Science definitions

Chapter 6 “Simple Chemical reactions “

Physical Change; Physical change is a type of change where the physical
properties of matter change. A change of state of matter, change in colour, odour,
solubility, etc. all are examples of physical change.

Chemical Change; A chemical change is a type of change where the chemical

properties of matter change. It is commonly called a chemical reaction.

Properties of chemical change and Physical

Physical Change Chemical Change

No new substances are made One or more new substance is formed

Energy is not always given out or taken in Energy is always given out or taken in
It can be reversed It is usually difficult to reverse

Endothermic; Endothermic means that heat or energy is absorbed by the system

from the surroundings.
Exothermic; Exothermic means that heat or energy is released by the system to
the surroundings.
 Synthesis reaction; In a synthesis reaction, two or more chemical species
combine to form a more complex product.
Example of synthesis reaction

Magnesium + oxygen Magnesium oxide

Decomposition Reaction; A decomposition reaction is a reaction that takes place

when one reactant breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

Copper carbonate Copper oxide+ carbon dioxide

Carbon
oxygen
Copper dioxide
Copper
oxide

Displacement reaction; A type of reaction in which part of one reactant is

replaced by another reactant.

iron + Copper Sulphate Copper + Iron sulphate

Combustion reaction; A combustion is a chemical reaction between a fuel and an
oxidant that produce an oxidized product.
The word equation for combustion reaction is
Fuel + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + heat energy
anhydrous copper sulphate: compound which turns blue in the presence of
water; used as a test for water.
burning: chemical reaction between fuel and oxygen.
chemical bond: holds atoms together in a chemical compound.
combustion triangle: visual representation of what is required for a fire to burn.
hydrocarbon: chemical compound made from hydrogen and carbon.
limewater: calcium hydroxide solution which turns milky in the presence of
carbon dioxide; used as a test for carbon dioxide.
oxide: substance produced when a fuel combines with oxygen.
reactant: chemical involved at the start of a chemical reaction
product: chemical that is made during a chemical reaction.
respiration: process by which energy is released from sugar in living cells.
word equation: a simple way of writing a chemical reaction using only the names
of the elements involved in the reaction.

Out of chapter MCQ’s for more knowledge

• Which of the following statement is incorrect for a chemical reaction?
(a) Heat may be given out but never absorbed
(b) Sound may be produced
(c) A colour change may take place
(d) A gas may be evolved
• Properties like size, shape, colour, state of a substance are
(a) chemical properties
(b) mental properties
(c) physical properties
(d) physio-chemical properties
• A physical change is generally
(a) reversible
(b) irreversible
(c) considerable
(d) all of these
• During a physical change, a substance undergoes a change in its
(a) physical properties
(b) chemical properties
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
• Rusting of iron is a
(a) physical change
(b) chemical change
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) all of these
• Rusting occurs when iron is exposed to
(a) oxygen and water
(b) soil and rain
(c) breeze and sunlight
(d) salt water and clouds
• When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, the substance formed is
(a) calcium oxide
(b) calcium carbonate
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
• A chemical change is also called a
(a) chemical reaction
(b) rusting
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) all of these
• Burning of any substance is a/an
(a) physical change
(b) chemical change
(c) irreversible change
(d) both (b) and (c)
• Which among the following is a physical change?
(a) Burning of wood
(b) Ripening of fruit
(c) Cutting a log of wood in small pieces
(d) Cooking of food
• Which of the following is a chemical change?
(a) Germination of seeds
(b) Cutting a piece of paper
(c) Bursting of fire crackers
(d) Both (a) and (c)
• A chemical change may bring
(a) evolution of gas
(b) change in colour
(c) change in taste
(d) all of these
• Physical changes are
(a) reversible
(b) irreversible
(c) permanent
(d) temporary.
• A change of state from one form to another is a
(a) physical change
(b) chemical change
(c) biological change
(d) state variation
• Which of the following is an example of a physical change?
(a) Mixing of baking soda and vinegar together to cause bubbles and foam.
(b) Falling of a glass cup from the counter and its shattering on the ground.
(c) Lighting a piece of paper on fire causing it to bum up and leave ashes.
(d) Baking a birthday cake for your mother.
• Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
(a) Filling up a balloon with hot air.
(b) Taking a glass of water and freezing it by placing it in the freezer.
(c) A plant collecting sunlight and turning it into food.
(d) Your dog ripping up your homework.
• Which of the following changes can easily be reversed?
(a) Chemical Change
(b) Physical Change
(c) Both physical and chemical changes
(d) Neither physical nor chemical change
• When a new substance is formed with different properties than those of the
original substance, it is called a
(a) chemical change
(b) physical change
(c) freezing
(d) boiling
• Which characteristic best describes a physical change?
(a) Composition changes
(b) Composition stays the same
(c) Form stays the same
(d) Mass is lost

