BOTANY UNIT E XAM
PLANT ADAPTATION
ADAPTATION
- renders a species highly adaptable (both
genotypically and phenotypically) to all
environmental variations. (Lamarckism)
- Matches to their way of surviving. (Darwinism)
TYPE OF ADAPTATIONS
1. BEHAVIOURAL
- support its ability to survive and reproduce
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL
- bodily processes/ metabolism for survival and
reproductioN
3. STRUCTURAL
- physical or structural traits enable to survive
BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATIONS:
Nature of Adaptation:
- Not passed down from one gen to the next.
PHOTOTROPISM/HELIOTROPISM
- Adaptations to get sunlight.
o Plants lean or grow towards the sun.
o Vines climb up trees to catch sun.
THIGMOTROPISM
- Adaptations in response to touch
o Response towards the touch Positive
Thigmotropism
o Response away from the touch
Negative Thigmotropism
GRAVITROPISM/GEOTROPISM
- Adaptations in response to gravity
o Most plants and fungi demonstrate this
adaptation.
- Enables the plants to grow and stay in place
especially early stages of seedling growth.
Adaptations to get water and nutrients.
o Roots grow and penetrate deep to soil.
o Desert flowers stay dormant, coming to
life when it rains.
e.g Northern part of Atacama Desert
Adaptations for reproduction
o Drop seen on ground to grow offspring.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS
- Series of continuous intracellular, biochemical,
and metabolic changes in organism to keep it in
balance.
- Capacity to adapt to its changing environment
because of metabolic or physiological change.
- Genetically determined and transmissible from
one gen to next.
FUNCTIONS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS:
- Survival of species helped by physiological
adaptations.
- Support development and growth
- Management of body temp, pressure, ionic
balances, and metabolic rates
- Conservation and maximization
HOMEOSTASIS
- mechanism enables biological thing to preserve
internal stability while adapting to shifting
environmental.
GOALS:
- maintain an adequate uptake of water and
nutrients.
- control stomata opening
STOMATA OPENING – preservation of water
1st K+ into the vacuole
2nd H2O into the vacuole
3rd Guard cells expand.
4th Stomata open
STOMATA CLOSING – Absence of water.
1st K+ moves out from the vacuole
2nd H2O moves out from the vacuole
3rd Guard cells shrink.
4th Stomata closes.
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS
- modifications to its physical makeup
- inheritable and pertains to transgenerational
adjustments.
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS
• ADAPTATIONS FOR REPRODUCTION
▪ Flowers developed brightly colored
petals to attract pollinators.
• Adaptations for Defense
▪ Formation and modifications of
spines and hairs
• Adaptations for food and water
conservation
▪ Heat coping strat, desert plant
grows stout stems.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PHARMACY IN ECOLOGY
1. Global function of plants on Earth
2. plants recycle matter in biogeochemical cycles
3. plants as food
4. plants as source of chemicals and medicines
5. plants make us happy
SIGNIFICANCE OF BOTANY IN PPHARMACY 10 HALAMANG GAMOT
PHARMACOGNOSY
- Derived from Greek “parmakon” = remedy and BAWANG
“gignosco” = knowledge
- Science of biogenic or nature-derived SN: Allium sativum
pharmaceuticals and poisons FP: Aliaceae
- deals with all medicinal plants, used in the form EN: Nectar of the Gods
of crude herbs (comminuted herbal substance) Poor man’s treacle
extracts (phytotherapy) pure compounds and Stinking rose
foods having additional health benefits only in Use for:
the context of having preventive effects • Anti-hypercholesterolemia
(nutraceuticals). • Anti-hypertensive
• Relieve tooth aches.
10 HALAMANG GAMOT • Antiseptic
Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997 Plant Part: Bulb (Clover)
(Republic Act 8423) Preparation:
Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative • Fried, roasted
Health Care (PITAHC) to accelerate the development of • raw soaked in vinegar ( 30 mins)
traditional and alternative health care. • raw soaked in water (5mins)
Dosages: Take 2 pcs TID after meals
Mnemonics
Bawang
Ampalaya
Bayabas AMPALAYA
Yerba Buena
Pansit-pansitan SN: Momordica charantia
Lagundi FP: Cucurbitaceae
Akapulko EN: Bitter gourd
Niyog-niyogan Use for:
Tsaang Gubat
• Anti-diabetic (non-insulin dependent)
Sambong
Plant Part: Young leaves
Preparation:
Reminders on the use of herbal medicines:
1. Wash and chop
- avoid the use of insecticides.
2. Boil 6 tbsp of chopped leaves in 2 glasses of
- use clay pot and remove cover while boiling at
water for 15 ins using low heat
low heat.
3. Don’t cover cool down and strain
- use only the part advocated.
Dosages: Take 1/3 cup TID after meals
- Follow accurate dosage and suggested
preparation.
- Use only one kind of herbal plant.
- Use only half dosage for fresh part while using
LAGUNDI
dried parts.
- Dispose after one day. Keep lukewarm in a flask
SN: Vitex Negundo
to keep fresh.
FP: Verbenaceae
- Leaves, Fruits, Flowers, or nuts must be mature
EN: five-leaved chaste tree
before harvesting.
Use for:
- Stop giving herbal medication in case an
• Cough (expectorant)
untoward reaction occurs.
• Anti-asthma (Bronchodilator)
- If signs and symptoms are not relieved after 2 to
Plant Part: Leaves
3 days consult a doctor
Preparation:
1. wash and chop
2. Boil in 2 glasses of water for 15 mins until
reduced in 1 glass
3. strain
4. drink lukewarm temp
 NIYOG-NIYOGAN
AKAPULKO
SN: Quisqualis Indica
FP: Combretaceae SN: Cassia Alata
EN: Chinese Honey Suckle FP: Fabaceae
Use for: EN: Ringworm Bush
• Anti-Helminthic LN: Bayabasin
Plant Part: seeds Palochina
Preparation: Seeds eaten raw 2 hrs before the last meal Use for:
at the day • Anti-fungal
Dosages: Adults : 10 seeds • Tinea Flava
10-12 yrs old : 7 seeds • Ringworm
8-9 yrs old: 6 seeds • Athlete’s foot
4-7 yrs old: 4 seeds • Scabies
( 4yrs old below not allowed) Plant Part: Leave
Preparation: Decoction
YERBA BUENA Dosing: 1/3 cup TID

