plant body and in
increasing the girth of plants. Examples include fascicular cambium, interfascicular cambium, and
cork cambium
Ans13.
Ans14.
Active Transport
Requires cellular energy.
Takes place against concentration gradient.
Required for the transportation of all the
molecules such as proteins, large cells,
complex sugars, ions, etc.
In active transport, carrier proteins are
required
Active transportation is influenced by
temperature.
Active transport is a rapid process.
Passive Transport
Does not require cellular energy.
Takes place towards concentration gradient.
Required for the transportation of all soluble
molecules, including oxygen, water, carbon
dioxide, lipids, sex hormones, etc.
In passive transport, carrier proteins are not
required
Passive transportation is not influenced by
temperature.
Passive transport is a comparatively slow
process.

Ans15. Nucleotides consist of the same components such as a nitrogenous base, sugar and a
phosphate group. The main difference lies in their molecular composition as Nucleosides contain
only sugar and a base whereas Nucleotides contain sugar, base and a phosphate group as well. A
nucleotide is what occurs before RNA and DNA, while the nucleoside occurs before the nucleotide
itself.
Ans16. A peptide bond is usually a covalent bond (CO-NH bond), and since the water molecule is
eliminated, it is considered a dehydration process. Generally, this process occurs mostly between
amino groups.
During the reaction, one of the amino acids gives a carboxyl group to the reaction and loses a
hydroxyl group (hydrogen and oxygen).
The other amino acid loses hydrogen from the NH2 group. The hydroxyl group is substituted by
nitrogen, thus forming a peptide bond.
Ans17. The various characteristics of the virus are:
1. They are extremely small in size and simpler than bacteria.
2. They are ultra-microscopic, which are visible only with an electron microscope.
3. They are considered to be the organisms that live at the edge of living and non-living
things.
4. They are dependent parasites that cannot survive on their own.
5. They require a living organism to multiply as they cannot live on their own.
6. Viruses consist of genetic materials (DNA or RNA) which are surrounded by a protein coat
(capsid).
7. Viruses are responsible for causing severe fatal diseases in humans, plants, animals, etc.

Ans18. Enzymes are complex macromolecules with high molecular weight.

1. They catalyze biochemical reactions in a cell.
 2. They help in the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules or bring together
two smaller molecules to form a larger molecule.
3. Enzymes do not start a reaction. However, they help in accelerating it.
4. Enzymes affect the rate of biochemical reaction and not the direction. Most of the enzymes
have a high turnover number. Turnover number of an enzyme is the number of molecules
of a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme per minute. High turnover number of
enzymes increases the efficiency of the reaction.
5. Enzymes are specific in action.
6. Enzymatic activity decreases with increase in temperature.
7. They show maximum activity at an optimum pH of 6 – 8.
8. The velocity of enzyme increases with an increase in substrate concentration and then,
ultimately reaches maximum velocity.

Ans19. Phylloclade is a special modified stem which is photosynthetic and is present mostly in
xerophytes (i.e. land plants). The plants in dry and arid regions modify their stems to achieve
adaptability in that environment for their better survival. For example: Opuntia
Ans20. Following are a list of distinct characteristics of mammals that separates them from other
classes:
1. Mammals are warm-blooded animals who give birth to their younger ones.
2. They are the most dominant form of animals found in almost all types of habitats.
3. They have mammary glands that help them produce milk to feed their younger ones
4. Their skin possesses oil glands (sebaceous glands) and sweat glands (sudoriferous
glands).
5. The fur of hair throughout the body which helps animals adapt to their environment.
6. They are heterodont, i.e., possess different types of teeth.
7. Mammals also possess cervical vertebrae.
8. The skull is dicondylic.
9. The trunk is divided into thorax and abdomen.
10. The mammals respire through lungs.
11. Mammals have a four-chambered heart. The sinus venous and renal portal system are
absent.
12. The brain is well developed divided into cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla.
13. They possess 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

Ans21. 1. Plants in this category do not have roots but have crude stems and leaves.
2. They have “rhizoids” instead of roots which helps the plant to anchor to surface.
3. These roots or rhizoids do not absorb nutrients like other usual plant roots.
4. Mosses release spores from their leaves which travels by water and make new mosses in
new locations.
5. Water is very essential for mosses to grow and spread. They can entirely dry out and
survive. When in contact with water, they again revive and continue growing.

Ans22. Pneumatophores are also called respiratory roots.

