Fire in

Buildings
Presented by:
AGUIHAP, CARLENE JOYCE A.
AMBROSIO, JOHN ROEVEN
01
What is fire?
Fire is…
FAST
Fire spreads
quickly; there is
no time to gather
important things
or make a phone
call.
Fire is…
DARK
A small fire can
produce enough smoke
to fill a building in
minutes.
Fire is…
Deadly
Most people who
die in fires, die
from breathing
smoke and toxic
gases.
Fire is…
Hot
Hot enough to
melt clothes,
skin and scorch
your lungs in one
breathe.
According to R.A. 9514, Fire is a rapid,
self-sustaining oxidation process of
combustible materials accompanied
by the evolution of heat and light
varying intensity.
Fire
Fires start when a flammable and/or a combustible
material with an adequate supply of oxygen or
another oxidizer is subjected to enough heat. For a
fire to exist, it requires three elements to be in place
Heat, Oxygen and Fuel. This is known as the Fire
Triangle.
 02
Fire Triangle
The triangle illustrates the rule that in order to
ignite and burn, a fire requires these three
elements. The fire is prevented or extinguished
by removing any one of them. A fire naturally
occurs when the elements are combined in the
right mixture
01
Without sufficient heat, a fire cannot begin, and
it cannot continue. Heat can be removed by
dousing with water; the water turns to steam
and the steam is further heated, taking the heat
with it.
02
Without fuel, a fire will stop. Fuel can be removed
naturally, as where the fire has consumed all the
burnable fuel, or manually, by mechanically or
chemically removing the fuel from the fire.
 03
Without sufficient Oxygen, a fire cannot begin,
and it cannot continue. With a decreased
oxygen concentration, the combustion velocity
gets lower.
 03
Chemical reaction in the
combustion process
Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0E4PX3e3RE&ab_channel=KQEDQUEST
Combustion is when fuel reacts with oxygen to
release heat energy. Combustion can be slow or
fast depending on the amount of oxygen
available. Combustion that results in a flame is
very fast and is called burning. Combustion can
only occur between gases.
 04
Different fuels ignite at
different temperatures
Piloted Ignition Temperature
It is the temperature at
which a fire can start when
a flame or spark begins the
combusion rection.
Autoignition Temperature
Sometimes called as spontaneous
ignition temperature, is the lowest
temperature at which a
combustible material ignites in air
without a spark or flame. It occurs
in piles of oily rags, green hay, dust,
leaves or coal; it can constitute a
serious fire hazard.
 05
Stages of fire
There are four stages of fire

1 Ignition/Incipient 2 Growth

3 Full developed 4 Decay

1. Incipient Stage
This first stage begins when heat, oxygen
and a fuel source combine and have a
chemical reaction resulting in fire. This is
also known as “ignition” and is usually
represented by a very small fire which
often (and hopefully) goes out on its own,
before the following stages are
reached. Recognizing a fire in this stage
provides your best chance at suppression
or escape.
2. Growth Stage
The growth stage is where the structures
fire load and oxygen are used as fuel for
the fire. There are numerous factors
affecting the growth stage including
where the fire started, what combustibles
are near it, ceiling height and the
potential for “thermal layering”. It is
during this shortest of the 4 stages when
a deadly “flashover” can occur; potentially
trapping, injuring or killing firefighters.
3. Fully Developed Stage

When the growth stage has reached its

max and all combustible materials have
been ignited, a fire is considered fully
developed. This is the hottest phase of a
fire and the most dangerous for anybody
trapped within.
4. Decay Stage

Usually the longest stage of a fire,

the decay stage is characterized a
significant decrease in oxygen or fuel,
putting an end to the fire. Two common
dangers during this stage are first – the
existence of non-flaming combustibles,
which can potentially start a new fire if
not fully extinguished. Second, there is
the danger of a backdraft when oxygen is
reintroduced to a volatile, confined space.
06
Classification of fires
A fire is classified according to the fuel it consumes:

