Professional Documents
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1
CONTENT
UNIT 1. PREFERENCES
Pages Lessons Content Grammar Vocabulary
7-13 1A. Movies Vocabulary: Prefer Movie genres
Movie genres
Reading: Men of Honor
Listening: 12 steps
Writing and speaking:
Favorite movie
14-19 1B. TV Programs Vocabulary: TV Would rather TV
programs genres programs
Reading: Betty the Ugly genres
Listening: Betty the
Ugly
Writing and speaking:
Original series vs
adaptations
20-25 1C. Anime Vocabulary: Would Prefer Anime genres
Anime genres
Reading: Anime History
Listening:
Manga
exhibition
Writing and speaking:
Anime vs Manga
26-30 1D. Sitcoms Vocabulary: Types of Prefer Types of sitcoms
sitcoms Would
Reading: How I met rather
your mother
Would
Listening:
Emergency room prefer
Writing and speaking:
Sitcom preferences
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Students will be able to:
A.
VOCABULARY
4. 5. 6. 7. Comedy
Thriller Horror film abventure
Men of honor
Have you seen this movie? What do you think about it?
C. GRAMMAR:
PREFER
Use: We use “prefer” to say we like one thing or activity more than another. We
can use a prepositional phrase with “to” when we compare two things or actions:
……………………………………………………………………..
Mary is not so healthy. She prefers drinking water to sod
……………………………………………………………………..
Nelly loves adventure. She prefers watching adventurous films to romance.
3. At the cinema, do you prefer eating before, while, or after the movie? Why?
I prefer to eat before the movie but if not I can get interruptions while I eat and thus be able to
……………………………………………………………………
pay more attention to the movie I'm going to see
4. Do you prefer to watch movies alone or with someone else? Why?
I…………………………………………………………………….
prefer to watch accompanied since I can comment after the movie we have seen and thus be
able to obtain a better experience
5. While you are watching a movie, do you prefer complete silence or comment on
it with someone else? Why?
……………………………………………………………………..
I prefer complete silence to immerse themselves fully in the movie, while others enjoy sharing
thoughts and reactions with friends or family. The choice depends on individual preferences for
engagement and discussion during the viewing experience.
D.
LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhCISxbO7rg
3. The man who is giving the physical test is called by his superior.
a. cook
b. cookie
c. diver
1. Write a paragraph using the grammar related to this lesson answering the following
questions:
Which movie genres do you prefer? Why? Which is your favorite movie? Which scene
of this movie do you prefer? Why?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
I lean towards the science fiction and drama film genres. I am drawn to science
……………………………………………………………………………………………
fiction for its ability to explore alternative futures and challenge the limits of
imagination. I enjoy immersing myself in dystopian worlds and contemplating
technological possibilities. On the other hand, drama captivates me because of the
……………………………………………………………………………………………
emotional depth it brings to the stories. My favorite movie is 'Blade Runner 2049'.
The fusion of science fiction and drama elements in this film is exceptional. If you
……………………………………………………………………………………………
had to choose a favorite scene, it would be when the protagonist, K, discovers the
truth about his own existence. The emotional complexity and visual impact in that
……………………………………………………………………………………………
scene are impressive. I love how the film addresses philosophical and existential
questions in such a captivating way.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
OCABU
UNI L
T1 esso
n 1B
A.
VOCABULARY
Cooker
y
Game
show
R
eality
show
Sports
Soap
opera
News
1. 2. 3.
………………………………………………………..
My favorite international television show is "Black Mirror." I am fascinated by the way it explores the future
8. implications of technology. It belongs to the genre of science fiction and drama.
B.
READING
Its original version was transmitted in many countries with great success, including all
of Latin America, with high audience levels. It had great international success by being
transmitted in more than 180 countries, being dubbed into 25 languages, and having at
least 28 adaptations around the world, being the soap opera that has had the most
adaptations. It premiered on October 11, 2019, through video on demand on Netflix
with a total of 335 episodes. It remained on Netflix in the top 10 most-watched
programs in Latin America. Despite its success on Netflix, on July 10, 2022, the
streaming service withdrew it from its catalog for licensing reasons. The soap opera was
transferred to Prime Video where you can currently see all 335 episodes.
Same subject
To refer to the past we use would rather + have + verb past participle
She would rather have spent the money on a holiday. (The money wasn’t spent
on a holiday.)
I’d rather have seen it at the cinema than on DVD. (I saw the film on DVD.)
Different subject
To refer to the past we use the past perfect:
I’d rather you hadn’t rung me at work. (Past perfect to talk about the past)
……………………………………………………………………..
I'd rather you took her to the hospital.
3. tomorrow / they / would / she / rather / in / own / test / made / her (x2) / mistakes
She would rather she made her own test mistakes tomorrow
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………..
I would rather she had not failed the English course; my sister failed the course.
3. Which TV program would you rather watch as many times as possible? Why?
I would prefer to watch a mystery or thriller show multiple times because I love discovering details that I may
have missed……………………………………………………………………
on the first viewing. Plus, I like the excitement and suspense that these types of shows offer.
……………………………………………………………………..
It depends on the day and my mood, but in general, I prefer to watch sports programs. I like the excitement of
live sporting events and how they can bring people together through competition and passion for a particular
team or sport.
D.
LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnAWeIdIDyk
Would you rather watch the original series than the adaptations? Why? Give examples.
Share your answers with the whole class.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
I would prefer to watch the original series instead of the adaptations. For me, the
……………………………………………………………………………………………
original series often has the creator's unique spark, that authentic vision that made
the story great in the first place. Sometimes adaptations change important things or
……………………………………………………………………………………………
lose part of what made the original series special.
Take 'Game of Thrones' as an example. Although the television series was super
popular, fans of the books often say that the original series, 'A Song of Ice and Fire'
……………………………………………………………………………………………
by George R.R. Martin, has many more details and complex characters that the TV
series failed to capture. completely.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Additionally, adaptations may modify the plot to accommodate different audiences or
constraints, and that may affect the essence of the story. In short, I think the original
……………………………………………………………………………………………
series has that special touch that is sometimes lost in adaptations, and I prefer to stick
with the creator's original vision.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
OCABU
UNI Less
T1 on
1C
Anime
A.
VOCABULARY
Genre Definition
1 Action l a. Bringing us tears and a wave of emotions
2 Adventure h b. It is about magical stuff like spells and incantations.
3 Comedy j c. They’re referring to stuff or events that are odd and out-of-the-
blue.
4 Drama a d. There are ghosts, monsters, gore, and creeps
5 Slice of life g e. There is the existence of a central enigma
6 Fantasy m f. It delves into how the mind and psyche work
7 Magic b g. They are realistically set in the domain of real life
8 Supernatural d h. It is about traveling and undertaking an adventure in a certain
place or around the world
9 Horror d i. It showcases scientific and technological elements in its story.
10 Mistery e j. The main purpose is to make you laugh
11 Psychologic f k. It is all about love and sweet moments.
al
12 Romance k l. It depicts extremely high levels of intense action
13 Sci-fi i m. It deals with fantasy worlds and surreal events and locations.
…. What are your favorite anime programs? Which genres are they?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
"Spy x Family" This anime combination of action, comedy and drama. The story follows a spy
named Twilight who must form a fictional family to carry out a secret mission, and the dynamics
between the main characters, as well as the plot twists, have captivated many readers.
B.
READING
1. Read the following text. What is the main idea of this reading?
When we want to say that we would like to do one thing more than another, we
can introduce the second thing with rather than, followed by an infinitive
without to:
……………………………………………………………………..
Erik would prefer to eat more vegetables.
……………………………………………………………………..
Elena would prefer a bigger place for her party.
……………………………………………………………………..
I would prefer not to go to the smoking area.
5. Would you prefer to watch slice of life rather than fantasy Anime? Yes-No? Why?
Once……………………………………………………………………..
again, it depends on personal preference. If you enjoy stories that depict everyday life
and realistic situations, you might prefer slice of life. If you prefer imaginative worlds and
fantastical elements, you might lean towards fantasy.
D.
LISTENING
Would you prefer to watch Anime rather than read Manga? Yes-No / Why?
Share your answers with the whole class.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Yes, I prefer to watch anime than read manga because I prefer the
……………………………………………………………………………………………
multimedia experience of anime with animations, music and voices
that bring the story to life.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
OCABU
UNI Less
T1 on
1D
Sitcoms
A.
VOCABULARY
1. Watch the following video, do you know this Sitcom? What is the Sitcom’s name?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36HDTMf15No
Type Definition
1. Actcom a a. The greatest emphasis is on the characters and their growth as human
beings. Domestic comedy is almost invariably set in and around a family
unit.
2. Domcom c b. It is the rarest and most serious type of sitcom. The humor is more comic
intensification than an end in itself.
3. Dramedy b c. The emphasis is on action, verbal and physical.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. I to spend my free time in the garden but the weather is not good.
a. rather
b. would prefer
c. would rather
2. I’d rather you me clean the house than lay on the sofa all day long.
a. help
b. helped
c. to help
3. I’d prefer to discuss the problem with you to avoid serious talk.
a. rather than try
b. to try
c. that try
4. Clyde usually stays at home in the evenings but tonight he would prefer
………… with his friends.
a. go out
b. going out
c. to go out
5. Gloria prefers going to the restaurant ………. guests at home on her special
occasions.
a. rather than receive
b. to receiving
c. to receive
6. I’d rather call him now until tomorrow. I am worried about the project.
a. than wait
b. to wait
c. than waiting
7. Alexis would rather have broccoli potato salad. He is on a diet.
a. than
b. to
c. that
8. I like meeting new people, of course, but these days, I prefer alone
somewhere in the wilderness.
a. to staying
b. stay
c. staying
9. Anabelle doesn't want to change anything right now. She would rather …………
everything as it is.
a. to leave
b. leave
c. leaving
10. I prefer a good workout session in the gym another computer game that
soon gets boring.
a. that
b. to
c. than
D.
LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36HDTMf15No
1. Write a paragraph using the grammar related to this lesson answering the following
questions:
Which type (there are 3 in the vocabulary) of Sitcom do you prefer to watch? Why?
What Sitcom (specific Sitcom-say the name) would you rather watch? Why?
