ADC(Modwle-V)

(MaxiMUrN Likehd dete ctor)

’9! obscervatin vo ctor ' '
gin, then we, porform
mapping fom an etimate
tranD omittad ymbot m; wog to mininize
obability marimu m
in dhe
decisisn: This is Knaun es
deteetin
obieriwatin veetoy has a value
meciene will nake deisien o n m;

P (m;,) = P(m; not Aent

when P(m_ sont/ ) is conditional pooballihy
that g )as
mi Wa sent provided x is moievod. (
* Optimum deisin Tule
Estimate M;
f(my sent/a) P
(me sent /4) torall
K= l,2 ---M
hi's ule /s ealled as Maximurm
(Postomon prbalili,
tee tuo Bayer' ule,puttins in e'O
estimate m'= m S maxn
fox ke |
whene fy = pnon prrobabi lihy t oCcUTence Ryty
te(/na= Likelnsd
 f,n- vnonditional joint pdt o vanndom
Natabbe X

Frome ,prioni probabiity = fi,as

all tsanomthed Binals a
Sstimate m mi ,
+(x/k) is max folkei)
-’MaX. ikelihd teteeto computes netnc
d eaeh trasmitteo mesago
(iogarihe)
Conpares them &then make a deniio bad
 M-IV
Cata ansmission)
* Base band sienal Keciever
(ensides a binaysinal vanie em sequen te
+v to -V f thene'e gUand intrnnal
betweew the bis Si_nal fons a sequente of
tve & -Ve pulses
noice i quassian so noike vo Hape
Suppore which is entirely
has a pohahility dengty
Symmetncal wot zem vo Hs: So poobabiliy
that noisee has deeneamed sampled valwe
4 tt At

A Carnplirg time , noise. votage tage than y

polamity oppocite to panality transmited bil.
Noike. is supes inposed On leel tv, so that
v' 7epreronts eiemcd
voHhge signal
 Dumg suwtch Cw,
Noise t)

St)
V, Cr)

Assumpt i (integato)

not been indicatccl

be cause. oper atim f
teiever duing tath bit intcrval is
independent f waveqrm.
futvre it ivehon yals .
duninY pat
operralim.
-) Sicnal s&) with added white qautian hotse
pene n ed to aw ivtyd
-) At time t0) we nequire Capa etor be
tncharged: Sample. is taiken. atal of of
Tteqnat by clbsin g ampling surtch Swy
at t=T (end. af intenyal)
’ Total set vp is ca led (inteqnaivi Ldomp
(unp ’tnabupt
oah
discheng d capacind
sampling)
Peak sinal to RMS not so p vo ltag: vati
5irteqrety ielas, o/p which is intoga
its
 2

Nt
N
f=(PJ PTt 4PM
^2 2
(4)
(0)
P
(4):=
2. 2

Lmf
a-|
m2 2n
Lous-Los0)
= -1

Lmsg-|
L93)t,
2n 209

209
 72
sin (T)
2

72

2
2
Sin Ti T

7/No
2
&in. TIT
df
2
Sin
df
Let 11T’1

d d
de

CinK) d
27
(T)
X(T)
2
 end ot interval, 7amp ndfaino
ST) which is tVI o -VI dephding on
1
)= G)+,42
* Sgnal to Noise xatio (SNR):
yI 2
Sign al powen

SNK
o, v2T ( Normalized enersy +S7nal
bËt
 eneratin o BPSK

Binamy data Bipoley NRZ 4 balaned

Se quente lenel en tod e% Modolatoy
Binany
 Recepkin (Betectim):
os (1fto)
Sntoming - Shune
Law
Boidpan frcg.dhitoy
BESK Dere (by 2)
Cos (2T1tdt0)
SynchanoUS b4) 2P co (nfette), as tarftt o)
demodulati

A bit (integaata) penol

kih bit
Synchaonizey

72
Sin
BPsk 2

PTSð) (Sine fon)

 PSK
y nonrohenent vRTÉiUn of Psk. 84 doe not nved
ynchnnww Carien at demodulatin. The
ie seqven e binay bitt is madified so
that next bit depends vpen peius bit
Sn eieven, prewiows eieved oits are
to detet preent bH.
 mepreret tranaikin in
’ synbel'o is wnod to
tranoitnUe
to indicate no The
&Kymbel 1
combining enoding with
diteential
trchnigve
PSk is DPSK.
product
Enwderert modslato

(DSK)
delay
Tb
betectim

inuomin |deisin
Si_nal deri e
cthwi

Thaeshold

’Reieved D4ik signal Iis appled to one ye

¢ nultipier The t maltiplien is Propertin
to o s - -(anner þham anglk)
’ phane diffenene. be sequea ie fos Each
LH intervab is wned to detemne sign f
= t ve
indeo atin o
(4 ), - Ve
-7 by compaming intrgsry %
deision lemel nt ov, de iten devin Can

ownstuct binmg rqune

3rgwne by aigniA
bynbol 'o' fx ve for
+ ve
K Bandwitth
previsws bit Is wye d to de finc. phane sift
tw next bit So hane
can hae Q brk
7 One kymkol do atin (T) is equal to 22 bits
dwTatin (2TL

