LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

Two unique rigid part IDs may not share common nodes unless they are merged together
using the rigid body merge option. A rigid body may be made up of disjoint finite element
meshes, however. LS-DYNA assumes this is the case since this is a common practice in setting
up tooling meshes in forming problems.
All elements which reference a given part ID corresponding to the rigid material should
be contiguous, but this is not a requirement. If two disjoint groups of elements on opposite sides
of a model are modeled as rigid, separate part ID's should be created for each of the contiguous
element groups if each group is to move independently. This requirement arises from the fact
that LS-DYNA internally computes the six rigid body degrees-of-freedom for each rigid body
(rigid material or set of merged materials), and if disjoint groups of rigid elements use the same
part ID, the disjoint groups will move together as one rigid body.
Inertial properties for rigid materials may be defined in either of two ways. By default,
the inertial properties are calculated from the geometry of the constituent elements of the rigid
material and the density specified for the part ID. Alternatively, the inertial properties and initial
velocities for a rigid body may be directly defined, and this overrides data calculated from the
material property definition and nodal initial velocity definitions.
Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, ȣ are used for determining sliding interface
parameters if the rigid body interacts in a contact definition. Realistic values for these constants
should be defined since unrealistic values may contribute to numerical problem in contact.

Material Model 21: Thermal Orthotropic Elastic

In the implementation for three-dimensional continua a total Lagrangian formulation is
used. In this approach the material law that relates second Piola-Kirchhoff stress S to the
Green-St. Venant strain E is

S = C ⋅ E = T t ClT ⋅ E (19.21.1)

where T is the transformation matrix [Cook 1974].

ª l12 m12 n12 l1m1 m1n1 n1l1 º

« 2 2 2 »
« l2 m 2 n2 l2 m2 m2 n2 n2 l 2 »
« l2 m 2
n2
l3m3 m3n3 n3l3 »
T =« 3 3 3
» (19.21.2)
« 2l1l2 2m1m2 2n1n2 ( l1m2 + l2m1 ) ( m1n2 + m2n1 ) ( n1l2 + n2l1 ) »
« 2l2l3 2m2m3 2n2 n3 ( l2m3 + l3m2 ) ( m2n3 + m3n2 ) ( n2l3 + n3l2 ) »
« »
«¬ 2l3l1 2m3m1 2n3n1 ( l3m1 + l1m3 ) ( m3n1 + m1n3 ) ( n3l1 + n1l3 ) »¼

li , mi , ni are the direction cosines

xi' = li x1 + mi x2 + ni x3 for i = 1, 2,3 (19.21.3)

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Material Models LS-DYNA Theory Manual

and xi' denotes the material axes. The constitutive matrix Cl is defined in terms of the material
axes as
ª 1 υ 21 υ 31 º
« − − 0 0 0 »
« E11 E 22 E 33 »
« υ 12 1 υ 32 »
«− − 0 0 0 »
« E11 E 22 E 33 »
« »
« − υ 13 −
υ 23 1
0 0 0 »
« »
C l−1 = « E11 E 22 E 33
» (19.21.4)
« 1 »
« 0 0 0
G12
0 0 »
« »
« 1 »
« 0 0 0 0
G23
0 »
« »
« 1 »
« 0 0 0 0 0
G31 »»¼
«¬

where the subscripts denote the material axes, i.e.,

υ i j = υ x′ x′
i j
and Eii = Exi′ (19.21.5)

Since Cl is symmetric
υ 12 υ 21
= , etc. (19.21.6)
E11 E 22

The vector of Green-St. Venant strain components is

E t = «¬ E11 , E22 , E33 , E12 , E23 , E31 , »¼ (19.21.7)

which include the local thermal strains which are integrated in time:

ε aan +1 = ε aan + α a (T n +1 − T n )
ε bbn +1 = ε bbn + α b (T n +1 − T n ) (19.21.8)
ε ccn +1 = ε ccn + α c (T n+1 − T n )

After computing Sij we use Equation (18.32) to obtain the Cauchy stress. This model will
predict realistic behavior for finite displacement and rotations as long as the strains are small.
For shell elements, the stresses are integrated in time and are updated in the corotational
coordinate system. In this procedure the local material axes are assumed to remain orthogonal in
the deformed configuration. This assumption is valid if the strains remain small.

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