Class A Class B

Class K

Class C Class D
Class A: Ordinary combustibles
Examples:
❑ Wood

❑ Paper

❑ Plastics

❑ Trash

❑ Grass

❑ Clothes

❑ Rubbers
Class B: Flammable liquids
Examples:
❑ Gasoline

❑ Oil

❑ Grease

❑ Acetone
❑ Paint
❑ Kerosene
❑ Propane
Class C: Electrical equipment
Examples:
❑ Electrical wiring

❑ Connection

❑ Appliances

❑ Switches

❑ Panel boxes

❑ Power tools
Class D: Combustible metals
Examples:
❑ Magnesium

❑ Titanium

❑ Potassium

❑ Sodium

❑ Aluminum
Class K: Cooking media
Examples:
❑ Vegetable oils

❑ Animal oils/fats

❑ Cooking oils
07
Methods of Heat
Transfer
By Radiation
By Convection
By Conduction
08
Performance of
materials in fire
 Steel
• It is a noncombustile material,
yet it displays a significant loss in
strength at high temperatures.
• Structural steel loses about half
of its strength at a temperature
of about 950°F (510°C). At
temperatures of about 1350 °F
(730°C), steel loses about 90% of
its strength.
• As a result, structural stress is
typically protected from fire by
an insulating layer of fire-
resisting material.
 Lumber & Timber
• Wood is a good insulator, but
when it is exposed to fire at
temperatures as loas as 300°F
(150°C), It will burn until it is
destroyed.
• Wood loses strength by charring
in a fire.
• It is estimated that the depth of
char in wood surfaces exposed to
the standard endurance test
temperature is about 1.5 in (37.5
mm) per hour (about 1/40th of an
inch per minute.)
 Fired Clay Masonry
• Fired clay masonry units are
relatively stable in a fire
endurance test.
• Brick also displays reasonably
good thermal performance.
• One of the more significant
factors in the fire endurance
of hollo brick masonry is the
amount of solid material in
the wall thickness.
• Hollow clay masonry units
halving thin face shells and
webs = unevenly distributed
thermal expansion.
 Concrete
• Concrete, which is similar to
brick in thermal performance,
loses strength gradually during
exposure to high temperatures.
• It retains about half its original
strength at 950°F (510°C) and
one-third of its original strength
at about 1300°F (700°C).
• The fire endurance properties of
concrete depend on the type of
aggregate, the proportions of the
concrete mix, and moisture at
the time of the fire exposure.
 Concrete
• There are two factors to be taken
into account in assessing the fire
endurance of reinforced
concrete . One is the thickness of
concrete required to limit the
temperature rise on the
unexposed surface to 250°F for
the period desired; the other is
the cover required to keep the
temperature of the reinforced
steel below that at which it will
lose its effective strength.
09
Building Construction
Types
Fire-Resistive (Type I) Construction
➢ Fire-resistive (Type I) construction, with its concrete
and protected steel walls, floors and structural
framework, was initially intended to confine a fire by its
method of construction- that is, by containing the fire
with noncombustible wall, ceiling, and floor assemblies
so it is confined to one floor or one space on a floor.
➢ However, fire does spread several floors in a modem
fire-resistive building through two paths; through
duct-work in the central heating, ventilating and air
conditioning (HVAC) system and by flames extending
vertically from window to window.
➢ HVAC system – Air ducts delivering air to interior
spaces in the central HVAC system go through walls,
floors, partitions, and ceilings. They penetrate fire
barriers and fire separation.
- Fire or hot gasses in a room near a fresh air intake
or return air duct will be sucked into the duct system and
be blown throughout the structure if the system
continues to operate.
➢ Vertical spread of flames from windows below to
windows above
- Flames erupting out of a heat-shattered window
can break or melt glass in a window directly above. Once
a window above is open, flames can enter and ignite
combustible ceiling tile, wall hangings or furnishings.
Nonecombustible (Type II) Construction
➢ Noncombustible (Type II) construction is also built of
non combustible steel or concrete walls, floors and
structural frame-work; however, the roof covering is
combustible, which can burn and spread fire.
➢ When a fire occurs inside a Type II building, flames can
rise to the underside of the steel roof deck, conduct
heat through the metal, and ignite the combustible
roof covering.
Ordinary (Type III) Construction
➢ Ordinary (Type III) construction is built of
noncombustible masonry-bearing walls, but the floors,
structural framework, and roof can be made of wood or
another combustible material.
➢ The major recurring fire spread problem with Type III
construction is concealed spaces and penetration.
➢ Fire spread inside concealed spaces if a Type III
building by convection, the transfer of heat by motion
of a liquid or gas. Heated fire gases and flames in a
concealed space can travel upwards several floors and
break out in an attic s[ace, engulfing the entire
building envelope.
Heavy-Timber (Type IV) Construction
➢ In this type of construction, a wood column cannot be
less than 8 in thick in any dimension and a wood beam
cannot be less than 6 in thick.
➢ Exposed timber beams, columns, and decks, if ignited
in a fire, create large radiated heat waves after the
windows break during a blaze.
➢ If a fire in a heaver-timber building is not extinguished
by the initial fire-fighting attack, a tremendous fire
with flames shooting out of the windows will spread
fire to adjoining buildings by radiated heat.
➢ A fully involved type IV building requires large water
supply sources to protect nearby buildings.
Wood-Frame (Type V) Construction
➢ This type of construction is the most combustible of
the five types of building construction.
➢ The interior framing and exterior walls are typically
constructed of slender repetitive wood studs, joists,
rafters, and trusses that burn very rapidly.
➢ A Type five building is rapidly engulfed in flame and is
therefore reserved for small structures with small
occupancies.
 10
Causes of fires
and Safety tips
for fire
prevention
Faulty Electrical
Connections/Electrical
Overloading
Unattended
Cooking/Candles
Cigarette Butts
Flammable
Chemicals
 11
Safety tips for
fire prevention
1. Unplug items you aren’t using
2. Keep an eye on any flame
3. Keep the exits clear
4.Check electrics/electronics regularly
5. Let the experts handle the rest
 PRACTICAL
EXERCISE
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun. It’s terribly hot, even
hotter than Mercury, and its
atmosphere is extremely
poisonous. It’s the second-
brightest natural object in the
sky
150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
INTRODUCTION
You can give a brief description of the topic you
want to talk about here. For example, if you want
to talk about Mercury, you can say that it’s the
smallest planet in the entire Solar System
CLASSIFYING CONCEPTS