What Sitcom (specific Sitcom-say the name) would you prefer not to watch? Why?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
I prefer to watch character-driven sitcoms because I enjoy the depth and
……………………………………………………………………………………………
development of the personalities in the shows. The intricate relationships
and dynamic interactions between the characters add a layer of realism
that resonates with me. One sitcom that I would rather watch is
……………………………………………………………………………………………
"Friends" because of its timeless humor, well-developed characters, and
the enduring appeal of their camaraderie. The blend of humor and
……………………………………………………………………………………………
genuine moments in the lives of the characters keeps me entertained. On
the other hand, I would prefer not to watch "The Office" because the
……………………………………………………………………………………………
mockumentary style and dry humor don't resonate with my taste as much.
The exaggerated awkwardness and cringe-worthy moments, while beloved
by many, are not my preferred comedic elements. Overall, my sitcom
……………………………………………………………………………………………
preferences revolve around well-crafted characters and a balance of
humor and relatability.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
OCABU
UNI Less
T1 on
1E
Autonomous work
A.
VOCABULARY
Terms Definition
1. l a. They use speculative, fictional science-based depictions of phenomena
Action that are not fully accepted by mainstream science.
films
2. e b. Show in which contestants, individually or as teams, play a game that
Adventure involves answering questions or solving puzzles, usually for money or
films prizes.
3. i c. It´s a television serial dealing, especially with domestic situations and
Drama frequently characterized by melodrama and sentimentality.
film
4. Thriller a d. They are illustrated and printed Japanese stories.
films
5. c e. They typically use their action scenes to display and explore exotic
Science locations in an energetic way.
fiction
films
6. Soap b f. It is a genre of comedy that revolves around a fixed set of characters
opera involved in amusing situations in each episode.
7. j g. Suspense films refer to a broad film genre that evokes excitement and
Game suspense in the audience.
show
8. Sports k h. It´s a television programming or radio programming genre structured
program around the act of spontaneous conversation.
9. Anime i. Narrative fiction that is more serious in tone.
10. Sitcom f j. TV program in which matches or sports encounters are analyzed.
11. Manga d k. It is a Japanese cartoon style that can be watched on TV.
12. h l. The hero is pushed into a series of events that typically include violence,
Talk extended fighting, physical feats, and frantic chases.
show
2. Choose the correct term from the exercise 1 for each picture.
1. 2. 3. 4.
B.
READING
1. Read the following text. What is the main idea of this reading?
Friends
1. Listen to the audio (1E). Match the pictures with the movies the speakers
refer to.
Speak
er A
Speaker B
Speaker C
Speaker D
Speaker E
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
2. Listen to the audio (1E). Match the speakers A-E with their thoughts.
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Students will be able to:
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
1. Are you gullible? (Do you easily believe everything you hear?)
This question is asking about your tendency to believe information without questioning or
verifying its accuracy. It explores the level of skepticism or trust you have in the information you come
across
2. Why do you think people gossip?
This question delves into the motivations behind gossiping. It could be driven by various
factors such as a desire for social connection, the need for entertainment, competition, or
even a way to establish social norms within a group.
3. How does social media make gossip and rumors worse?
This question focuses on the role of social media in amplifying and spreading gossip and
rumors. Social media platforms provide a quick and widespread means of sharing
information, both true and false, leading to the rapid dissemination of gossip and rumors to
a large audience.
B.
VOCABULARY
1. There is a lot of scaremongerin going on, people are very frightened, but they are also
very angry.
2. The investigators' request for the company's accounts is simply a fishing expedition
- they have no real evidence.
3. She leaned over and whispered (past simple form) something in his ear.
C. READING
Richard's meeting with movie producers went really well. The producers were impressed
with the concept, and they expressed interest in making the movie.…
The producers are interested in making a movie with Richard based on the concept
discussed in the meeting.…
In the near future, there is a possibility that both the speaker and Clara might appear in
a significant movie. The opportunity arises from Richard's successful meeting with the
movie producers.
…Sandra has been chosen as one of the 50 people flying to Mars on a new shuttle next
year.
5. According to Robert, what should they start preparing for life as?
According to Robert, they should start preparing for life as famous celebrities,
considering the possibility of appearing in a big movie.
The producers want to start production on the movie as soon as possible, targeting next
year's summer line-up.
8. What does Robert mean when he says, Curtis has a “big mouth”?
The phrase "Curtis has a 'big mouth'" implies that Curtis is not good at keeping secrets
or confidential information.
F.
WRITING
1. “Great minds discuss ideas. Average minds discuss events. Small minds discuss
people.” Henry Thomas Buckle
Henry Thomas Buckle said that great minds discuss ideas, average minds discuss events,
and small minds discuss people.
2. “Isn't it kind of silly to think that tearing someone else down builds you up?”
Sean Covey
…Sean Covey questioned the idea, asking if it wasn't kind of silly to think that tearing
someone else down builds you up.
3. “Fake news and rumors thrive online because few verify what's real and always
bias towards content that reinforces their own biases.” Ryan Higa
Ryan Higa observed that fake news and rumors thrive online because few verify what's
real and people always bias towards content that reinforces their own biases.
4. “Fake friends believe in rumors. Real friends believe in you.” Yolanda Hadid
Yolanda Hadid pointed out that fake friends believe in rumors, while real friends believe
in you.
5. “Everyone makes their own comments. That's how rumors get started.” Venus
Williams
…Venus Williams mentioned that everyone makes their own comments, and that's how
rumors get started.
6. “Gossip is just a tool to distract people who have nothing better to do from
feeling jealous of those few of us still remaining with noble hearts.” Anna
Godbersen
Anna Godbersen stated that gossip is just a tool to distract people who have nothing
better to do from feeling jealous of those few of us still remaining with noble hearts.
G.
SPEAKING
Rumors can originate from various sources, such as misunderstandings, incomplete information,
speculation, or intentional misinformation. They often begin with a small piece of information
that gets distorted or exaggerated as it spreads from person to person.
The interest in gossip and rumors can be attributed to various factors, including human curiosity, the desire
for social connection, and the need for information about others.
Gossip and rumors can have negative consequences for businesses in several ways. They can harm the
reputation of a company, create a negative work environment, and lead to decreased employee morale and
productivity.
OCABU
UNI L
T2 esso
n 2B
A. WARM-UP QUESTIONS
1. Have you ever read fake news online? If so, how did you know it was fake?
2. Why do you think people write fake news stories?
3. What can people do to avoid fake news?
B. VOCABULARY
5. It’s a scientific fact that the Earth orbits the sun, although confirm something
people haven’t always believed this. c
laim
6. Sorry, I’m a Windows user. I’m not be familiar with something Macs.
if in doubt
Could you help me load some files?
7. They announced (Past simple form) the appointment of the new Prime Minister late
last night.
8. The suspect claimed (Past simple form) that he was at home when the crime
took place.
9. I don’t really watch the news. I listen to the now, but I find most of
the news these days depressing.
C. READING
1. Identifying fake news isn’t easy! The table below lists various tips to help you
decide whether an online information source can be trusted. Match the tip title to
its description.
Do you know the source? Have you used this source in the past?
1. What is the mission or purpose of the website (e.g., to entertain,
…………… inform, promote, sell, etc.)? Where was this source shared? Do
you trust information that is shared on social media?
2. Sometimes articles begin with a headline that grabs the reader’s
………….... attention. Read on, because the headline may not tell the whole
story.
3. Who wrote the article? Are you familiar with the writer? Are they
…………… even a real person?
4. If a story includes sources for its facts, click on the sources. Check
………….... the details – do the sources actually say what the story claims?
5. When was the article published? Is it up-to-date, or is it old news?
………….... Be careful – some sites will repost old stories but change the date
to make them seem more recent.
6. Is the article actually serious? There are many sites which share
…………… fake stories that are meant to be funny.
What’s your opinion on the topic? People often trust information
7. that confirms their own beliefs. We are also more likely to trust
…………… information shared by people (e.g., friends) that have similar
beliefs to our own. A story might share ideas that support your
own views, but that doesn’t mean they are true.
8. If in doubt, ask an expert. There are online fact checking sites that
…………… can help you decide if information is real or fake.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
D. GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH – PRESENT AND PAST
CONTINUOUS
Present Continuous
Indirect speech changes to past continuous.
"I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was reading a book
“She isn’t studying for her exam”, said Ana. Ana said she wasn´t studying for her
exam “Is she working late?” Carlos asked. Carlos asked if she was working late
“Who are you calling?” Mary asked. Mary asked who I was calling
Past Continuous
Indirect speech changes to past perfect continuous.
"We were living in Paris", they told me. They told me that they had been living in Paris.
“I wasn’t working at the mall”, said Peter. Peter said he hadn’t been working at the mall.
“Was she eating?” Mike asked. Mike asked if she had been eating.
“What were you doing? Julie asked. Julie asked what I had been doing.
Time
expressions
Today = that day
Now = then
Tonight = that
night
1. 'I wasn't paying attention at the time.' / He said that he attention at the time.
a. didn't pay
b. hadn't been paying
c. hasn't been paying
2. 'We're meeting Toni at 8 o'clock.' / She said that they meeting Toni at 8
o'clock. I hope they're having a nice time!
a. were meeting
b. are meeting
c. had been meeting
3. 'We're having a great time here on holiday!' / I got a postcard from my parents –
they said they're having a great time on holiday.
a. there
b. here
c. then
4. 'Coralia's arriving today.' / She told me that Coralia was arriving , but I found
out the next day that her visit was cancelled.
a. today
b. that day
c. ago
5. “We were living in Guayaquil,” said my sisters.
a. My sisters said that they had been living in Guayaquil.
b. My sisters said that they have been living in Guayaquil
c. My sisters said that we had been living in Guayaquil
6. “The baby's sleeping!”
a. He told me the baby was sleeping.
b. He told me the baby is sleeping
c. He told me the baby had been sleeping
B. Complete the sentences using reported speech (present or past continuous):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSKGa_7XJkg
1. According to the video, the quote “A lie can travel halfway around the
world, while the truth is putting on its shoes” was attributed to ……………
a. Mark Twain
b. Aristoteles
c. Anonymous
2. What is circular reporting?
a. Publication A publishes real information, publication B reprints it, and
publication A then cites B as the source for the information.
b. Publication A publishes misinformation information, publication B
reprints it, and publication A then cites B as the source for the
information.
c. Both
3. How many articles against routine vaccination were published in 1998?
a. Two
b. One
c. Three
4. Which one is false:
a. The article “Energy expenditure in adolescents playing new
generation computer games” was published in the British Medical
Journal.
b. The article “Energy expenditure in adolescents playing new
generation computer games” was fake.
c. The article “Energy expenditure in adolescents playing new
generation computer games” has been referenced in other publications
over three hundred times.
