PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE SELF

"The enhancement and beautifying of the human form

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL SELF
The impact of bodily parts on the development of the
physical self and its effect on body image and
self-esteem
by various means appeared to be an inborn human trait,
an essential part of our genetic makeup and an
expression of our psyche." - Julian Robinson
BEAUTY IS CULTURE-BOUND

No concrete definition as to who is beautiful In different countries, not all feel the same way about
the concept of beauty. In fact, cultures around the
INTRODUCTION TO SEXUAL SELF world have different ideas of what is beautiful.

Totality of oneself as a sexual being, including positive

and negative concepts and feelings Sexual self-esteem AFRICA
according to Snell and Papini (1989) has three ❖ They do not celebrate thinness the way other
dimensions: countries do. Famously the country of
Mauritania has come to be known as one that
➔ Sexual self-esteem
idolizes overweight women. This is most often
➔ Sexual depression
seen as a sign of wealth and fertility.
➔ Sexual preoccupation

Attachment style moderates a sense of self and BRAZIL

expectations and strategies in approaching
relationships
Sexual self-concept may be a good indicator of
relationship we tend to get into, and how we behave in
one emphasizing on sexual satisfaction Physical body is
the core of human experience as a form of construction
of self and personality
❖ Women want to appear fit and toned, and things
like waxing, sculpting massages, and manicures
are everyday treatments, not only reserved for
the spa.
ASIA & AFRICA
❖ Skin lightening has risen in popularity.

FACTORS THAT SHAPE THE PHYSICAL SELF

THE PHYSICAL SELF
❖ Physical Self refers to the body, the marvelous A. BIOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT
container, complex and finely tuned machine
Body structures, height, weight, skin color, hair color,
with which we interface with our environment
and other physical characteristics do not just develop
and fellow beings.
at random: These are triggered by genetic
❖ The Physical Self is the concrete dimension, the transformation and biological development through
tangible aspect of the person that can be heredity:
directly observed and examined.
HEREDITY
❖ These are the defining traits and features of
the body such as sex, height, weight, ➢ Has been defined as “the transmission of traits
complexion, hair, and facial features are among from parents to offspring.
the common,
GENOTYPE
physical features identified when one is asked
➢ Genotype refers to the specific information
to describe another person. The physical aspect
embedded within our genes; not all genotypes
of the self does not include characteristics
translate to an observed physical
that are internal to the self-such as kindness,
characteristic.
generosity, loyalty, obedience, and other similar
qualities. ➢ Genotype can only be determined through blood
testing
Across the world, different cultural perceptions uphold
an ideal of beauty that is linked to sexual appeal and
social status. The purpose of beauty is the feeling and
consequences of being beautiful.
 5.) Take vitamins and drink fruit juices
PHENOTYPE
6.) Avoid stress
➢ Phenotype, is the physical expression of a 7.) Spend less time in front of computers and
particular trait, one’s phenotype can be directly gadgets
observed.

What is Body Image? THE SEXUAL ASPECT OF THE SELF

Body image is both internal (personal) and external SIGMUD FREUD AND THE DESIRE FOR PLEASURE
(society)and this includes:
Psychosexual Theory of
➢ How we perceive our bodies visually. Development
➢ How we feel about our physical appearance
➢ How we think and talk to ourselves about our - All human behavior is motivated
bodies by the desire to feel pleasure.
➢ Our sense of how other people view our bodies
- He identified erogenous zones
(pleasure areas)
IMPACT OF CULTURE IN BODY IMAGE AND
SELF-ESTEEM
FREUD’S PERSONALITY
CONCEPTS
IN SELF-ESTEEM
1. Id - the part of the
➢ Is all about how much you feel you are worth — mind in which innate instinctive
and how much you feel other people value you. impulses and primary processes
It is how you value and respect yourself as a are manifest.
person. 2. Ego - the part of the mind that mediates
➢ Self-esteem affects how you take care of between the conscious and the unconscious
yourself, emotionally, physically, and spiritually. and is responsible for reality testing and a
sense of personal identity
IN BODY IMAGE 3. Superego - the ethical component of the
personality and provides the moral standards
1) Is how you view your physical self — It refers
by which the ego operates.
to how individuals perceive, think, and feel
about their body and physical appearance. TERMINOLOGIES:
2) Appearance refers to everything about a person
that others can observe, such as height, weight, EROGENOUS ZONE (EZ)
skin color, clothes, and hairstyle. - A specific area that becomes the focus of
pleasure needs.
Anorexia is an eating disorder in which the person
refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight. afflicts FIXATION
females between 12 and 40. - Results from failure to satisfy the needs of a
particular psychosexual stage.
Bulimia Nervosa is where the person induces purging
after binging in large quantities of food (Feldman, ORAL STAGE
2010). engages in binge eating followed by a behavior to
prevent weight gain from the food eaten. (BIRTH - 18 MONTHS)
➔ EZ: Mouth
Binge-Eating Disorder - similar to bulimia nervosa, ➔ Description: Child is focused on oral pleasures
people with binge-eating disorder lose control over (sucking)
their eating, however, these episodes are not followed
by any actions such as purging and extreme exercise. ANAL STAGE
(18 MONTHS - 3 YEARS OLD)
IN BODY IMAGE ➔ EZ: Anus