SN: Mentha cordifolia

FP: Lamiaceae TSAANG GUBAT
EN: Peppermint
Marsh Mint SN: Carmona retussa
LN: Herba Buena FP: Boraginaceae
Use for: EN: Wild Tea
• Counterirritant LN: Kalimomog
• Analgesic Use for:
• Antihuematism • Diarrhea
• Anti-inflammatory • Stomach/Abdominal pain
• Coughs and cold Plant Part: Leaves
• Menstrual pain Preparation: Decoction
Dosing: Diarrhea = 2 glasses
• Toothaches/swollen gum
Stomachache = 1 glass
Plant Part: Leaves
Preparation:
PANSIT-PANSITAN/ ULASIMANG BATO
BAYABAS
SN: Peperomia pellucida
SN: Psidium guajava FP: Piperaceae
FP: Myrtaceae EN: Silver Bush
EN: Guava Shiny Bush
LC: Bagabas Clear Weed
Use for: Use for:
• Anti-septive • Lowers Uric Acid
Plant Part: Leaves Plant Part: Stem and Leaves
Preparation: Decoction Preparation: Decoction
Dosing: 1/3 cup TID Dosing: Can be eaten raw

SAMBONG

SN: Blumea Baramifera

FP: Asteraceae
EN: Blumea Camphor
LC: Dalapat
Lalakdakan
Use for:
• Anti-urolithiasis
• Anti-edema
Plant Part: Leaves
Preparation: Decoction
Dosing: 1/3 cup TID