5. Which one is true?
a. User-generated content is always reliable
b. User-generated content isn’t a contributor to circular reporting
c. Wikis are examples of user-generated content
F.
WRITING
Create a short fake news story about any topic you are knowledgeable about. Use
reported speech - Present and Past Continuous.
Remember, try not to make it obvious that the article is fake news
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
G.
SPEAKING
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
Yes, journalism can indeed be a dangerous job. Journalists often face various risks,
including physical harm, threats, harassment, and even imprisonment, particularly when
they cover sensitive or controversial issues.
2. What do you understand by "freedom of the press"?
"Freedom of the press" refers to the right of journalists to report news and express ideas
without censorship or undue interference. It is a fundamental aspect of freedom of
expression and a cornerstone of democratic societies.
3. Do you think Ecuadorian journalism has freedom of the press? Yes-No/Why?
Regarding the state of freedom of the press in Ecuador, I don't have real-time information.
Press freedom can be influenced by various factors, including legal frameworks, government
policies, and societal attitudes.
B.
VOCABULARY
Announcement
1. Journalism News reporting
Fatalities Focus
2. Profession Career
Turned out
3. Statement Announcement…. Reporters News
4. Correspondents Reporters reporting Deadly
5. Grave Serious. Serious
6. Deaths Fatalities Career
7. Wars Conflicts. Conflicts
8. Spotlight Focus…….
9. Proved Turned out
10. Fatal Deadly
2. Write one sentence for each of the following words:
1. Read the following article. What is the main idea?The main idea of the article is that
journalism is becoming an increasingly dangerous profession, as highlighted by the
media organization Reporters Without Borders (RSF) on World Press Freedom Day. The
article notes the rising number of journalist fatalities,
Breaking News
Present Perfect
Indirect speech changes to past perfect.
"I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he had been to
Spain. “I haven’t seen Julie”, she said. She said (that) she hadn't seen
Julie. Have you eaten worms? asked Jenny. Jenny asked me if I had eaten
worms. Where have you traveled? asked Any.Any asked me where I had
traveled.
Past Perfect
Indirect speech remains in the past perfect.
"I had just turned out the light," he explained. He explained that he had just turned out the
light “I hadn´t eaten anything”, she said. She said (that) she hadn´t eaten anything.
Had you traveled alone? asked Carl. Carl asked me if I had traveled
alone. Where had you been? asked Peter. Peter asked me where I had been.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13VJyqgZqGk
1. The person talking in the video was the editor-in-chief of the Guardian. T / F
8. He thinks journalists must have commitment and passion for work despite the
bullying. T / F
9. Less than 63 journalists were killed for doing their jobs in 2018. T / F
10. He sees News like any other public service that societies need for existing. T / F
F. WRITING AND
SPEAKING
Choose any real and actual news from Ecuador or around the world. Write a short News
report about it. Remember to use reported speech for Present and Past Perfect Tenses, to
do this involve other people's statements. When you finish it, film a video reporting it
for TV news. Try to make the video the most realistic you can by choosing the
appropriate clothing and place.
What was the event?
A community-led environmental cleanup initiative aimed at improving the local park and raising
awareness about environmental conservation.
The event took place at Greenview Park, located in the heart of the city.
The environmental cleanup event took place on Saturday, November 20, 2023, from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM.
Local residents, community leaders, environmental activists, and volunteers participated in the event. City
officials and representatives from environmental organizations also attended.
The event was organized to address the increasing environmental concerns in the community, including
littering and pollution in the park. The goal was to foster a sense of community responsibility and raise
awareness about the importance of maintaining a clean and sustainable environment.
The community gathered at Greenview Park with gloves, trash bags, and environmentally friendly
cleaning supplies. Local leaders and activists gave speeches highlighting the significance of environmental
conservation. Volunteers then dispersed across the park, collecting litter, cleaning pathways, and planting
native trees and flowers. The event concluded with a sense of accomplishment and a commitment from the
community to continue promoting environmental stewardship.
OCABU
UNI L
T2 esso
n 2D
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
B. VOCABULARY
Leaving a message
7. They told their teacher that they hadn't done their task.
▪ I'll give her your message when she comes back to the office.
Dr Kaushik: Could you please tell her that I have seen all her test reports. They
do not show any serious problems and if there would be no improvement, we might
take some more tests. I advise her to continue the same set of medicines for a week
and I have fixed her appointment with the cardiologist for four o’clock at the Christ
Hospital. She must reach there on time with all her reports.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
Raj: I called to tell him that today’s class is suspended as our teacher had to go
for a family emergency. The cancelled class will be held on Sunday. Please inform
him of the same.
Raj said
Dr. Kaushik requested that I inform her that he had reviewed all her test reports. According to
him, there were no significant problems revealed. He mentioned that if there were no signs of
improvement, additional tests might be necessary. Dr. Kaushik advised her to persist with the
current set of medicines for a week. Furthermore, he scheduled her appointment with the
cardiologist at the Christ Hospital for four o'clock. It was emphasized that she must arrive on
time and bring all her reports.
G. SPEAKING
1. Role-play a conversation in which one takes the message and the other student
receives the message, use vocabulary from this lesson.
Transmitter: …….…...
Receiver: …………....
Transmitter: ………....
Receiver:
2. Finally, one of them will give the message to the whole class using reported
speech.
he transmitter told me that Dr. Kaushik has reviewed all my test reports and thankfully, there
are no serious problems. If there's no improvement, he might suggest more tests. I've been
advised to continue with the current set of medicines for a week. Also, I have an appointment
with the cardiologist at the Christ Hospital at four o'clock. I need to be there on time with all my
reports.
OCABU
UNI Less
T2 on
2E
Autonomous work
A.
VOCABULARY
1. Gossip
2. Bush telegram
3. Furphy
4. Snippety
…Someone who provides small, concise pieces of information, often in a gossipy or selective
manner.y.
5. Announcement
8. News reporting-:The process of collecting, investigating, and presenting news to the public
through various media channels.
9. Career
A person's course or progress through life, often in reference to their professional journey and
achievements.
B.
READING
1. Read the following text. Write the correct heading for each paragraph, one isn’t
needed:
a. Why fake news is hard to stop
b. How we can try and control fake news
c. Motives for creating fake news
d. The financial rewards of fake news
e. An example of a fake news story
f. How a fake news story can grow
2. Why did many people not believe The Washington Post and The New York
Times when they denounced the pizzeria story?
a. They checked the facts and found that the articles were incorrect.
b. They didn't trust anybody.
c. They thought the newspapers had a political agenda.
d. They thought the newspapers had not researched the story carefully enough.
4. Which reason for the difficulty of controlling fake news stories is not given in
the article?
5. Which type of motivation for the creation of fake news is not given?
a. It’s a way of making money from people who pay to read the stories.
b. It’s a way of commenting on current affairs.
c. It’s a way of attacking your political opponents.
d. It’s a form of entertainment.
6. How does the author feel about stopping fake news spreading?
a. cautiously optimistic
b. doubtful
c. positive
d. pessimistic
C. GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH - ALL
TENSES
10. Mother said to me, "I will buy that book for you."
Mother said to me (that) …she would buy that book for me..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pI8LVHXOSu4
LEARNING OUTCOMES
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
1. Have you ever gone out with someone you’ve never met before and known little or
nothing about? Yes-No / How was it?
2. Do you know what a blind date is?
3. Do you like blind dates? Yes-No /Why?
B.
VOCABULARY
7. Being cheerful.
Jolly
Nate: So, tell me, you had a blind date. What was it like?
Josh: Not a great one.
Nate: Not great. Oh, no.
Josh: So, first of all, I had a cold, so I wasn’t my usual jolly self.
Nate: OK.
Josh: As you can tell!
Nate: Yes.
Josh: But she turned up late, she didn’t apologize for being late, she knew she was late,
so things kind of got off to a bad start, and it was clear there was no…
Nate: No chemistry
Josh: Yeah, no chemistry.
Nate: Oh, no.
Josh: These things are always risky.
Nate: Yeah, of course. They’re always risky. What did she look like?
Josh: Well, she kind of looked like my mum.
Nate: Oh, no. That can’t be good.
Josh: I can’t fancy it’ll work.
Nate: Did your mum set up the date?
Josh: No, it was actually a cousin of mine. There seems to be some worry in the family
that I’m not finding love. Maybe it’s my fault, maybe I’m too picky.
Nate: Well, what did you guys talk about?
Josh: Well, I didn’t talk about anything. She did not stop talking.
Nate: Oh, no.
Josh: I could not get a word in edgeways.
Nate: What did she talk about?
Josh: Well, she talked about her ex-boyfriend, she talked about how much she wanted to
travel, she talked about why she’s a vegetarian…
Nate: OK.
Josh: All sorts of stuff, man.
Nate: Well, I have a new friend, I could introduce you to her.
Josh: I think I’m going to take a sabbatical to be honest. This has really put me off…
Nate: …OK, OK. I’ll check back with you in a couple of weeks.
Josh: If you’re ever free, let me know.
Nate: OK!
It’s is used to talk about something that started in the past and is continuing at the
present time.
Example: I have been reading War and Peace for a month now.
Affirmative
Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing
Mia has been competing in flute competitions recently
Negative
Subject + have/has not + been + verb-
ing I haven’t been feeling well lately.
Interrogative
(Wh-word) + have/has + subject + been + verb-ing
Has she been running?
Where has she been running?
With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the simple present perfect
instead (verbs such as: know, hate, hear, understand, want).
I've wanted to visit China for years.
She's known Robert since she was a child.
I've hated that music since I first heard it.
I've heard a lot about you recently.
We've understood everything.