1.) Eat healthy foods ➔ Description: The child finds satisfaction in

2.) Maintain a healthy lifestyle eliminating or retaining feces.
3.) Follow proper hygiene
4.) Engage in daily exercise

PHALLIC STAGE
(3 - 6 YEARS OLD)
➔ EZ: Genitals
➔ Description: Boys develop unconscious desire
for their mother and sees their father as a
rival for her mother’s affection. (Oedipus
Complex)
LATENCY STAGE
( 6 YEARS OLD - PUBERTY)
➔ EZ: None
➔ Description: sexual urges remained suppressed
GENITAL STAGE
(PUBERTY ONWARDS)
➔ EZ: Genitals
➔ Description: Erotic focus is on genitals once
again, but more about becoming sexually
intimate with others
According to Freud:
Human instinct seeks pleasure of the flesh which can
be satisfied through sex.
Robert Michael, John Gagnon and Edward Laumann in
1992 conducted a research among Americans to know
how much men and women think about sex.
FINDINGS:
➢ 54% of men think of sex every day or
several times a day and 65% of women say
only a few times a week or few times a
month.
➢ Humans have the ability to control their
sexual urges.
SEXUALITY
❖ Is one of the primary drives behind everyone’s
feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
❖ It affects all aspects of the human person and,
it especially concerns affectivity, the capacity
to love and to procreate, and in a more general
way, the aptitude for forming bonds with
others.
❖ It shapes the brain and body to be
pleasure-seeking.
Despite the known importance of the sexual self in
connection to the totality of the self, many people
consider this topic taboo. Do you agree? Why?
MALE: Mouth, Lips, Neck, Ears, Nipples, Perineum (area
between the anus and the scrotum), and Penis
FEMALE: Mouth, Lips, Neck, Earas, Breasts, Nipples,
Cervix (lower end of uterus), Vagina (elastic passageway
from the cervix to the outside of the female body., and
Clitoris
ADOLESCENCE
❖ When physiological changes are triggered within
an individual’s reproductive system, an
adolescent is likely to experience sexual urges,
sensitive to sexual stimuli, and feel sexual
arousal.
❖ In men, it is natural for them to experience an
erection during an arousing moment; for women,
vaginal lubrication (wetness) is the likely
response.
❖ If sexual arousal is satisfied through sexual
intercourse, men would experience ejaculation
while women would reach orgasm.
❖ The refractory period, or the period of rest
after ejaculation, is likely to be longer in men
while women can achieve multiple orgasms due
to a shorter refractory period after
intercourse.
❖ These bodily sensations are normal and typical
in any sexual activity since hormones produced
within the body trigger these physiological
responses.
❖ These sensations are part of the sexual
response cycle, which includes four phases:
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
Completing the cycle would lead to sexual satisfaction.
STAGE 1: EXCITEMENT (beginning, preparation)
STAGE 2: PLATEAU (physical arousal builds)
STAGE 3: ORGASM (male:ejaculate, female:vaginal
contractions)(male:1 intense orgasm, female:multiple
orgasm)
STAGE 4: RESOLUTION
(returns to normal state)(male would have a refractory
period: they are unable to have another orgasm yet)
BIOLOGICAL SEX
Is one’s assignment upon birth and is dependent on the
physical features the person has.

