Deep Foundation

Module 2
Sand Piles
• These pile are formed by making hole in ground
and fill with the sand and well rammed.
• The sand to be used should be moist at time of
placing.
• Bore hole diameter usually 30 cm.
• length of sand pile is kept about 12 times its
diameter.
• The top of sand pile is filled with concrete.
• Sand pile are placed at 2 to 3 m spacing.
• Load test should be carried out determining the
bearing capacity of sand pile.
• Properly compacted sand pile can carry load up to
100 tone/m2 or more.
Pile Driving
• Process by which a pile is forced or
driven into the ground without
excavation or borings
• Piles are commonly driven by means of
hammer supported by a crane or by a
special device known as pile driver
• The hammer is guided between two
parallel steel members known as leads
• The leads are carried on a frame in such
a way that they can be supported in a
vertical position of an inclined position
Classification Based on Method of Installation
• Driven pile • Factor for selection of pile driving method
• Driven and cast-in-situ pile • Type of soil at site
• Bore and cast-in-situ piles • Costs of pile driving equipment
• Availability of fluid pressure
• Screw piles
• Material of pile
• Jacked pile
• Length of pile
• Ground water level
Classification Based on Method of Installation
• Driven pile • Driven pile
• Driven and cast-in-situ pile • These pile are driven into ground by applying blow with a
heavy hammer.
• Bore and cast-in-situ piles • Timber, steel and precast concrete pile are installed by
driving.
• Screw piles
• Jacked pile
 • Drop hammer.
• It is the simplest method of pile driving.
Pile Hammer • A hammer is dropped on the head of the pile and is
guided during its fall by suitable staging.

• Drop hammer. • The hammer is raised by pulling a rope manually or

by steam engine or electric motor.
• Single acting hammer. • The weight of the hammer for driving concrete or
wooden piles is about 225 kg for short piles and 900
• Double acting hammer. kg to 2350 kg for long and heavy piles.
• Diesel hammer. • Hammer is generally dropped from a height of 15m to
45m and the height is limited to 6 m. The pile-driving
• Vibratory hammer. frame is kept in vertical position by suitable ropes.
 • Single Acting Hammer
• If the hammer is raised by steam, compressed air or
Pile Hammer internal combustion, but is allowed to fall by gravity
along, it is called a single acting hammer.
• The energy of such hammer is equal to the weight of
• Drop hammer. the ram times the height of fall.
• Single acting hammer. • The weight of single acting hammer is about 2 tonnes
(20kN).
• Double acting hammer. • The fall is about 1 meter.
• Diesel hammer. • the number of blows of the hammer may vary from 50
to 60 per minute.
• Vibratory hammer.
Pile Hammer • Double Acting Hammer
• The double acting hammer employs
steam or air for lifting the ram and for
accelerating the downward stroke.
• Drop hammer.
• The weight of the hammer is only 500 kg
• Single acting hammer. (5 kN) but because of accelerating effect
of steam (or air) pressure, it has an effect
• Double acting hammer. of a weight of 3 tonnes (30. kN).
• It operates with succession of rapid blows,
• Diesel hammer. the number varying from 100 to 200
blows per minute.
• Vibratory hammer. • For light hammers, the number of blows
may be even as high as 300 per minute.
• The pile driving is very quick.
• These hammers are very useful for driving
piles under water
 • Diesel Hammer
• The diesel hammer is a small, light weight self
Pile Hammer contained and self-acting type, using gasoline for fuel.
• The total driving energy is the sum of the impact of
the ram plus the energy delivered by explosion.
• Drop hammer.
• Single acting hammer.
• Double acting hammer.
• Diesel hammer.
• Vibratory hammer.
 • Vibratory Hammer
• Driving unit vibrates at high frequency.
Pile Hammer
• Drop hammer.
• Single acting hammer.
• Double acting hammer.
• Diesel hammer.
• Vibratory hammer.
Classification Based on Method of Installation
• Driven pile • Driven and cast-in-situ pile
• Driven and cast-in-situ pile • These pile are formed by driving a casing with a closed
bottom end into the soil .
• Bore and cast-in-situ piles • The casing is later filled with concrete.
• Screw piles • The casing may or may not be withdrawn.