Chapter 7 “Sound and hearing

Definition
Sound; vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard
is called sound.
How sounds are made; Sounds are made when objects vibrate. The vibration
makes the air around the object vibrate and the air vibrations enter your ear
How sounds travel; Sound travels in waves called sound waves. Sound waves
travel through particles, making them vibrate and collide with other particles.
Sound Waves; a wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is
propagated in an elastic medium such as air.

Compression; decrease in volume of any object or substance resulting from

applied stress. Compression may be undergone by solids, liquids, and gases and
by living systems.
Rarefaction; A decrease in the density of something is rarefaction.
Wave length; A wavelength is the distance between two points that have the
same phase of oscillation in a wave.

Longitudinal wave; vibration moving backward and forward is called longitude

wave

Oscillation; regular backwards and forward movement

Speed of sound; The speed of sound is the distance travelled by a sound wave in a
unit of time through an elastic medium.
Reflection of sound: echoes; An echo is a repeated sound or series of sounds
caused due to reflection of sound from a smooth or hard surface back to the
listener.

Pitch; The pitch of sound means how high or low the sound is. It depends on how
rapidly the sound producer vibrates. Pitch is measured by frequency.
Frequency; Frequency of sound is the number of times per second that a sound
pressure wave repeats itself or varies. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Hertz; hertz is defined as the number of cycles per second.
Ultrasound; sound at frequencies greater than 20 kHz.
Infrasound; The lower limit of human hearing is about 15-20 hertz, and some
animals can emit or hear infrasound.
Amplitude; The amplitude of a sound wave is the measure of the height of the
wave. The amplitude of a sound wave can be defined as the loudness or the
amount of maximum displacement of vibrating particles of the medium from their
mean position when the sound is produced. It is the distance between the crest
or trough and the mean position of the wave.
Oscilloscope; The oscilloscope basically draws a graph of an electrical signal.
The wave equation;

Speed in m/s = frequency in Hz x wavelength in m

For example; the speed of sound in air is 330m/s using the wave equation, sound
waves with a frequency of 110 Hz have a wavelength of 3m.
How we hear sound?
Our ears are energy changers. Their job is to change sound energy into electrical
signals which are sent to the brain.
Noise pollution; Noise pollution is an unwanted or undesirable sound that may be
harmful to humans, wildlife, and the environment.
Decibels; It is used to measure noise.
The table gives some examples of decibels levels.
0 dB Quietest sound you can hear
40 dB whisper
60 dB Conversation, washing machine
90 dB Moped, motor car
110 dB Pneumatic drill, baby crying, car horn
120 dB Rock concert, clap of thunder
130 dB Gun blast, aeroplane taking off