GENDER
Is an identity that is learned and embraced by the
individual. It goes beyond biological domains and is both
a personal and social construct.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL CHOICE
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
Also known as copulation, is the reproductive act
wherein the male organ (penis) enters the female’s
reproductive tract (vagina).
Teenage couples who engage in sexual intercourse are
usually overwhelmed by the sensations they feel during
the act.
Most teenagers who have sex with their partners often
rationalize the act by claiming they “love each other”
and are “ready to be committed to each other.”
EARLY PREGNANCIES
There are physical risks to having an early pregnancy
that may impact an adolescent’s development, including
the risk of miscarriage, emotional stress, and health
risks to both mother and infant.
Early pregnancy may result in dropping out of school,
alienation, and other similar disruptions. Pregnancy does
not only affect females; males are also burdened by the
responsibility of caring for a new child, his partner, and
may also face the same problems as his partner.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases. These
sexually transmitted diseases, while most of them can
be treated and cured, may have long-term consequences
for one’s health.
STD is passed on by means of exchange of body fluids
or genital contact. Among the common diseases are
syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and genital warts.
Symptoms of these sexually transmitted diseases
include a burning sensation during urination, warts, and
sores in the genital and mouth area, pus, abnormal and
smelly discharge, genital irritation, and painful bowel
movements.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
The most alarming sexually transmitted disease is
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
It is a virus that can be transmitted by anal, oral, or
vaginal sex with an infected person, as well as through
breast milk, during childbirth, and by coming into
contact with the blood of an HIV-positive person.
Untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS, which compromises
the immune system and puts the person at risk of
illness and death. In its early stages, HIV has no
symptoms.
Once the illness has progressed, the first symptoms
may include fever, rashes, and sores. In its final stage,
a person with AIDS may suffer from a variety of
illnesses, including pneumonia and cancer. There remains
no cure for HIV and AIDS.
METHODS TO PREVENT BAD CONSEQUENCES OF
SEXUAL CHOICES
(NATURAL METHODS)
MUCUS OR OVULATION METHOD
➔ A woman checks and tracks her cervical mucus.
During ovulation, your cervical mucus is
stretchy, clear, and slick. It looks and feels like
an uncooked egg white. You will write down your
mucus’ consistency each day.
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
➔ A woman takes her daily basal body
temperature (BBT) using a BBT-specific
thermometer. You can take it in your mouth,
vagina, or rectum. A regular BBT is between 97°
and 98°F. At the time of ovulation, your BBT
will rise between .5 and 1 degree.
➔ You should take your BBT in the morning before
you get out of bed. Ideally, it should be the
same time of day. You should use the
thermometer the same way each day to get
accurate results.
RHYTHM METHOD
➔ It is based on the calendar dates of a woman’s
previous menstrual cycles. This method can be
more difficult and is not as reliable.
➔ It doesn’t allow for changes in the menstrual
cycle, which are common. A normal menstrual
cycle is between 28 to 32 days.
➔ The day a woman starts her period is
considered to be cycle day 1. Ovulation often
occurs around day 14 of your cycle.
(ARTIFICIAL METHODS)
CONDOM
➔ The condom or prophylactic is a protective
sheath made of rubber or thin animal skin,
 which is worn over the erect penis during sexual
intercourse. It prevents sperm from entering
the vagina, and aids in preventing the
transmission of venereal disease.
DIAPHRAGM
➔ A diaphragm is a shallow rubber cup with a
flexible spring rim, which is compressed and
inserted into the vagina so that if fits snugly
over the cervix. Covered with a spermicidal
cream or jelly the diaphragm effectively
prevents the entry of sperm into the uterus.
The diaphragm should not be removed for at
least six to eight hours after intercourse.
CERVICAL CAPS
➔ A cervical cap is made of rubber with a tapering
dome appearance designed to fit snugly over
the cervix. It is fitted by a doctor and could be
left in place from one menstrual period to
another. Caps that are well-fitted are less likely
to be dislodged by sexual union than
diaphragms, and thus, there is no worry of
insertion and removal after the sexual act.
Visiting a doctor once a month is necessary.
CHEMICAL CONTRACEPTIVES
➔ Chemical contraceptives or spermicides prevent
pregnancy by immobilizing the sperm before
they enter the uterus.
VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES
➔ A suppository is a small, bullet-shaped substance similar
to a paraffin or a piece of candle, containing chemicals
capable of killing sperms. It is inserted into the vagina
about 10 to 15 minutes before intercourse to allow it to
melt.
(PERMANENT METHODS)
TUBAL LIGATION
➔ Female sterilization (tubal ligation or
Tubectomy) is a surgical procedure in which the
fallopian tubes are cut and sealed in order to
prevent fertilization
VASECTOMY
➔ A simple operation performed under local
anesthesia
➔ Clamping and cutting both vas deferens
➔ Cut ends are ligated and folded back to avoid
the risk of recanalization
➔ This method is simpler, faster, and less
expensive operation
UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST,
ATTRACTION AND ATTACHMENT
THREE (3) STAGES OF LOVE
(Helen Fischer (1948))
1.) LUST (libido or sex drive)
- characterized by sexual gratification
2.) ATTRACTION (passionate or obsessive love,
infatuation)
- characterized by the intense attention given to a
desired partner.
3.) ATTACHMENT (companionate love)
- characterized by the desire of couples to stay
together
THE MATERIAL ASPECT OF THE SELF
MATERIALISTIC ASPECT OF THE
SELF
Focuses on how people maintain extensions of
themselves through material possessions and
maintenance of particular lifestyle
How an individual acquire goods, factors that shape
his/her economic decisions, what these things say about
one’s self
Made up of what a person own
WILLIAM JAMES
➔ Self is all things a person believes to be his/her
and contributes to his/her material self.
➔ Purchase products that relate to their
personality. material possessions signify some
aspects of self and identity.
➔ Possessions tell a lot about their owners. self
and identity is influential on an individual’s
purchase and economic decisions that address
personal and social needs.
➔ Decision of purchase is dependent on financial
constraints, availability of items and services,
influence of family and friends
Utility - how things serve a practical purpose
Significance - meaning assigned to the object. how
objects become symbols or icons of habit and ritual.