• Jacked pile
Classification Based on Method of Installation
• Driven pile • Bore And Cast-in-Situ Piles
• Driven and cast-in-situ pile • These pile are formed by excavating a hole into the
ground and then filling it with concrete..
• Bore and cast-in-situ piles
• Screw piles
• Jacked pile
Classification Based on Method of Installation
• Screw Piles
• Driven pile • Made up of hollow cast iron or steel shaft
• Driven and cast-in-situ pile • External diameter of the shaft may vary from 15-
30cm
• Bore and cast-in-situ piles
• Helix or screw base at its base
• Screw piles
• If separate blades are provided , the blades may be
• Jacked pile made of cast iron
• The supporting power of screw pile is considerable,
and the pulling power is also large
• Screw piles can be driven without disturbing adjacent
structures
• Piles are screwed into the soil manually using capstan
bars or by motive power
Classification Based on Method of Installation
• Jacked pile
• Driven pile
• These piles are jacked into the ground by applying
• Driven and cast-in-situ pile a downward force by a hydraulic jack.
• Bore and cast-in-situ piles
• Screw piles
• Jacked pile
 Under Reamed Piles
• These piles are developed by C.B.R.I for serving foundation for
black cotton soils, filled up ground and other type of soil
having poor bearing capacity.
• An under reamed pile is bored cast-in-situ concrete pile having
one or more bulbs or under reamed in its lower level.
• The bulb or under reamed are formed by under reaming tool.
• Diameter of pile is 20 to 50 cm and bulb diameter is 2-3 times
of diameter of pile.
• Length of pile is 3 to 8 m and spacing between piles are 2 to 4
m.
• Load carrying capacity can increase by making more bulb at
the base.
• The vertical spacing between two bulb is varies from 1.25 to
1.5 times diameter of bulb.
• For black cotton soil the bulb is increase bearing capacity and
also provide anchorage against uplift.
Under Reamed Piles
• Construction of Under Reamed Piles
• The equipment required for the construction of pile are,
• 1. Spiral auger - for boring
• 2. Under reamer - for making bulb
• 3. Boring guide -to keep the hole vertical
Bored Compaction Piles
• Modification of under reamed piles
• Used for foundation of structures of various types such
as residential and industrial buildings, overhead tanks,
towers, substations, gantry foundations, underground
tanks, over bridges etc.
• Combines the advantages of both bored and driven
piles by compacting freshly laid concrete and soil around
obtaining increased load carrying capacity over normal
piles.
• Suitable for loose to medium silty/sandy soils specially
with high water table.
• The reinforcement cage is not placed in the bore hole
before concreting
• After the concreting s over, the reinforcement cage is
driven through the freshly laid concrete
Coffer Dam
• Temporary enclosure in a river, lake etc
• Build around a working area for the purpose of excluding water during
construction
• Pumping is needed while constructing
• Made of earth materials, timber or steel sheet piling
• Types of Coffer Dam:
• Cantilever sheet pile coffer dam : suitable fro small heights
• Susceptible to large leakage and flood damage
• Braced Coffer Dam : Economical , small to moderate height
• Embankment protected Coffer Dam- no height limitation, occupy large base area
• Double wall coffer dam- suitable for moderate height
• Cellular coffer dam- suitable for moderate and large heights
Braced Coffer Dam