Out of chapter MCQ’s for more knowledge

• The denser the liquid, the
(a) slower the speed of sound
(b) faster the speed of sound
(c) more distance covered by the sound
(d) less distance covered by the sound
• Loud noise can
(a) damage our ears
(b) make us ill
(c) disturb our sleep
(d) interrupt conversation
• Notes are put together to produce a pleasing sound known as
(a) Noise
(b) Pitch
(c) Music
(d) Phase
• Bats use ultrasound to find its
(a) Home
(b) Predator
(c) Prey
(d) Baby
• Sound is carried to our ears through
(a) Pressure
(b) Vibrations
(c) temperature effect
(d) humidity effect
• A hand bell stimulates the
movement of air particles
collision of air particles
vibration of air particles
energy of air particles
• The loss of sound energy depends on
the density of an object
the matter it is passing through
energy level of sound
resistance in a matter
• SOUND WAVES Sound travels faster in
air
liquids
solids
all of above
• The organs of a human that detect sounds are
eyes
ears
feet
hands
• SOUND WAVES Two similar string instruments are
piano and guitar
piano and violin
guitar and violin
harp and piano
• Sound is made louder by increasing
wavelength
frequency
wave front
amplitude
• ‘Dolphins’ can capture their prey using
echo
infrasound
eye sight
ears and sensors
• A strong beam of ultrasound can melt even a
glass
metal
soap
wax
• The level of sound of normal conversation is
10 dB
20 dB
50 dB
60 dB
• A drum makes sound of
high frequency
low amplitude
high pitch
low pitch
• An example of longitudinal wave is
slinky spring
light
energy
water wave
• Short waves have
low energy
high energy
same energy as long waves
low frequency
• The parts of sound waves where air pressure is lesser, is known as
compression
rarefaction
consolation
expansion
• Bats produce sounds with
long bursts with low frequency
long bursts with high frequency
short bursts with low frequency
short bursts with high frequency
• The part of sound wave where air pressure is greater, is known as
compression
rarefaction
consolation
expansion
• The exact speed of sound depends upon
pressure
temperature
density
mass

Chapter 8 “Respiration and it’s all about energy “

Respiration; Respiration is a process that occurs within cells to release energy
through the breakdown of glucose molecules.
Simple respiration; If bonds between carbon and hydrogen break in the
environment is called simple respiration. E.g. fuel burning wood.
Cellular reparation; If bonds between carbon and hydrogen break inside the cells
is called cellular respiration.
Aerobic respiration: Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use
oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast,
anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration: Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration through
which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.
The table shows how the composition of the air changes when you breathe in
and out

Gas Amount in the air inhaled Amount in the air exhaled

oxygen 20% 17%
Carbon dioxide 0.04 % 4%
nitrogen 79% 79%
Water vapor varies saturated

Mitochondria: mitochondria are membrane-bond organelle present in the

cytoplasm cell. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic
respiration to generate (ATP). In Mitochondria part of a cell where respiration
takes place.

Lactic Acid; lactic acid is a sort of halfawy stage between glucose and carbon
dioxide and water
How dose an anaerobic respiration works ?
Instead of being broken down completely into carbon dioxide and water,glucose
break down into lactic acid.

Glucose Lactic acid Carbon dioxide + ENERGY

With oxygen and water

Anaerobic respiration in animals can summarized like this:

glucose Lactic acid + energy (small amount)
Anaerobic respiration in plants can summarized like this:

Broken down
glucose ethanol+ carbon dioxide+ENERGY
No oxygen

Fermentation; When little or no oxygen is presernt,yeast breaks down glucose

into ethanol and carbon dioxide with a realse of a energy,a process commonly
known as fermentation.
Breathing; breathing is a simple way of exchanging gases between the lungs and
th surrounding air.
Trachea; The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe. The trachea begins just
under the larynx (voice box) and runs down behind the breastbone
Bronchi; Bronchi are the main airways into the lungs. Bronchi is the plural form of
bronchus. Air enters your body through your mouth or nose and it passes through
trachea. It is divided into two smaller tubes called bronchi.
Bronchus; tube connecting the windpipe with each lung
Alveoli; air sac in the lungs where gas exchange takes place called alveoli.
Cilia; lining all of the air passages are two types of cells one type is covered with
tiny hairs called cilia.
Mucus; The type of cell which produce sticky liquid is called mucus.
Cramp; pain caused by build up of lactic acid in muscles.
Diaphragm; sheet of muscle at the base of the ribcage.
Exhale; breath out
Inhale; breath in
Ethanol; a substance produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast.
Lactic acid; a substance produces by anerobic respiration in muscles.
Metamorphosis; change of form