William James’ Concept of the Self
➢ I-Self - thinking self. the one reflecting the
soul of a person or the mind (pure ego). having
intuition and being able to discern things to
come up with a decision.
➢ Me-Self - empirical self. a person's individual
experiences and are categorized as the material
self, social self, and spiritual self.
The Composition of the Material Self
Primarily about our bodies, clothes, immediate family,
and home (William James)
Bodily self - composed of intimate parts of the person
consisting of physical, emotional, psychological, and
moral.
Extended self - people of great significance (family),
possessions, places, and products of our labor.
1.) BODY
- innermost part of material self. directly attached to
us that we cannot live without. certain preferential
attachment or intimate closeness to certain body parts
because of its value.
2.) CLOTHES
- any time we bring an object into the surface of our
body, we invest that object into the consciousness of
our personal existence taking in this contours to be our
own and making it a part of the self (Watson, 2014).
fabric and style of the clothes we wear bring
sensations to the body. clothing is a form of
self-expression.
3.) IMMEDIATE FAMILY
- What they do or become affects us. we see them as
the nearest replica of ourselves.
4.) HOME
- Where our heart is. earliest nest of our selfhood.
★ A man’s self is the sum total of all what he can
call his (William James, 1890)
★ Material possessions usually reflect a person’s
success or failure
WANTS VS. NEEDS
NEEDS - basic requirements to survive. indispensable
and constant over time. includes education, healthcare,
medicine, specialized treatments.
WANTS - desires that change as time progresses.
“splurges”. businesses that add convenience to a
customer’s life. optional. can be need depending on a
person’s lifestyle
Recognizing what needs and wants are the best
foundation for efficient money management.
I SHOP, THEREFORE I AM
(1987) by Barbara Kruger
The public is no longer defined by what it thinks, but
rather by what they own
Belk (1988)
- stated that “we regard our possessions as part
of ourselves. we are what we have and what we
possess”
William James’ (1890) Principles of Psychology,
components of self:
➢ its constituents - material self, social self,
spiritual self, and pure ego.
➢ the feelings and emotions they arouse -
self-feelings.
➢ the actions to which they prompt - self-seeking
and self-preservation
I HAVE, THEREFORE I AM
➢ The more one consumes, the more one has,
therefore, one is more!
➢ People slowly realized the power of consumption
is stopping us from finding true and sincere
happiness and shopping often works as a
substitute for something we are missing in life
➢ Consumerism affects our behavior and thinking
process
WHAT IS CONSUMPTION?
- Spending for the acquisition of utility. using,
buying, eating something. conspicuous
consumption is buying something to show off.
Investing - spending for the acquisition of future
income
CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
Consume
➢ Use up, to spend wastefully, to destroy
(Gusdorf, 1978)
- Consumption has a negative connotation
- Production is the positive side to consumption
- Consumers keep companies alive
Conscious Consumption
- Consumers are victims
- Free well comes with responsibility and obligation
- Practicing responsible buying habits
Psychological/Sociological Consumption
- Happiness seems attached to buying something
- Consumption has become an addiction
IDENTITY AND CONSUMER CULTURE
➢ Identity is a symbolic idea. The image we build
for ourselves through social interaction (March,
1993).
➢ Dynamic and context dependent.
➢ Improved through communication
➢ Social category defined by membership rules,
characteristic attributes, or expected socially
distinguishing features.
Modern lifestyle has become a cycle of alternating
time-space for work and time-space for consumption
(Sassatelli,2007)
WHAT IS CONSUMERISM
➢ An economic and social ideology and order that
encourages consumption or acquisition of
goods/services in a never ending cycle.
➢ Encourages purchasing and consumption in
excess of a person’s basic needs.
➢ Economic policy which encourages consumption.
➢ Encourages the pursuit of “good life” at the
expense of saving and investing
➢ Modern society’s idea to be happier and
successful is to buy, buy, and buy