Double Walled CofferDam

Cellular Coffer Dam

 • Pile cap /Helmet
Pile Accessories • To protect the top of pile from blow of hammer on top, pile
cap is provided.
• Pile carry load from structure and distribute it to various pile.
• Pile cap • Generally, Pile cap is made of steel.
• Thickness and size of cap is depend on shape and size of pile
• Pile shoe hammer.
• Pile should penetrate into the cap at least 10 cm length.
• For group pile a common R.C.C. is provided for all the pile
 • Pile shoe
Pile Accessories • There for pile shoe is fitted at bottom end of pile to protect
the pile and to facilitate easy pile driving.
• Pile shoe are made of cast iron, steel or wrought iron.
• Pile cap • Various types of shoe are;
• Square pile shoe
• Pile shoe • Wedged shaped pile shoe
• Round pile shoe
• Steel trap pile shoe for timber pile
• Socket type pile shoe for timber pile
• closed end shoe for pipe piles
 • The test can be performed either on a working pile
which forms the foundation of the structure or on
a test pile
Pile Load Test • Test load applied with the help of a jack placed
over a rigid circular or square plate
• Plate placed on the head of the pile
• This test gives us the value of – • The reaction of the jack is borne by the truss or
platform which may have gravity loading in the
• Ultimate load value form of sand bags etc
• Safe load value • The load is applied in equal increments of about
• Settlement under different values of loads 1/5th of the estimated allowable load
• Settlements measured by dial gauges
• EQUIPMENTS • Test piles are loaded until the ultimate load is
reached
• Anchor Girder or Reaction Girders
• Hydraulic Jack
• Test Pile
• Anchor Pile
• Dial Gauges
• Reaction Truss (in case of truss loading)
Pulling Of Pile
• To replace the damaged piles during the driving
operation.
• To reuse the existing piles when the structure above
the pile is demolished.
• To prepare the data of strata trough which piles are
to be driven by carrying out pulling tests.
• To remove the pile which are driven temporarily as
in case of a cofferdam.
Pile Extractor

Method For Pulling Of Pile

• The method for pulling of piles will depend on the
type of pile, equipment availability.
• Various method are;
• Use of double acting steam hammer
• Use of pile extractors
• Use of tongs
• Use of vibrator
• Use of electricity
Pile Pulling
Caissons : Well Foundation
• Well foundation is a type of deep foundation
• Generally provided below the water level for
bridges.
• Cassions or well have been in use for
foundations of bridges and other structures
since Roman and Mughal periods.
• Box like structure
• Circular or rectangular
• Sunk from the surface of either land or water
to the desired depth

• It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.

• It is sunk into the ground to some desired depth and then filled with concrete thus forming a foundation.
• Most often used in the construction of bridge piers & other structures that require foundation beneath rivers
& other bodies of water.
Caissons : Well Foundation
• Advantage
• Large diameter, can be extended up to large
depths.
• Similar to piles, but shorter
• If large bearing capacity soil (rock) is
between 3-7 m, it can be very effective
• If loads are not too large, but the upper 3-7
m of the soil is not appropriate, can be
applied effectively
• Cost of Construction is relatively less on bed
level or lower side.
• Disadvantage
• Since the placing of concrete is done for
concrete seal under water, it may not be
satisfactory.
• If any obstruction of boulders or logs are
encountered, then progress of work
becomes slow.
• Through cleaning and inspection at the
bottom of caisson is very difficult and hence
not possible.
• The help of divers may be required for
excavation near haunches at the cutting
edges
Caissons : Well Foundation
• The various component of a well foundations are
• 1. Cutting Edge
• 2. Well Curb
• 3. Bottom Plug
• 4. Steining
• 5. Top Plug
• 6. Well Cap

• Cutting Edge:
• Sharp edge which is provided at the lower end of the well or open and
pneumatic caisson for accelerating sinking operation is called cutting
edge.
• It is made up steel or it is made in R.C.C.
• The cutting edge should be sharp so as to penetrate into the soil and it
should resist the various stresses caused by blows, boulders, blasting, etc.
• A sharp vertical edge is generally provided to the outside face of the
caisson. Edge facilities the rate of sinking.
Caissons : Well Foundation