Out of chapter MCQ’s for more knowledge

• All organisms are made of small microscopic units which cannot be seen with
the naked eyes, called
(a) animals
(b) cells
(c) tissues
(d) organs
• Organisms get energy through
(a) food
(b) eating
(c) sleeping
(d) none of these
• Cellular respiration is carried out in the
(a) cells
(b) organs
(c) tissues
(d) muscles
• The process of breakdown of food in the cell is known as
(a) breakdown process
(b) cellular respiration
(c) food breakdown
(d) none of these
• An example of aerobes is
(a) cat
(b) dog
(c) human being
(d) all of these
• When breakdown of glucose occurs with the use of oxygen, it is called
(a) anaerobic respiration
(b) aerobic respiration
(c) regular respiration
(d) all of these
• Name the type of respiration which causes muscle cramps.
(a) Aerobic respiration
(b) Anaerobic respiration
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
• Name the term which means ‘taking in of air rich in oxygen into the body’.
(a) Exhalation
(b) Inhalation
(c) Breathing
(d) Respiration
• Which gas is given out during exhalation?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) All of these
• The gills help the fish to
(a) take in oxygen from air
(b) take in oxygen dissolved in water
(c) absorb nutrients present in water
(d) release waste substance in water
• Yeast are used to make
(a) curd
(b) wine and beer
(c) bakery items
(d) both (b) and (c)
• Earthworms breathe through
(a) skin
(b) legs
(c) trachea
(d) nose
• The organ through which fishes breathe is
(a) nose
(b) gills
(c) skin
(d) spiracles
• In the cells, oxygen is used to break down glucose into
(a) carbon dioxide, water and energy
(b) fats
(c) alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy
(d) lactic acid, water and energy
• Cockroaches breathe by using an organ called
(a) nose
(b) tracheae
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
• The most common substrate for respiration is
(a) fats
(b) amino acids
(c) glucose
(d) sucrose
• Organism which respires in the absences of oxygen is called a/an
(a) microbe
(b) anaerobe
(c) aerobic
(d) none of these
• During inspiration or inhalation, in lungs
(a) volume decreases, pressure increases
(b) volume increases, pressure decreases
(c) volume decreases, pressure decreases
(d) volume increases, pressure increases
• Insects have a special network of tubes called
(a) tracheae
(b) gills
(c) spiracles
(d) lungs
• The major source of oxygen for the aquatic animals is
(a) atmosphere
(b) water
(c) soil
(d) none of these
• Primary organ of human respiratory system is
(a) lung
(b) liver
(c) heart
(d) pharynx
• When breakdown of glucose occurs in the presence of oxygen, the
respiration is called
(a) anaerobic
(b) microbe
(c) aerobic
(d) none of these
• The tracheal tubes have openings called
(a) trachea
(b) gills
(c) lungs
(d) spiracles
• The process of breakdown of food in the cell with the release of energy is
called
(a) cellular respiration
(b) aerobic respiration
(c) anaerobic respiration
(d) none of these
• In earthworm, the exchange of gases occurs through
(a) lungs
(b) moist skin
(c) gills
(d) trachea
• Plants breathe through tiny pores in the leaves called
(a) stomata
(b) leaf blade
(c) pores
(d) trachea
• Which of the following animals breathe through skin as well as through
lungs?
(a) Fish
(b) Earthworm
(c) Cockroach
(d) Frog
 Chapter 9 “Acids and Alkalis “
Acids; a substance with particular chemical properties including turning litmus red
and dissolving some metals.
Some natural Acids table;
Acids Where it is found
Hydrochloric In the stomach
Ethanoic Vinegar
Methanic Ants and stinging nettles
Citric Lemon juice
➢ Vinegar ➢ Lemon juice ➢ Milk
Lactic Milk
Oxalic Spinach
Ascorbic Fruits and vegetables
Tartaric Grapes
Tannic Tea ➢ Spinach ➢ Tea

Acids in food; many foods contain acid. This gives them their slightly sour or sharp
taste. Foods such as sauces and pickles contain ethanoic acid (vineger). Vineger
preserves fruits and vegetables.
Acids in drinks; fizzy drinks are made by adding carbon dioxide
gas to the drink under presure. When carbon dioxide disolves in
water,a very week acid called carbonic acid is formed.
➢ This drink
contains acid