➢ Wanting more things takes up time, energy, and
money we do not have
➢ Social media reinforces the tendency to
compare ourselves to others.
I SHOP, THEREFORE I AM
“We regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We
are what we have and what we possess.” - Russel Belk
(1988)
➢ Identification of the self to things started in
our infancy stage
➢ Importance of material possession decreases as
we grow older
➢ Material possession has higher value if used to
find happiness, associate with significant
events, accomplishments, and people
The Role of Consumer Culture in Our Sense of
Self and Identity
MYERS
- Author of “The American Paradox: Spiritual
Hunger in an Age of Plenty”,
:Less content when the consumer culture reached a
fever pitch
➢ Desire for material wealth unequivocally means
discontent
➢ Content if they got the money and doesn’t
conflict with pursuit while unhappiness if less
money and conflicting desires.
WHY THEN MATERIALISTS ARE UNHAPPY?
DIENER
- Strong consumerist bent can promote
unhappiness because it takes time away from
things that nurture happiness.
KASSER
- The High Price of Materialism, lives around
extrinsic goals report greater unhappiness in
relationships, poorer moods, and psychological
problems.
➔ EXTRINSIC GOALS
- Possessions, image, status, receiving rewards
and praise
➔ INTRINSIC GOALS
- Personal growth and community connection.
“They think that having these things is going to improve
their lives in every possible way yo can think of” -
Kasser
THE SPIRITUAL ASPECT OF THE SELF
SPIRITUAL SELF
An ongoing personal life journey contextualized by
belief in Good, culture, relationships, nature, and
discovering meaning in one’s life
➢ Unseen part of who we are which provides
insight and intuition to our physical self
➢ Emotions and our five sense may be portals or
access points into experiencing our spiritual self
➢ One of the four constituents of the self
according to William James
➢ Most intimate inner subjective part of the self.
SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGION
RELIGIOUS PERSON
- Believes in a God and adheres to the beliefs
SPIRITUAL PEOPLE
- Little importance on belief and traditions and more
concerned with growing and experiencing the Divine
SPIRITUALITY
- Came from the Latin word, “spiritus”, meaning breath
or life force.
➢ Search for the sacred, a process which people
seek to discover, hold on to, and transform
 whatever they hold sacred in their lives (Hill & ➔ Not about “finding meaning in your life”, but
Pargament, 2023) rather “how do we apply meaning to our lives?”
➢ Meaning and Purpose of one’s life, a search for
wholeness, and a relationship with a THE SPIRITUAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF
transcendent being
➢ Spirituality is key to self-understanding, part
➢ Through acts of faith, hope, and love, man is
of relationships, social engagement,
able to encounter God and understand his words
understanding of meaning and purpose on life,
of salvation
and sense of happiness and joy
➢ Developed in early Christianity. Use spirit to
➢ Your most beautiful powerful form
describe the HOLY SPIRIT
➢ Authentic self, unconditioned part, “you”
Peschke (1994)
without patterns
- Describes experience of the sacred is
➢ Surpasses physical beauty because it won’t
characterized by revenge, faith, fear, trust,
require acceptance from society connection
love, and admiration which are intimately
with universal source and oneness of life.
connected to God
➢ Not much about finding meaning but becoming
- Worship to realize the ultimate meaning of
your best self
transcendence and human life
➢ Unseen part and provides insights and intuition
Religion (Emile Durkheim)
to the physical self.
- Unified system of beliefs and practice relative
to sacred things, beliefs and practices which
unite into one single moral community called SPIRITUAL SELF ACCORDING TO WILLIAM
CHURCH JAMES (WJ)
Giddens (2006) Most intimate version of self because if satisfaction
- Cultural System of commonly shared beliefs and experienced when thinking of one’s ability to argue and
rituals that provide a sense of ultimate meaning discriminate, moral sensibility and conscience, and
by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, unconquerable will (James, 1890) purer than all other
all-encompassing, and supernatural. sentiments of satisfaction (Green, 1997)