• Well Curbs
• It is made of concrete or brick.
• Cutting edge of well or caisson is attached to well
curb.
• During sinking operation well curb impart to the well
steining and facilities the formation of bottom
• Bottom Plug
• After final grounding of the well to the required
foundation level, a concrete plug is provided.
• The bottom plug transfer the entire load to the
ground.
• The bottom plug functions as an inverted dome
supported along the periphery of the steining.
• As it is not feasible to provide reinforcement at the
bottom, it is generally made thick and a rich
concrete mix (M20) is used.
Caissons : Well Foundation

• Sand Filling
• The bottom plug concrete is cured and after
curing, the well is filled with sand in saturated
condition.
• Steining
• Steining is constructed in concrete or masonry
work.
• Use of steining is to provide dead load during
sinking operation.
• Topping
• Covering provided over the well or caisson is
called as topping.
• Sand is filled in between topping and bottom plug.
Topping also acts as a part of shuttering for laying
the well cap.
Caissons : Well Foundation
TYPES OF CAISSON
• There are three types of caisson as follows:
• Open Caisson.
• Depending upon their shape, open caissons
can be further classified as,
• Single wall open caisson
• Cylindrical open caisson
• Open caisson with dredging wells
• Box Caisson.
• Pneumatic Caisson
Single wall open caisson:
This is a box type structure having no top or
bottom(during construction) and mainly
consists of vertical walls
Cylindrical open caisson (well):
cylindrical shell made up of timber, masonry,
steel or reinforced concrete shod with a
cutting edge and which is sunk by excavating
the soil within the shell.
Caissons : Well Foundation
TYPES OF CAISSON
• There are three types of caisson as follows:
• Open Caisson.
• Depending upon their shape, open caissons
can be further classified as,
• Single wall open caisson
• Cylindrical open caisson
• Open caisson with dredging wells
• Box Caisson.
• Pneumatic Caisson
Open caisson with dredging wells
•This type of caisson has the distinction of being
employed for the deepest foundation for, bridge piers,
abutments and other similar structures.
The caisson in this case is rectangular or square in plan
and is further sub-divided into smaller sections from
inside forming open walls.
The outside walls as well as the inside divider walls are
normally made up of reinforced concrete
Caissons : Well Foundation

• Box caisson
• This type of caisson is similar to open caisson except that it is closed at bottom.
• The caisson is cast and cured on land and when required, it is launched in water
and towed to the site for sinking.
• the caisson is sunk by filling sand, gravel, or concrete in the empty space inside.
• The place where the caisson base is to rest must be leveled and as such box
caissons are used in places where the strata of sufficient bearing capacity is
available near the ground.
• In normal practice, the soft natural bottom soil of the river bed is dredged out to
some depth and the trench thus formed is filled with sand to have a leveled base.
• The function of the sand layer is to uniformly distribute the superimposed loads
over the soil below and thus avoid tilting of the caisson.
• Pneumatic caisson:
• This type of caisson is closed at top and open (during construction) at the bottom.
• The water is excluded from the caisson chamber by means of compressed air.
Timbering in Trenches
• When the depth of trench is large or when the subsoil is
loose ,the sides of trench may cave in.
• The problem can by adopting a suitable method of
timbering
• Timber of trenches ,sometime also known as ‘shoring’
consists of providing timber planks or boards and struts to
give temporary support to the sides of the trench
Timbering in Trenches
• Various methods of timbering:-
• Stay bracing
• Box sheeting
• Vertical sheeting
• Runners system
• Sheet piling
Timbering in Trenches
Stay bracing
• When the trench soil is firm and the depth of
excavation does not exceed 2.0 meters, this
method is used for supporting the sides of a trench
Box Sheeting
This Method is used when excavation is to be carried
out in loose soil and when the depth of excavation
does not exceed 4 meters.
 Timbering in Trenches

• Vertical Sheeting • Runners

• This method is adopted • In case of extremely
for deep trenches (up to loose and soft ground
10 m depth) in soft runner system is
ground. provided.
• This method is similar to • The system is similar to
box sheeting except that Vertical sheeting. Except
the excavation is carried that in place of vertical
out in stages and at the sheeting runners are
end of each stage an provided
offset is provided