These aerial roots grow vertically upwards in swampy plants like Rhizophora.
These are specialized root structures that facilitate aeration necessary for root respiration in
hydrophytic trees.
Mangrove muds are anaerobic.
E.g.- Mangrove species (Avicennia marina).
Section D (1×4= 4)
Ans23. Structure of chloroplast:
Chloroplasts are green-coloured plastids present in plant cells that are responsible for
photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are flat, disc-shaped structures measuring 2-10mm in diameter and 1mm in
thickness.
They have two membranes namely the outer and inner membranes. The outer membrane
permits the movement of ions and metabolites whereas the inner membrane is highly
specialized with transport proteins.
These two membranes are separated by a gap of 10-20nm known as intermembrane space.
Each chloroplast has two definite regions namely, stroma and grana.
The fluid present inside the chloroplast is known as the stroma. Inside the stroma, there are
interconnecting flattened membrane compartments known as stroma lamellae. It is the site
of a dark reaction during photosynthesis (the process by which light energy is converted
into chemical energy).
The stacked portion of membrane-bounded, flattened discs of the chloroplasts is known as
grana. Each disc-like structure of grana is known as a thylakoid and the space within the
thylakoid is known as thylakoid space. Granum is the site of light reaction during
photosynthesis (the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy).
Function of chloroplast: It is the centre of photosynthesis in plants.

OR
The alimentary canal of the cockroach, present in its body cavity, is divided into
foregut, midgut and hindgut.

Foregut
The foregut has the following parts:
Mouth- A space called the preoral cavity is enclosed by the mouth parts.
Pharynx- The mouth leads to the pharynx.
Oesophagus- A tubular tube that leads into the crop.
Crop- A sac like structure that stores food.
Gizzard- Also called proventriculus, has an outer layer made up of thick circular muscles
and an inner layer that has plates called teeth made up of chitin. Therefore, the gizzard is
used to grind food.
Midgut or Mesenteron
The midgut has the following parts: -
Hepatic caeca- Found at the junction of foregut and midgut these are 6 to 8 in number.
They are blind tubules that secrete digestive juices to the midgut.
Malpighian tubules- Found in the junction of the midgut and hindgut, these yellow tubules
(100 to 150 in number) help in the excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
Hindgut
Broader than the midgut, the hindgut has the following parts
Ileum
Colon
Rectum- It opens out through the anus.

Section E (3×5= 15)

Ans24. A dorsiventral dicot leaf shows three structures, namely – epidermis, mesophyll
and vascular system.
The epidermis is present on both the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf with thin cuticles
which protect the plants against mechanical and physical injury.
In between the upper and lower epidermis is found a layer called the mesophyll. It is made
up of parenchymatous cells and consists of chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis.
The mesophyll is of two types – spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma.
The palisade parenchyma is present towards the upper surface (adaxial) and is made up of
long and elongated cells that are placed in parallel arrangement to each other.
The spongy parenchyma extends towards the lower epidermis and is made up of round and
loosely arranged cells.
There are a number of spaces and cavities present in between these cells known as air
cavities.
The abaxial surface generally bears more stomata than the adaxial surface.
The vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) are arranged in vascular bundles and are mainly
found in the veins and midrib region.
 OR
The transverse section of a dicot stem reveals the following structures.
1. Epidermis:It is the outermost layer. It is made up of single layer of parenchyma cells, its
outer wall is covered with cuticle. It is protective in function.
2. Cortex: -
It is divided into three regions:
(i) Hypodermis: It consists of 3 - 6 layers of collenchyma cells. It gives mechanical
support.
(ii) Middle cortex: It is made up of few layers of chlorenchyma cells. It is involed in
photosynthesis due to the presence of chloroplast.
(iii) Inner cortex: It is made up of few layers of parenchyma cells. It helps in gaseous
exchange and stores food materials.
Endodermis is the inner most layer of cortex it consists of a single layer of barrel shaped
cells, these cells contain starch grains. So, it is also called starch sheath.
3. Stele:
The central part of the stem inner to endodermis is known as stele. It consists of pericycle,
vascular bundle and pith.
(i) Pericycle: It occurs between vascular bundle and endodermis. It is multilayered,
parenchymatous with alternating patches of sclerenchyma.
(ii) Bundle Cap: There is a patch of hard sclerenchyma tissue outside to the phloem of
vascular bundle is called Bundle Cap.
(iii) Vascular bundle: Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, endarch and open. They are
arranged in the form of a ring around the pith.
(iv) Pith: The large central parenchymatous zone with intercellular spaces is called pith. It
helps in the storage of food materials.