KEY ELEMENTS OF RELIGION Use of moral sensibility and conscience may be seen
through expression of religion, its beliefs, and
(Giddens, 2006)
practices. cultural rituals and ceremonies are
1) Religion is a form of culture-shares all
manifestations of what people believe in.
characteristics of culture such as shared
beliefs, values that create an identity;
2) Religions involve beliefs that identify them as SPIRITUAL ME by WJ
members of the community and;
➔ One’s inner thought and feeling
3) Religion provides a sense of purpose-feeling
➔ True, intimate, ultimate, permanent me
that life is ultimately meaningful.
➔ Sanctuary of our life or core
Spirituality is connected with religion

RITUALS AND CEREMONIES

WHAT DOES SPIRITUALITY BRING TO LIFE?
RITUAL
➢ Positive physical and mental health and
- System of ceremonial acts based upon arbitrary
well-being
rules.
➢ Finds contentment and serenity in his life
- Performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by
circumstances
tradition or sacred law. Behaviors exhibited by
➢ Boost self-respect and actualization
societies. Way of defining or describing humans
➢ Become resilient amidst challenges and life
storms
3 Fundamental Characteristics of Rituals
HOW DO WE ENHANCE OUR SPIRITUALITY? ➔ Feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination,
SPIRITUALITY - Natural aspect of our or dread in relation to the sacred
self-development. Create meaning, vision, and values, in ➔ Dependence upon a belief system that is usually
the things we do. We find ourselves expressed in the language of myth
➔ Symbolic in relation to its reference
 WORLD RELIGIONS : THEIR BELIEFS AND
PRACTICES
BUDDHISM
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (500 BCE)
He was from upper-class to following life of poverty
and spiritual devotion
At age 35, he achieved enlightenment (bodhi) from
meditating under a sacred fig tree
Buddha or “enlightened one”
Believe in the non-violence principle
BELIEFS:
Life is not a bed of roses. people suffer to experience
the goodness of life and avoid disappointments.
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES:
❖ Samantha - mindfulness of breathing and
development of loving-kindness
❖ Vipassana - developing into reality
❖ Dharma - Buddha’s teachings
CHRISTIANITY
Largest religion B
egan 2,000 years ago in Palestine with Jesus of
Nazareth who taught Caritas (charity) or treating
others as you would like to be treated
BELIEFS:
Believed in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
(Holy Trinity). eternal life after death achieved
through faith. spread good news of salvation. holy bible
divided into old and new testament
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES:
❖ Sacrament of baptism - birth in Christian
world
❖ Sacrament of communion - remembrance of
Jesus Christ’s sacrificial love teaching
expressed in loving the poor, oppressed, and
outcast in society
❖ Christmas - birth
❖ Easter - resurrection
HINDUISM
Oldest religion
Originated in Indus River Valley (northwest India and
Pakistan) 4,500 years ago
Third largest religion (roughly 1 billion followers)
Three main incarnations: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
BELIEFS:
No single founder or leader. existence is a cycle of
birth, death, rebirth governed by Karma.
Karma - reincarnated life depend on how past life was
spent
Vedas - sacred scriptures of Hindus
Mahabharata and Ramayana - important texts of
Hindus
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES:
❖ Diwali - festival of lights
❖ Navratri - festival of nine nights
ISLAM
Monotheistic religion following the teachings of
Muhammad born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia (570 CE) as