3. She has been going(go) to the cinema every weekend for years.
10. They have not been living(not/live) here for very long.
12. We have not been drinking(not/drink) enough water - that's why we feel tired.
15. Andrewhas not been living in the country since 2015. (not/ live)
16. How long have your grandparentsbeen driving this car? (drive)
18. Tonyhas not read his book, but Mary has. (not/read)
20. Has. Andy been working on the blue car all day? (work)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5PzDHbAtO4
F.
WRITING
Work in Pairs. Write a funny role-play (200 words) performing a first blind date.
Remember to use the Present Perfect Continuous. If it is feasible, you can use the
vocabulary of this lesson.
"The Unusual Blind Date"
[Scene: A cozy coffee shop. Amy and Bob are meeting for the first time.]
Amy: So, tell me, Bob, what have you been up to lately?
Bob: Well, I've been working on my interpretive dance moves. You know, just in case I need to
express myself without words.
Amy: (laughs) Interpretive dance, huh? That's unique! I've been studying the art of juggling
spaghetti. It's harder than it sounds!
Bob: (grinning) Spaghetti juggling? That's a skill! I can imagine the mess if it goes wrong.
Amy: Exactly! And speaking of mess, I've been redecorating my living room with mismatched
furniture. It's the latest trend, you know.
Bob: (raised eyebrows) Mismatched furniture? Bold move! I've been perfecting my pancake-
flipping technique. Breakfast is serious business.
Amy: (nodding) Pancake skills are essential! Oh, and I've been practicing my stand-up comedy
routine. I figure a good laugh is the key to anyone's heart.
Bob: (laughs) You're a woman of many talents, Amy. I've been perfecting my ability to identify
different types of clouds. It's a skill that comes in handy, especially during awkward silences.
Amy: (giggles) Cloud expertise! That's impressive, Bob. This date might just be the start of
something hilariously unique!.
G.
SPEAKING
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
1. What is an anecdote?
2. Have you had any fun anecdotes? Tell about it briefly.
1. Choose the correct word from the chart to complete the story.
Wrong Classroom
What is an anecdote?
a. It is simply a story that’s short and self-contained. Most anecdotes revolve
around a central theme or event without too much complexity. Anecdotes
can be true or fictional (or somewhere in between when it comes to
exaggeration).
1. Read the following story. Who are the main characters of the story?
Donald and Elizabeth had been driving to church before they stopped. They had been
driving down a dirt road when they heard a strange noise. Donald stopped the car. He
got out of the car. Then, he helped Elizabeth out of the car. Elizabeth sat and waited for
Donald.
Donald looked at the car. It had been going for an hour or so. He knew how to fix cars.
He had been working as a mechanic for 5 years before he moved to the country. Donald
got his tools. He looked under the hood. It seemed that the engine had been heating up.
He crawled under the car.
Donald had been working on the car for a while when Jake parked beside him. Jake had
been driving home when he saw Donald and Elizabeth on the side of the road. Jake
helped Donald fix the car. Donald thanked Jake for his help. Elizabeth waved to Jake as
they drove away. Thanks to Jake's help, they arrived at church on time.
1. Where had Donald and Elizabeth been driving before the car stopped?
They had been driving to church before the car stopped..
3. How long had Donald been working as a mechanic before he moved to the
country?
Donald had been working as a mechanic for 5 years before he moved to the country.….
4. Where had Jake been driving when he saw Donald and Elizabeth?
…Jake had been driving home when he saw Donald and Elizabeth on the side of the
road.……….
The past perfect continuous (also known as the past perfect progressive) is a verb tense
that shows that an action that started in the past continued up until another time in the
past.
Example: I had been working at the company for five years when I got the
promotion.
Affirmative
Subject + had + been + verb-ing
Martha had been walking three miles a day before she broke her leg.
Negative
Subject + had not + been + verb-ing
We hadn't been living there long
Interrogative
(Wh-word) + had + subject + been + verb-ing
Had you been working?
Where had you been working?
1. When I got home, my mother off the TV because she the news.
a. had turned / had just been watching
b. had been turning / had watched
c. had been turning / had watched
https://acortar.link/c4LGPJ
F.
WRITING
Write a funny short anecdote (100 words), include the connectors from the vocabulary.
Remember to use the Past Perfect Continuous.
After weeks of secretive scheming, I finally unveiled my "masterpiece" surprise for my best
friend's birthday. As she walked in, she found the room filled with inflatable unicorns, disco
lights, and a karaoke machine blaring her favorite tunes. She stared at the chaotic scene in
disbelief. "What on earth have you been doing?" she asked. I proudly exclaimed, "I'd been
planning this epic unicorn karaoke party for ages!" Unfortunately, my enthusiasm hadn't
translated well, and she burst into laughter. Apparently, my idea of a surprise was as baffling as
the inflatable unicorns themselves.
G.
SPEAKING
Tell your fun anecdote to the whole class. The whole class can make up to three
questions to know more details about your story, so get ready to answer them at that
moment.
OCABU
UNI L
T3 esso
n 3C
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
B.
VOCABULARY
1. Write the correct word from the chart to complete the following common phrases
used in medical appointments.
bruised cavity
1. I have not been feeling at all well lately, so I would like to make an
appointment to see Dr Bosang, please.
7. Good morning. This is Jody Miller calling. I would like to arrang ean
appointment with one of your dentists, please
8. I have to work during the day on Tuesday and Wednesday. Do you have
an appointment available on Thursday or Friday?
C. READING
We use the present perfect simple with action verbs to emphasize the completion of an
event in the recent past. We use the present perfect continuous to talk about ongoing
events or activities which started at a time in the past and are still continuing up until
now.
Examples:
I’ve written the Politics essay. Completed event.
I’ve been writing the Politics essay. Ongoing activity: I’m still writing it.
Sometimes we can use both forms, and the meaning is the same:
I’ve lived here for 20 years. I’ve been living here for 20
years.
Warning:
The present perfect continuous form is not normally used with verbs that refer to
actions that are completed at a single point in time such as start, stop, finish:
Has the concert started already? Not: Has the concert been starting already?
Mental process and sense verbs
Some verbs are not used very often in the continuous form.
We don’t use the continuous form with verbs of mental process (know, like,
understand, believe):
They haven’t known each other for very long
Not: They haven’t been knowing each other for very long.
We don’t use the continuous form with verbs of the senses (hear, smell,
taste) Have you heard the news? Not: Have you been hearing the
news?
Spoken English:
In speaking you will sometimes hear these verbs used in the continuous form to refer to
events that are ongoing or temporary:
I’ve been hearing some strange noises coming from outside.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlzkXz0AeQk
1. Where has she been having pain? …Near her chest area.
2. What hasn't she been able to do? She has been struggling to get any sleep or go to work
because of the pain.
3. How long has she had the pain? …About a week.
4. Does she have bowel movement problems? Yes, she is struggling to go to the toilet, and
it's very painful..
5. What are the causes for getting constipation? The doctor mentions causes such as lack of
fiber intake, lack of exercise, and not drinking enough liquids.
6. Does the doctor prescribe medication? Yes-No? Which one?
No, the doctor doesn't prescribe medication immediately
F.
WRITING
Work in pairs. Write a role-play conversation between you and a doctor (100 words).
Remember to use the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous and the vocabulary from
the lesson.
Patient: Good afternoon, Doctor. I've been experiencing persistent headaches lately.
Doctor: Hello. I'm sorry to hear that. How long have you had these headaches?
Patient: It's been going on for about two weeks now, and they're getting more frequent.
Patient: Yes, work has been quite hectic. I've also noticed some blurred vision at times.
Doctor: I see. I recommend taking a break, getting enough rest, and keeping an eye on your stress
levels. If the headaches persist, we might need to run some tests.
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
B.
VOCABULARY
A. Write the correct word from the chart to complete the sentences:
1. Hooted / The owl hooted loudly in the dark forest, creating an eerie atmosphere.….
2. Hissed / The angry cat hissed at the approaching dog, warning it to stay away.
3. Rubbed / …She rubbed her hands together to warm them up on the cold winter morning.
4. Grab / I had to grab my hat before it blew away in the strong wind.
C. READING
1. Read the following story and complete it with the words in the box:
We use the past perfect simple with action verbs to emphasize the completion of an
event. We use the past perfect continuous to show that an event or action in the past
was still continuing.
The builders had put up the scaffolding around the house.
Past perfect simple emphasizes the completion of the action (the scaffolding is up).
The builders had been putting up the scaffolding when the roof fell in.
Past perfect continuous emphasizes a continuing or ongoing action.
We use the past perfect simple to refer to the completion of an activity and the past
perfect continuous to focus on the activity and duration of the activity.
She’d always lived with her parents. We don’t know how long.
She’d been living with her parents. Suggests a temporary
situation
We don’t use the continuous form with some verbs of mental process (know, like,
understand, believe) and verbs of the senses (hear, smell, taste):
We’d known for a long time that the company was going to close.
Not: We’d been knowing …
We’d tasted the milk and had decided it was bad, so we threw it away.
Not: We’d been tasting the milk …
We don’t use the continuous form with actions that are completed at a single point in
time (start, stop):
Had they started the game on time? Not: Had they been starting the game on time?
1. Peter was Sally's best friend. Shehad known (know) him all her
life.
2. The children were wet because theyhad been playing(play) football
in the rain.
5. I was delighted when I found my keys. I had been looking (look) for them for hours.
6. She was exhausted because she had been working (work) since eight o'clock that morning.
7. The passengers were cross because the airline had lost (lose) everyone's bags.
8. I had not seen (not / see) Jacob for several years, but I recognized him immediately.
9. Mike had visited (visit) his friends before he went abroad for two months.
10. Paul had been repairing (repair) his car for two days before he called the mechanic.
11. Pamela had been dancing (dance) for two hours before her boyfriend arrived.
12. Melany had cleaned (clean) her house by the time the guests arrived.
13. My brother had apologized (apologize) before I felt angry with him.
14. The athletes had been running (run) around the stadium for some time before they were
stopped by their coach.
15. The pirates had escaped (escape) before the rescue team arrived.
16. The sales manager had been describing (describe) the advantages of his product for about
half an hour before I agreed to buy some samples.
18. The kids had made (make) a lot of mess before their mother came back home from work.
19. The teacher had been correcting (correct) our dictations for several minutes by the time the
bell rang.