MARS MERCURY
30% 40%
Despite being red, It’s the closest
Mars is very cold planet to the Sun

VENUS SATURN
50% 70%
Venus is the second It's a gas giant and
planet from the Sun has several rings
CREDITS: This presentation template was created
by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and
infographics & images by Freepik

Please keep this slide for attribution

CONCEPTS
FLY SECTION
Venus is the second planet from the Sun
and has a beautiful name

HEAT SENSOR LABEL

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the Solar System

HALYARD
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and
the only one that harbors life
CONCEPTS
FLY SECTION
Venus is the second planet from the Sun
and has a beautiful name

HEAT SENSOR LABEL

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the Solar System

HALYARD
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and
the only one that harbors life
FIREFIGHTER TRAINING
GROUND
LADDER SKILLS
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place.
It’s full of iron oxide dust
CLIMBING
TECHNIQUE
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and
the smallest of them all
FEATURES OF THIS TOPIC
POSITIONING OF CARRYING GROUND
GROUND LADDERS LADDERS
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet
smallest of them all from the Sun

RAISING GROUND CLIMBING GROUND

LADDERS LADDERS
Despite being red, Mars is Jupiter is a gas giant and
actually a cold place. It’s full the biggest planet in the
of iron oxide dust Solar System
QUESTION AND ANSWER

QUESTION
Is Mercury the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one? Note that its name
has nothing to do with the liquid metal

ANSWER
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly
hot and has a poisonous atmosphere
A PICTURE ALWAYS
REINFORCES THE
CONCEPT
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of a long text. Your
audience will appreciate it
EXAMPLES