messenger of Allah
Muslims are the followers of Islam
Islam means peace and submission
BELIEFS:
Allah - “one god”. unity and universality of God.
Ummah - sense of community
Islam - willing submission to God
Mohammed - last and final prophet sent by God
Quran - holy book of islam
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES:
❖ Shahadah - statement of faith: "There is no
God but the one true God and Mohammed is his
Prophet."
❖ Salat - the prayer that is practiced five times
a day.
❖ Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit
of the poor. It comprises 2.5% of a Muslim's
wealth each year.
 ❖ Hajj - the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims
who can afford are asked to do the pilgrimage
at least once in their lifetime.
❖ Sawm - the fasting. Muslims do fasting from
food, drink, and sexual acts, during the
celebration of Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth
DUNGAN
month of the Islamic lunar calendar. The fast is
- Soul according to Ilonggos (Magos, 1986)
from dawn to sunset.
➔ Eid Ul-fitr - celebration at the end of
Ramadan
➔ Eidul-adha - completion of the
Pilgrimage, the Hajj
JUDAISM
Yahweh - God of Judaism
Torah - sacred text. guide of the Jewish living.
USOG
Talmud - collection of sacred Jewish oral
interpretation of Torah
BELIEFS:
Believed in the God of Abraham who liberated the
Hebrew slaves from Egypt to Canaan (promised land)
lead by Moses later by Joshua.
Messiah - savior
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES:
❖ Rosh Hashanah – New Year
❖ Yom Kippur – Day of Atonement
❖ Pesach – Passover
❖ Shavuot – Pentecost
❖ Sukkot – The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday
evening at sunset and is an important time when
families gather for the Shabbat meal.
ECOPSYCHOLOGY
BELIEF IN SUPERNATURAL POWER AND
BEINGS
➢ Knowledge of a Deity and existence of
supernatural beings is derived from revelation
and figments of human imagination
BABAYLAN - Priestess or Shaman, usually a woman,
ANIMISM - Attribution of soul to plants, inanimate
How to Establish and Improve Connection with
objects and natural phenomena.
Nature
➢ Souls are quasi-physical and can exist outside
the body and transfer to another
MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT
MANGGAGAWAY/MANGKUKULAM - sorcerer
ANITO/ANITU (pagan god) - supernatural power
➢ Animate and inanimate creatures have life force
or Dungan
CONCEPT OF DUNGAN
➢ Comes out of the body and takes form
➢ if a person sees himself in a dream, it means his
other self left the physical body
➢ What happens to the Dungan happens to the
physical body as well
➢ Voluntarily withdrawal for maltreatment
➢ Ethereal. travels in the air or wind.
➢ Take interest in the unborn being which it
chooses to inhabit
- Unintentional transfer of disturbing vapors of a
strong body to a weak one
- Leaves the body at death
CONNECTION WITH NATURE
➢ Spiritual self is also how we commune with
nature
➢ We are appointed as stewards of God’s creation
➢ Damaging the environment would anger the gods
AFFINITY WITH NATURE
➢ Ties that bind people and nature together
➢ Extent to which individuals include nature as
part of their identity
- fundamental interconnections between humans
and natural world through a phenomenological
and sensorial link, and integration of practices
based on the notion that direct contact with
the natural world has healing potential
➢ Parental behavior accounts for much of our
beliefs about nature and our environment
➔ Personal standpoints concerning affinity with
nature and ecopsychology
➔ Technology driven engagement with
nature-bound activities
➔ Incremental behaviors toward protecting the
environment.