Other uses of acids; the strongs acids are found in the laboratory
have a great many uses. Sulpharic acid is uesd in car battries and
as a raw material for making othere chemical, such as plastics,
Paints and soap. About 150 millions tonnes of sulpharic acid are
manufactured in the world each year. ➢ Sulphur acid is used in
car batteries
Acid rain; Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of
precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the
ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow,
fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
What cause acid rains; Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen
oxides (NOX) are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air
currents. The SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form
sulfuric and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other materials before
falling to the ground.
Alkalis; Alkalis are the chemical opposite of acids; when they are mixed they
neutralize each other properties.
Properties of acids and alkalis;
Acids Alkalis
corrosive Corrosive
Sticky to touch Slippery/soapy to touch
Sour taste Bitter taste
Smell (can burn the nose) Usually no smell
Acids turn blue litmus red Alkalis turn red litmus blue
Acid have a PH less than 7 Alkalis have PH more than 7
React with alkali to form salt and water React with acid to form salt and water
Conduct electricity Conduct electricity

Uses of Alkalis; Sodium hydroxide is used extensively in industry.

It is sometimes called caustic soda and is used
to make and soap and powders. Animal fats
or vegetable oils are boiled with sodium hydroxide
to form, for example, sodium stearate (soap). Because alkalis react
with fats and oils, sodium hydroxide is a useful ingredient in oven
cleaners. Sodium hydroxide is also used to remove the resins from
wood pulp in the manufacture of paper. Some household bleaches
contain ammonium hydroxide since it is very soluble in water.
Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is less soluble than sodium or ammonium
hydroxides. When calcium hydroxide is dissolved in water it forms lime water.
There are number of different indicators;
Indicator Colour in acid Colour in alkali
Litmus Red Blue
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
Methyl orange Orange Yellow
Bromothymol blue Yellow Blue

antacid: chemical in indigestion tablets that neutralizes acids.

base: metal oxide or hydroxide that will neutralize an acid.
chloride: salt formed by hydrochloric acid.
concentration (of an acid): measure of how much water is present.
hydrogen ion: created when a hydrogen atom loses an electron.
hydroxide ion: an ion with a negative one (-1) charge that has two atoms: one
oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom.
indicator: extract from plants whose colors are affected by acid and alkalis.
ion: charged particle.
lime water: calcium hydroxide solution which turns milky in the presence of
carbon dioxide; used as a test for carbon dioxide.
litmus: an indicator made from lichen; it turns red in acid and blue in alkali.
neutralization: a chemical reaction in which an acid or an alkali is cancelled out.
nitrate: salt formed by nitric acid.
pH scale: scale used to measure how acid or alkaline a substance is.
salt: one of the products when an alkali exactly neutralizes an acid.
strength (of an acid): determined by the number of hydrogen ions present.
sulphate: salt formed by sulphuric acid.
universal indicator: a mixture of several indicators; it gives a different color for
each pH level.

Out of chapter MCQ’s for more knowledge

Acids taste
(a) sour
(b) sweet
(c) bitter
(d) salty
• Bases taste
(a) sweet
(b) sour
(c) bitter
(d) salty
• Colours of phenolphthalein indicator in acidic and basic medium, respectively
are
(a) pink and colourless
(b) colourless and pink
(c) blue and red
(d) red and blue
• The nature of bases is
(a) acidic
(b) basic
(c) neutral
(d) all of these
• Which of the following feel soapy on touching?
(a) Acid
(b) Base
(c) Salt
(d) None of these

• Which of the following is a natural indicator?

