Material Models LS-DYNA Theory Manual

2 2
§ σ 2 · ª § C2 · ºσ
Fcomp =¨ ¸ + « ¨ ¸ − 1 » 2 +τ (19.22.4)
2 S
© 12 ¹ «¬© 12 ¹ 2 S »¼ C2

where failure is assumed whenever Fcomb > 1 . If Fcomb > 1 , then the material constants
E2 , υ1 , and υ 2 are set to zero.
The final failure mode is due to fiber breakage.

2
§σ ·
Ffiber = ¨ 1 ¸ +τ (19.22.5)
© S1 ¹

Failure is assumed whenever Ffiber > 1 . If Ffiber > 1 , then the constants E1, E2 , G12 , υ1 , and υ 2
are set to zero.

Material Model 23: Thermal Orthotropic Elastic with 12 Curves

In the implementation for three-dimensional continua a total Lagrangian formulation is
used. In this approach the material law that relates second Piola-Kirchhoff stress S to the Green-
St. Venant strain E is

S = C ⋅ E = T t ClT ⋅ E (19.23.1)

where T is the transformation matrix [Cook 1974].

ª l12 m12 n12 l1m1 m1n1 n1l1 º

« 2 2 2 »
« l2 m 2 n2 l2 m2 m2 n2 n2 l 2 »
« l2 m 2
n2
l3m3 m3n3 n3l3 »
T =« 3 3 3
» (19.23.2)
« 2l1l2 2m1m2 2n1n2 ( l1m2 + l2m1 ) ( m1n2 + m2n1 ) ( n1l2 + n2l1 ) »
« 2l2l3 2m2m3 2n2 n3 ( l2m3 + l3m2 ) ( m2n3 + m3n2 ) ( n2l3 + n3l2 ) »
« »
«¬ 2l3l1 2m3m1 2n3n1 ( l3m1 + l1m3 ) ( m3n1 + m1n3 ) ( n3l1 + n1l3 ) »¼

li , mi , ni are the direction cosines

xi' = li x1 + mi x2 + ni x3 for i = 1, 2,3 (19.23.3)

and xi' denotes the material axes. The temperature dependent constitutive matrix Cl is defined
in terms of the material axes as

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LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

ª 1 υ 21 (T ) υ 31 (T ) º
« − − 0 0 0 »
« E11 ( T ) E 22 (T ) E 33 ( T ) »
« υ (T ) υ 32 ( T ) »
« − 12 1
− 0 0 0 »
« E11 (T ) E 22 ( T ) E 33 ( T ) »
« »
« υ 13 (T ) υ 23 (T ) 1 »
−1
« − E (T ) −
E 22 (T ) E 33 (T )
0 0 0 »
C l = « 11 » (19.23.4)
« 1 »
« 0 0 0 0 0 »
« G12 (T ) »
« 1 »
« 0 0 0 0 0 »
« G23 (T ) »
« 1 »
« 0 0 0 0 0 »
«¬ G31 ( T ) »¼

where the subscripts denote the material axes, i.e.,

υ i j = υ x′ x′
i j
and Eii = Exi′ (19.23.5)

Since Cl is symmetric
υ 12 υ 21
= , etc. (19.23.6)
E11 E 22

The vector of Green-St. Venant strain components is

E t = «¬ E11 , E22 , E33 , E12 , E23 , E31 , »¼ (19.23.7)

which include the local thermal strains which are integrated in time:
1
n+
ε aan +1 = ε aan + α a (T 2
) ª¬T n +1 − T n º¼
1
n+
ε bbn +1 = ε bbn + α b (T 2
) ª¬T n +1 − T n º¼ (19.23.8)
1
n+
ε ccn +1 = ε ccn + α c (T 2
) ª¬T n +1 − T n º¼

After computing Sij we use Equation (16.32) to obtain the Cauchy stress. This model will
predict realistic behavior for finite displacement and rotations as long as the strains are small.
For shell elements, the stresses are integrated in time and are updated in the corotational
coordinate system. In this procedure the local material axes are assumed to remain orthogonal in
the deformed configuration. This assumption is valid if the strains remain small.

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