-} miniwm. banduwid thh in DPSk= f

max: bam bant

Advantag).
-7no complicatd ck+
Banduwidth roduced
Dis advatage
’ frobabil ity of DPCk > BpSk.
y Noise inteterrene. is mone
 b,(4) enwdo
Seqvene
mutplexeB)Ade ’NRZ
leveL Binag dat
Bipslar |
Generatimi
53
59
r in
shit phare Symbol Bits
ne dthobandwi
h dvceo me rate
e ate veducen
bit hic together gvupedl
data bits
insu0emive
apsK
twSignaling
o at )
’n
ate rbit vpor depends bandaidth channel y
Psk)'&vadatone QPsK
 Receptin Cos4(2Met)
S) Vet te Band pas.
Signal| Powen fclte (BfE)
with 4fe+
these shjtSinut
ehft
90
at devider
'Swit
Lt)
în phane by
Carmier
Keuevcd Slnal stt) is vaised
st). A}tex that, its allowed to power ie
BPE which i enhoned aDUNd
(3)
by
facg in from
croane.
in /dcveare
e there'
ini Soy
(a os A,ae)= then
Ja,:
(os S,-d) then
'. by
shif! froq- be
thcne ) ’let
fiecteel. una
is ohane p But ynbol any bin
aecosding
tocarier sliffed
FSK)' Keyi
(8ng Shaft ea Dinay Bino
 Grenenat
,)fleveL Tb
(Sktes
BFSK

<(t)
(r Seqonce) An L

innerter shiftoo (X}

wo corner Aign
two canen ziçnan alo 0dhoponal to cash other
 PsD f BfSk as

sC-f) + s(+4)t s1,s

Sin (74 )

Sehectin
dt

Binary fsk tn)

et henwist
f dt

Advandage Dis advatoge.

Geneim o BESk anoaten,
is dictanee. Enmo ate is
 Spectum' (MSK) modolating sin (onl,4)
’ Base band siçnal ff cq

JaP, b,(t). os

power specBsal denaity 4 aboe eg is

2
Cos (21f T,)
I-4T) f', to tal
When siç nal modvlates carner
donaity (p-sn t bane band sishalL
power speetad
is divided by y, 4 plaied at tte ie
S )= &E Cos 27 (4-s)
I4(4c)·T
Above eg givS PsD MSksiçnal
Nosmali'zed
&SK

MSk

(P. s-Df MSK arsK)

’ ig shows nogmalz ed f S-D

(max. amplitude. sisnals ane scaled

’Abo ve. plot shows main lo be

han asK. Side loben in MIk vemy
Smal Compae
to Ask:
 * Bandwidth

B-w wil be eg val toto width

width of
of main lobe ie

Gjenenatio,
Sin (24e+) +
s
(mskse
BPF
Cos 271

Receptim dt
S
dezisim
deve
Sanpl t
st) > (2xt)5
`with
at(t=kTb
S
fdt
fdeiin
|device
Sampleat
uit2Kt )7,
Adantages
()msk
OmsK is smthery bis advanta gey
Gonctinue phane
Dsdelohes is smallery (s fb)
avoid inter channe)
interferene Generatin
(S
detectin
utizatin
Noise.)of M A DMI
-y A sinäsoidal wavefovm m)
deHa mdulatoo PpOX- to m).
Erso ware. form. Ai - m)- (1)]
At)
f(A) S

yNomalized poweN A(t) =

3

S
3
-S
X
3 3 3
 ->Qvanti sation noise 4hat il appeas at t
ase kand fHex cud 4f freg Hm).
Sinte
noise prnen in frog sange (t) is 3 quok
n

base.band nog n)
-(5)
Satput-signal powes,i
hoSimilan estjctign an
amplitude. of siçnal umefom as no of lewd
not fixed. But thene 's
imitatim slope
signal waeforn to avsid Slope -ovexload.
’Let the kinal bebo
mt) = ASin wt6)
Em Uper limit
’ Signal powero at f is base band frog a
S n)
()
’ nat- avg. slope deba. modulatoy appn
mt)
n
Sn ooden. to awoid slope 6vercload disoy,
distht",
 As

Wm o
SNR i Dn:
(o wtv absence. thermal noise. (N o) N,-N,
2
So
No W2

3
3

X. 34,
13 (&ns
3
No 8o
ompani siN bet' Pcu & PM
PCM (Ne8)

(N=8) (for =lo

 SNR calculatin in PCMi
Noice E in PCm)'
* (Qvantiaain Neise-
’ Becaure t quantatin, inhe nent
 alye. Cquane
v Mean S
noise
R
-t) powerr Noise
)
,-()
2 S f,(6)
r fundim
e, fo(PoE) denoity Pabability
)
b
)
b-a
nen qi is x'
uniformy as)
aiable Yandom distnbuted PDE
S Emaz
quantizatin
=1 |mu Let
man -(-mar) max
-marte Tange 2mplitvde.
in centincew hat
unitovm o
linear a to assUMe ets
m()] - {antizatin
edcall IS his Sinal ntvduced
 S S 3

-5l2
3
3S
3S 8 |2.

)Nose power |2 8)
Nosmalied Noise ptwen
Qvantizatin
Qvantizatin
|2_ {)