SHOULDER LADDER FLAT TWO SHOULDER

CARRY RAISE CARRY
Mercury is the closest Venus is the second Saturn is composed of
planet to the Sun planet from the Sun hydrogen and helium
RECOMMENDATIONS

MARS VENUS NEPTUNE

Despite being red, Mars Venus is the second Neptune is the farthest
is a very cold place planet from the Sun planet from the Sun

MERCURY SATURN JUPITER

Mercury is the closest Saturn is composed of Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun hydrogen and helium planet of them all
ABOUT LADDERS

WHAT WE WHAT WE WHAT WE HAVE

ALREADY KNOW WANT TO KNOW LEARNED
● Mercury is the ● Venus has a ● Mars is actually a
smallest planet beautiful name cold place
● It’s the closest one ● It was named after ● Mars is full of iron
to the Sun a Roman goddess oxide dust
● It was named after ● Venus is hotter ● Mars was named
a Roman god than Mercury after a Roman god
SAFETY ON LADDERS
GROUND
LADDERS

PROTECTIVE LEG LOCK OR SECONDARY

CLOTHING LADDER BELTS LADDER
Mercury is the closest Saturn is composed of Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun hydrogen and helium planet of them all
LADDER PARTS

BEAM RUNGS
Despite being red, Mars Neptune is the farthest
is a very cold place planet from the Sun

FLY SECTION HALYARD

Mercury is the closest Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun planet of them all
LADDER SELECTION
FLOOR 1 FLOOR 2 FLOOR 2
ROOF WINDOW ROOF
Despite being red, Venus has a Neptune is far
Mars is a cold place beautiful name away from Earth

FLOOR 3 FLOOR 3 FLOOR 4

WINDOW ROOF ROOF
Mercury is the Saturn is a gas Jupiter is the
smallest planet giant and has rings biggest planet
ONLINE
WORKSHOP
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
ONLINE
WORKSHOP
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
“This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone
important said and can make
the reader get inspired.”

—SOMEONE FAMOUS
CLASSIFYING CONCEPTS

MARS MERCURY
30% 40%
Despite being red, It’s the closest
Mars is very cold planet to the Sun

VENUS SATURN
50% 70%
Venus is the second It's a gas giant and
planet from the Sun has several rings
THIS IS A MAP
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

VENUS
It’s the second planet
from the Sun

MARS
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
A PICTURE IS
WORTH A
THOUSAND
WORDS
TO THE RESCUE!
PEOPLE SCENE ACTION
Despite being red, Venus has a Neptune is far
Mars is cold beautiful name away from Earth

FIRE
RESCUE

MATERIALS METHODS LADDER

Mercury is the Saturn is a gas Jupiter is the
smallest planet giant and has rings biggest planet
QUESTION AND ANSWER

QUESTION
Is Mercury the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one? Note that its name
has nothing to do with the liquid metal

ANSWER
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly
hot and has a poisonous atmosphere
FIREFIGHTER PERFORMANCE
100% BASIC TRAINING
Mercury is the smallest planet
75% in the Solar System

50% MEDIUM TRAINING

Venus has a beautiful name,
25% but also high temperatures

0%
HEAT TRAINING
Muscular Peak Vertical Heat Neptune is the farthest planet
strength power jump resistance
from the Sun
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
TYPES OF GROUND LADDER

LADDER ROOF FOLDING COMB. EXT.

TYPE LADDER LADDER LADDER LADDER

Jupiter is a Venus has a Mars is very Neptune is far

ATTRIBUTE big planet nice name cold place away from us

HEIGHT 12 to 24 feets 10 feets 8 to 14 feets Adjustable

HEAT RESIST. 250 °C 200 °C 150 °C 100 °C

ONLINE
WORKSHOP
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
youremail@freepik.com
+91 620 421 838
yourwebsite.com

CREDITS: This presentation template was created

by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and
infographics & images by Freepik

Please keep this slide for attribution

FIREFIGHTER ICON PACK: FILLED
ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES
Here’s an assortment of alternative resources whose
style fits that of this template:
 RESOURCES
Did you like the resources on this template? Get them for free at our other websites:

VECTORS PHOTOS
● Firefighter people ● Firefighter ready for his
extinguishing fire mission I
● Firefighter people design ● Firefighter ready for his
concept mission II

ICONS
● Icon Pack: Firefighter - Filled
 Instructions for use
If you have a free account, in order to use this template, you must credit Slidesgo by keeping the Thanks slide. Please
refer to the next slide to read the instructions for premium users.