20. Susan had worked over (work over) her thesis for two months before her supervisor told her
that she was on the wrong path.
21. You had left (leave) the party by the time everything happened.
22. Jack had been playing (play) online games for an hour before I came.
23. The new students had been waiting (wait) in the classroom for 15 minutes before they
realized that it was the wrong classroom.
E.
LISTENING
Watch the following video, what is it about?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_VWnXMalQI
F.
WRITING
Write a mystery story you had experienced (150 words maximum). Remember to use
Past Perfect simple and Past Perfect Continuous.
Late one stormy night, I arrived home to find my front door ajar. Heart pounding, I cautiously
entered, discovering a scene of disarray. Items were scattered, and the eerie silence heightened
my anxiety. I had lived alone for years, and this violation was unsettling. As I approached the
living room, a chilling creak echoed, and I froze.
Had someone been lurking? Panic intensified as I recalled a shadowy figure glimpsed days
earlier. Racing to the bedroom, I noticed drawers ransacked and belongings strewn about.
Fearful, I dialed the police, who arrived promptly. They informed me that a neighbor, vigilant
after hearing unusual sounds, had called them earlier. The intruder had fled, leaving a trail of
chaos. Reflecting on the unnerving incident, I realized how fortunate I was – the mysterious
figure had vanished just before my arrival, leaving the past perfect continuous suspensefully
lingering in my home.
G.
SPEAKING
Tell your story to the whole class. The whole class can make up to three questions to
know more details about your story, so get ready to answer them at that moment
OCABU
UNI Less
T3 on
3E
Autonomous work
A.
VOCABULARY
1. Guess the synonyms for each word in the list and place them in the crossword:
Across Using the crossword list, write the synonyms of the following words:
1. difficult Picky ………………
3. rare Jolly ……………….
6. screamed Tummy ……………
7. happy Bruised ……………
Swelling …………..
8. injured Rub ………………..
9. take Grab ……………….
Down Shouted ……………
2. cautious Careful …………….
4. belly Strange …………….
5. puffiness
10. scrub
B.
READING
A. Read the following text. What is the main idea?
For most people, the Arctic and Antarctica are strange places that we know very little
about. Paul Nicklen’s collection of photographs and stories, Polar Obsession, offers an
excellent introduction.
Nicklen grew up on an island in Northern Canada, where he learned all about the
outdoors from his Inuit1 neighbors. Ever since that time, he has loved animals, cold
weather, and adventure.
As a photojournalist, Nicklen has spent a lot of time in icy polar waters. He has
followed sea lions, dived with whales, and studied polar bears. One of the most exciting
parts of the book covers Nicklen’s unforgettable encounter with a leopard seal in
Antarctica.
As the photographs clearly show, leopard seals are very large—up to 12 feet (4 meters)
long and weighing over 1000 pounds (450 kilograms). They have huge, sharp teeth, and
they move quickly through the water searching for food such as fish and penguins.
Leopard seals can be dangerous, but this didn’t stop Nicklen from trying to photograph
one. When a huge seal approached his boat, Nicklen got into the water. He was shaking
with fear, but much to his surprise the seal treated him gently. She even tried to feed
him! The seal brought him penguins to eat, and he photographed her. Nicklen says it
was the most incredible experience that he has ever had as a photographer.
In Polar Obsession, Nicklen shows us the beauty of the polar world and his passion for
it. He also helps us to understand the importance of protecting it.
1 Inuit: indigenous people living in Arctic regions of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland
A. Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect
continuous:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-VRAemIvbI&t=3s
1. For the Celts, 31st October was... 4. When the Irish arrived in
a. he last day of the year. America, they...
b. a day to be with their families. a. introduced Halloween there
c. the day they celebrated their music for the first time.
festival. b. changed the way Halloween
was celebrated.
2. That day, the villagers lit big c. invented some new
bonfires... traditions, such as bobbing
a. to communicate with the spirits the apple or playing tricks.
from the spirit world.
b. to attract ghosts. 5. The children wore masks...
c. to send the ghosts back to their a. to scare people.
world. b. to pretend they were ghosts.
c. to hide their identity.
3. All Saints Day...
a. appeared after the Catholic Church 6. The neighbors gave candy to the
had eliminated Samhain (the Celtic youngsters...
celebration). a. so that they didn't vandalize
b. was used to transform Samhain into their houses.
a catholic celebration. b. in exchange for help with the
c. was used to eliminate the belief in cleaning.
reincarnation. c. because they were poor
T 4 UNI
IMAGINARY
SITUATIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Students will be able to:
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
B.
VOCABULARY
1. Polite / ………………………………………………….
2. Kindness / ………………………………………………
3. Overlook / ………………………………………………
4. Selfish / …………………………………………………
5. Stumble / ………………………………………………..
6. Slip / …………………………………………………….
7. Flaws / …………………………………………………..
8. Humility / ……………………………………………….
9. Successful / ……………………………………………..
10. Forgive / …………………………………………………
C. READING
1. We need to stop assuming that the happiest people are simply the ones who
smile the most. – Behind the polite smiles and greetings people give you, some
are hurting and lonely. Don’t just come and go. See them. Care. Share. Listen.
Love. We can’t always see people’s pain, but they can always feel our kindness.
So be kinder than necessary.
2. We need to stop assuming that the people we love and respect won’t disappoint
us. – When we expect perfection, we tend to overlook goodness. And the truth
is, no one is perfect. At times, the confident person loses confidence, the patient
people misplace their patience, the generous person acts selfishly, and the
informed second-guess what they know. It happens to all of us too. We make
mistakes, we lose our tempers, and we get caught off guard. We stumble, we
slip, and we fall sometimes. But that’s the worst of it… we have our moments.
Most of the time we’re pretty darn good, despite our flaws. So, treat the people
you love accordingly—give them the space to be human.
3. We need to stop assuming that the people who are doing things differently are
doing things wrong. – We all take different roads seeking fulfillment, joy, and
success. Just because someone isn’t on your road, doesn’t mean they are lost.
4. We need to stop assuming that the people we disagree with don’t deserve our
compassion and kindness. – The exact opposite is true. The way we treat people
we strongly disagree with is a report card on what we’ve learned about love,
compassion, kindness and humility.
5. We need to stop assuming that other people are our reason for being unhappy,
unsuccessful, etc. – We may not be able to control all the things people say and
do to us, but we can decide not to be reduced by them. We can choose to
forgive, or we can choose to forget. We can choose to stay, or we can choose to
go. We can choose whatever helps us grow. There’s always a positive choice to
make. Thus, the only real, lasting conflict you will ever have in your life won’t
be with others, but with yourself… and how you choose to respond… and the
daily rituals you choose to follow.
Must have
We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened.
The thief must have had a key. The door was locked and nothing was broken.
I think I might have left the air conditioning on. Please can you
check? Police think the suspect may have left the country using a
fake passport.
“May have” is more formal than “might have”. “Could have” is also possible in this
context but less common.
Would have / Could have
We’ve all been in situations where we wanted to do something, but for some reason, we
didn’t or we couldn’t. “Would have” is a perfect fit for those situations:
I would have called you earlier, but my phone died. (= I had the intention to call you but
my battery went flat.)
“Could have” to talk about something that was possible in the past, but didn’t
happen.
The speaker had the chance to do something but voluntarily decided not to:
I could have ignored his calls, but I decided to give him a second chance.
Can´t have / Couldn’t have
We use can't have and couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not possible
that something happened.
She can't have driven there. Her car keys are still here.
I thought I saw Adnan this morning but it couldn't have been him – he's in Greece
this week.
Should have
When giving advice or suggesting what seemed to be the best solution in a given
situation in the past (but probably did not happen), we use “should have” or “ought
to have”:
You should have gone there straight away.
You ought to have spent more time with your family.
A. Choose the correct answer:
1. I'm sorry but Mr. Banks isn't here. He left.
a. can't have
b. might have
c. must have
d. should have
2. We really enjoyed the movie. You come with us.
a. might have
b. can't have
c. must have
d. should have
3. They bought a new house. They are both unemployed.
a. can't have
b. might not have
c. mustn't have
d. could have
4. He studied nothing and passed the exam, so he cheated.
a. can have
b. must have
c. ought to have
d. might have
5. My car isn't there anymore! It stolen while I was shopping.
a. couldn't have been
b. should have been
c. mustn't have been
d. might have been
B. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets with a past modal verb
form.
Old Mr. McGraw had been murdered and everybody was wondering who 1.
… (do) it. Two police officers were speculating about the murder.
Sebastian: It 2. ……………….…….. (be) Mrs. McGraw. I’m totally convinced it
was her. She absolutely hated him. She 3 (use) a kitchen
knife
as the murder weapon, or maybe an axe from the garden tools
Jessica: It 4. ……………….…….. (be) Mrs. McGraw. She isn’t strong enough to
drag the body and put it in the car boot. It 5 (be) their older
son; I would bet all my money it was him. He had motive, because Mr. McGraw had
disinherited him long ago, and everybody knew they hated each other.
Sebastian: Impossible. It 6 (be) their older son because he has
a plausible alibi. He was fishing with his brother at the time of the crime, he
testified. Jessica: Then the younger son 7. ……………….…….. (lie) to protect his
brother. They 8 (agree) on an alibi after the murder. If you think
about
it, they 9. ……………….…….. (plan) the murder together. It’s a reasonable
possibility. Maybe the younger son was afraid that his father would disinherit him
too; they had a difficult relationship.
Sebastian: That makes sense. They killed him so that at least one of them could get
the inheritance.
Jessica: Well, if they wanted to get the money from the inheritance, they 10.
… (kill) their father. Because now we’ll catch them and they will
be in prison and without a penny.
E.
LISTENING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w40h3jL5_Jg
F.
WRITING
Write some assumptions people have made about you and clarify which ones are true
and false. Use modal verbs + have + past participle.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
G.
SPEAKING
Share with the whole class the assumptions people have made about you and tell us
which ones are true or false.
OCABU
UNI L
T4 esso
n 4B
A. WARM-UP
ACTIVITY
C. READING
John’s decision
I am John. I am the owner of a very famous language teaching school in
London. I think my biggest decision was to move back to the UK from Russia. I
worked there for ten years as an English teacher and saved a lot of money. The
Russian school offered me work for two more years, but I decided to return to
England. I think it was a really good decision. I enjoyed working in Russia very
much and had a really great time. I made loads of friends and loved the culture.