(a) China rose petal
(b) Turmeric
(c) Litmus
(d) All of these
• The most commonly used natural indicator is
(a) turmeric
(b) beetroot
(c) China rose petal
(d) litmus
• The correct way of making a solution of acid in water is to
(a) add water to acid
(b) add acid to water
(c) mix acid and water simultaneously
(d) add water to acid in a shallow container
• Which of the following is basic in nature?
(a) Lime water
(b) Baking soda
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Lemon juice
• Litmus is extracted from
(a) curd
(b) grapes
(c) lichens
(d) cabbage
• Calcium hydroxide is found in
(a) window cleaner
(b) lime water
(c) soap
(d) lime juice
• On adding phenolphthalein indicator to a colourless solution, no change is
observed. The nature of the solution may be
(a) acidic or basic
(b) basic
(c) acidic or neutral
(d) basic or neutral
• Neutralization reaction is a
(a) physical and reversible change
(b) physical and irreversible change
(c) chemical and reversible change
(d) chemical and irreversible change
• When a drop of vinegar solution is put on the litmus paper, it turns
(a) red
(b) blue
(c) green
(d) yellow
• Tap water is
(a) acidic
(b) basic
(c) neutral
(d) depends on source
• When phenolphthalein is added to an acidic solution, it gives
(a) pink colour
(b) red colour
(c) blue colour
(d) no colour
• A neutralisation reaction gives
(a) salt and water
(b) acid and salt
(c) base and salt
(d) acid and base
• Our stomach contains
(a) hydrochloric acid
(b) sodium hydroxide
(c) sulphuric acid
(d) nitric acid
• When we suffer from acidity, we should take
(a) iron tonic
(b) vitamins
(c) antacid
ractopamine
• When an ant bites, it injects
(a) acidic liquid
(b) basic liquid
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neutral liquids
• Substances that have sour taste and turn blue litmus red are called
(a) acids
(b) bases
(c) salts
(d) water
• Acid used in eye wash is
(a) carbonic acid
(b) acetic acid
(c) benzoic acid
(d) boric acid
• Acid which is used as a source of vitamin C is
(a) citric acid
(b) carbonic acid
(c) boric acid
(d) tartaric acid
• A base which is used for removing grease and stains from woollen clothes is
(a) ammonium hydroxide
(b) magnesium hydroxide
(c) sodium hydroxide
(d) calcium hydroxide
• Neutralization is a reaction between
(a) two acids
(b) two bases
(c) one acid and one base
(d) one acid and one neutral substance
• Sting of an ant contains
(a) vinegar
(b) common salt
(c) formic acid
(d) milk of magnesia
• Lime water turns
(a) red litmus into blue
(b) blue litmus to red
(c) no change
(d) can’t predict
• Common salt is
(a) acidic
(b) basic
(c) neutral
(d) none of these
• Milk of magnesia is used as antacid because
(a) it is acidic
(b) it is basic
(c) it is neutral
(d) all of above
• Colour of phenolphthalein in acidic solution is
(a) colourless
(b) pink
(c) yellow
(d) orange
• Process in which acids and bases react to form salt and water is called
(a) neutralization
(b) hydrogenation
(c) sublimation
(d) all of these

Chapter 10 “light “
Light; light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Luminous; reflecting their own light especially in dark.
Non-luminous; objects that do not emit light.
Transparent; Materials that allow the transmission of light waves through them
are called optically transparent.
Opaque; Opaque objects block light from traveling through them. Most of the
light is either reflected by the object or absorbed and converted to thermal
energy. Materials such as wood, stone, and metals are opaque to visible light.
Translucent; object which let only some material to pass light through but not all
is known as translucent material.
Law of reflection; the angle at which the incoming
(incident) light ray strikes the mirror is the same
as the angle of the reflected light ray. Normal

The angle of incidence = the angle

of reflection.
Reflected ray
Notice that the angles are
measured between the rays and a Incident ray
line drawn at 90◦ to the mirror
called the normal.
Images in mirror:
when the light rays from an object strike a plan mirror, an image can be seen in
the mirror the image appears to be to same distance behind the mirror as the
object is in front this is a virtual image because no rays of light actually pass
through the mirror. the image in the mirror is laterally inverted. (it appears
changed from left to right).
Refraction; if a ray of light meets the new material at an angle it bends. This
bending is called refraction
Incident Ray; the ray of light entering the new material is called the incident ray
Refracted Ray; the bent ray of light is called refracted ray
Refraction in different materials; When light enters a material at an angle, it
changes Directions because its speed changes. if the material Is very dense, the
light slows down more and more so the refraction is greater.
Concave lenses; are thin in the middle and thick round the edge. They are used in
glasses to correct short sightedness and in door
Convex lenses; are thickest in the middle and thin round the edge. They are used
in cameras and in telescope.
Spectrum; The continues spread of colour is called a spectrum.
Infrared ray; Infrared radiation sometimes known as infrared light, is
electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light.
ultraviolet ray; Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation that makes
black-light posters glow
prism; An ordinary triangular prism can separate white light into its constituent
colours, called a prism spectrum.