Ans25. A flower can be defined as the reproductive unit of any flowering plant. A typical
flower is a modified stem with a condensed axis. A flower has four different parts i.e., the
calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
Parts of flowers:
(A) The calyx forms the outermost whorl of a flower, which contains sepals. They are
green, leaf-like structures that cover and protect the flowers during the bud stage. When the
sepals of a flower are free, they are called polysepalous, while fused sepals of a flower are
called gamosepalous.
 (B) The corolla of a flower is a layer that lies inside the calyx. It contains beautifully
coloured petals, which help in attracting insects for pollination. When the petals are free,
they are called polypetalous, while fused petals are called gamopetalous.
(C) The androecium or the stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower. It consists of
two parts, the filament and the bilobed anther. The bilobed anther is the site for meiosis and
the generation of pollen grains.
(D) Gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of a flower. It consists of an ovary.
The ovary is connected by a long tube (called style) to the stigma. The ovary bears
numerous ovules attached to the placenta.

OR
Characteristics of Angiosperms
Angiosperms have diverse characteristics. The important characteristics of angiosperms are
mentioned below:
⮚ All plants have flowers at some stage in their life. The flowers are the reproductive
organs for the plant, providing them with a means of exchanging genetic information.
⮚ The sporophyte is differentiated into stems, roots, and leaves.

⮚ The vascular system has true vessels in the xylem and companion cells in the phloem.

⮚ The stamens (microsporophyll) and the carpels (megasporophyll) are organized into a
structure called the flower.
⮚ Each microsporophyll has four microsporangia.

⮚ The ovules are enclosed in the ovary at the base of the megasporophyll.

⮚ Angiosperms are heterosporous, i.e., produce two kinds of spores, microspore (pollen
grains) and megaspores.
⮚ A single functional megaspore is permanently retained within the nucellus.

⮚ The pollen grains transfer from the anther to stigma and reproduction takes place by
pollination. They are responsible for the transfer of genetic information from one
flower to the other. The pollen grains are much smaller than the gametophytes or
reproductive cells present in the non-flowering plants.
⮚ The sporophytes are diploid.

⮚ The root system is very complex and consists of cortex, xylem, phloem, and
epidermis.
⮚ The flowers undergo double and triple fusion which leads to the formation of a
diploid zygote and triploid endosperm.
⮚ Angiosperms can survive in a variety of habitats, including marine habitats.

⮚ The process of fertilization is quicker in angiosperms. The seeds are also produced
quickly due to the smaller female reproductive parts.
 ⮚ All angiosperms are comprised of stamens which are the reproductive structures of
the flowers. They produce the pollen grains that carry the hereditary information.
⮚ The carpels enclose developing seeds that may turn into a fruit.

⮚ The production of the endosperm is one of the greatest advantages of angiosperms.

The endosperm is formed after fertilization and is a source of food for the developing
seed and seedling.
Ans26. Involuntary muscle (or smooth muscle) is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and
therefore is not under conscious control. It is not striated - rather, muscle cells contain small
bundles of actin and myosin. It is found in the walls of the intestine, the iris, the walls of arteries
and the walls of the uterus and cervix. Involuntary muscle contracts slowly but tires very slowly.

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and can be divided into three sub-types of muscle: atrial
muscle, ventricular muscle, and specialised excitatory and conductive muscle fibres. Cardiac
muscle is myogenic meaning muscle fibres can stimulate contractions without needing input
from a nerve impulse. Cardiac muscle is striated and contracts powerfully thoughout the
life without tiring.

Voluntary muscle is responsible for causing movements of the skeleton at joints. It is

innervated by the somatic nervous system. Voluntary muscle is striated and contracts quickly
and powerfully but tires quickly.

OR

Nervous tissue is made up of highly specialized cells called nerve cells or neurons. ​
Each neuron has the following parts:​

Cyton or cell body contains a central nucleus and cytoplasm with characteristic deeply
stained particles, called Nissl's granules (i.e., clumps of ribosomes).

Dendrons are short branches arising from the cell body and further branching into dendrites.​

Axon or nerve fibre is a single, long cylindrical process of uniform diameter. It forms fine
branches terminally.​

Each such twig-like branch of the axon ends in a swollen structure, called synaptic knob or
bouton.​​