But I also missed home, and I think ten years was a long time to be away.
If I hadn’t moved back to the UK, I would have stayed in Russia for a few more
years, but then I wouldn’t have started my own business. I wouldn’t have begun
a new successful career. I also wouldn’t have met my lovely wife; we wouldn’t
have got married and we wouldn’t have had our beautiful baby!
Structure:
If clause (condition) / Main clause (result)
If + past perfect / would + have + verb past participle
Examples:
If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.
You would have gotten wet if it had rained.
You would have passed your exam if you had worked
harder. If you had worked harder, you would have passed
your exam. I would have believed you if you hadn't lied to
me before.
If you hadn't lied to me before, I would have believed you.
5. If I so hard all my life, I might have spent more time with my kids.
a. hadn't worked
b. wouldn't have worked
c. didn't work
B. Complete the sentences using the Third Conditional.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyTGULUUemg
1. Anne thinks it's not a good idea to have too many regrets because ...
a. you can learn from them.
b. you can't change the past.
c. it's silly.
B. Write the correct phrases into the gaps, to complete the sentences using the 3rd
conditional.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
G.
SPEAKING
Share your story with the whole class. Get ready to answer your classmates’ questions
about it.
OCABU
UNI L
T4 esso
n 4C
A. WARM-UP
QUESTION
1. What would you have done if you hadn´t passed the fourth English module?
B.
VOCABULARY
1. Hurry / ………………………………………………
2. Mood / ………………………………………………
3. Argument / …………………………………………..
4. Jokes / ……………………………………………….
5. Spare set / ……………………………………………
C. READING
D. GRAMMAR: THIRD
CONDITIONAL
Use:
The type 3 conditional refers to an impossible condition in the past and its probable
result in the past. These sentences are truly hypothetical and unreal, because it is now
too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always some implication of
regret with type 3 conditional sentences. The reality is the opposite of, or contrary to,
what the sentence expresses. In type 3 conditional sentences, the time is the past and
the situation is hypothetical.
Structure:
If clause (condition) / Main clause (result)
If + hadn´t + verb past participle / would + not + have + verb past participle (negative
structures)
Examples:
If it hadn´t rained, you would not have gotten wet.
You would not have gotten wet if it hadn´t rained.
You would not have passed your exam if you hadn´t worked
harder. If you hadn´t worked harder, you would not have passed
your exam.
A. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words given:
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/third-conditional
A. Match the two sentence halves and write a–g next to the numbers 1–7.
1. Garcia has become a famous tennis player thanks to a talent scout who spotted
him when he was 12 years old. The talent scout helped him immigrate to the
USA where he developed his skills and won many tournaments. Now he is a
very rich and happy tennis man.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Sara had an amazing life. She spent her life traveling and meeting hundreds of
interesting people: politicians, TV stars, and famous actors. Now she is 85 years
old and is in hospital. Doctors say she is very ill and has only a few weeks to
live. There is one thing she regrets. She did not write her biography.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Leila never does any sport. She spends her days and nights chatting with friends
on her phone or on her computer. Recently she has been diagnosed with high
blood pressure. Her health condition has deteriorated and has become so obese.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
G.
SPEAKING
Share your personal thoughts using the Third Conditional with the whole class:
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
B.
VOCABULARY
1. Highway / …………………………………………………….
2. Charity / ………………………………………………………
3. Loan / …………………………………………………………
4. Huge / …………………………………………………………
5. Fancy / …………………………………………………………
C. READING
I can imagine what my life would be like if I won the lottery. Wow! I could do so many
things, and my life would be so different. I would love the chance to change my life
with the money. The first thing I would do is buy a big, new house. I live in a small
apartment, and I have always dreamed of living in a big house in the country. With all
that money, I could buy anything I wanted. I don’t have a car right now, so I would buy
a new car. Or, I might even buy a new motorcycle. I like motorcycles, and I can imagine
myself driving down the highway with the wind in my hair.
Of course, if I won the lottery, I should give some of the money to charity. I would
probably give my money to a charity that helps sick children. Also, if any of my friends
needed anything, I could help them pay for it. I know many people that have student
loans, and I could help them pay the loans back. That would make them very happy.
Plus, if I won a lot of money, I would certainly save some of it in the bank.
Also, I think that if I won a huge amount of money, I would open a business. I love to
cook, and I have always wanted to open a restaurant. With all that money I could open a
fancy restaurant.
However, I know one thing I would not do is travel. I have a friend who won $100, 000
in the lottery three years ago. She took the money and travelled for three months. I think
she is crazy. Travelling is nice, but then she had nothing left after her vacation.
I think, however, that the only problem with dreaming about the money I could win is
that I have never even played the lottery before. As they say: “You can’t win if you
don’t play.”
Unreal situations from the present and Unreal situations from the past.
future. 0%- impossible to happen because it
1%~40% – can happen, but probably is situated in the past. We can´t
won’t change the past.
Example: Example:
If I won the lottery, I would buy a huge If I had known your number, I would
house. have called you.
This person is dreaming about This person didn't know the other´s
something that would like to happen in number so didn't call him/her.
the present or future, but there is little
probability of it.
1. If she more experienced, she would be more likely to get the job.
a. were
b. had been
c. would be
d. would have been
If the world's big problems had been addressed sooner, our lives 1. ……….
………… (improve) a long time ago. But politicians and world leaders don’t do
………… (try) to stop the destruction of our planet and I 3 (make) the
First of all, I would try to stop wars because unless we put an end to all the wars,
millions of people will continue to die every day. If there were no wars, all children
diseases caused by the lack of clean water. If we don't do something about this issue
soon, there will be lots of wars and deaths because of the lack of water.
We also need to introduce laws to reduce pollution. If we had done this in the past,
big companies to invest in clean energy. Unless we take measures now, it will be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gy69OZP04ws
F.
WRITING
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
G.
SPEAKING
Share with the whole class your thoughts about the writing topic.
OCABU
UNI Less
T4 on
4E
Autonomous work
A.
VOCABULARY
A. Guess the words in the crossword matching the clues with the answers in the box.
Check the vocabulary you have studied in the whole unit:
The sinking of the RMS Titanic was one of the worst maritime disasters in history. On
April 14, 1912, at 11:40 p.m., the ‘unsinkable’ luxury ship hit an iceberg and sank in
just under three hours with the loss of around 1500 lives. There are many different
descriptions of the disaster by the surviving passengers and crew, but few people doubt
that human error played a part in the tragedy. Let’s look at some of the things that went
wrong. On the night of Sunday, 14 April 1912 the temperature was near freezing and
the ocean was completely calm. Surviving 2nd Officer Charles Lightoller later wrote,
"the sea was like glass". The ship’s course had been changed by the captain, but other
than this, he saw no reason to slow down. The owner of the ship, Bruce Ismay, was also
on board and had instructed the captain to speed up in order to break the record for a
transatlantic voyage. The captain agreed, but perhaps if he had known of the messages
the ship had received in the radio room, he would have acted differently. According to a
ship ahead called the Mesaba, lots of large icebergs were in the area. These messages
did not reach him. There were three teams of lookouts on board keeping constant watch
for obstacles in the ship’s path, but as Charles Lightoller said at the British inquiry,
"Everything was against us, there was no moon, no wind, no binoculars and with the
dark side of the iceberg facing the ship, the lookouts were powerless.”
When the alarm was finally raised the crew acted very quickly but it was already too
late to save the ship. Within twenty minutes of the collision the ship had flooded, so the
captain ordered the lifeboats to be prepared, filled with women and children, and
lowered into the water. This didn’t go well, regulations about the number of lifeboats a
ship should carry were already out of date when the Titanic set sail, and even if the
evacuation had been better organized, there wouldn’t have been enough boats to hold
everybody.
Meanwhile, the crew were sending out distress signals. The first message was "sinking,
need immediate assistance," and then "SOS". Several ships responded, including the
Mount Temple, Frankfurt, and the Titanic's sister ship, Olympic, but they were too far
away. The closest ship to respond was the Carpathia, which arrived in about four hours,
too late to save everybody.
Various distress flares launched from the sinking ship were also ineffective, including
those seen by a ship called the Californian, whose captain, Stanley Lord, had ordered
his crew to stop the ship for the night because of the icebergs. When Captain Lord was
informed of the flares he failed to respond because he did not think they were important.
Nor did the crew of the Californian wake their radio operator, who had gone to bed for
the night.
And what of Bruce Ismay, who many believe acted without regard for safety by
requiring an unprepared ship to sail at such speed in spite of the danger? History tells us
that he survived, but from the lifeboat turned his back on his beautiful ship as it sank.
That night, of a total of 2,208 people, only 712 were rescued by the Carpathia, while
1,496 perished. If the lifeboats had been filled to capacity, 1,178 people could have been
saved. If there had been enough lifeboats, maybe everybody could have been saved. If
Captain Stanley Lord had responded to the distress signals seen by his crew, more lives
could have been saved. And if the crew of the Titanic had taken better precautions of
their own, the disaster may not even have happened in the first place. Like the mystery
of the orchestra that played on to the end, this is something we may never know the
truth about.
B. Answer the questions:
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. What two problems prevented everybody being able to get into lifeboats?
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. What was Captain Lord’s response to the distress flares his crew saw?
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
C. GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS: HAVE+PAST
PARTICIPLE / THIRD CONDITIONAL / SECOND CONDITIONAL
A. Complete the sentences with could have / would have / should have + past
participle:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-SmDDIHr6c
LEARNING OUTCOMES
UNI Less
T5 on
5A
Common phrasal verbs
A. WARM-
UP
A. Watch the video about phrasal verbs and then go to the vocabulary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7tZSwasnR0
B.
VOCABULARY
Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and one or more prepositions. They are called
phrasal verbs because it takes two or more words to complete their meaning. The verb
and preposition work together to form a new verb whose meaning is different from
those of the individual words.
The dog bit me and ran away.
Do Take Run
Do away with - Take aback - To Run after - To chase or
Abolish, get rid of surprise or shock pursue
The United Kingdom did someone (old- I ran after the bus, but it
away with the death fashioned, rare) didn’t stop for me
penalty in 1965. His voice was so loud
that it took us aback at
first.