As a Free user, you are allowed to:

- Modify this template.
- Use it for both personal and commercial projects.

You are not allowed to:

- Sublicense, sell or rent any of Slidesgo Content (or a modified version of Slidesgo Content).
- Distribute Slidesgo Content unless it has been expressly authorized by Slidesgo.
- Include Slidesgo Content in an online or offline database or file.
- Offer Slidesgo templates (or modified versions of Slidesgo templates) for download.
- Acquire the copyright of Slidesgo Content.

For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit Slidesgo School:
https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school
 Instructions for use (premium users)
As a Premium user, you can use this template without attributing Slidesgo or keeping the "Thanks" slide.

You are allowed to:

● Modify this template.
● Use it for both personal and commercial purposes.
● Hide or delete the “Thanks” slide and the mention to Slidesgo in the credits.
● Share this template in an editable format with people who are not part of your team.

You are not allowed to:

● Sublicense, sell or rent this Slidesgo Template (or a modified version of this Slidesgo Template).
● Distribute this Slidesgo Template (or a modified version of this Slidesgo Template) or include it in a database or in
any other product or service that offers downloadable images, icons or presentations that may be subject to
distribution or resale.
● Use any of the elements that are part of this Slidesgo Template in an isolated and separated way from this
Template.
● Register any of the elements that are part of this template as a trademark or logo, or register it as a work in an
intellectual property registry or similar.

For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit Slidesgo School:
https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school
 Fonts & colors used

This presentation has been made using the following fonts:

Suez One
(https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Suez+One)

Montserrat
(https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Montserrat)

#ffffff #281f28 #999999 #d9d9d9 #000000

#c90000 #d86507 #f4872f #ffde3b #bed9ed

 Storyset

Create your Story with our illustrated concepts. Choose the style you like the most, edit its colors, pick
the background and layers you want to show and bring them to life with the animator panel! It will boost
your presentation. Check out how it works.

Pana Amico Bro Rafiki Cuate

 Use our editable graphic resources...
You can easily resize these resources without losing quality. To change the color, just ungroup the resource
and click on the object you want to change. Then, click on the paint bucket and select the color you want.
Group the resource again when you’re done. You can also look for more infographics on Slidesgo.
 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

PHASE 1

Task 1

Task 2

PHASE 2

Task 1

Task 2

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

PHASE 1

Task 1

Task 2
 ...and our sets of editable icons
You can resize these icons without losing quality.
You can change the stroke and fill color; just select the icon and click on the paint bucket/pen.
In Google Slides, you can also use Flaticon’s extension, allowing you to customize and add even more icons.
Educational Icons Medical Icons
Business Icons Teamwork Icons
Help & Support Icons Avatar Icons
Creative Process Icons Performing Arts Icons
Nature Icons
SEO & Marketing Icons
 Premium infographics

Text 1 Text 2 Text 3

“Mercury is closest “Despite being red,
planet to the Sun Mars is actually a
and the smallest” very cold place”

Add the title here 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

“Venus is the
“Neptune is the “Saturn is a gas
second planet from
farthest-known giant and has
the Sun and is
planet from the Sun” several rings”
terribly hot”

Text 4 Text 5 Text 6

 Premium infographics

75% “Mercury is closest

planet to the Sun
and the smallest”

“Mercury is closest
TITLE 1
75% planet to the Sun
and the smallest”

“Mercury is closest
planet to the Sun
and the smallest”
“Mercury is closest
planet to the Sun
and the smallest”
Premium Icons

Digital Marketing
Premium Icons

Online Learning
Premium Icons

Laboratory
Premium Icons

Goals & Results

Premium Icons

Infographic Elements