Rainbow; A rainbow is an example of a spectrum that occurs naturally.

Pigments; chemicals which produce colors is called pigment.
The table gives the colors reflected and absorbed by different colored object.
Object colour Colours reflected Colours absorbed
Blue Blue Green and red
Green Green Blue and red
Red Red Blue and green
Cyan Blue and green Red
Magenta Blue and red Green
Yellow Green and red Blue

absorption (of light): absorbing of some or all light by objects

angle of incidence: angle between the incident ray and the normal
angle of reflection: angle between the reflected ray and the normal
incident ray: ray of light hitting a mirror or other plane surface
normal: line drawn at 90° to a surface
plane mirror: mirror with a flat reflecting surface
primary colours for light: red, blue, and green
primary colours for paint: red, blue, and yellow
primary pigment colours: red, blue, and yellow
reflected ray: ray of light reflected from a mirror or other plane surface
secondary colours for light: cyan, yellow, and magenta
secondary pigment colours: magenta, green, and orange
shadow: an area behind an object where light cannot penetrate
spectrum: colours of the rainbow

Out of chapter MCQ’s for more knowledge

• Which one of the following shows lateral inversion?

(a) Plane mirror
(b) Concave mirror
(c) Convex mirror
(d) Convex lens
• Which of the following is used as a side view mirror?
(a) Plane mirror
(b) Concave mirror
(c) Convex mirror
(d) Convex lens
• The path of the light is
(a) always a straight line
(b) a curved line
(c) a zig-zag line
(d) depends on the medium
• White light is composed of
(a) three colours
(b) seven colours
(c) five colours
(d) eight colours
• A virtual image
(a) can be formed on the screen
(b) cannot be formed on the screen
(c) is formed only by the plane mirror
(d) is formed only by the convex mirror
• The image formed by spherical mirror is virtual. The mirror will be
(a) concave
(b) convex
(c) either concave or convex
(d) none of these
• The coloured band of light obtained by dispersion of light is called
(a) image
(b) spectrum
(c) convergence
(d) scattering
• We can get an inverted image from
(a) both concave lens and convex lens.
(b) both concave mirror and convex mirror.
(c) both concave mirror and convex lens.
(d) both convex mirror and concave lens.
• A convex lens is
(a) thick at center
(b) thin at the center
(c) thick at edges
(d) hollow at the center
• The image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called
(a) real image
(b) virtual image
(c) diminished image
(d) none of these
• A ray of light falling on a mirror is a
(a) reflected ray
(b) normal
(c) deflection
(d) incident ray
• The image of an object formed by a plane the mirror is
(a) virtual
(b) real
(c) diminished
(d) upside-down
• A diverging mirror is
(a) a plane mirrors
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a concave mirror
(d) a shaving mirror
• If the image formed is always virtual, the mirror can be
(a) concave or convex
(b) concave or plane
(c) convex or plane
(d) only convex

• Which of the following mirrors can form a real image of an object?

(a) Convex
(b) Concave
(c) Plane
(d) Either (a) or (b)
• The splitting up of white light into seven colours on passing through a glass
prism is called
(a) refraction
(b) deflection
(c) dispersion
(d) scattering
• If you are standing 2 m away from a plane mirror, the distance between you
and your image is
(a) 2 m
(b) 4 m
(c) 6 m
(d) 8 m
• A spherical mirror having reflecting surface curved outward is a
(a) plane mirror
(b) concave mirror
(c) convex mirror
(d) either concave or convex
• A plane mirror produces a
(a) virtual and erect image
(b) virtual and inverted image
(c) real and erect image
(d) real and inverted image
• A diverging mirror is
(a) a plane mirrors
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a concave mirror
(d) none of the above