Do out of - Cheat Take after - To be Run for - Try to be
somebody out of similar to someone in elected to a political or
something that is appearance or character, leadership position.
rightfully theirs They especially a family Mark is running for state
lied on the reference and member senator.
did me out of any chance She’s very funny. She
of getting the job. takes after her mother.
Do over - Do something Take away - To remove Run out of - Have none
again from the something left We ran out of beer at
beginning, especially Take that table away as the party, so we had to go
because you did it badly we don’t need it in here. buy some more.
the first time
OK, we'll do it over, but
try to sing the right words
this time.
Do with - Wish for or Take back - Take Run over - To hit with a
ask for (usually after something/someone back vehicle (car, train, truck)
can or could) The dress was too tight She’s upset because she
I could do with a cold so I took it back to the ran over a cat while
beer about now. shop. driving home from work.
He cheated on her but
she finally took him
back.
Do without - Manage Take for - To believe Run through - Explain
without something something about quickly
There's no sugar, so somebody, often wrongly Let me run through the
you'll have to do She looks very mature schedule for the tour.
without so I took her for much
older than 14.
A. Choose the correct answer (phrasal verbs with do):
1. Can you get some sugar from the shop? We have run ………………
a. off
b. out
c. in
2. This car runs petrol.
a. on
b. off
c. out
3. The boy ran from home because he had no one to love him there.
a. out
b. off
c. away
4. Cancer runs his family. Both his parents died of it.
a. in
b. on
c. over
5. The police constable ran the thief but he could not catch him.
a. over
b. out
c. after
E.
LISTENING
a. put off
b. give up
a. Flight details
b. Someone at the airport
F.
WRITING
Write an awkward situation you had in the past (100 words maximum). Use as many
phrasal verbs you can.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
G.
SPEAKING
Share your awkward situation with the whole class. Get ready to answer any questions
your classmates would have about your anecdote.
OCABU
UNI Less
T5 on
5B
Chinese Education
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
B.
VOCABULARY
Be supposed to
Supposed to is part of a modal verb phrase meaning expected to or required to.
He is supposed to turn in his homework on Friday mornings.
It was supposed to rain today.
Be likely to
They are used for future events which are probably going to happen or they are
probably true.
They are likely to invite you to their wedding
We can also use the following structure: It’s likely + that + future
clause It’s likely that they will win the match this time
Be used to
Be used to means 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'. It can be followed by a
noun, pronoun or the -ing form of a verb, and can be used about the past, present or
future.
She's used to the city now and doesn't get lost any more.
He wasn't used to walking so much and his legs hurt after the hike.
I'm a teacher so I'm used to speaking in public.
A. Use supposed to + the verb given in brackets. Put the verb into the correct form
if necessary.
1. The train was at 11.00. Why was it so late? (arrive)
homework. (do)
o'clock. (meet)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PKBv6MUX9o
E.
WRITING
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
F.
SPEAKING
UNI Less
T5 on
5C
Career Paths
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
B.
VOCABULARY
B. Complete the following sentences using words from A. You might have to
change the form of the word.
Most college students see their time at university as the first step in their career path;
afterwards, they will go out into the working world and get a job. But some students
have great ideas that simply cannot wait until graduation day. With many free resources
and technologies available to them, more and more university students are finding ways
to start small businesses while they are still in school. Let’s take a look at a few
enterprising undergraduates and their companies.
Green Mobile
Whitney Williams has always been creative, and she enjoys making things in her spare
time. While in elementary school, she sold handmade stationery to people in her
neighborhood, and later she expanded her offerings to include one-of-a-kind purses.
When Whitney visited Italy as a student at Texas Christian University, she fell in love
with the handmade jewelry she saw there. It inspired her to start her own jewelry
business. Instead of partying with friends or traveling, Whitney spent most of her
weekends for the next two years selling her high-quality jewelry at small shows and
private sales. As a result, the Whitney Williams Collection is now produced and sold
around the world. Whitney hopes to eventually expand her brand to include shoes,
clothing, and accessories.
Punch
As a competitive swimmer, Zac Workman became very familiar with energy drinks.
However, Zac found problems with most energy drinks. They either tasted bad, used
chemicals that weren’t healthy, or made the user feel tired again when its sugary energy
was used up. This spurred Zac to do some research when he got to the University of
Indiana. Using an old family recipe for fruit punch, Zac developed an energy drink with
natural ingredients, and found a partner to produce it. His energy drink, called Punch,
became popular on his campus. As his business grows, Zac says he’s learning on the
job. “People would think it would be difficult to balance class and a business,” he said,
“but I’m learning more now than I ever have in the classroom.”
B. Choose the correct answers for the following questions.
1. According to the article, how many employees does Green Mobile have?
a. only one
b. about 20
c. over 30
2. Who did Whitney sell her first products to?
a. her neighbors
b. her classmates
c. her teachers
3. Which best describes Zac’s energy drink Punch?
a. a drink made especially for swimmers
b. an all-natural drink that helps athletes
c. a fresh sports drink that Zac made every day
C. According to the reading, complete the diagram by writing the letter in the
correct area.
Brian
Whitney
Zac
When we use do and make with noun phrases, do focuses on the process of acting or
performing something, make emphasizes more the product or outcome of an action:
I did some work for her last summer; I made a pond in her
garden. [action] [outcome]
Nouns that combine with do: activity, damage, favor, job, task, business, drawing,
gardening, laundry, test, cleaning, duty, harm, one’s best, washing (up), cooking,
exam(ination), homework, painting, work, course, exercise, ironing, shopping
Nouns that combine with make: apology, coffee, excuse, love, offer, remark,
assumption, comment, friends, lunch, phone call, sound, bed, complaint, guess, mess,
plan, soup, breakfast, dinner, law, mistake, profit, speech, cake, effort, list, money,
progress, statement, change, error, loss, noise, promise, tea
https://youtu.be/Nc2asj7NfSo https://youtu.be/xBfU_SlssDc
F.
SPEAKING
G.
WRITING
Write about your career path (50 words maximum). What will you do - What will you
make when you graduate?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………
OCABU
UNI Less
T5 on
5D
Agreeing and Disagreeing
A. WARM-UP
QUESTIONS
B.
VOCABULARY
C.
READING
1. ………………………
A: I think that we should ban guns
B: I don’t agree with you, I think that’s a violation to your rights
2. ………………………
A: I think Marihuana should be illegal
B: I totally disagree with you, Marihuana is not that harmful
3. ………………………
A: Abortion should be Illegal
B: I don’t think so, what’s your reasoning behind it?
4. ………………………
A: What are your thoughts on Gay Marriage?
B: I think we all should have the same rights
5. ………………………
A: Those students always fail classes like these
B: That’s not always the case
6. ………………………
A: I think we should be ban Video Games
B: No way
7. ………………………
A: What do you think about the Pandemic?
B: I think we should stay home if that’s among your possibilities
8. ………………………
A: I think we have to let science decide
B: I couldn’t agree more
E.
LISTENING
Watch the video and complete the dialogue with the words in the box:
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/speaking/b1-speaking/agreeing-disagreeing
right
A: Here's my design for the new advertising campaign. What do you think?
B: I'm not (1) that this is what the client wants.
A: But they asked for bright colors.
B: I think (2) They said they wanted the design to be fresh and fun.
A: But this design IS fresh and fun.
B: I'm (3) ……………………...
A: Really?
B: Don't (4) , I like your design but it doesn't fit the brief.
A: I see (5) I guess it's a bit too flashy.
B: What about changing the red and the stars?
A: Maybe you've (6) …………………... there. I think you're (7) Is
that better?
B: Yes, (8) ……………………...
F.
SPEAKING
G.
WRITING
When was the last time you disagreed with someone? Describe all the situation (100
words maximum).
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
OCABU
UNI Less
T5 on
5E
Autonomous work
A.
VOCABULARY
A. Circle the word or phrase that does not belong in each group:
B.
READING
A. Listen to the audio and complete the gaps with the correct word:
B. Do this exercise while you listen. Put the job requirements with the correct job.
Unit 1
● The Parts of Speech in English Grammar - with Examples. (s. f.). [Vídeo].
https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/vocabulary-lesson-types-of-films.php
● Ebert, R. (2000, 10 noviembre). Men of Honor Movie Review & Film Summary
(2000) | Roger Ebert. Roger Ebert. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/men-of-
honor-2000
● Prefer. (2023). En English Grammar Today - Cambridge Dictionary.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es-LA/grammar/british-grammar/prefer
● The parts of speech in English Grammar - with examples. (s. f.). [Vídeo].
https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/vocabulary-lesson-types-of-tv-
shows.php
● Colaboradores de Wikipedia. (2023). Yo soy Betty, la Fea. Wikipedia, la
enciclopedia libre. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_soy_Betty,_la_fea
● Would rather, would sooner. (2023). En Grammar - Cambridge Dictionary.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/would-rather-would-
sooner
● Kid, C. (2023, 22 julio). A complete list of anime genres with explanations.
ReelRundown. https://reelrundown.com/animation/Anime-Genre-List
● A Short History of anime | Anime Guide | Japan City Tour. (2023, 31 julio).
Japan City Tour. https://www.japancitytour.com/info/short-history-anime.html
● Sitcom: What it is, how it works. (s. f.).
https://public.wsu.edu/~taflinge/sitcom.html#:~:text=However%2C%20this%20
term%20applies%20to,dramedy%20for%20the%20dramatic%20comedy.
● Would rather, would prefer - Gap-filling - exercise 1 | English Grammar online.
(s. f.). https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/would-rather-would-
prefer/would-rather-would-prefer-gap-filling-exercise-1/
● Wikipedia contributors. (2023). How I met your mother. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_I_Met_Your_Mother
● Wikipedia contributors. (2023b). Friends. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends
● My favourite film. (s. f.). LearnEnglish Teens.
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/b1-listening/my-
favourite-film
Unit 2
● Gossip and Rumour - SMART Vocabulary cloud with related words and
phrases. (2023). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/topics/communication/gossip-
and- rumour/
● Pocket Passport. (2022, 11 marzo). Gossip & Rumors ESL lesson | Talking
about Secrets - Pocket Passport. https://pocketpassport.com/blog/gossip-rumors-
esl- lesson-printable-lesson/
● Gordon, S. (2020). Understanding the impact of rumors and gossip. Verywell
Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/understanding-the-impact-of-rumors-
and-gossip-460625
● Reported speech. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-
speech.html
● Reported speech: Questions. (2023, 12 septiembre). LearnEnglish.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/reported-
speech-questions
● Reported speech - simple present - sentences - exercise. (s. f.).
https://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/simple_present_sentences.htm
● Reported speech - simple past - sentences - exercise. (s. f.).
https://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/simple_past_sentences.htm
● Reported speech - present progressive - sentences - exercise. (s. f.).
https://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/present_progressive_sentences.htm
● Clements, P. (s. f.). Everyday life: Fake news. Onestopenglish.
https://www.onestopenglish.com/general-english/everyday-life-fake-
news/558003.article
● Breaking News English ESL lesson Plan on Journalism. (s. f.).
https://breakingnewsenglish.com/0505/050504-journalism-e.html
● Reported Speech - Present Perfect - Exercise 1 | English Grammar Online. (s. f.).
https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/reported-speech/reported-
speech-present-perfect-exercise-1/
● Reported speech - present perfect - sentences - exercise. (s. f.).
https://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/present_perfect_sentences.htm
● Reported speech exercises - Present perfect to past perfect. (s. f.). https://first-
english.org/english_learning/reported_speech/66_reported_speech_present_perf
ect_past_perfect.htm
● Breaking News English ESL lesson Plan on Journalism. (s. f.-b).
https://breakingnewsenglish.com/0505/050504-journalism-e.html
● Eeleekoay. (2023). Message Taking in Business English: The 6-step guide for
flawless phone skills. FluentU Business English Blog.
https://www.fluentu.com/blog/business-english/message-taking/
● Seeger, T. (s. f.). Leaving a message - Business English lesson.
https://lingua.com/businessenglish/reading/leaving-a-message/
● Grammargeek. (2021). Reported commands and requests in English • 7ESL.
7ESL. https://7esl.com/reported-commands-and-requests/
● Rodriguo. (2022, 1 marzo). Exercises of Reported Speech with Modals IV |
SuperProf. Material Didáctico - Superprof.
https://www.superprof.es/apuntes/idiomas/ingles/gramatica-
inglesa/clauses/exercises-reported-speech-with-modals-iv.html
● Said Vs. told - Exercise 1 | English Grammar online. (s. f.).
https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/reported-speech/said-vs-told-
exercise-1/
● Reported Commands, Affirmative Sentences - English. (s. f.).
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/commands.htm
● Reported Commands, Negations - English. (s. f.). https://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/commands_negations.htm
● Leaving a message. (2023, 13 septiembre). LearnEnglish.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/a2-listening/leaving-
message
● The rise of fake news. (s. f.). LearnEnglish Teens.
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/c1-reading/rise-fake-
news
● Reported Speech - Mixed Exercise | English4U. (s. f.). https://www.english-
4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/reported-speech7.htm
● Listening worksheet: Reported Speech – Harmful social media content (Upper
Intermediate-Advanced). (2022, 2 marzo). JIMMYESL.
https://jimmyesl.com/material/listening-comprehension-worksheet-reported-
speech-social-media-upper-intermediate-advanced/
Unit 3
● Superadmin. (2020, 29 junio). 5 great expressions for talking about a blind date!
- Learn Hot English. Learn Hot English. https://learnhotenglish.com/5-great-
expressions-for-talking-about-a-date/
● Present Perfect continuous | EF | Global site. (s. f.).
https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/present-perfect-
continuous/
● Present Perfect Continuous Exercise 1. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-
grammar.com/present-perfect-continuous-exercise-1.html
● Sentences and questions in present perfect Progressive/Continuous. (s. f.).
https://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_perfect_progressive_mix.htm
● Past Perfect Continuous Exercise 1. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-
grammar.com/past-perfect-continuous-exercise-1.html
● GbR, L. (s. f.-b). Exercise on past perfect progressive - English grammar.
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-progressive/exercises
● Rodriguo. (2023, 1 septiembre). Exercises: Past Perfect Continuous II |
SuperProf. Material Didáctico - Superprof.
https://www.superprof.es/apuntes/idiomas/ingles/gramatica-inglesa/verb-
tense/exercises-past-perfect-continuous-ii.html
● Tell a story or personal anecdote. (s. f.). LearnEnglish Teens.
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/exams/speaking-exams/tell-story-or-
personal-anecdote
● Quigley, L. (2022). How to make a medical appointment in English. Lingoda.
https://blog.lingoda.com/en/making-appointment-english/
● Present perfect simple or present perfect continuous? (2023). En Cambridge
Grammar. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/present-
perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous
● Present Perfect simple and continuous quiz | ELTbase. (s. f.).
https://www.eltbase.com/quiz/151_01.htm
● Past perfect simple or past perfect continuous? (2023). En Cambridge Grammar.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/past-perfect-simple-
or-past-perfect-continuous
● Oxford University Press, English Language Teaching - elt.enquiry@oup.com. (s.
f.). Unit 2 - Exercise 2 - Past Perfect Simple and Continuous | Solutions | Oxford
University Press.
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/upperint/grammar/grammar_02_022e?cc=e
c&selLanguage=en
● Past perfect vs. Past perfect continuous - exercise | English Grammar online. (s.
f.). https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/tenses/past-perfect-vs-past-
perfect-continuous/
● Thompson, L. (2009, 12 noviembre). 29. Mystery Story / Narrative Tenses in
English | Luke’s ENGLISH podcast.
https://teacherluke.co.uk/2009/11/12/mystery-story-narrative-tenses/
● Present perfect simple or continuous 1. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-
grammar.com/present-perfect-present-perfect-continuous-1.html
● Jena, M. (2022). Past perfect and past perfect continuous exercises. Englishtivi.
https://englishtivi.com/past-perfect-and-past-perfect-continuous/
Unit 4
Unit 5
● English Grammar 101 - Verbs: Types, tenses, and moods, Lesson 12: Phrasal
Verbs. (s. f.). https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-3/verbs-types-
tenses-and-moods/lesson-12/phrasal- verbs#:~:text=Definition%3A%20Phrasal
%20verbs%20are%20made,those%20 of%20the%20individual%20words.
● 7 Phrasal verbs with do - UsingEnglish.com. (s. f.). UsingEnglish.com.
https://www.usingenglish.com/reference/phrasal-verbs/do.html
● Oxford Language Club. (s. f.).
https://oxfordlanguageclub.com/page/blog/phrasal-verbs-with-take
● Oliveira, S. (2023). 12 phrasal verbs with RUN. Espresso English.
https://www.espressoenglish.net/12-phrasal-verbs-with-run/
● Making it Up - Phrasal verb stories. (s. f.). TeachingEnglish.
https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/teaching-resources/teaching-
adults/activities/upper-intermediate-b2/making-it-phrasal-verb-stories
● «Phrasal Verbs - Do» quiz - Exercise & Worksheet - UsingEnglish.com. (s. f.).
UsingEnglish.com. https://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/187.html
● Phrasal verbs with take exercise. (2018, 18 marzo). Home of English Grammar.
https://www.englishgrammar.org/phrasal-verbs-exercise-8/
● Phrasal verbs with run exercise. (2017, 8 agosto). Home of English Grammar.
https://www.englishgrammar.org/phrasal-verbs-run-exercise/
● Productions, T. B. E. (s. f.). ELLLO - Beginner English - B1-25 - Phrasal Verbs.
https://www.elllo.org/class/B1/B1-25-Phrasal-Verbs.html
● Kan, Q. (s. f.). A brief introduction to the Chinese education system. A brief
introduction to the Chinese education system.
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/education-development/a-brief-introduction-
the-chinese-education-system
● Traffis, C. (2023). What does “Supposed to” mean? How to use it correctly |
Grammarly. What Does “Supposed To” Mean? How to Use It Correctly |
Grammarly. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/supposed-to/
● StoringMyEnglish. (2019, 2 agosto). BE LIKELY + TO + INFINITIVE / IT’S
LIKELY + THAT + FUTURE CLAUSE. Storing my English.
https://storingmyenglish.wordpress.com/2019/06/21/be-likely-to-infinitive-its-
likely-that-future-clause/
● Different uses of «used to». (2023, 9 septiembre). LearnEnglish.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/different-uses-
of-used-to
● Upper-intermediate Grammar Exercise (B2 level): Supposed to. (2023, 3
marzo). Speakspeak. https://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/upper-
intermediate/supposed-to
● Test-English. (2023a, febrero 2). Likely, unlikely, bound, definitely, probably –
probability - Page 3 of 3 - Test-English. https://test-english.com/grammar-
points/b1-b2/likely-unlikely-bound-definitely-probably/3/
● Used to, get used to, be used to - exercise | English Grammar online. (s. f.).
https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/used-to/used-to-get-used-to-be-
used-to/
● Used to exercise 3. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/used-to-
exercise-3.html
● Do or make ? (2023). En Grammar - Cambridge Dictionary.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/do-or-make
● Test-English. (2023a, febrero 2). Do vs make - What’s the difference? - Page 2 of
3 - Test-English. https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a2/do-vs-make-
difference/2/
● Rodriguo. (2023a, mayo 1). Exercises: «To do» - «Do» and «make» I |
Superprof. Material Didáctico - Superprof.
https://www.superprof.es/apuntes/idiomas/ingles/gramatica-
inglesa/verbs/exercises-to-do-do-and-make-i.html
● Campos, M. (2023, 6 julio). How to agree and disagree in English.
EnglishPost.org. https://englishpost.org/how-to-agree-and-disagree/
● Useful English: Ex. 5: Agree or disagree. (s. f.).
https://usefulenglish.ru/phrases/phrases-exercise-five
● EnglishCurrent. (2021, 12 marzo). Discussion and speech topics for Agreeing &
Disagreeing (ESL). English Current.
https://www.englishcurrent.com/speaking/discussion-speech-topics-esl/
● Used to exercise 3. (s. f.-b). https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/used-to-
exercise-3.html
● The best job in the world. (s. f.). LearnEnglish Teens.
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/b2-listening/best-job-
world